Alice_Oshima_Ann_Hogue-Writing_Academic

Charts of Connecting
Words and Transition
Signals

ing Words

Coordinating conju.nctions
Coordinating conjunctions connect grammatically equal elements. Coordinating
conjunctions are sometimes called the "Fan Boys" conjunctions-For, And, Nor,
But, Or, Yet, So.

for Connects a reason to a result I am a little hungry, for I didn't

eat breakfast this morning.

and Connects equal similar ideas John likes to fish and hunt.

nor Connects two negative sentences She does not eat meat, nor

does she drink milk.

but Connects equal different ideas I like to eat fish but not

to catch them.

or Connects two equal choices Do you prefer coffee or tea?

yet Connects equal contrasting ideas It is sunny yet cold.

so Connects a result to a reason I did not eat breakfast this

morning, so I am a little hungry.

Paired (correlative) conju.nctions

Con-elative conjunctions are always in pairs. Like coordinating conjunctions, they
connect grammatically equal elements. (Please also read the section Parallelism on
pages 179-181.)

291

292 }\ppend~x C I Charts of Connecting Words and Transition Signals

COlljunctiollipait!i >. .......

both ... and Both San Francisco and Sydney have beautiful harbors. .....
not only ••• but also
either •.. or Japanese food is not only delicious to eat but also beautiful
neither .•. nor to look at.

whether ... or Bring either a raincoat or an umbrella when you visit Seattle.

My grandfather could neither read nor write, but he was a very
wise person.

The newlyweds could not decide whether to live with her
parents or to rent an apartment.

Subordinating Words

A subordinating word is the first word in a dependent clause. Cornman subordinat-
ing words include the following.

Subordinating Conjunctions for Adverb Clauses

, .,....., ? I:

'-

after After we ate lunch, we decided to go shopping.

as, just as Just as we left the house, it started to rain.

as long as We waited as long as we could.

as soon as As soon as the front door closed, I looked for my house key.

before I thought I had put it in my coat pocket before we left.

since I have not locked myself out of the house since I was
10 years old.

until Until I was almost 12, my mother pinned the key to my coat.

when When I turned 12, my mother let me keep the key in my
pocket.

whenever I usually put the key in the same place whenever I come
home.

while While I searched for the key, it rained harder and harder.

Appendix C I Charts of Connecting Words and Transition Signals 293

Subordinating Conjunctions for Adverb Clauses (continued)

where ". :i

I like to shop where prices are low.

wherever I try to shop wherever there is a sale.

anywhere You can find bargains anywhere you shop.

everywhere I use my credit card everywhere I shop.
as, just as
.; .; .. :..(

\........ ~.!

I love to get flowers(,) as most women do.*

as if You look as if you didn't sleep at all last night.

as though .. . , i . ;She acts as though she doesn't know us. < ."",";
as + adverb + as (ltO\'ll<ia.. ;

~o.""",. ;o.~..,.~o..; .;;;.;

.-

We will hike as far as we can before it turns dark.

as often as The child sat as close as she could to her mother.
The child sat as close to her mother as she could .

.

•;o. \.~.~",.~ '''>[;;'~'!

I call my parents as often as I can.

\YWml~.1

as I can't take evening classes(,) as I work at night.*

because I can't take evening classes because I work at night.

since I can't take evening classes since I work at night.
so that
;0 r (For . . .; Ol

Many people emigrate so that their'children can have a better life.

in order that Many people emigrate in order that their children can have a
better life.

Result (With what reslllt7)

so + adjective + I was so tired last night that I fell asleep at dinner.
that She talks so softly that the other students cannot hear her.
It was such an easy test that most of the students got A's.
so + adverb + He is taking so many classes that he has no time to sleep.
that

such a(n) +
noun + that

so much/many/
little/few +
noun + that

*This is an exception to the usual rule for commas. Many writers use a comma before as.

294i\lJ)P~~ul!ixC I Charts of Connecting Words and Transition Signals

Subordinating Conjunctions for Adverb Clauses (continued)

if We will not go hiking if it rains.
unless We will not go hiking unless the weather is pertect.

although I love my brother although we disagree about almost everything.
even though I love my brother even though we disagree about almost everything.
though I love my brother though we disagree about almost everything.

while My brother likes classical music, while I prefer hard rock.
whereas He dresses conservatively, whereas I like to be a little shocking.

