SSF 1033 MALAYSIAN SOCIAL HISTORY

SSF 1033
MALAYSIAN SOCIAL

HISTORY

LECTURER'S NAME : DR.ADIBAH BINTI YUSUF
GROUP MEMBERS

THURGADEVI A/P ELAVARASAN (85922)
AFIDHATUL HASANAH BINTI SAHARI (83070)
DIANE BULAN NGAU (83668)
NUR ALISHA BINTI MASLAN (84997)
YOKESHWARI A/P RAMESH (86102)
SOH WEI YEE ( 87015)
MOHD SYUKRI BIN JALUDIN (86651)

LEARNING UNITS

01 History and Social History

02 The uses of History

03 Official vs Missing History

04 Pre-History

05 Ancient History

06 Trade and Its Consequences

07 Creation of Modern SE Asia

08 Population, Immigrants and
Identity

LEARNING UNITS

09 Orang Asli

10 Malaysian Women's Movement

11 Politics of The Left/Labor
12 Movement

Secret Societies

13 Malaysian Students Movement

LEARNING UNIT 1 : HISTORY AND SOCIAL
HISTORY

1. Actors
A person or an organization that is involved in politics, society, etc. in
some way because of their actions (Cambridge, 2022).
Example - In history, people who are involved in making history are
called actors.

2. Evidence
One or more reasons for believing that something is or is not true
(Cambridge, 2022).
Example - History are written based on the evidence.

3. History
The study of or a record of past events considered together,
especially events of a particular period, country, or subject
(Cambridge, 2022).
Example - Everyone has their own history throughout their life.

4. Historiography
The study of history and how it is written (Cambridge, 2022).
Example - Historiography is mostly done by historians.

5. Social Science
The study of society and the way people live; the subjects connected
with this, for example history, economics, etc (Cambridge, 2022).
Example - Anthropology is one of Social Science’s field.

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LEARNING UNIT 2 : THE USES OF HISTORY

1. Bias
The action of supporting or opposing a particular person or thing in an
unfair way, because of allowing personal opinions to influence your
judgment (Cambridge, 2022).
Example - Bias will affect the legitimacy of history.

2. Class
A group of people within society who have the same economic and social
position (Cambridge, 2022).
Example - Human classes are divided according to their social status

3. Ethnic
Relating or belonging to a group of people who can be seen as distinct
because they have a shared culture, tradition, language, history, etc
(Cambridge, 2022).
Example - Ethnic related history is important for future references.

4. Interpretation
An explanation or opinion of what something means (Cambridge, 2022).
Example - Interpretation are being achieved by applying both evidence
and perspectives.

5. Perspectives
A particular way of considering something (Cambridge, 2022).
Example - Perspectives is important in history writing.

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LEARNING UNIT 3 : OFFICIAL VS MISSING
HISTORY

1. Diverse
Varied or different (Cambridge, 2022).
Example - For more diverse centers that were either semi-rural to
rural or from developing countries, heterogeneity remained.

2. Framework
A system of rules, ideas, or beliefs that is used to plan or decide
something (Cambridge, 2022).
Example - Evidence is the framework of making history.

3. Independence
Freedom from being governed or ruled by another country / the
ability to live your life without being helped or influenced by other
people (Cambridge, 2022).
Example - Every country who are colonized dream of their own
independence.

4. Nationalism
The feelings of affection and pride that people have for their
country (Cambridge, 2022).
Example - Every good citizen should have a nationalism.

5. Nationalistic
Example - Being too proud of your own country (Cambridge, 2022).

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Learning unit 4 : Pre - History

1. Archaeology
The study of the buildings, graves, tools, and other objects
that belonged to people who lived in the past, in order to
learn about their culture and society (Cambridge, 2022).
Example - Archaeology is one of field in Anthropology.

2. Indigenous
Existing naturally or having always lived in a place; native
(Cambridge, 2022).
Example - There are different types of indigenous people live
in America.

3. Migration
The process of people travelling to a new place to live,
usually in large numbers (Cambridge, 2022).
Example - In order to survive, some society has to attempt
migration.

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4. Prehistory
The period of human history before there were written
records of events (Cambridge, 2022).
Example - Pre history is the time and period where writing
system has not evolved yet.

