PBL PROJECT F4 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 8: MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY Name Class Teacher : Han Xin Ying : 4S4 : Pn Chan Yoke Bee
GLASS 1-3 CERAMIC 4-7 COMPOSITE MATERIAL AND THEIRIMPORTANCE 8,9 REFERENCE 10 INDEX
Major Component Sand (silicon dioxide, SiO ) Limestone (calcium carbonate, CaCO ) Sodium carbonate (Na CO ) 2 3 2 3 1
Main Characteristics of glass Hard but brittle Chemically inert Transparent Heat insulator Waterproof Electrical insulator 2
Fused Glass Made from Silica High melting point at around 1800℃ Does not expand nor contract much when there is a large change in temperature (silicon dioxide, SiO ) without adding any other chemical Suitable in making telescope lens Mirrors Glass containers Windows Prisms Radiation shielding from gamma and x-rays Laboratory glassware Kitchenware Made from silica (SiO ), soda (Na CO ), limestone (CaCo ), boron oxide (B O ) and aluminium oxide (Al O ) Resistance to heat Does not crack easily when subjected to thermal stress and sudden temperature change Low expansion coefficient Made from silica (SiO ), soda (sodium carbonate, Na Co ) and limestone (calcium carbonate, CaCo ) Low melting point at around 1000℃ Easily moulded Does not withstand high temperatures Easily crack when subjected to sudden temperature change Borosilicate Glass Lead crystal glass Soda-Lime Glass Type of Glass Type of glass Made from silica (SiO ), soda (Na CO ) and lead(II) oxide (PbO) Soft and malleable High density Heave and high refractive index Properties Uses 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 3
Major component Clay Powders Earthen elements Water 4
Main Characteristics of glass Chemically inert Transparent Hard and strong Electrical insulator Chemically inert Heat insulator High thermal resistant Break easily 5
Traditional ceramics Advanced ceramics Properties Made from clay such as kaolin High hardness High melting points Low thermal expansion Good chemical resistance (Al O .2SiO .2H O) Made from inorganic compounds such as oxides, carbides and nitrides High heat and abrasion resistance Chemically inert Superconductivity Able to withstand thermal shock Uses Industrial abrasives Refractory linings Cutting disc Brake disc Manufacturing Examples Bricks Pottery Crockery Silicon carbide (SiC) Alumina (Al O ) 2 3 2 2 2 3 6
Zirconia ceramic is used in dental implants Alumina ceramic is used to make knee bone Ceramic is used in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) machines because it has superconductivity properties 1 MEDICINE 2 3 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY PRODUCTION Ceramic Uses Application Engine component in jet planes are made from ceramics Ceramics is used to make electrical electrical insulators in high voltage areas such as power station 7
Composite Materials and their importance Composite Materials is a material made from combining two or more non-homogeneous substances, that is matrix substance and strengthening substances. The matrix substance surrounds and binds the strengthening substance together. Example of matrix substances, strengthening substances and composite material 8
Reinforced concrete Superconductors Fibre glass Optical fibre Photochromic glass Composite Material Properties Uses High compressive strength Highly durable Wind and waterresistant non-combustible Construction of bridges, building, etc Chemical resistance Good Thermal Properties High strength Low density Electrical insulator Make helmets Car bumoers Printed circuit boards Made up of silica glass fibres High transmission capacity Lightweight and flexible Video camera Cables in computer network Darkens on exposure to light Able to filter UVA Car windows Building window Superconductivity properties Zero electric resistance Magnetic Resonance Imaging Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 9
References Dual Language Programme Chemistry Form 4 Textbook Sheffield Assay Office https://www.assayoffice.co.uk/assets/uploads/Crystal%20Glass%20Factsheet.pdf University of Washington https://depts.washington.edu/matseed/mse_resources/Webpage/Ceramics/ceramics.htm#:~:text=Ceramics %20are%20generally%20made%20by,like%20substances%20known%20as%20glazes. The American Ceramic Society https://ceramics.org/about/what-are-engineered-ceramics-and-glass/structure-and-properties-ofceramics#:~:text=The%20ionic%20and%20covalent%20bonds,to%20fractures%20unless%20the%20material Wunder-Mold https://www.wundermold.com/what-difference-between-traditional-advancedceramics/#:~:text=Traditional%20ceramics%20are%20materials%20made,refractory%20linings%2C%20and% 20industrial%20abrasives. Science Learning Hub https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1775-uses-for-advanced-ceramics International Syalons https://www.syalons.com/2021/08/31/materials-used-in-advanced-ceramicsapplications/#:~:text=Alumina%20(Al2O3)%20is%20an%20extremely,pressure%20sensors%20and%20wear%2 0components. Midwest Composite https://midwestcomposites.com.my/all-you-need-to-know-about-composites/ Tim Global Engineering https://www.timglobaleng.com/blog/reinforced-concrete-types-characteristicsadvantages/#:~:text=Highly%20durable%2C%20wind%20and%20water,head%20position%20 among%20building%20materials. ScienceDirect https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2214785322015309#:~:text=It%20possesses%20a%20high%2 0compressive%20strength%20when%20compared%20to%20other%20materials.&text=Because%20of%20reinforcing%2 C%20it%20is,a%20lot%20of%20tensile%20stresses.&text=It%20is%20resistant%20to%20fire%20and%20weather.&text= The%20reinforced%20concrete%20building%20method%20outlasts%20all%20other%20types%20of%20construction. 10