IN RESEARCH DECEPTION BY: SARAH NAJIHA BINTI ISMAIL NUR HANIZA BINTI ZAINUDIN HARITH HAIKAL BIN NORAZMI SITI 'AISYAH BINTI AHMAD ZAMBRI SITI FAIRUZ ROHALIZA BINTI EJAHAR NUR AINA EZZATY BINTI MOHD RAFEE is it wrong?? harmful??
WHAT IS Deception: action intended to deceive others by misleading, misrepresenting, or misinforming persons in order to manipulate them to behave in a particular manner. It is wrong for a researcher to deceive if the experiment could harm participants. DECEPTION? Milgram's Obedience Experiment (Stanley Milgram, a social psychologist in 1963), to examine the willingness of participants to obey authority figures, even when instructed to perform morally questionable actions. The experiment aimed to shed light on the psychological dynamics behind obedience and the potential for ordinary people to engage in acts of extreme cruelty under the influence of authority. CASE STUDY Purpose: Participants were misled about the true purpose of the study, being told it focused on punishment and learning when the actual aim was to explore obedience to authority figures. Learner's Role: Participants believed the learner was another participant, but in reality, the learner was a confederate—an actor working with the experimenter—and the shocks were not genuine. Shock Intensity: Participants were led to believe they were administering increasingly stronger electric shocks, although the shocks were fake, and the learner's distress was pre-recorded. Experimenter's Authority: The experimenter, appearing authoritative in a lab coat, played a crucial role, instructing participants to continue administering shocks, even when they expressed concern or reluctance. False Feedback: In some variations, participants received false feedback from the experimenter, reinforcing the necessity of the shocks for the learner's improvement.
Informed consent: Clearly explain the general nature and purpose of the study without revealing specific details that could compromise the research objectives. Inform participants that deception may be involved and explain the reasons for its use. THE USE OF DECEPTION Debriefing: Conduct a thorough debriefing session as soon as participants have finished participating in the study. Give a thorough justification of the study's true aim, including any deception that took place. Justification: The use of deception in a study must be justified by a solid and convincing argument. The potential advantages of the study should outweigh any potential risks to participants' health or discomfort. Minimization: Researchers should make an effort to reduce the degree of fabrication. Keeping the deception to a minimum protects participants from potential harm and improves the study's ethical integrity..
Lies: make things up or say things that are not true or are very different from the truth. Equivocations: to say something that is unclear or inconsistent. Concealment: leaving out important or relevant information in order to trick someone or the public. Exaggerations: to lie or exaggerate the truth. For example, telling the participant that taking part in the experiment will be good for their health. Understatements: to minimize or scale down facts or the truth. CRITERIA TO ALLOW DECEPTION IN RESEARCH There is no other non deceptive approaches for researching the subject of interest The study's findings contribute significantly to scientific understanding The deceit does not lead to any harm physically or mentally The deceptive is clarified to the participants immediately as the research protocol allows. FORMS OF DECEPTION
POSITIVE IMPACTS: 1. Authenticity of responses: Deception helps capture natural and genuine participant reactions in realistic scenarios. 2. Experimental control: Deception allows researchers to manipulate variables and test specific hypotheses in controlled environments. 3. Uncovering hidden behaviors: Deception helps reveal sensitive behaviors and attitudes that participants may otherwise be reluctant to disclose. NEGATIVE IMPACTS: 1. Violation of autonomy and informed consent: Deception undermines participants' ability to make informed decisions and raises ethical concerns. 2. Emotional distress and psychological harm: Deceptive practices can lead to emotional distress, erode trust, and cause negative feelings. 3. Public trust in research: Deception can diminish public trust in the scientific community, affecting research integrity and reputation. IMPACTS OF DECEPTION This deception in research is seen as unethical because the spirit of research needs a high moral standard. Thus, we must keep in mind that we cannot accept deception, false information, distortion, equivocation, or trying to confuse things in study. Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage Publications. Leedy, P. D., & Ormrod, J. E. (2020). Practical research: Planning and design. Pearson. Tourangeau, R., Rips, L. J., & Rasinski, K. (2000). The psychology of survey response. Cambridge University Press. National Institutes of Health. (2018). Guidelines for research involving human subjects. Boynton, M. H., Portnoy, D. B., & Johnson, B. T. (2013). Exploring the ethics and psychological impact of deception in psychological research. IRB, 35(2), 7–13 Tai, M. C.-T. (2012). Deception and informed consent in social, behavioral, and Educational Research (SBER). Tzu Chi Medical Journal, 24(4), 218–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcmj.2012.05.003 Guerrero, L. K., Andersen, P. A., & Afifi, W. A. (2017). Close Encounters: Communication in Relationships. SAGE Publications. Reference 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.