TRANSPORT INFORMATION SYSTEM

RADIO FREQUENCY
IDENTIFICATION
(RFID)

BPMG3043 TRANSPORT
INFORMATION SYSTEM
(GROUP B)

GROUP PROJECT: GROUP
PROMAX

AUTHOR

MOHAMAD ZULFIQAR AZHAN BIN
MOHAMAD ZUKIRAM 271088

NURULSYAHIRA BT IBRAHIM
263449

AMY SYAKILLA 265558

NUR FAIZAH BT IBRAHIM
270388

NURUL HAZLINA NABILA BINTI
MAHAMED 277041

ANG EN-MIN 281672

FO ELBAT CONTENTS

1 RFID

3 THE ADVANTAGE OF
RFID

6 THE DISADVANTAGE OF
RFID

8 FUTURE RFID IMPROVEMENT &
RECOMMENDATION

11 THE USE OF RFID BY THE
PUBLIC SECTOR

12 CURRENT SCENARIO FOR RFID
SYSTEM DUE TO COVID-19 PANDEMIC

17 CONCLUSION

TRANSPORT INFORMATION
SYSTEM (RFID)

All producers and service provider Today, a technology called Radio
receive inputs from one or more Frequency Identifications or RFID is
upstream suppliers and deliver increasingly used to further
outputs to one or more enchance the efficiency and
intermediaries until the products effectiveness of SCM to provide a
reach consumers. more automated and granular

tracking and tracing of goods
These days, parts are sourced throughout the chain. This is done by
from around the world. Companies providing suppliers and their
are divesting themselves of their recipients with the real-time or near
vertical operations to focus on their real-time information on the
core competencies. The resulting location of their goods, inventory
network of suppliers can thus be status and related information vital
long, from end to end, with greater to their operations.
reliance on logistics companies to
transport the goods between each

node efficiently, securely linked by
one or more of the upstream and
downstream flow of products,
services, finances and information
from source to consumers.



Supply Chain Management (SCM)
addresses problems in distribution
network configuration, distribution
strategy, trade-offs in logistical and
cash flow. Information and
communications technology (ICT) in
the form of specialized software and
its associated communications
infrastructure are increasingly being
used to help improve the efficiency of
SCM, including tracking and tracing
the movement of goods along the
chain.






01

TRANSPORT INFORMATION
SYSTEM (RFID)

What is RFID?

RFID is a technology which communicates The world’s first IFF device transponder was
by using radio waves to exchange data the FuG-25a developed by the Germans in 1940
between a reader and an electronic tag and installed on their aircrafts. Two keys with
attached to an object for the purpose of 10-bit codes each were inserted into it before
identification and tracking. Its early takeoff. To interrogate the aircraft, the ground
manifestation was in the Identification, operator switched the frequency of his radar
Friend or Foe (IFF) transponders mounted from 3,750 to 5,000 Hz and the FuG-25a receiver
on military aircraft, vehicles and troop detected this shift and transmitted its code.
formations during World War II. Unfortunately for the Germans, the British also

able to trigger a response from the FuG-25a,
thus betraying the position of German aircraft.
FRID reader Modern IFF systems use a separate specialized
transponder beacon which operates without
Using RFID to Simplify the Packing Process radar and IFF systems are now found on most

powered aircraft, whether military or civilian.


carrying out final packaging of products
The first true RFID device developed by Mario
02 Cardullo was demonstrated to the New York
Port Authority and other potential customers in
1971. It was a passive radio transponder with
16-bit memory for use in toll collection. Most
RFID tags today contain at least two parts. The
first is and processing information, modulating
and demodulating the radio-frequency (RF)
signal and other specialized functions. The
second is an antenna for transmitting and
receiving the signal.

Low frequency tags (125-134.2 kHz and 140-
148.5 kHz) and high frequency tags (13.56 MHz)
can be used worldwide without a licence.
However ultra high frequency tags (868 – 928
MHz) require a licence, though different
countries or regions designate different
licensed or unlicensed frequency blocks within
this band.



In Malaysia, SKMM has designated 919-923
MHz for unlicensed use (class assignment). Its 4
megahertz bandwidth can be spilt into 20 x 200
kHz channels or 8 x 500 kHz channels depending
on requiments.

TRANSPORT INFORMATION
SYSTEM (RFID)

THE ADVANTAGES
OF RFID

ELIMINATES HUMAN ERROR
Manual labor always involves some level of risk for human error. With
RFID, no human intervention is necessary to read data. It can all be
automatically carried out by the reader. The benefits of RFID easily
outweigh the costs. Not only does RFID save on labor, but it increases
accuracy by eliminating the errors that come with manual data logging
and product replenishment.

