history_Classical

BALARAMAPURAM

Balaramapuram is the centre for the production of traditional varieties of handloom
textiles meant for the contemporary cloth wearing style of Kerala. Religious harmony plays
a great role. St. Sebastian’s Church festival during the month of January is an example of
this harmony.


During the regime of His Highness Maharaja Balaramavarma, from 1799 to 1810,
handloom weaving was first introduced at Balaramapuram. The Maharaja and his Delava,
Ummini Thampi jointly decided to convert Balaramapuram and its surrounding places into
an agro-based industrial belt with various traditional industries by the development of
paddy and coconut cultivation, fishing, weaving, and oil extraction. Separate streets with a
clustered at identified places, providing a comparatively better infrastructure for
development.

MAHARAJA BALARAMAVARMA HANDLOOM





























The Delava of Maharaja brought seven weaver families
from Tamil Nadu to produce fabrics for the members of
the royal family and made them at Balaramapuram in a
separate location now called “Shaliar Street”. Markets
places were opened at convenient location to make the
marketing of products easier. The present residents of
the streets are the descendants of these seven families.
The place Balaramapuram itself was named after the
king who started industries in this region


ATHUL S
10 A













MYTHS BEHIND THE VAULT OF THE


SREE PADMANABHA SWAMY TEMPLE

Considered the world’s richest Hindu temple,

Sree Padmanabha Swamy temple in Thiruvananthapuram is
dedicated to Lord Vishnu. While the origin of the temple is

believed to be “lost in antiquity”, Sree Padmanabha Swamy

temple finds mention in ancient texts including Sangam Tamil

literature.


Unlike other temples in Kerala, Sree Padmanabha
Swamy and its assets were managed by a trust controlled by

the Travancore Royal Family.


The temple contains six vaults built under the sanctum

sanctorum. While five of the six vaults have been opened,

Vault-B, the secret vault remains unopened, opposed by the
royal family on the grounds that opening the vault would

invite God’s anger.


In 2014, the Supreme Court entrusted the

administration of the temple to a five-member committee and

directed former Comptroller and Auditor General Vinod Rai to
undertake the audit of the temple properties, assets and

accounts. The apex court has also deferred the opening of

Vault-B until the enumeration of other vaults were completed
by the committee.


According to a special audit report that was submitted

by a committee headed by Vinod Rai, 769 pots of gold worth

Rs 186 crores and sale deeds of 2.11 acres of land that were

sold in 1970 are missing, while around 263 kilos of gold are

deemed lost in purification procedures from the Sree
Padmanabha Swamy temple in Thiruvananthapuram.

The missing treasures that Rai accounts for are only from
five vaults buried five feet under the temple’s floors.


It was in July 2011 -after Rai’s first report- that the outside

world came to know of the existence of six vaults out of which

five purportedly housed more than Rs 100,000 crores
treasure. Of the six, vault B still remains shrouded in secrecy.

The Travancore Royal family had staunchly opposed the

opening of this vault that is rumored to house many treasures.


Though it was

presumed to be
unopened till then, but

Rai had cited temple

records to show that

vault B had been opened
twice in 1990 and five

times in 2002.





The legends and superstitious myths surrounding the

opening of the B vault in the temple had resurfaced at that

time with a vengeance, a few of which are mentioned here:


• The Curse


The first ruling by the Supreme Court to assess the wealth

of the temple came after advocate TP Sunder Rajan had filed
a writ petition in a Kerala court. Sunder Rajan passed away in

July 2011.The unexpected death of Sunder Rajan was held by

many as a divine backlash. Many believed that opening the
vault without the prescribed puja would invoke the curse.

With the death of the mother of one of the observers and
another observer injuring his leg, the rumours were further

reinforced. Elderly residents living in and around the temple

also recalled having heard stories of how opening the B-vault
would trigger a flood as per the Ocean theory.


• Snake God Theory




Most of the superstitious

beliefs that surround the B-vault

stem from the engravings on the

door of the vault that resembles a
large cobra who is said to

represent the place of recline of

the temple deity Lord Vishnu.


Stories hence abound of how the door is protected by the
snake-god, and can only be opened by sadhus chanting the

‘Garuda Mantra’, the only hitch being there was no such sadhu

in India. If the vault was opened using man-made techniques,

it would lead to catastrophes, Hindu mythology experts had
felt.





• Ocean Theory



About a century ago, faced with a
severe famine, temple officials had tried to

break open the chamber, but stopped on

hearing what sounded like rushing water.

The story went on how the vault was connected to the Arabian
Sea, and once it is opened, the sea would flood the entire city.

• Vaasthu


“It is ideal that we keep the B vault
locked. The treasures stored in that

vault that is located below the deity’s

head are protected by taming of

micro-natural forces by tantric
experts for ensuring its safe upkeep.

If anyone dares to open that vault, it

would trigger off a series of troubles”,

Vaasthu expert K Muraleedharan Nair had then opined.





• Rai’s recommendations


The wealth management audit committee was
constituted based on a Supreme Court directive in 2015 to

look into alleged irregularities in the functioning of the temple

administration. The SC order came on the heels of the

recommendations of amicus curae and senior advocate Gopal

Subramaniam who had sought a complete overhaul of the said
administration in 2014.


The comprehensive audit report which is said to be in five

parts that come to 1000 pages bound in two volumes and

covers a period of 2004-2014, reiterates that there was a lack
of transparency in the auditing process of the temple wealth.


Rai also points out to the ‘abnormal’ increase in temple

expenditure and has delineated strict accounting norms and

record-maintenance in minute detail for the future.

He has also recommended the constitution of an
administrative committee comprising a retired IAS officer, a

representative each from the Travancore royal family and the

Devaswom Board, the tantri (chief priest) of the temple, two
prominent devotee-citizens and an executive officer

appointed by the Kerala Government with a fixed tenure of

three years.


This committee would be responsible for the preparation

and approval of the temple’s annual budget as well as
supervise its entire functioning of the all activities within the

temple and be made accountable for all functioning.








Bhadra S R


10 A

Trivandrum or currently known as Thiruvananthapuram is a city of cultural and historical
value. The early rulers of the city were the Ays. Vizhinjam, which is now a region in the
present-day Thiruvananthapuram, was the capital of the Ay dynasty. Vizhinjam was an
important port city from as early as 2nd century BC.[34][35] During the Ay dynasty rule,
Thiruvananthapuram witnessed many battles in which the Chola and Pandyan dynasties
attempted to capture the port town. The name of the city of Thiruvananthapuram in
Malayalam translates to "The City of Lord Ananta".