5. Theory
A formal statement of the rules on which a subject of study is
based on of ideas that are suggested to explain a fact or
event or, more generally, an opinion or explanation
(Cambridge, 2022).
Example - Many sociologist come up with a different theories
on socialization.

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Learning Unit 5 : Ancient History

1. Artefact
An artefact is a human-created object. Artifacts include art, tools, and clothing
created by people from any era and location.
Example - The term can also refer to an object's remains, such as a shard of broken
pottery or glassware.

2.Assimilated
The process through which individuals or groups of different ethnic background are
assimilated into a society's dominant culture.
Example - Assimilation entails adopting characteristics of the dominant culture to the
point that the assimilating group is socially indistinguishable from other members of
the community.

3.Ceremonial
Any object utilized in a religious event or ceremony.
Example - Objects used in cults, rituals, and holy rites have virtually always been
practical as well as symbolic throughout the history of faiths and nations.

4. Civilization
A civilization is a complex human society made up of various cities that exhibit certain
cultural and technological development characteristics. Early civilizations emerged in
many parts of the world as people began to congregate in urban settlements.
Example - Certain features are shared by all civilizations. Large population centers;
monumental building and distinct art forms; similar communication tactics; territorial
administration systems; a complicated division of labor; and the separation of people
into social and economic classes are examples of these.

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5. Colonization
Colonialism is a kind of dominance in which one group is subjugated by another.
One of the problems in defining colonialism is distinguishing it from imperialism.
Example - Colonialism takes several forms based on the local circumstances.
These many types, however, may be classified.

6. Entrepots
The term entrepot, also known as a transshipment port and historically as a port
city, refers to a trading post, port, city, or warehouse where merchandise may
be imported, stored, or traded prior to re-export with no additional processing
or customs duties imposed.
Example - The use of trade entrepôts has largely become obsolete as fast,
efficient, and safe transportation options have become more affordable.

7. Glassware
Glassware is any decorative item made of glass that is often intended for
everyday use. Glass has been used for various types of vessels since very early
times, and in all countries where the industry has developed, glass has been
produced in a wide range of forms and types of decoration, much of it of great
beauty.
Example - For the composition and properties of glass, various glass products
such as glass containers, window glass, plate glass, optical glass, and glass
fibers are manufactured.

8.Indianization
The historical diffusion of Indian culture beyond India, as well as the progressive
incorporation of Indian beliefs, practices, rituals, language, and way of life into
any alien socio-religious and political-economic system.
Example - This process of Indianization was recognized as a phenomena, giving
rise to the name "Greater India."

9.Indigenous Genius
"Indigi-Genius" is a web series that celebrates the inventive and creative spirit
of Indigenous civilizations across the world. Each episode recounts a distinct
narrative that highlights the ingenious techniques and practices that Indigenous
cultures have employed and mastered over ages.
Example - Farming practices, bead making, pottery, seed saving, creation
myths, or even technology might be included (past and present)

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10.Isthmus
A thin strip of land that links two bigger landmasses and separates two bodies
of water is known as an isthmus. For millennia, isthmuses have served as crucial
places.
Example - Isthmuses are also important communication and cultural exchange
points, as well as military outposts.

11.Kingship
A social organizing system based on actual or alleged familial relationships. The
current study of kinship may be traced back to concerns in comparative legal
regimes and philology in the mid-nineteenth century.
Example - Kinship is a universal human phenomenon that manifests itself in a
wide range of cultural forms.

12.Mandi safar
Mandi Safar is a Malaysian Muslim bathing celebration. This feast, held during
the month of Safar, was originally thought to honor Muhammad's last
opportunity to bathe before his death. Muslims dressed in bright colors went to
beaches to cleanse their bodies and souls with water.
Example - The beaches at Tanjong Kling, in Malacca, and Penang are the most
well-known gathering sites

13.Maritime trade
The use of ships to transport goods by sea is referred to as maritime trade.
Example - Trading has recently become more efficient, allowing for large
amounts of trade between nations. It is a more cost-effective and convenient
way to transport manufactured goods from one country to another when
compared to other trading options.

14.Pottery
One of the oldest and most widespread of the decorative arts, consisting of
objects made of clay and hardened with heat.
Example - useful objects are created, such as vessels for holding liquids or
plates or bowls from which food can be served.