INCREASES OPERATIONAL REDUCES CAPITAL COSTS
EFFICIENCY
The easiest way to keep costs low is to
One of the best benefits of RFID is that it maintain tight control of your stock or assets,
requires less monitoring, which frees up especially expensive business assets like
employees to handle other tasks and focus test equipment, transport packing, computer
on more productive efforts. Additionally, it tech, field vehicles, and more. If any of these
doesn’t require any direct line of sight to suddenly disappear, replacing them could
read tags, meaning multiple tags can be cost you significantly. RFID provides an easy
read at one time. You can even set up the and relatively inexpensive way to keep track
RFID reader to automatically read tag data of these assets.
when you need it to.

03

TRANSPORT INFORMATION
SYSTEM (RFID)

GRANTS ACCESS TO REAL-TIME DATA
The benefits of RFID go beyond freeing up employees. RFID offers reliable track-and-trace
in tough environments. This technology can easily track and provide real-time data about
inventory and product location. Whether you are tracking large asset inventory, individual
products, or batches, you can benefit from automatic real-time data collections.
RFID can also withstand tough conditions that standard barcode labels often can’t, like high
humidity, drastic temperature fluctuations, exposure to chemicals and sunlight, extremely
high temperatures, and rough handling.

TRACKING ASSETS AND MANAGING INVENTORY

Keeping track of assets and materials is a challenge for most organisations – whether it is
components on a production line, finished products being despatched, industrial containers that
need returning, or tools, laptops and other high-value equipment that often go missing. RFID
systems offers a fast and reliable way to track them without having to count each individual item.
With RFID applications you can immediately see how many items you have of any one type and
their location or what stage they are at in the process. You can track items from the time they are
received into stores, issued to manufacturing and used in a finished item. This makes it easy to
manage inventory, perform stock checks and audits and control ‘shrinkage’. RFID can also help to
find items that are on site but have been misplaced.

04

TRANSPORT INFORMATION
SYSTEM (RFID)

ENHANCING HEALTH AND SAFETY OFFERS INSIGHTS FOR BETTER
DECISION MAKING
RFID systems allow companies to check
when equipment and vehicles have been Real-time data can be analyzed to give you
inspected or when inspection is due, and more insight for better decisions. RFID allows
restrict their use if certain conditions are you to stay informed at all times, which
not met. Systems like Checked OK offer an comes in handy when it’s time to make
efficient way to manage inspection and planning and operational management
reporting regimes and help satisfy insurers decisions that can improve your profits.
or regulatory bodies that processes are
being followed.

SAVING TIME AND MONEY THROUGH AUTOMATION
RFID applications can automatically track the movement or goods and
upload the information to the ERP or financial management system.
Therefore they can remove the need for manual form filling and replace
outdated spreadsheets. The use of fixed readers at key points can save
even more time – and on a production line for example, can remove the
need for manual intervention entirely.

05

TRANSPORT INFORMATION
SYSTEM (RFID)

THE 1.RFID is too expensive 3. Interference with RFID
DISADVANTAGES
systems
OF RFID
TECHNOLOGY RFID is proving too expensive Interference has been observed
for many applications to occur in RFID systems, when
RFID OR RADIO compared to other tracking devices such as forklifts and
FREQUENCY and identification methods, walkie-talkies are all around.
IDENTIFICATION, such as simple barcodes. The presence of cell phone
DESERVES TO EMERGE AS towers was also found to
A MAJOR COMMERCIAL 2. Information that is interfere with these radio
TECHNOLOGY difficult to read waves. Retail sector giant
Walmart, which has installed
By Nurulsyahira Binti Ibrahim
billions of RFID tags in their
products around the world, has
06 It is difficult for RFID readers to reported such problems in
read information if the tag is their systems.
installed in a liquid or metal
product. The problem here is | 
that, liquid and metal surfaces
tend to reflect radio waves,
which makes the tag
unreadable. In such
applications, it needs to be
placed in various alignments
and angles to take the correct
readings, which can be too
complicated and time
consuming.

YGOLONHCET DIFR TRANSPORT INFORMATION
FO SEGATNAVDASID EHT SYSTEM (RFID)

RFID NON STANDARDIZED
(SIGNAL FREQUENCIES)

RFID signal frequencies across the world are
non standardized. For instance, the US and
Europe have a different range of frequencies at
which RFID tags function. This makes it
mandatory for international shipping companies
and other organizations to be aware of the
working pattern in other nations.

RFID CAN TRACK A PERSON AFTER USE

RFID is considered by many to be an invasive
technology. Consumers tend to worry about
their privacy when they buy products with this
tag, because there is a belief that once a radio
chip is installed in a product, it continues to
track someone, and his or her personal
information can be collected by him and sent to
readers. So even though many stores claim that
they deactivate the tag after a product is
purchased, buyers still continue to be
concerned with this technology.