There is a Hindu temple situated around the
center of the city called The Sree Padmanabha Swami Temple.The Temple was Constructed
back in the 18 century by Maharaja Marthanda Varma. The Temple is built in a
th
Comlicated fusion of Chera style and the Dravidian style of architecture, featuring
high walls, and a 16th-century gopura. The Sree padmanabha Swami Temple has a
resemblance of the Ananthapura temple at Kumbla in Kasaragod.

Several extant Hindu Texts, like the Vishnu Purana,[6] Brahma Purana,[7] Matsya Purana,[8]
Varaha Purana, Skanda Purana, Padma Purana, Vayu Purana, Bhagavata Purana and the
Mahabharata mention this shrine. Temple has been referred to in the (only recorded)
Sangam period of literature between 500 BCE and 300 CE several times.

Many Historians and scholars think that the temple had a name called “The Golden Temple”
because of the unimaginable wealth of the temple by that point. There are many festivals
associated with this temple. The major festivals are bi-annual. The Alpashy festival which is
in October/November and the Panguni festival which is in Tamil month Panguni,
March/April,
There are many Mythologies related to the temple such as a curse, a snake god theory,
ocean theory etc. It is belived that the origin of the temple is believed to be “lost in
antiquity”. The temple contains six vaults built under the sanctum sanctorum. While
five of the six vaults have been opened, Vault-B, the secret vault remains unopened,
opposed by the royal family on the grounds that opening the vault would invite God’s
anger. Elderly residents living in and around the temple also recalled having heard
stories of how opening the B-vault would trigger a flood as per the Ocean theory.
The Snake God theory tells that there is a surpent (A large Cobra) which protects the
B – vault from being open. Theories also suggest a way to open the vault , which is
only by a sadhu who knows Garuda mantra but sadly there are no such saints in
India wo know the garuda mantra. If the vault was opened using man made
techniques, it would lead to great catastrophese. About a century ago when the city
faced severe famine the temple officials decided to open the vault but stoped on
hearing the sound of rushing water . The stories went on as the temple and the

arabian see are connected and if tried to open the city would be flooded by the sea.














































Ram Adarsh | 10B | 31

KAZHAKOOTAM:- through the trails……

It is also one of the seven state legislative assembly constituencies included in
the Thiruvananthapuram Lok Sabha constituency. It is situated along the famous NH47 between
Trivandrum and Kollam. Kazhakootam is now regarded as the information technology hub of
Trivandrum as well as Kerala. Today, Kazhakoottam is home to industries such as the
Technopark, the Vikram Sarabhai Space Center, the Kinfra Apparel Center and the Film-Video
Center. The Military School, the DC School of Media, the Karyavattom Campus of the
University of Kerala and the Rani Lakmibai College of Physical Education are also located
nearby

Kazhakoottam is a place of great historical significance The nearby Madavoor Rock is believed
to have been a Buddhist center at one time. Thripadapuram, the headquarters of the Ay dynasty,
is located near Kazhakoottam. The Mahadeva Temple at Kazhakoottam is very ancient.

ORIGIN OF THE NAME KAZHAKOOTAM: - It is believed that a yogi by the name
“kalakkodu maharshi’’ installed the Shiva sculpture as the prime deity in kazakootam Om
Mahadevar Temple. Later kalakkodu might have transformed in to kazhakootam as time passed
by. Another theory says that the name comes from the fact that a lot of kazhakams were present
in the region during the earlier period

HISTORICAL IMPORTANTS OF KAZHAKOOTAM :- During the reign of great Marthanda
Varma of Travancore (AD: 1729-1758), There were eight powerful landlords known as
Ettuveetil-Pillamar in Trivandrum. .The Ettuveetil Pillamar (Lords of the Eight Houses) were
nobles from eight houses in erstwhile Travancore in present-day Kerala state, South India.They
had their own armies. The eight lords were Kazakootathu Pillai, Ramana madhom Pillai,
Chempazhanty Pillai, Kudamon Pillai, Venganur Pillai, Thazhamon madom Pillai, Pallichal
Pillai, and Kullathur Pillai.


Kazakootam was the center of power of power for the fictious character of Kazhakootathu Ugran
Pillai, who was prominent among the so called Ettuveetil pillamar who rebelled against
Marthanda Varma.Among these landlords , there were two groups , one the venganoor group,
lead buy venganoor pillai and the other called the kazhakootam group led by kazhakootathu
pillai.of the two groups, vengganoor group was hostile to the royal family During this period the
administration of Padmanabha Swami Temple was under the control of Ettara-yogam ; the group
of eight landlords and the King of Travancore, the king having only half the power.
MarthandaVarma put an end to this system and assumed for the royal family all the
administrative powers of the Padmanabha Swami Temple. The Venganoore group resented this,
but they did not oppose the new arrangement because Marthadavarma was a very powerful and
assertive ruler.

There was an enmity between two thampis Padmanabhan and Raman Thampi (cousins) from
early in life and this developed into a bitter fude later. These children of the late king known as
the Kunju Thampis now staked claim to the throne, in spite of prevailing Marumakkathayam law

which said that a king would be succeeded by his sister's eldest son. Recognizing a dangerous
foe in the intelligent and decisive Marthanda Varma, the Pillamar supported the Kunju Thampis.
The two brothers wanted the throne and they unsuccessfully tried to assassinate Marthanda
varma several times.

The Thampis were close to Ettuveettil pillamar. The Venganoore group was sympathetic and
helpful to them all along. The Thampis sought the help of Kazhakootatu Ugran Pillai also in their
fight with Marthanda varma because Kazhakootathu Pillai was the most powerful among the
landlords and his decisions were approved by others.

On the day of the Arrat festival when the murder was to take place, Marthanda Varma appeared

with an escort strong enough to cow down the Pillamar. But having received proof of the
intention of the Pillamar to murder him they were all rounded up and tried soon after this.

The Eight were either killed or exiled after sufficient evidence of conspiracy and murder was
procured. Their houses were dug up (Kulamthondal - a common punishment of the time) and all
their assets and armies seized by the victorious Marthanda Varma. This pond can be seen even
now and the famous Kulangara Sreekrishna Swami temple is situated on the banks of this pond,
where Kazhakootthu Pillai’s palace was situated. This pond known as ‘Puthukkulam’ can be
still seen near the Kazhakootam main junction.

Their women and children were sold to the Mukkuvar fishermen of the coast as slaves. The two
palaces at Thiruvananthapuram, known as Ramanamadhom and Thevarathu Koikal were
constructed from the wood and material of the palaces of the Pillamar.