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15. Region
A specific region or region of the world, or any of the major formal divisions into which
a country is split.
Example - It is an intellectual construct formed by the selection of elements pertinent
to a certain situation and the rejection of other features deemed irrelevant.

16.Rice bowl
Rice Bowl was a package of social services provided to employees. Lifetime
employment, housing, health care, and pension schemes were among the services
provided.
Example - Before China transitioned from a centrally planned to a market economy,
the Iron Rice Bowl (tie fan wan) was a collection of social benefits enjoyed by
employees that may outweigh the workers' nominal income.

17. Ritual
The performance of ceremonial acts prescribed by tradition is known as ritual. Ritual is
a distinct, observable mode of behavior in all known societies.
Example - Sharing meals together, bringing gifts to people in the midst of major life
events such as baby showers and housewarmings, doing what all our ancestors have
done since the invention rituals

18. Sanskrit
The Sanskrit word refers to several old Indo-Aryan variants, the most by gone of
which is found in the Vedic texts.
Example - There are various branches such as R̥gveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda and
Atharvaveda.

19.Spiritual impurity
A symbolic system in which a pure person or item is eligible for interaction with the
Temple and related sancta (holy objects and spaces), but an impure person or object
is not.
Example - Ritual impurity is caused by physical substances and states related with
birth and death, which are not evil in and of themselves.

20.Tantric
Tantra is a Hindu and Buddhist philosophy that affirms the divine feminine power in all
aspects of the material world. It is based on sacred instructional texts known as
Tantras, which were written around the sixth century.
Example - Some Tantras describe sexual rites as a means of attaining enlightenment.
These can be taken literally or symbolically. If taken literally, a couple takes on the role
of deities in sexual union, with the woman frequently serving as the focus of worship.

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( The picture of Mandi Safar )

(The secrets of a 1,000-year-old Sanskrit manuscript)




(The picture of Tantric)

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Learning unit 6 : Trade and its consequemces

1.Capitalism
Capitalism is a frequently used economic system in which the means of
production are privately owned.
Example - Capitalism is built on the concepts of private property, profit
motive, and market competition.
2.Conflict & Violence
At least two parties use physical force to resolve opposing claims or
interests in a violent confrontation.
Example - Civil war, political violence, insurrection, anti-government violence,
raiding, interpersonal violence, and violent criminality are all examples of civil
war (murder, rape)
3.Diplomacy
The recognized method of influencing other governments' and peoples'
decisions and behavior via discussion, negotiation, and other non-violent
means.
Example - relationships between sovereign nations.

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4.Islamic civilization
Religion is a central defining characteristic of civilizations, according to Huntington and
the "Clash of Civilizations" (1996). the term 'Islamic Civilization' is derived from two
concepts: 'Islam' and 'Civilization'.
Example - According to Qardawi, this means a civilization based on Islam, which is also
a religion of a comprehensive way of life (1985). It is also a civilization made up of a
group of people or a country whose way of life or culture is based on Islam. It was
established by Prophet Muhammad.

5.Kingdoms
A kingdom is a region of land controlled by a king or queen. A monarchy is a type of
kingdom in which one person is the leader or head of state, typically inherited through
birth or marriage.
Example - The majority of modern monarchs and queens do not have influence over the
government. Most kingdoms today have elected leaders and constitutions that set
laws.

6.Migration
The permanent relocation of an individual or a group; it excludes temporary movements
such as nomad-ism, migrant labor, commuting, and tourism.
Example - Individuals and families migrate from one location to another inside any
nation (for example, from rural areas to cities), which is separate from migrations
between countries.

7.Slavery
The state of being owned by another human being. A slave was regarded as property,
or chattel, by law, and was denied the majority of the rights normally enjoyed by free
people.
Example - Since the slave was a type of property, he/she belonged to someone else.
Slaves were considered mobile property in certain civilizations and immovable property
in others, such as real estate

8.Wealth
Wealth is the total value of all valuable assets possessed by an individual, community,
business, or country.
Example - Specific people, organizations, and nations are said to be wealthy when they
are able to accumulate many valuable resources or goods. Wealth can be contrasted to
income in that wealth is a stock and income is a flow, and it can be seen in either
absolute or relative terms

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Learning unit 7 : Creation of Modern SE Asia

1.Creation
Creation is the act of creating something, or the thing that is created.
(Cambridge Dictionary)
Example - European presence led to the destruction of Old Malay World and
creation of new. There are three contexts of the creation which is
Europeans wanted to trade and local chiefs had access or control
resources. Next context is the local control. Local control over resources
fluid and ever changing which make often conflict and local Malays looked
to stronger powers for assistance in local conflicts like China, Siam and
Europeans. Lastly, a fast-changing world fueled. It is the industrial
revolution such as new markets, new resources and new scientific
discoveries.