Subordinating Words for Adjective Clauses

who, whom, To
whose, that
(informal) People who live in glass houses should not throw stones.
My parents did not approve of the man whom my sister married.

which An orphan is a child whose parents are dead.

To refer to anlimials and tihilllgS

My new computer, which I bought yesterday, stopped working today.

that Yesterday I received an e-mail that I did not understand.
when
To refer to

Thanksgiving is a time when families travel great distances to be
together.

where An orphanage is a place where orphans live.

J\ppendix C I Charts of Connecting Words and Transition Signals 295

Subordinating words for noun dauses

whether I can't remember whether I locked the door.
whether or not whether or not I locked the door.
whether ... or not whether I locked the door or not.
if
if ... or not I can't remember if I locked the door.
if I locked the door or not.

who, whoever, whom Whoever arrives at the bus station first should buy the
tickets.
which, what, where Do you know where the bus station is?
when, why, how We should ask when the bus arrives.
how much, how many Do not worry about how much they cost.
how long, how often, etc. He didn't care how long he had to wait.

Notice that some subordinating conjunctions can introduce different kinds of
dependent clauses. That can introduce either noun clauses or adjective clauses, and
where can introduce either a noun, an adjective, or an adverb clause. It normally is
not important to know the kind of clause.

I can't remember where I put the house key. (noun clause; direct object of
remember)

It's not in the place where I usually put it. (adjective clause; tells which place)

I always put it where I will see it when I go out the front door. (adverb clause;
tells where I put it)

Conjunctive Adverbs

Conjunctive adverbs can appear at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of one
independent clause, but we often use them to connect two independent clauses.

Remember to put a semicolon before and a comma after the conjunctive adverb
if an independent clause follows.

296 A.ppendix rc I Charts of Connecting Words and Transition Signals

ColljullctiveA.dverb > ..~

also i ....
besides
furthermore ··T.... ~..-...y-..c·.·""··. > \J~~~> .......
in addition
moreover Community colleges offer preparation for many jobs; also, they prepare students

however to transfer to four-year colleges or universities.
nevertheless
nonetheless ; besides,
still
; furthermore,
in contrast
on the other hand ; in addition,

as a result ; moreover,
consequently
therefore To add an . )"'........ • >.
thus ....

meanwhile The cost of attending a community college is low; however, many students need

financial aid.

; nevertheless,

; nonetheless,

; still,

... ..... >.> ..

Most community colleges do not have dormitories; in contrast, most four-year
colleges do.

; on the other hand,

•'T'~~.ilId ... """...; ..

Native and nonnative English speakers have different needs; as a result, most
schools provide separate classes for each group.

; consequently,
; therefore,
; thus,

...~."-"-"'.."."", ""...,i...I..".."..... 1:im~

Police kept people away from the scene of the accident; meanwhile, ambulance
workers tried to pull victims out of the wreck.

afterward The workers put five injured people into an ambulance; afterward, they found another
then victim.
subsequently
; then,
for example ; subsequently,
for instance
To give an example
similarly
likewise Colors can have different meanings; for example, white is the color of weddings in
some cultures and of funerals in others.

; for instance,

To showshnilarities

Hawaii has sunshine and friendly people; similarly, Mexico's weather is sunny and its
people hospitable.

; likewise,

A.ppendix C I Charts of Connecting Words and Transition Signals 297

Conjunctive Adverb Examples

To indicate "the first statement is not true; the second statement is true"

instead The medicine did not make him feel better; instead, it made him feel worse.
on the contrary ; on the contrary,
rather ; rather,

instead (meaning They had planned to go to Hawaii on their honeymoon; instead, they went
"as a substitute") to Mexico.

To give another possibility. ..

alternatively You can live in a dorm on campus; on the other hand, you can rent a room with a
on the other hand family off campus.