The Travancore State Manual written by scholar V. Nagam Aiya concludes by saying,
“Thus ended the long tale of crime and bloodshed committed by the lawless band of Ettuveetil
Pillai and the Madampimar who molested the land for a period of two centuries and more…”

PICTURE GALLERY






THEN….
























NOW…





















By,

AFFIN A SAHEED
10 A

HISTORY OF WAYANAD.THE PLACE OF


NATURAL BEAUTY

The name Wayanad has been derived from the
expression Vayal nadu - the village of paddy fields. In the ancient times this land was
ruled by the Rajas of the Veda tribe. In later times, Wayanad came under the rule of
Pazhassi Rajahs of Kottayam royal dynasty. When Hyder Ali became the ruler of
Mysore , he invaded Wayanad and brought it under his way. In the days of Tipu,
Wayanad was restored to the Kottayam royal dynasty.
But Tipu handled entire Malabar to the British after the Sreerangapatnam truce that he
made with them. This was followed by fierce encounters between the British and Kerala
Varma Pazhassi Rajah of Kottayam. Even when the Rajah was driven to the wilderness
of Wayanad, he waged several battles with his Nair and Kurichia-Kuruma tribal soliders
against the British troops and defeated the latter several times through guerilla type
encounters. The British could get only the dead body of the Rajah who killed himself
somewhere in the interior forest.
Thus Wayanad fell into the hands of British, and with it began a new turn in the history
of this area. The Britishers opened up the Plateau for cultivation of tea and other cash
crops. Roads were laid across the dangerous slopes of Wayanad from Calicut and
Telicherry. These roads were extended to the city of Mysore and to Ooty through
Gudalur. Road facilities provided opportunities for the people outside Wayanad to flow
and settle in these jungle regions.
When the state of Kerala was formed in 1956, Wayanad was part of Kannur district.
Later South Wayanad was added to Kozhikode district and then on November 1, 1980
North and South Wayanad joined together to form the present Wayanad district.edakkal
caves are the most historical and famous place in wayanad. Twenty five kilometers
away from Kalpetta lays two caves which showcases nature’s skill and philosophy on
architecture. These caves are located 1,200 m above the sea level on Ambukutty Mala.
The name ‘Edakkal’ literally means ‘a stone in between’. Here you can see a cave
formed by a heavy boulder straddling a fissure in the rock.
Many legends are there behind the formation of Edakkal caves. One of the stories is
that, these caves are said to be formed with the arrows fired by Lava and Kusha, the
sons of Lord Sri Rama. Another one is associated with Kutti Chathan and the Goddess
Mudiampilly. The local people used to have a pilgrimage trip to this place to honour the
Goddess.
The caves were discovered by Fred
Fawcett, the then Superintendent of
Police of the Malabar district in 1890,
during his hunting trip to Wayanad.
He discovered the Edakkal rock-
shelter, situated on the western side
of Edakkalmala. To his surprise, he
identified the place as a habitat of
Neolothic people.
Edakkal caves are famous for its
pictorial paintings (cave paintings),

which are considered to be of 6000 B C. To reach the caves, one has to trek through
the Ambukutty Mala. It will take around 45 minutes to climb the hill and you will never
get disappointed in your trip to these historic caves.
Inside the cave, you can see two chambers. The lower chamber is 18 ft long, 12 ft wide
and 10 ft high and the upper chamber is 96 ft long, 22 ft wide and 18 ft high. You can
sight carvings of human, animal figures and objects used by humans, on the walls of the
caves. These carvings give great evidence for a highly civilized society who lived in the
pre-historic age. Edakkal caves have drawn great attention of archeologists and
historians worldwide.
Edakkal is the only known
place in India with Stone Age
carvings. You can see here
carvings belonging to
Neolithic and Mesolithic age.
The human figures of these
caves have raised hair and
some have masks. They all
have archeological
significance and are
interesting too. Along with
these pictorial carvings, you
can also watch Tamil and
Brahmi Script in Edakkal caves.
Edakkal is said to have some links with Indus Valley Civilization too. Around 400 signs
were discovered recently, which had shown its relationship with the ancient civilization.
The prominent among them was ‘a man with a jar cup’.These are some of the history
that I have collected about wayanad.there Is a lot more about this wonderful
place.Thank you for reading these note.

















-Adithya.S.Anoop


10B

HISTORY OF QUILON OR KOLLAM

BRIEF INRTODUCTION ABOUT KOLLAM



Since the ancient times, city of Kollam has played some major roles in the business, economical,
cultural, religious and political history of Asia and Indain sub continent. The Malayalam calendar is
also known so with the name of the city Kollam. The city is mentioned in historical citations dating
back to Biblical times and the reign of King Solomon, connecting with Red Sea ports of the Arabian
Sea.The teak wood used in building King Solomon's throne was taken from Quilon. Merchants
from Phoenicia, China, Arab countries, Dutch and the Romae used to visit and trade from Quilon in
the ancient times.

BASIC HISTORY

An ancient trading town – trading
with Romans, Chinese, Arabs and
other Orientals – with historical
citations of trade dating back to
Biblical history to Red Sea ports of
the Arabian Sea and the reign of
Solomon (supported with a find of
ancient Roman coins). Internal trade
occurred through the Punalur Pass
connecting the ancient town to
Tamil Nadu. The overland trade by
bullock cart of its produce pepper and the trade over the waterways connecting Allepey and Cochin
ensured trade linakges that grew into shaping it as a
town playing host to one of the earliest industrial
townships. The rail links established to Tamil Nadu
supported firmer trade links. The marine exports
processing factories and the processing and
packaging of cashewnuts took the produce of these
shores across the globe.

Kollam was a flourishing port of the Chera Dynasty
until the formation of the Venad kingdom, when it
became the capital of the independent Venad
kingdom. Before that, Kollam was considered one of
the four early entrepots in the global sea trade
around the 13th century, along with Alexandria and Cairo in Egypt, the Chinese city of Quanzhou,
and Malacca in the Malaysian archipelago

TRAVANCORE RULE HISTORY

In the early 18th century CE, the Travancore royal family adopted some members from the royal
family of Kolathunadu based at Kannur, and Parappanad based in present-day Malappuram
district. Travancre became the most dominant state in Kerala by defeating the
powerful Zamorin of Kozhikode in the battle of Purakkad in 1755. During the mid-eighteenth
century, Travancore's Raja of Marthanda Varma decided to consolidate various independent
kingdoms including Quilon, Kayamkulam and Elayadath Swaroopa (Kottarakkara) with Kingdom of
Travancore. The plan was dismissive because of the presence of the Dutch, who fortified their base
city of Quilon against such invasions. The Dutch and allies have conquered Paravur and marched
to Attingal and despatched another expedition to Kottarakkara as well. But ignoring the stiff
resistance, the army of Marthanda Varma attacked and defeated the Dutch at Colachel in 1741 and
marched to Quilon and attacked the city as part of the Travancore–Dutch War. After signing
the Treaty of Mannar, several territories under royal family around Quilon were added to the
Travancore Kingdom.