2.Modern
Modern can have a variety of meanings but modern refers to the time after
the period of roughly the middle of the fifteenth to the middle of the
sixteenth century. (Brent Nongbri, 2013)
Example - Creation of Modern se Asia - Destruction of Old Malay World and
creation of the New was by the European presence. Due to local politics
and global changes. This creation did not involve war but treaties.

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3.Treaty
Treaty is a written agreement between two or more countries, formally
approved and signed by their leaders. (Cambridge Dictionary)
Example - Treaty of 1824 and the partition of the Malay world
EIC concludes an agreement with Siam which are Siam agreed not to attack
Perak or Selangor in 1826. Malay peninsula including Singapore are reserved
for British interests while islands South of Singapore reserved for Dutch
interests. Malacca exchanged for Bengkulen (Sumatra) Anglo- Dutch Treaty
divided up SE Asia between British sphere and Siamese sphere which make
Thailand and Malaya take shape in 1824. EIC- Siam Treaty divided up NMS
between British sphere and Siamese sphere in 1826. There is no discussion
with local Malay rules during this time

( Malaysia has signed and ratified the Treaty
on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons )

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Learning unit 8 : Population, Immigrants and
Identity

This heading provides background information about Malaysia's diverse
population, including both native-born people and immigrants. All of this
has led to the existence of a multiracial Malaysian identity.

Population

A population refers to any collection of specified group of human beings or of
non-human entities such as objects, educational institutions, time units,
geographical areas, prices of wheat or salaries drawn by individuals. (W. G.
Cocharn)

Immigrants

“Immigrant” is not a term used universally to refer to those living in a
country other than their birth country. Other often-used terms include
"migrant," the "foreign born," and "international migrant." (Jessica Bolter)

Identity

Researchers generally agree that the contents of identity are broad and
multifaceted, extending well beyond the limits of the physical body of an
individual. An early statement of this position was William James’ (1892)
definition of what he called the “Me”.

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1.The high rate of migration caused by British colonial
policies gave rise to Malaysia's and Malaya's diverse
and pluralistic societies. Large-scale migration occurs
primarily from China, India, Java, and Sumatra
between 1850 and 1920.

2.The Arabs have long been aware of the Malay World
thanks to the trading activity of its merchants
travelling to China. Despite these early interactions,
the Chinese mentioned San-Fu-Chi, a Muslim colonial
settlement in eastern Sumatra that was governed by a
figure from the Arab region, and they noted their
apparent presence there.

3.The Japanese population in Malaya developed into a
socially cohesive group with significant economic ties
to the nation.

4.The first time the term "race" was used was in the
1891 Staits Settlement census appendix, however
when referring to the various Chinese dialect groups,
the term "nationality" was used.

5.Malaysia is a nation of immigrants who do not need
to understand their unique ancestry in order to
capitalize on and celebrate this diversity, according to
Colors of Malaysia.

(British Colonial at Malaya)

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(Batu Bersurat: Bukti Sejarah Kemasukan Bangsa Arab ke
Malaysia)

(Japanese occupation in Malaya)

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(CENSUS APENDIX)

(Colours of Malaysia)

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Learning Unit 9 : Orang Asli