07

TRANSPORT INFORMATION
SYSTEM (RFID)

FUTURE RFID IMPROVEMENTS
AND RECOMMENDATIONS




RFID's future is brightening as more sectors and
businesses engage in the technology. RFID readers, unlike
barcode scanners, do not need to be directed directly at a
tag to scan it. Employees who use RFID, on the other
hand, can receive a precise scan from many feet away and
analyse hundreds of scans in seconds. So, we suggest some
alternatives that can be improved in RFID for the future.



08

TRANSPORT INFORMATION
SYSTEM (RFID)

Future RFID improvements and
Recommendations

ANTENNAS As you can see, increasing the
reading range of your RFID tags
Higher-gain antennas get more depends entirely on your
power from RFID readers compared hardware. Don’t settle for bad
to lower-gain antennas. Shoot for 9 RFID equipment. Therefore, our
dBi or higher if you need antennas recommendation is to use high
with a higher reach. As you might quality hardware and software
expect, higher-gain antennas are to get the best results. This is so
larger than low-gain ones. that you can increase the
Larger antennae can scan RFID tags efficiency of your warehouse,
from up to 75 feet away, which is a food manufacturing facilities,
significant distance given the scale mobile workforce and retail
of modern warehouses. RFID distribution firms.
scanners that can detect tags from
such a long distance have a

significant advantage over low-
gain devices.




USE SHORTER CABLES
Saingtneanlnsaebaertewde
eengradreeaddbeyrslonagnedr

connections. To increase the
signal, you'll need shorter cables
from the reader to the antenna.
Additionally, search for cables with
better insulation ratings, since they
will allow more power to reach the
antennas.



09

TRANSPORT INFORMATION
SYSTEM (RFID)

USE SOAP METHOD
SOAP stands fo
r size, orientation, angle and placement. Larger RFID tags,

on average, can readed from a greater distance than smaller ones. The
largest passive RFID tags have a range of up to 50 feet, while the tiniest
tags have a range of only a few inches.


Tags must be oriented and angled in such a way that readings are
optimised. This means that for linear polarisation, tags should be
perpendicular to the antennas and facing them wherever feasible. When it
comes to circular polarisation, orientation is less of a concern. You may
test the orientation to determine what works best for your team if you want
to obtain the best reads from a distance.


In terms of positioning, you'll need the appropriate RFID tag for the job.
Metal can harm UHF RFID tags, therefore keep them away from any
metallic things. Some tags have an unique backing that sticks to metal and
keeps them in place even in the most extreme situations. Your RFID tags
should generally keep away from metal and water if they don't indicate
anything about background sensitivity or are created specifically for
going on metal.




10

TRANSPORT INFORMATION
SYSTEM (RFID)

DOCUMENT ADMINISTRATION
AND POSTAL SERVICES

The use of RFID The public sector also uses RFID
by the public technology for the administration of
sector
documents. In this field, RFID tags
The public sector is an important user of RFID are attached to documents to
technology in addition to rapidly increasing use of improve the location of documents
RFID in the private sector. Examples which are
contributing to widespread use of the technology and thus to increase process
include using RFID technology in electronic efficiency and quality. RFID is also
passports (e-passports), and for tracking assets used for postal services in
and items in the area of defence and equipment of distribution centres to facilitate the
hospitals. sorting of mail items.

.

HEALTH




A significant number of public sector

RFID projects are implemented in

healthcare. One area where multiple

projects are already at the

implementation stage is the hospital

sector. RFID is used to track assets

such as beds or containers, to identify

patients for medication control and to

track babies and dementia patients to

increase their security. Other

applications include health insurance

cards which have already been

introduced in Mexico, for example.

Information such as username and

prescribed drugs are stored on the

embedded RFID chip.




E-PASSPORTS AND IDENTITY PUBLIC SERVICES DID YOU KNOW?
CREDENTIALS
Public services include services With bee populations
E-passports combine the traditional such as the management of parking dwindling around the
paper document with an RFID tag facilities and waste management. In world, scientists are
where the critical information is waste management RFID is used using RFID tags to track
stored. The RFID tag often contains for two main purposes: for tracking
biometric data such as data for (hazardous) waste to protect the bee migration and
facial recognition and fingerprints. environment and to allocate costs population
The format of the biometric data according to the amount of waste.
and communication protocols is Currently applications can, for SOURCE: CYBRA.COM
defined in a standard adopted by example be found in Korea where
the International Civil Aviation pilot projects in the field of
Organization to ensure hazardous waste tracking were
international interoperability. conducted as well as in Germany
where costs of waste are calculated
11 according to the wasteís volume or
quantity.