CONCLUSION (POST INDEPENDENCE)

In the period between 15th August 1947 and 1st July 1949 Kollam remained
in Travancore state of Dominion of India. On 1st July 1949, Quilon became one of the four
districts in newly formed Travancore–Cochin state. In 1st November 1956 following the
formation of State of Kerala through States Reorganisation Act.
















AFLAH RIYAD


10 B

Kannur

Kannur Formerly known in English as cannanore Arabic as kannanur and Portuguese as
cananor is a city and a Municipal Corporation in the state of Kerala, India. It is the
administrative headquarters of the Kannur district and situated 274 kilometres (170 mi) north
of the major port city & commercial hub Kochi & 137 kilometres (85 mi) south of the major port
city & a commercial hub, Mangalore. During the period of British colonial rule in India, when
Kannur was a part of the Malabar District (Madras Presidency), the city was known as
Cannanore. Kannur is 6th largest urban agglomeration in Kerala. As of 2011 census, Kannur
Municipal Corporation, the local body which administers mainland area of city


Kannur was the headquarters of one
of the four most important dynasties
on Malabar
Coast namely Kolathunadu, along with
the Zamorin of Calicut, Kingdom of
Cochin, and Kingdom of Quilon.
The Arakkal kingdom had right over
the city of Kannur and Laccadive

Islands in the late medieval
period. Kannur municipality was formed on 1 November 1866 according to the Madras Act 10
of 1865 (Amendment of the Improvements in Towns act 1850) of the British Indian Empire,
along with the municipalities of Thalassery, Kozhikode, Palakkad, and Fort Kochi, making them
the first modern municipalities in the state. It was upgraded into a municipal corporation in the
year 2015.

Kannur Cantonment is the only Cantonment Board in the state of Kerala. Indian Naval

Academy at Ezhimala is the Asia's largest, and the world's third-largest, naval
academy. Muzhappilangad beach is the longest Drive-In Beach in Asia and is featured among
the top 6 best beaches for driving in the world in BBC article for Autos. During British rule,
Kannur's chief importance laid in producing Thalassery pepper.




➢ Pre-history and Ancient era


The earliest evidence of human habitation in the region are rock-cut caves and megalithic burial
sites of the Neolithic age. The Taliparamba-Kannur-Thalassery area abounds in rock-cut
caves, dolmens, burial stone circles and menhirs, all of megalith. Kannur District was the seat of

powerful kingdom based at Ezhimala in the Sangam period (1st-5th century CE). The ancient
port of Naura, which is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as a port somewhere

north of Muziris is identified with Kannur.Pliny the Elder (1st century CE) states that the port
of Tyndis was located at the northwestern border of Keprobotos (Chera dynasty).The region,
which lies north of the port at Tyndis, was ruled by the kingdom of Ezhimala during Sangam
period.

According to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, a region known as Limyrike began
at Naura and Tyndis. However the Ptolemy mentions only Tyndis as the Limyrike's starting
point. The region probably ended

at Kanyakumari; it thus roughly
corresponds to the present-
day Malabar Coast. The value of
Rome's annual trade with the region
was estimated at around
50,000,000 sesterces Pliny the Elder
mentioned that Limyrike was prone
by pirates. The Cosmas
Indicopleustes mentioned that
the Limyrike was a source of

peppers.

The kingdom of Ezhimala had jurisdiction over two Nadus - The
coastal Poozhinadu and the hilly eastern Karkanadu. According to the works of Sangam
literature, Poozhinadu consisted much of the coastal belt
between Mangalore and Kozhikode Karkanadu consisted of Wayanad-Gudalur hilly
region with parts of Kodagu (Coorg).It is said that Nannan, the most renowned ruler
of Ezhimala dynasty, took refuge at Wayanad hills in 5th century CE when he was lost
to Cheras, just before his execution in a battle, according to the Sangam works


➢ Early Middle Ages



According to Kerala Muslim tradition, Kannur along with surrounding Madayi and Dharmadom were

home to three of the oldest mosques in Indian subcontinent. According to the Legend of Cheraman
Perumals, the first Indian mosque was built in 624 AD at Kodungallur with the mandate of the last the
ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of Chera dynasty, who left from Dharmadom to Mecca and converted
to Islam during the lifetime of Prophet Muhammad According to Qissat Shakarwati Farmad,
the Masjids at Kodungallur, Kollam, Madayi, Barkur, Mangalore, Kasaragod,

Kannur, Dharmadam, Panthalayani, and Chaliyam, were built during the era of Malik Dinar, and they
are among the oldest Masjids in Indian subcontinent. It is believed that Malik Dinar was died

at Thalangara in Kasaragod town.



Ezhimala kingdom was succeeded by Mushika dynasty in the early medival period, most possibly due
to the migration of Tuluva Brahmins from Tulu Nadu. The Mushika-vamsha Mahakavya, written
by Athula in the 11th century, throws light on the recorded past of the Mushika Royal Family up until
that point. The Indian anthropologist Ayinapalli Aiyappan states that a powerful and warlike clan of
the Bunt community of Tulu Nadu was called Kola Bari and the Kolathiri Raja of Kolathunadu was a
descendant of this clan. The kingdom of Kolathunadu, who were the descendants of Mushika dynasty,
at the peak of its power reportedly extended from Netravati River (Mangalore) in the
north] to Korapuzha (Kozhikode) in the south with Arabian Sea on the west and Kodagu hills on the
eastern boundary, also including the isolated islands of Lakshadweep in the Arabian Sea.
An Old Malayalam inscription (Ramanthali inscriptions), dated to 1075 CE, mentioning king Kunda
Alupa, the ruler of Alupa dynasty of Mangalore, can be found at Ezhimala near Kannur.
The Arabic inscription on a copper slab within the Madayi Mosque in Kannur records its foundation
year as 1124 CE. In his book on travels (Il Milione), Marco Polo recounts his visit to the area in mid
1290s. Other visitors included Faxian, the Buddhist pilgrim and Ibn Batuta, writer and historian
of Tangiers. The Kolathunadu in the late medieval period emerged into independent 10 principalities
i.e., Kadathanadu (Vadakara), Randathara or Poyanad
(Dharmadom), Kottayam (Thalassery), Nileshwaram, Iruvazhinadu (Panoor, Kurumbranad etc., under
separate royal chieftains due to the outcome of internal dissensions. The Nileshwaram dynasty on the
northernmost part of Kolathiri dominion, were relatives to both Kolathunadu as well as
the Zamorin of Calicut, in the early medieval period.
Kannur was an important trading center in the 12th century, with active business
connections with Persia and Arabia. The port at Kozhikode held the superior economic and political
position in medieval Kerala coast, while Kannur, Kollam, and Kochi, were commercially important
secondary ports, where the traders from various parts of the world would gather.[42]