; alternatively,

otherwise Students must take final exams; otherwise, they will receive a grade of Incomplete.
(meaning "if not")

To add an explanation

in other words Some cultures are matriarchal; in other words, the mothers are the nead of the family.
that is ; that is,

To make a stronger statement

indeed Mangoes are a very common fruit; indeed, people eat more mangoes than any other
in fact fruit in the world.

; in fact,

Transition Signals

Transition Signals Coordinating Subordinating Others: Adject1ves,
and Conjunctive Conjunctions Conjunctions ~ Prepositions, Verbs
A.dverbs and Paired
Conjunctions the first (reason, cause,
first, ... step, etc.)
To Ustideas in order of time
first of all, ... the second o ••
second, o •• before the third •• 0
third, •• 0 after another •• 0
next, o •• until the last .0.
then '0' when
after that, .. . while the final ...
meanwhile, ... as soon as
in the meantime, •• 0 since

finally, ...

last, ...
last of all, o ••

subsequently, ...

298A.ppeli11dh" C I Charts of Connecting Words and Transition Signals

first, .......""..............: the first ... (reason,
first of all, cause, step, etc.)
first and foremost, similar or equal idea
second, ... an additional .
more important, . and the second .
most important, . both ... and another ...
more significantly, not only ... but also a more important
most significantly,
above all, . To add an opposite idea (reason, cause,
most of all, . step, etc.)
but although the most important
also, ... . yet even though the most significant .
besides, ... . the best/the worst .
furthermore, though
in addition, another . .. (reason,
moreover, explain or ...estateanid.ea cause, step, etc.)
too
as well a stronger statement a second ...
an additional
however, ... To give another possibilitlJ a final ...
on the other hand, as well as
nevertheless, ... or
nonetheless, either ... or despite
still, ... whether .. , or in spite of

in other words, ... To give an example such as
in particular, ... an example of
(more) specifically, To express an opinion to exemplify
that is, ...
to believe (that)
indeed, . to feel (that)
in fact, . to think (that)

alternatively, ...
on the other hand,
otherwise, ...

for example,
for instance,

according to .
in my opinion, .
in my view, ...

lIim

Ii·iiil'

i,l

Appendix C I Charts of Connecting Words and Tt"anslt1on Signals 299 ii"

--------------------------------;'".

for this reason, ... igtve .'"H",..,'" .. as a result of
because of
..... for because due to

accordingly, ... rii~/'':I'' ....• ......•
..............
as a consequence, ... .,,~ •• 1[:." ..... '•••..
the cause of
as a result, ... so the reason for
to cause
consequently, ... .......... . to result (in)
to have an effect on
for these reasons, ... ....,,"'+ to affect
hence, ...
therefore, " . and ~
both ... and
thus, ... not only ... but also .
neither ... nor
all in all, ... ..... ...
in brief, ... alike, like, just like
as, just as
in short, ... as well
to conclude, ... as well as
to summarize, ... compared with or to
in conclusion, ... in comparison with or to
to be similar (to)
in summary, ... too

for these reasons, ... instead of

likewise, ...
similarly, ...

also

To. show differences

however, " .
in contrast, ...

instead, ...

on the contrary, ...

on the other hand, ...

rather, ...





























































Index

Active voice, in present participles, 251, Appositives, colons before, 286
253, 261 Argumentative essay, 142-160