TRANSPORT INFORMATION
SYSTEM (RFID)

CURRENT
SENARIO FOR RFID
SYSTEM DUE TO

COVID-19
PANDEMIC

By: Nur Faizah Bt Ibrahim

12

TRANSPORT INFORMATION
SYSTEM (RFID)

COVID-19 has presented unexpected challenges around the
world, it has led to a conscious shift in the way we think and
act for the tasks we perform even unconsciously. We live in
a time where healthcare facilities are turning into virus
transmission hubs and lifeguards are vulnerable to
potential threats. Therefore, contactless treatment is
needed i.e. radio frequency identification (RFID) technology,
it is fast becoming a fundamental asset as the key to
digitization.
Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology uses
electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track
tags attached to people or objects to create a real -time
location system. RFID technology helps us control the spread
of viruses through contactless data and asset management
systems.

enable hospitals and medical clinics to maintain a
strong and efficient supply chain.
exploited to identify risks to staff safety and
implement prevention mechanisms to address
possible high -risk incidents through real -time
alerts and accurate location information
to reduce personnel safety risks involving the use
of RFID tags to implement contact tracking
programs and ensure compliance with COVID-19
pandemic infection control standards

With the ongoing pandemic challenges, the adoption of RFID
solutions in the healthcare segment is gaining high importance
and urgency.

13

TRANSPORT INFORMATION
SYSTEM (RFID)

WHY USE RFID IN
THE PANDEMIC?

1.

The biggest risk today is COVID19,
although some issues pose safety risks
to healthcare workers on a daily basis.
Due to the high viral infection and the
potential for asymptomatic transmission,
as well as recovery time testing that
causes delays between patient meetings
and laboratory confirmation, there is a
critical need for robust contact detection

2.

The existing analog measures are inaccurate
and difficult. Thus, there is a role for RFID to
provide a real -time system that can track all
contact points and can also be analyzed in turn able to inform those in close
contact with a positive case. For example, consider a patient in the ED who
tests positive for COVID-19 2 days after presentation

3.

With the use of RFID tags, every staff member who interacts with the
patient i.e. including but not limited to physicians, trainees, nurses and
staff for identification, is promptly notified and sent for testing or
isolation.

14

TRANSPORT INFORMATION
SYSTEM (RFID)

APPLICATIONS FOR RFID
IN THE FIGHT AGAINST

COVID-19

RFID technology has made a resurgence
in recent years, with applications in
retail, airline logistics and baggage
tracking, and healthcare. Now it is used
in combat COVID-19 Microchips
embedded in RFID tags can track and
verify the vaccine’s journey from
manufacturing to clinical. For example,
real -time plasma visibility and
vaccines. The Life Share Blood Center
uses RFID to track recovery plasma. This
plasma was collected from COVID 19
patients to offer antibodies to people
fighting the disease.
From collection to dissemination, this
technology enables real -time visibility.
Government contract package makers
supply space for an RFID chip on each pre -
filled syringe. The chip connects to the
health worker’s phone, allowing managers to
follow each injection in real time. RFID
tracking and a blockchain that ensures
vaccines are not counterfeit or offers are
tampered with, and it validates the chain of
command combat. Sensors can help ensure
vaccinations are delivered to the right areas
and places.

15

TRANSPORT INFORMATION
SYSTEM (RFID)

HOW RFID
TECHNOLOGY
DURING A PANDEMIC
COVID-19



WITH INCREASED GLOBAL CONCERN OVER HEALTH ISSUES
AND THE SPREAD OF VIRUSES SUCH AS COVID-19, THE
INTRODUCTION OF RADIO FREQUENCY (RFID) HAS THE
POTENTIAL TO REDUCE THE EFFECTS OF SUCH SITUATIONS.

There are several ways RFID can help the current
healthcare segment of COVID-19. The first is to reduce the
spread of this virus. When identifying assets, RFID
technology can reduce the amount of contact you have
with them. The tags and information stored in them may be
retrieved by a fixed or mobile scanner, so you don’t have to
touch the product. Because the tag does not need to be in
the line of sight of this reader to take little or no physical
touch is required, compared to pre-coded RFID tags help in
monitoring the movement of these devices among non-
critical and critical COVID wards in current situations as
well as reducing the effectiveness of infection hazards
directly.

16

TRANSPORT INFORMATION
SYSTEM (RFID)

TECHNOLOGY

THE CONCLUSION
OF RFID
TECHNOLOGY

RFID technology is an innovative solution to current
business processes and management. It is a tool for
companies to rethink business process flow design. RFID
has different features than the barcode labels used today.
RFID offers several benefits, most of which you can realize
today on a massive scale with existing products. Other
benefits are also quite realizable, and it is hoped that
improvements in technology will continue to bring these
benefits to maturity. However, there is no denying that such
a collection of unique RFID benefits is already a potential
enabler for a wide range of applications. Some benefits
have privacy breach implications that may raise issues
regarding the use of RFID in some situations. Even with this
issue, however, RFID will likely be the technology of choice
in other areas. RFID technology is currently undergoing
rapid changes that are expected to be delivered
continuously.

17