Colonial era
Kannur served as the East India Company military headquarters on India's west coast until
1887. The modern town is referred to as Kannur Town. Kannur, as a district and surrounding areas, were
mostly ruled by the famous Kolathiri Rajas (Kings). When the state of Kerala was formed the district
took the name Kannur since the administrative offices were established here. Before that, Kannur was the
headquarters of Chirakkal taluk of Malabar District in the Madras Presidency. During the period
of Company rule in India, the East India Company preferred Madras and Cochin as their major stations
and Kannur started to lose its old glory. The people of Kannur are still waiting for their old glory to get
back and they feel they are being sidelined because the state administration is located the exact opposite
side of the state. Part of the original city of Kannur was under Kerala's only Muslim Royalty called the
Arakkal and this area is still known as city.
The Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama arrived at Kappad Kozhikode in 1498 during the Age of
Discovery, thus opening a direct sea route from Europe to South Asia. In 1501 a Portuguese factory was
planted here by Pedro Álvares Cabral, and in 1502 da Gama made a treaty with the Raja The St. Angelo

Fort at Kannur was built in 1505 by Dom Francisco de Almeida, the first Portuguese Viceroy of India.
The Dutch captured the fort from the Portuguese in 1663. They modernized the fort and built the bastions
Hollandia, Zeelandia, and Frieslandia that are the major features of the present structure. The original
Portuguese fort was pulled down later. A painting of this fort and the fishing ferry behind it can be seen
in the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. The Dutch sold the fort to king Ali Raja of Arakkal in 1772.
During the 17th century, Kannur was the capital city of the only Muslim Sultanate in Kerala, known
as Arakkal, who also ruled the Laccadive Islands in addition to the city of Kannur. Arakkal
Kingdom and Chirakkal kingdom were two vassal kingdoms based in the city of Kannur. The island
of Dharmadom near Kannur, along with Thalassery, was ceded to the East India Company as early as
1734, which were claimed by all of the Kolattu Rajas, Kottayam Rajas, Mannanarand Arakkal Bibi in the
late medieval period, where the British initiated a factory and English settlement following
the cession.[46][40] Then the East India Company captured the fort Kannur in 1790 and used it as one of
their major military stations on the Malabar Coast. During the period of British colonial rule, Kannur was
part of the Madras province in the Malabar District.

In 1761, the British captured Mahé, and the settlement was handed over to the ruler of Kadathanadu. The
British restored Mahé to the French as a part of the 1763 Treaty of Paris. In 1779, the Anglo-French war
broke out, resulting in the French loss of Mahé. In 1783, the British agreed to restore to the French their
settlements in India, and Mahé was handed over to the French in 1785.
Initially the British had to suffer local resistance against their rule under the leadership of Kerala Varma
Pazhassi Raja, who had popular support in Thalassery-Wayanad region. The guerrilla war launched
by Pazhassi Raja, the ruler of Kottayam province, against the East India Company had a huge impact on
the history of Kannur. Changes in the socio-economic and political sectors in Kerala during the initial
decades of the 20th century created conditions congenial for the growth of the Communist Party.
Extension of English education initiated by Christian missionaries in 1906 and later carried forward by
government, rebellion for wearing a cloth to cover upper parts of body, installing an idol at Aruvippuram
in 1888, Malayali Memorial in 1891, establishment of SNDP Yogam in 1903, activities, struggles etc.
became factors helpful to accelerate changes in Kerala society during a short time. These movements
eventually coalesced into the Indian independence movement.
Very soon, ideas about socialism and Soviet Revolution reached Kerala. Such ideas got propagated in
Kerala through the works of Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai, Sahodaran Ayyappan, P.
Kesavadev and others. By the beginning of the 1930s, some other useful developments were taking place.
Important among them was Nivarthana Agitation in Travancore. That was the demand of people
suppressed so far as untouchables and weaker sections for participation in government. This brought to
the forefront struggles like proportional representation in government and reservation of jobs. This
imparted a new enthusiasm among oppressed masses.








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HISTORY OF VELLAYANI TEMPLE AND


VELLAYANI LAKE

VELLAYANI TEMPLE

VELLAYANI DEVI TEMPLE IS POSITIONED ON THE EASTERN BANKS OF VELLAYANI LAKE IN
VELLAYANI, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM DISTRICT IN THE STATE OF KERALA, INDIA. THE TEMPLE IS
ADMINISTERED BY THE TRAVANCORE DEVASWOM BOARD. VELLAYANI DEVI TEMPLE IS SAID TO
BE BUILD IN THE 14TH CENTURY AD. THE MAIN ATTRACTION OF THIS TEMPLE IS ITS
PICTURESQUE VIEW, SINCE IT IS SITUATED ON THE BANKS OF VELLAYANI LAKE. THE TEMPLE IS
DEDICATED TO GODDESS BHADRAKALI, THE MOST FEROCIOUS GODDESS OF ALL. OTHER SUB
DEITIES OF VELLYANI DEVI TEMPLE INCLUDE LORD GANAPATHY, LORD SIVA AND THE
NAGARAJA. THERE IS A SEPARATE SHRINE FOR MADAN THAMPURAN IN THE VELLAYANI DEVI
TEMPLE.


The history says that Kelan Kulashekhara,

a blacksmith, saw a frog with divine
powers near the lake. He caught the frog
and brought it to the Nair cheiftains of
the locality. Kulashekhara, then,
constructed the Thiru mudi (idol) in which
the divine spirit is stored. From then on,
the right to perform the rituals is held by
the Nair families. The priest of the temple
also belongs to the blacksmith family.