Adjective clauses, 230-249 defined, 142
complex sentences with, 172 key elements of, 146
defined, 230 organization of, 143-145, 147-148
forming participial phrases from, 252, 262 review of, 150
position of, 231 Attention-getting introduction, 61
punctuation of, 232 Audience, for writing, 265
relative adverbs in, 231-232, 248, 294
relative pronouns in, 231-247, 294 Block organization
as objects, 236 argumentation, 143-145
as objects of prepositions, 240-241 cause and effect, 95-97
in phrases of quantity and quality, 243 comparison and contrast, 114-115, 122
possessive, 238-239
as subjects, 234-235 Body, of essay, 56-57, 64-66
review of, 247-248 logical division of ideas, 64-66
of time and place, 244-245 outlining, 75-76, 115
verb agreement in, 231
Brackets, use in quotations, 46
Adjectives, as transition signals, 29
Adverb clauses, 210-229 Capitalization, of direct quotations, 45
Cause and effect essay, 94-110
complex sentences with, 172
of concession, 119, 211, 218, 223, organization of, 95-99
review of, 105
228,293 signal words and phrases for, 101-102
conditional, 211, 225-226, 228, 293 Chain organization, 98-100
of contrast (direct opposition), 120, 210, Choppy sentences, 185-186, 192
Chronological order, 81-93
211,222-223 essay, 81-93
defined, 210
of distance, 211, 214-215, 228, 293 organization for, 84
forming participial phrases from, thesis statements for, 84
transition signals for, 86-87
258-260,262-263 paragraph, 34
of frequency, 211, 214-215, 228, 293 review of, 88
of manner, 211, 214-215, 228, 293 Citations, in-text, 42, 45, 306-308
of place, 211, 213, 228, 292 Clauses, 162-163. See also Sentences,
punctuation of, 211 types of
of purpose, 211, 220, 228, 293 adjective. See Adjective clauses
of reason, 216, 228,293 adverb. See Adverb clauses
of result, 119,211, 218, 228, 293 defined, 162
review of, 227 dependent, 163
subordinating words in, 212, 213, 214, comma with, 29
noun, 194-209
292-294 subordinating conjunctions in, 29
subordinators, charts of, 212, 213, independent, 163
in compound sentences, 165-171
214,216,218,220,222,223,225,228 in simple sentences, 164
of time, 210, 211-212, 228, 292 noun. See Noun clauses
Adverbs relative. See Adjective clauses
conjunctive. See Conjunctive adverbs
relative, 231-232, 248, 294 331
as transition signals, 29

Index

Clauses (continued) Conclusion
restrictive, 232 concluding paragraph, 56-57, 72
review of, 177 concluding sentences, 3-5, 13-15, 16
end-of-paragraph signals, 13, 16
Clustering, 269
Coherence, 21-36, 57 Conditional clauses, 211, 225-226, 228, 293
Conjunctions. See Coordinating conjunc-
consistent pronouns and, 24
defined, 21 tions; Correlative conjunctions;
logical order and, 34, 36 Subordinating conjunctions
repetition of key nouns and, 22, 23, 57 Conjunctive adverbs, 295-297
review of, 36 charts of, 169,296-297
transition signals and, 25-32 compound sentences with, 168-169
punctuation with, 283
charts of, 27, 68, 291-299 as transition signals, 26-28
conjunctive adverbs, 26-28 uses of, 169,296-297
coordinators, 27, 28, 68, 101, 102, Connectors, semicolon before, 283
Contrast. See also Comparison and contrast
117,119, 120,291 contrast transition signals, 119, 120,294
other types, 27, 29 Contrast clause
subordinators, 27, 29, 87, 101, 117, concession, 119,211,218,223,228,293
direct opposition, 120,211,222-223
119, 120, 147 Controlling idea, 3, 4, 9
transition words and phrases, 26-28, Coordinating conjunctions
commas with, 28, 281
297-299 in compound sentences, 165-166
Colon, 285-287 lists of, 28, 166, 291
parallelism with, 180
before appositives, 286 as transition signals, 27, 28, 68, 101,
in expression of time of day, 287 102,117,119,120,291,297-299
after formal salutation, 287 uses of, 166
before lists, 285-286 Coordinators. See Coordinating conjunctions
before long quotations, 46, 286 Correlative conjunctions
before subtitles, 286 lists of, 28, 181, 292
in thesis statements, 65 for logical division of ideas, 65
Comma parallelism with, 181
in adverb clauses, 211 as transition signals, 28
in compound-complex sentences, 174
in compound sentences, 165-171 Dependent clauses
with conjunctive adverbs, 26-28, 168 adjective. See Adjective clauses
with contrast (direct opposition) adverb adverb. See Adverb clauses
comma with, 29
clauses, 120 noun. See Noun clauses
with coordinators, 28, 281 subordinating conjunctions in, 29
in direct quotations, 45
between items in series, 284 Direct quotations. See Quotations, direct
with nonresllictive adjective clauses, 232 Distance clauses, 211, 214-215, 228, 293
after salutation, 287 Documenting sources of information,
with subordinators, 29
with transition words and phrases, 306-310
in-text citations, 42, 45, 306-308
26,283 list of works cited, 42, 308-309
Comma splices, 188, 192 plagiarism, avoiding, 41, 128-129
Comparison and contrast, 34 Drafts, writing and revising, 272-274

essay, 111-126 Editing
organization of, 113-115, 122 peer, 313-314
review of, 122 in polishing stage of writing, 273-275
signal words for, 116-120,294