(Table show the Orang Asli group)
1) Orang Asli are a diverse population that live throughout all of Peninsular Malaysia.
The collective name "Orang Asli" refers to the 19 sub-ethnic groups that are formally
categorized for administrative needs into three primary categories: Negrito, Senoi,
and Abroginal Malay.
2) The descendants of the Malay Peninsula's earliest known inhabitants, the 0rang
Asli, or "Original People," arrived in the peninsula as early as 25,000 years ago.
3) Before World War II, many contemporary Malays had some Proto-Malay blood
and had been absorbed into the Malays. As a result, numerous people embraced
Islam. Before World War II, the Senoi and the Negrito (jungle dwellers) were more
cut off from the outside world.
4) They came into extensive and frequently violent confrontation with outsider
warning factions after centuries of relative isolation. Despite unpleasant incidents
and unpleasant experiences, the armed fight of the Emergency was beneficial to the
jungle communities in many ways. The previous administration took a proactive and
keen interest in the care and growth of the orang asli, having previously overlooked
and neglected them.
5) Jabatan Hal Ehwal Orang Asli was established in the post-emergency period, and
RM 1,500,000 was funded for Orang Asli matters under the second five-year plan.
This document emphasizes the new government's determination to continue to
defend and acknowledge Orang Asli rights.

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Learning Unit 10 : Malaysian
Women's Movement

1.Education
Education is the process of teaching or learning, especially in a school or college, or
the knowledge that you get from home. (Cambridge Dictionary)
Education is like many other areas of social policy, has become subject to ‘policy
overload’, or what Dunleavy and O’Leary (1987) call policy ‘activism’ which is the
depth, breadth and pace of change and level of government activity in education is
unprecedented (Coffield, 2006)
Example: Early Emancipation/ Colonial Period
Arab reform movements on early 20th century and its influenced local education. So,
to promoted women’s education, legal reforms, rights of women to work and end to
veiling of women). The main purpose of the MWM (local education) is to make
women more efficient housekeepers. From this, Malay women became teachers and
they also got involved in women’s organizations, Chinese women got involved in
political movements reflecting situation in China and also joined nationalist (KMT)
and communist movements. (e.g.: Liu Qiu and Lin Guan Yin) and Indian women joined
the Indian Independence Movement, and it was led by Chandra Subha Bose.

2.Post- Independence
Post- independence is in or relating to a period after a country stopped being
governed by another country. (Cambridge Dictionary)
Example: Post- Independence MS Women Movements (Mainstream)
National Council of Women’s Organizations (NCWO) was set up in 1960 and this was
initially multi- radial and urban- based women professional. Recently, women are
being the Syariah Judges. NCWO does not extend the campaigns to rural women
and those working in informal sector because this also neglected industrial women
workers (since wage negotiations)

(Malaysian women who
fought for independence)

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3.Women
Women have less access than man due to most kinds of power, and
most stereotypic male- female differences result from this imbalance.
(Lips, H. M, 1991)
Example: Malaysia Women Movement - MWM have come a long way
since the early 20th century and there are many issues addressed nut
many remain. More important thing is women are the key role in
nation- building and fashioning society.

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LEARNING UNIT 11 : POLITICS OF THE LEFT/LABOR
MOVEMENT

1.Domestic violence
A pattern of violence, abuse, or intimidation used to control or maintain power
over a partner who is or has been in an intimate relationship. Fundamentally,
domestic violence is about power and control. (Women’s Aid Organization, 2018)
Example - Her husband repeatedly punched the woman in the face. Additionally,
this was her second beating. She was pregnant the first time it happened. He now
claims that her second child is not his after she has given birth.

2.Violence against women
Particularly intimate partner violence and sexual violence – is a major public health
problem and a violation of women's human rights. (WHO, 2021)
Example - Only penetration of the penis is regarded as rape in Malaysian law. A
Sarawakian man was cleared of rape charges several years ago by the court
because he had punctured the kid victim with his finger.

3.Woman and Land
Women’s property rights are limited by social norms, customs and legislation
hampering their economic status and opportunities to overcome poverty.
(Women’s Land & Property Rights - UN Women Asia Pacific, 2019)
Example - In pre-colonial Malaysia, women received the same usufructuary
privileges to cultivate and attain property as men under traditional "Adat" law.

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Learning Unit 12 : Secret Societies

1.Left wing politics
The part of the political spectrum described as the left in politics, that is generally
connected with equality and popular or state control over the important institutions of
political and economic life. (Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopedia 2020)
Example - In truth, left-wing ideology is firmly ingrained in the country's intercommunal
political conflicts, where a variety of interest groups work to challenge the issue
"equality" under the guise of "We" (all Malaysians) rather than "we" (individual ethnic
group).