ANOTHER PART OF THE STORY SAYS THAT DARIKA,
A DEMON WHO RECEIVED A BOON FROM LORD
BRAHMA WENT ON TO CONQUER THE WORLD BY
DEFEATING THE KING OF GODS, INDRA, WITH HIS
IMMENSE POWER. HIS INTOLERABLE ATROCITIES
MADE THE DIVINE SAGE NARADA TO REQUEST
LORD SHIVA TO DESTROY DARIKA. LORD SHIVA
OPENED THE THIRD EYE AND CREATED THE
FEROCIOUS KALI TO DESTROY DARIKA WHO HAD
RECEIVED A BOON THAT HE CAN’T BE KILLED BY
ANY HUMAN LIVING IN ANY OF THE FOURTEEN

WORLDS OF THE HINDU MYTHOLOGY. GODDESS KALI WAS A WOMAN WHO WAS GIVEN BIRTH BY
A DIVINE POWER. KALI, THE MOST FEROCIOUS FORM OF LORD SHIVA’S THIRD EYE DID NOT
STOP EVEN AFTER KILLING THE DEMON. SHE WENT ON TO KILL ALL THE HUMAN BEINGS FOR
WHOM DARIKA WAS KILLED. NO GOD COULD STOP HER. KALI WAS FINALLY CALMED DOWN
AFTER LORD SHIVA, HER CREATOR, SURRENDERED TO HER.

THE VELLAYANI DEVI TEMPLE, LOCATED ON THE OUTSKIRTS OF THIRUVANANTHAPURAM CITY
NEAR VELLAYANI LAKE IS DEDICATED TO GODDESS BHADRAKALI. THE TEMPLE IS NOTED FOR
THE KALIYOOTTU MAHOTSAVAM WHICH HAPPENS ONCE IN EVERY THREE YEARS AND IS
CELEBRATED OVER A TWO-MONTH PERIOD (ABOUT 56 TO 65 DAYS). 'KALI MAHOTSAVAM'
LITERALLY MEANS 'THE FESTIVAL WHEN DEVOTEES WILL FEED THE DEVI'.

Kaliyoottu IS A RITUAL ART FORM ASSOCIATED WITH GODDESS BHADRAKALI BELIEF MAINLY
POPULAR IN THE TEMPLES OF THIRUVANANTHAPURAM DISTRICT. THE FESTIVAL CELEBRATES
WITH THE MYTH OF GODDESS KALI AND DEMON DARIKA, ONE OF THE MAIN RITUALS OF
Kaliyoottu IS THE Thottampattu. IT REQUIRES 48 DAYS FOR SINGING THE
Bhadrakalithottampattu COMPLETELY.
THE MOST IMPORTANT RITUALS ASSOCIATED WITH KALIYOOTTU FESTIVAL ARE Kalamkaval,
Uchabali, Dikkubali AND Paranettu - WHICH MARKS THE END OF THE KALIYOOTTU. AT
VELLAYANI TEMPLE THE PARANETTU WILL BE HELD ON THE NINTH DAY OF Medam (MID-
APRIL).




VELLAYANI LAKE


THE VELLAYANI LAKE IS ALSO
SYNONYMOUSLY KNOWN AS
VELLAYANI KAYAL. IT IS SITUATED
IN THIRUVANANTHAPURAM
DISTRICT AND IS CONSIDERED TO
BE ONE OF THE LARGEST FRESH
WATER LAKES IN
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM. THERE IS
A MAJOR FEATURE OF THIS LAKE
WHICH IS THAT FROM HERE THERE
IS A ROAD THAT PASSES THROUGH
THE LAKE FOR WHICH A BUND HAS
BEEN CONSTRUCTED. THE AREA
AROUND THIS LAKE HAS BEEN LEFT
UNTOUCHED AS THE MODERN DAY
CONSTRUCTION WORKS HAVE NOT
BEEN DONE IN THIS REGION. THE WATER FROM THIS LAKE IS BEING USED TO PROVIDE WATER
FOR DRINKING AND IRRIGATION

As it is said the history of any place lies
in the place and its surroundings and it is
history which makes a place popular. This
is equally true for this lake which is a
historical site.
EARLIER, IN 1953, THE LAKE WAS USED FOR
GROWING LOTUS FLOWERS FOR PADMANABHA
SWAMY TEMPLE. WHEN THE 'GROW MORE
FOOD' PROGRAMME WAS LAUNCHED BY THE

GOVERNMENT IN 1950'S, LARGE TRACTS OF
LAND WERE RECLAIMED FOR CULTIVATION.





THE LAKE IS DE-WATERED TWICE IN A YEAR
FOR PADDY CULTIVATION BY FARMERS. THERE
IS SCARCITY OF WATER IN NEIGHBOURING

PANCHAYATS OF VELLAYANI AND
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM AND WATER REACHES
THE POPULATION RESIDING HERE BY TANKERS.
THESE PANCHAYATS INCLUDE THIRUVALLAM,
KALLIYOOR, NEMOM, VENGANOOR AND
KOVALAM.

IT IS ALSO A PLACE FOR THE MANY DIFFERENT
TYPES OF BOAT RACES WHICH ARE HELD
DURING THE FESTIVAL OF ONAM. HERE YOU CAN ALSO VISIT THE
GOVERNMENT AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. THE COLLEGE’S MAIN BUILDING
WAS IN THE EARLIER DAYS THE SUMMER PALACE OF TRAVANCORE‘S
ROYAL FAMILY. IT IS ONE OF A KIND TEMPLE IN KERALA SINCE THERE
ARE MEMBERS FROM THE NON-BRAHMINS VATHI CASTE AS ITS PRIESTS.
ALL THESE FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO THE MAKING OF THE HISTORY OF
THE PLACE.







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PATTOM

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Pattom is a dense commercial region of Thiruvananthapuram city in Kerala, India. It is
located approximately 4 kilometres north of the centre of Thampanoor. Pattom is largely a
residential area, also housing few important administration offices of Kerala State and a few
shopping complexes. It has offices of Kerala Public Service Commission, Kerala State
Planning Board, Life Insurance Corporation of India, Thiruvananthapuram Divisional Office,
LIC Housing Finance Limited, State Resource Centre, District Panjayat Headquarters, Fire and
Rescue Department Headquarters, Kerala Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation (Milma),
Employees Provident Fund Regional Office and Kerala State Electricity Board. The Traffic
Police and Telecommunication department, and the Kerala Science, Technology and
Environment Head Office (Sasthra Bhavan) are also located in Pattom.Pattom is a major stop
for buses plying to and from Thiruvananthapuram Central Bus Station and City Bus Station at
East Fort. It is one of the busy intersections in Thiruvananthapuram with the meeting point
of four roads including NH 66 to North Kerala as well as a Road to Kowdiar Palace.
Trivandrum International Airport at Shanghumugham is 7 km from here and
Thiruvananthapuram Central Railway Station is 4 km away.