Complex sentences, 172
Compound-complex sentences, 174
Compound sentences, 165-171
Concession (unexpected result) clauses,

119,211,218,223,228,293

Index

self-, 313 thesis statements in, 59-60, 63, 65-68
symbols for, 300-302 It, sentences beginning with, 196-197
Ellipsis, use in quotations, 45
Essay, 56-80 Journal writing, 266
body, 56-57, 64-66, 115
concluding paragraph, 56-57, 72 Key nouns
conclusion, 56-57 repetition of, 22, 23, 57
introductory paragraph. See Introductory substitutes for, 23

paragraphs Linking expressions, 69
outlining, 75-76, 115 Lists
parts of, 56-58
patterns of organization colons before, 285-286
in idea generation, 266-267
argumentative, 142-160 of works cited, 42, 308-309
block organization, 95-97, 114-115, Logical division of ideas organization, 34
essay, 64-66
122, 143-145
cause and effect, 94-110 thesis statements for, 59-60, 63,
chain organization, 98-100 65-68,84,147-148
chronological order, 81-93
comparison and contrast, 111-126 transition signals,...68-69
point-by-point organization, 113-114, paragraph, 34, 36

122, 143-145 topic sentence for, 4-10, 16, 271
process, 81-93 transition signals, 25-32
process, 81-93 Logical order
review of, 77 cause and effect, 94-11 0
transition signals between paragraphs, 69 chronological, 34, 81-93
Examples, as support, 12-13 coherence and, 34, 36
comparison and contrast, 34, 111-126
Facts versus opinions, 39--40 logical division of ideas, 34
Fragments. See Sentence fragments review of, 36
Freewriting, 268-269
Frequency clauses, 211, 214-215, 228, 293 Manner, distance, and frequency clauses,
Funnel introduction, 60 211,214-215,228,293

General statements, in paragraphs, 59-60 Nonrestrictive participial phrases, 232
Nouns:;lauses, 194-209
Idea generation, 266-269
clustering, 269 complex sentences with, 172
freewriting,268-269 defined, 194
journal writing, 266 if/whether clauses, 201-202, 207
listing, 266-267 punctuation of, 195
question clauses, 204, 207
If/whether clauses, 201-202, 207 review of, 206
Indented quotations, 46, 286 sentences beginning with it, 196-197
Independent clauses, 28, 163 sequence of tenses, 48, 198
subjunctive noun clauses, 199-200, 207
in compound sentences, 165-171 subordinating words, 295
in simple sentences, 164 that clauses, 195-197, 207
Indirect quotations. See Quotations, indirect Nouns
Inserters, use of comma with, 281 repetition of key, 22, 23, 57
Introducers, comma used after, 280 as transition signals, 29
Introduction. See Introductory paragraphs
Introductory paragraphs, 56-57, 59-63 Objects of prepositions, relative pronouns
argumentative essay, 147-148 as, 240-241
attention-getting, 61
funnel, 60 Objects of sentences, relative pronouns as,
general statements in, 59-60 236

Index

Opinions versus facts, 39-40 present perfect, 251, 255
Outlining review of, 261-263
Passive voice
essay, 75-76, 115 in noun clauses, 206
formal, 115, 272 in past participles, 250, 251, 254, 262
rough, 271 Past participles, 250,251,254,258-260
in writing process, 271, 272 Past perfect participles, 251, 255
Outside sources. See References, using Patterns of essay organization. See Essay,