Notable people



● Pattom A. Thanu Pillai: former chief minister of Kerala from 1960-1962.

● Pattom Sadan: film actor.

● Pattom A. Thanu Pillai


Raja Shri Pattom A. Thanu Pillai (15 July 1885 – 27 July
1970) was a participant in the Indian independence

movement who later served as the Chief Minister of
Kerala from 22 February 1960 to 25 September 1962. He
was known as the 'Bhishmacharya' of Kerala politics.


● Pattom Sadan


Sadasivan, popularly known as Pattom Sadan was a Malayalam film actor. He acted
in more than 200 films. His debut movie was Chathurangam in 1959. He was a

famous comedy artist during the 1960s and 1970s. He acted in many Tamil movies as
well. He was a theatre artist turned movie actor. He hailed from Pattom,
Thiruvananthapuram. He started his career with drama and later moved to Tamil
movies. He was married and
has two children. The family
resides at Vadapalani, Chennai.
He died at a private hospital at
Vadapalani in 1992







Statue of Sree Chithira Thirunal Maharaja at Pattom Thanu Pillai
Park




Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma
Sree Padmanabhadasa Sree Chithira Thirunal

Balarama Varma GCSI GCIE ( ശ്രീ പത്മനാഭദാസ
ശ്രീ ചിത്തിര തിരുനാൾ ബാലരാമവർമ്മ, 7
November 1912 – 20 July 1991), popularly known as

Sree Chithira Thirunal, was the last ruling Maharaja
of the Princely State of Travancore, in southern India
until 1949 and later the Titular Maharajah of
Travancore until 1991.Sree Chithira Thirunal was the
eldest son of Junior Maharani of Travancore, H.H.
Sree Padmanabhasevini Vanchi Dharma Vardhini
Rajarajeshwari Maharani Moolam Thirunal Sethu

Parvathi Bayi, and Sri Pooram Nal Ravi Varma Koyi Thampuran of the Royal House of
Kilimanoor. He was privately educated, and became the Maharajah of Travancore, at the

age of 12, upon the death of his maternal great uncle, the then Maharajah of Travancore
Sree Moolam Thirunal, on 7 August 1924. He reigned under the regency of his maternal
aunt, Sethu Lakshmi Bayi (1924–31), until he came of age and was invested with full ruling
powers on 6 November 1931.

The period of Sree Chithira Thirunal's reign witnessed many-sided progress. He enacted the

now famous Temple Entry Proclamation in 1936, established the University of Travancore
(now the University of Kerala) in 1937. The Women Studies Journal Samyukta reports that,
40% of the Travancore's revenue was set apart for education, during the reign of Sree
Chithira Thirunal.Thiruvananthapuram International Airport, Travancore Public Transport
Department renamed Kerala State Road Transport Corporation, Pallivasal Hydro-electric
Project, Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore (FACT) etc. were established by him. Historians
like A. Sreedhara Menon credit him for the industrialization of Travancore as well.


According to researchers, the Punnapra-Vayalar uprising in 1946 which led to the death of
hundreds of Communist Party workers, the declaration of an independent Travancore in
1947, and allowing too much power to his Prime Minister, Sir C. P. Ramaswamy Iyer, would
represent the negative aspects of Sree Chithira Thirunal's reign.


Upon India's independence from the British on 15 August 1947, Sree Chithira Thirunal
initially chose to keep his domain an independent country. As this was unacceptable to the
Govt Of India, several rounds of negotiations were held between the Maharaja and the
Indian representatives. Finally an agreement was reached in 1949 and Sree Chithira Thirunal
agreed to merge Travancore officially as a part of the Union of India. In 1949, Travancore
was united with Cochin, and Sree Chithira Thirunal served as the first and only Rajpramukh
(Governor equivalent) of the Travancore-Cochin Union from 1 July 1949 until 31 October
1956. On 1 November 1956, the state of Kerala was created by uniting the Malayalam-
speaking areas of the Travancore-Cochin Union with Malabar, and Sree Chithira Thirunal's

office of Rajpramukh came to an end

Thycaud

Thycaud is a residential locale situated less than a km north of Thampanoor,
Thiruvananthapuram. It is located midway between Vazhuthacaud and Thiruvananthapuram
Central Railway Station.
Govt Model High School, Govt Arts College and Sree Swathi Thirunal College of Music are
some coveted educational institutions located at Thycaud.
Thycaud Sastha Temple is a highly revered shrine situated at Thycaud.
Thycaud is about 9 km from Trivandrum International Airport and is around 600 meters
from Thiruvananthapuram Central Bus Station.



Thycaud Sastha Temple

Sastha Temple is a beautiful shrine situated near Govt Arts College
at Thycaud in Thiruvananthapuram. This ancient temple enshrines Lord Ayyappa as the
presiding deity. Devotees believe that one can accomplish all one's desires by worshipping
Thycaud Sastha.
The temple also has sub shrines for Lord Ganesh, Lord Hanuman, Navagraha, Lord Shiva,
goddess Durga and Nagaraja.
Sastha Temple, which has been maintained recently, is an excellent example of the Kerala
style of architecture. Neeranjanam, which is done in order to remove the 'Shani dosham', or
the evil influence of the planet Shani, is the main offering at the temple. Mandala Puja and
Makar Sankranti are the major festivals celebrated at the temple.
Trivandrum International Airport and Thiruvananthapuram Central Railway Station (1 km)
are the nearest airport and railway station.


Thycaud Uchumali Amman Temple

Uchumali Amman Temple is a highly revered shrine situated near Jagathy at Thycaud in
Thiruvananthapuram. This temple is dedicated to Uchumali Amman, a form of Shakti. The
goddess is associated with prosperity and health and it is strongly believed that she can cure
diseases such as small pox and chicken pox.
The temple has sub-shrines for Lord Ganesh and Nagaraja. The annual festival is organized
in the months of February - March.
Thycaud Sastha Temple and Government Arts College are located nearby. Trivandrum
International Airport (8 km) and Thiruvananthapuram Central Railway Station (1 km) are the
nearest airport and railway station.


Thycaud Ayya Swami Temple

Ayya Swami Temple is situated at Thycaud in Thiruvananthapuram District. The presiding
deity of the temple is Lord Shiva. The temple was built in memory of Thycaud Ayya
Swamikal, the first and the greatest social reformer of Kerala. He was the Guru of Sree
Narayana Guru, Chattambi Swamigal and Ayyankali. The deity was installed in 1943 at the
Samadhi place of the Ayya Swami. The renovation works were done under the patronage of

Sri Chithira Thirunal Maharaja. Sri Ayya Gurukulam and Sri Ayya Gurudevashramam are also
near to the temple.
Gurupooja, an annual celebration, is held on Makom asterism in the month of Karkidakom
(July-August). The temple can be approached from Thiruvananthapuram Central Bus Station
as well as Thiruvananthapuram Central Railway Station, about 2 km away.


Govt Arts College


Chartered in 1866 by the then Maharaja
of Travancore as a division of University
College, the institution has a long history.
Its bifurcation in 1924, amalgamation
with University College again in 1942,
abolition of the Intermediate course in
1956 (substituted by Pre-University
course and later replaced by Pre-Degree
in 1964), starting of B.A. Economics &
B.Com. in 1971 etc. – Yes, this college
has seen it all.
Throughout its history, the college has
always had one of the best teaching
faculties in the State. No wonder the institution has won the R. Sankar Award for the best
college two times in a row since its inception in performance in sports and games has also
been bagged by this college recently.


Sri Ayya Mission

Sri Ayya Mission is an organization formed in 1989 at Thycaud in Thiruvananthapuram
District. It was started in order to co-ordinate the activities of Sri Ayya Gurukulam and Sri
Ayya Gurudevashramam. The main motive behind the mission is to help poor people
irrespective of caste and religion. The organization also offers medical help and self-
employment schemes. Sri Ayya Gurukulam was started in 1955 with the view of spreading
the message of Ayya Guru and to impart Shiva Raja Yoga techniques to aspirants.


Chacha Nehru Children's Museum

Established in 1980, Chacha Nehru Children's Museum is situated at Thycaud in
Thiruvananthapuram. It is named after late Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru (the first prime minister
of India), who is well known for his great love towards children. The museum is set up in the
model of Shankar's International Doll Museum in New Delhi.
The museum has a rich collection of traditional and proclaim dolls, stamps, masks and
paintings, a mini aquarium and the first issue of children's literature in Malayalam. It is open
from 10:00 to 17:00 hrs and closed on Mondays.
The museum is situated less than a km north of Thiruvananthapuram Central Bus Station.

Thiruvananthapuram Head Post Office (HPO)

Thiruvananthapuram Head Post Office (HPO) is located at Thycaud, Thiruvananthapuram.
Registered post, parcel, money-order, and insurance facilities are available. It also
distributes mutual funds and bonds.
Trivandrum International Airport and Thiruvananthapuram Central Railway Station are the
nearest airport and railhead respectively,


Kerala Institute Tourism and Travel Studies (KITTS)

Kerala Institute Tourism and Travel Studies ( KITTS) is situated at Thycaud, a residential
locale situated less than a kilometer north of Thampanoor. It is a premier institute that
imparts quality education and hands-on training to the travel and tourism professionals. It
was established in 1988 by the Ministry of Tourism, Government of Kerala. KITTS is among
the south regional members of Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management (IITTM),
Gwalior.
The institute is set in an expanse of over ten acre lush green fields, with a rich sprawling
palace in the centre. KITTS offers post graduate diploma in business administration,
certificate program for masseurs, certificate program on front office management, post
graduate diploma in tourism and travel industry management (PGDTTIM), and certificate
course in air fare ticketing and travel agency management.
KITTS is an approved center for training by the American Hotel and Lodging Association
(AHLA). They have courses, which are recognized by the Cambridge University, United
Kingdom.
The institute provides all the latest facilities including well-stocked library with audio visual
aids, a comprehensive language lab, digital systems lab and computer lab. Apart from
studies, students are encouraged to take part in extra-curricular and co-curricular activities.
Thiruvananthapuram. Trivandrum International Airport is merely 9 km away.
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Arjun G
S

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Kannammoola

Kannammoola, a major place located at Thiruvananthapuram has historical significance. It is
birthplace of Chattambi Swamikal, one of the greatest scholar saints in Kerala. The nearest airport is
Thiruvananthapuram International Airport. Pettah railway station and Thiruvananthapuram railway
station are the nearest ones. The first medical college in Kerala is Thiruvananthapuram medical
college .The Kerala government secretariat is the seat of administration of the government of Kerala
in Thiruvananthapuram which houses important ministries and bureaucratic offices.

Velu Thambi Dalawa was executed by the British at Kannammoola. Kannamoola is on the banks of
Aakulam lake. The Amayizhanjan canal which flows through Kannammoola forms the lake. Three
bridges cross the canal in Kannammoola the Kakkodu bridge, the Nellikhuzu Bridge, and the
Kannammoola Bridge.
The suburb was initially owned by a Namboothiri family called Kollur Athiyara matham. It was a
stronghold for Nair families before it became a metropolitan suburb.

In 1809, the British sentenced Velu Thambi Dalawa, a former dewan of Travancore and freedom
fighter, to be executed in Kannammoola . However , Dalawa committed suicide at the Mannadi
temple before being arrested . The British brought his body to the west end of a karanava’s
property, and Dalawa was hung on a post on a hill in Kannammoola; the hill was renamed Dalawa
Kunnu (Dalawa’s hill).

Chattambi Swamikal was a hindu sage and social reformer .He was born on 25th august 1853 at
Kollur thiruvananthapuram . He launched many social , religious , literary , and political
organisations and movements in Kerala . Earlier called Kunjan pillai, he was a social reformer and a
contemporary of Narayana Guru. Swamikal fought against the rigid Caste system and social vices and
challenged the prevalent value system. In his book Pracheena Malayalam, Swamikal argues that the
evil of caste and the superiority claims of the Brahmin are without any logic. He severely criticized
the Brahmin domination of that period. He wrote several books on religion and spirituality.
Swamikal's meeting with Swami Vivekananda in 1892 was instrumental in bringing about social
change in a caste-ridden society. Swamikal entered samadhi at Panmana, 18 kilometres (11 mi)
north of Kollam in 1924.

Kannammoola is connected by private and KSRTC buses. The nearest major railway station is
Thiruvananthapuram central . 2Two kilometres (1.2 mi) away is Pettah, a smaller railway station. The
nearest airport is Thiruvananthapuram International airport.

The Thiruvananthapuram medical college was founded in 1915 dedicated by Prime Minister
Jawaharlal Nehru and is Kerala’s oldest medical college .

Kerala government secretariate is the highest echelon of state administrative structure .Government
secretariat is the popular landmark and is located in the heart of the Trivandrum city in Narmada
road .










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