outside patterns of organization
Peer editing
Paired conjunctions. See Correlative
conjunctions defined, 313
scoring rubrics for, 314
Paragraph, 2-17 tips for, 313-314
concluding, 56-57, 72 Period
concluding sentence, 3-5, 13-15, 16 in direct quotations, 45
defined, 2 with noun clauses, 195
introductory, for essay. See Introductory Phrases
paragraphs participial. See Participial phrases
linking signals, 69
logical order and, 34, 36 of quantity and quality, relative
parts of, 3-4 pronouns in, 243
review of, 16 reporting, 43-44,47-48, 198
supporting sentences, 3, 11-13, 16 Place clauses
topic sentence, 4-10, 16,271 adjective, 244-245
transition signals, 25-32 adverb,21l,213, 228, 292
unity, 18-19, 36, 57 Plagiarism
avoiding, 41, 128-129
Parallelism, 179-181 defined, 128
with coordinators, 180 Planning stage of writing, 271-272
with correlative conjunctions, 181 Point-by-point organization, 113-114, 122,
defined, 179 143-145
review of, 191-192 Polishing stage of writing, 273-275
Possessive adjective clauses, 238-239
Paraphrasing, 127-135 Prepositions, as transition signals, 29
plagiarism, avoiding, 128-129 Present participles, 250, 251, 253,
review of, 141 258-260,261
as support, 135 Present perfect participles, 251, 255
writing good paraphrase, 129-130 Prewriting, 265-270
Process essay, 81-93
Participial phrases, 250-264 chronological order in, 81-93
from adjective clauses, 252, 262 review of, 88
from adverb clauses, 258-260, 262-263 thesis statements, 84
defined, 251 transition signals in, 86-87
general form -ed, 250,251,254,262 Process of writing, 265-279
general form -ing, 250,251,253,261 audience, purpose, tone, 265
perfect form, 255 step 1: prewIiting, 265-270
position of, 252, 258 step 2: planning (outlining), 271-272
punctuation of, 252 step 3: writing, 272
review of, 261-263 step 4: polishing, 273-275
writing style and, 257 Pronouns
consistent, 24
Participles, 250-251 relative pronouns. See Adjective clauses;
defined,250 Relative pronouns
general form sequence of tenses and, 48, 198
active voice, 250, 251, 253, 261 Proofreading, 275-277, 300-302
passive voice, 250, 251, 254, 262
past, 250, 251, 254, 258-260
past perfect, 251, 255
present, 250, 251, 253, 258-260, 261

Index

Punctuation, 280-290 summarizing, 127, 136-137, 141
of adjective clauses, 232 types of sources, 303-304
of adverb clauses, 211 Relative adverbs, 231-232. See also
brackets, in quotations, 46
of business letters, 287 Adjective clauses
colon. See Colon chart of, 248, 294
comma. See Comma Relative clauses. See Adjective clauses
of direct quotations, 45-46 Relative pronouns, 231-247, 294. See also
ellipsis, in quotations, 45
of in-text citations, 306-308 Adjective clauses
of list of works cited, 42, 308-309 Repetition of key nouns, 22, 23, 57
of noun clauses, 195 Reported speech (indirect quotations),
of participial phrases, 252
period 43-44,47-48,198
in direct quotations, 45 Restrictive clauses and phrases, 232
with noun clauses, 195 Result clauses, 119,211,218,228,293
quotation marks, 45-46, 286, 288-289 Revising. See Drafts, writing and revising
semicolon. See Semicolon Run-on sentences, 188, 192

Purpose, of writing, 265 Salutations, puncrnation of, 287
Purpose clauses, 211, 220, 228, 293 Self-editing, 313
Semicolon, 283-284 __
Question clauses, 204, 207
Quotation marks, 288-289 in compound-complex sentences, 174
in compound sentences, 168, 171
around direct quotations, 45-46, 280, before connectors, 283
286,288 between items in series, 284
between sentences, 283
around titles of short works, 289 Sentence fragments, 163, 183-184, 192
around unusual words, 288 Sentence problems, 183-192
Quotations, 42-48 choppy sentences, 185-186, 192
direct, 42-46, 54 comma splices, 188, 192
parallelism, lack of, 180
changing to indirect quotations, 47 review of, 192
long quotations, 46, 286 run-on sentences, 188, 192
puncrnating,45-46,280, 286,288 sentence fragments, 163, 183-184, 192
reporting verbs and phrases Witll, stringy sentences, 190-191, 192
Sentences, types of, 164-175
43-44,47-48,198 complex, 172
review of, 54 compound,165-171
indirect, 47-48 compound-complex, 174
changing direct quotations to, 47 review of, 178
puncrnating, 280 simple, 164
reporting verbs and phrases in, 43-44, writing style and, 175
Sequence of tenses, 48, 198
47-48, 198 Series, puncrnation of items in, 284
review of, 54 Simple sentences, 164
sequence of tenses, 48, 198 Statistics
special verb tenses in that clauses, 198 reporting verbs and phrases willi, 43-44
as supporting information, 51, 54
Reason clauses, 216, 228, 293 Stringy sentences, 190-191, 192
References, using outside, 41-48. See also Structure vocabulary
cause and effect, 101-102
Documenting sources of information chronological order, 86-87
evaluating sources, 304-305 comparison and contrast, 116-120,294
paraphrasing, 127-135 Subjects of sentences, relative pronouns
plagiarism, avoiding, 41, 128-129
quotations and, 42-48 as, 234-235
Subjunctive noun clauses, 199-200, 207
direct, 42-46
indirect, 47-48
review of, 54

'ndex

Sublists, in writing process, 271 Topic sentences, 4-10
Subordinating conjunctions controlling idea in, 3,4,9
defined, 3
in adjective clauses, 294 position of, 5-6
in adverb clauses, 212, 213, 214, 292-294 recognizing, 4-5
in dependent clauses, 163 review of, 16
list of, 163 topic in, 3,4,9
in noun clauses, 295 two parts of, 3, 9
punctuation with, 29 writing, 10,271
as transition signals, 27, 29, 87, 101,
Transition signals, 25-32, 57, 297-299.
117,119,120,147,297-299 See also Structure vocabulary
Subordinators. See Subordinating for argumentative essay, 147-148
for cause and effect, 101-102
conjunctions charts of, for general use, 27, 68,
Subtitles, colons before, 286 291-299
Surrunarizing, 127, 136-137 for chronological order, 86-87
for comparison and contrast, 117, 119,
review of, 141 120,294
writing good spmmary, 137 for logical division of ideas, 68-69
Supporting detaiis, 39-54 overuse, avoiding, 32
examples, 12-13 between paragraphs, 69
facts versus opinions, 39-40 punctuation with, 26, 283
outside sources, 41-48, 54 review of, 36
paraphrasing and, 135 types of
quotations, 42-48 conjunctive adverbs, 26-28
coordinators, 27, 28, 68, 101, 102,
direct quotations, 42-46, 54 117,119,120,291,297-299
indirect quotations, 43-44, 47-48, other types, 27, 29, 68, 87, 101, 102,
117,119,120,297-299
54, 198 subordinators, 27, 29, 87, 101, 117,
statistics, 51, 54 119, 120, 147,297-299
Supporting sentences, 3, 11-13 transition words and phrases, 26-28
examples in, 12-13 uses of, 297-299
review of, 16
Transitions between paragraphs, 69
Tag commas, 281
Tenses Unity, 18-19,57
defined, 18
sequence of, 48, 198 review of, 36
special, in that clauses, 198
That clauses, 195-197,207 Verbs
adjective, 232, 235 agreement, in adjective clauses, 231
sentences beginning with it versus, reporting verbs, 43-44, 47-48, 198
sequence of tenses, 48, 198
196-197 as transition signals, 29
special verb tenses in, 198
Thesis statements, 59-60, 63, 65-68 Which clauses, 232, 235
for argumentative essay, 147-148 Words, unusual, quotation marks around,
pitfalls of, 67-68
for process essay, 84 288
subtopics in, 65-66 Works cited, list of, 42, 308-309
Time clauses Writing process. See Process of writing
adjective, 244-245 Writing style
adverb, 210,211-212,228, 292
Time of day, colons in, 287 participial phrases and, 257
Titles sentence types and, 175
short work, quotation marks around, 289
subtitles, colons before, 286
Tone, of writing, 265
Topic selection, in writing process, 265-266