2.Right wing politics
Right, part of the political spectrum relating to conservative political philosophy.
(Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopedia 2020)
Example - Political parties like UMNO must rid themselves of their corrupt members,
parties like the DAP must be culturally sensitive in their policies, and PKR must be a
party that can unite opposing views under the banner of the common good.

3.Trade Union
An independent association or combination of employees that acts as a voice to
regulate relations between employees and employers for the purpose of improving
good relations, enhance economic and social status of both parties as well as finding
solutions to raise productivity for the benefit of those involved. (Shuk, 2017)
Example - With a steady decline in the number of unions and employees who are
members, Malaysia's trade union movement appears to be weakening. Even though
the deal fell through, the government agreed to carry out some of the Trans- Pacific
Partnership agreement (TPPA)'s requirements. However, no changes to labor laws
have been enacted.

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Learning Unit 13 : Malaysian Students Movement

The student movement in Malaysia has its origins before the second World
War. In the early 1930s, teacher trainees from the Sultan Idris Training
College established the KMM or Kesatuan Melayu Muda (Young Malay
Union), which opposed British colonialism and desired independence.
In the fifties, students at the University of Malaya (established in 1949), then
located in Singapore, enjoyed close relations with the anti-colonial movement.
Thus, university students were actively involved in the struggle for
independence. The emergence of the social and political dimensions of the
student movement began around 1967. Several more universities were set up
from 1969, a development which helped to strengthen and increase the
influence of the student movement. These students were to play an important
role in the student struggles in the years to come.

1.Indonesian influence
The impact of the Malay student movements in Indonesia in 1930 was fairly
significant. Reading materials for college students at the Sultan Idris Training
College (SITC) include books and magazines imported from Indonesia.
Therefore, embedded Indonesian nationalist ideas among SITC students. SITC
also able to produced many nationalist students such as Ibrahim Ya’akub and he
received lots of influence from the student movements and nationalist
movements of Indonesia.

2.Post - independence
A new chapter in student movements began with the University of Malaya in
1949. After independence, students became more concentrated on campus and
national and international issues. Students at UM tried to became more
independent and wanted more autonomy. As a result, any government control
(Suitability Certificate 1964) was protested. UMSU had its own newspaper -
Mahasiswa Negara, own bus and canteen. Speaker's Corner was also
introduced in 1966.

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3.The SITC
Many nationalist students, including Ibrahim Ya'akub, graduated from SITC. The
Indonesian nationalist movement and student movements had a significant
impact on Ibrahim. Ibrahim was inspired by the Sumpah Pemuda Indonesia to
get the pupils in a cohesive structure. The Peninsula-Borneo Students Alliance
(Ikatan Pelajar Semenanjung Borneo), the Young Student's Alliance (Ikatan
Pemuda Pelajar), and the national Kesatuan Melayu Muda (KMM) all originate
from this idea.

4.The University Act
The growth of the student movement in the campuses threatened those in
power. In 1970, two new universities - the Science University of Malaysia
(USM) and the National University of Malaysia (UKM) - were set up. There was a
general increase around this time in the number of universities and institutions
of higher learning in Malaysia, many of which were concentrated around Kuala
Lumpur : The implications of this for the growth of the student movement
alarmed the political elite. The government began to fear student opposition to
government policies as had happened in 1969, and felt that its position would be
threatened if the student movement was not curbed.

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References

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/Actors
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/Archeaology
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/Bias
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/Class
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/Diverse
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/Ethnic
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/Evidence
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/Frameworks
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/History
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/Historiography
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/Indigenous
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/Independence
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/Interpretation
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/Migration
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/Nationalism
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/Nationalistic
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/Perspectives
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/Prehistoric
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/social-science
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/Theory

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "human migration".
Encyclopedia Britannica, 23 Oct. 2022,
https://www.britannica.com/topic/human-migration. Accessed 27
December 2022.

Hellie, Richard. "slavery". Encyclopedia Britannica, 11 Dec. 2022,
https://www.britannica.com/topic/slavery-sociology

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Ashimi, T.A (2016. Islamic Civilization: Factors behind its
glory and decline.
International Journal of Business, Economics and Law, Vol.
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http://ijbel.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/

Nongbri, B. (2013). Before religion: A history of a modern
concept. Yale University Press.

Ball, S. J. (2021). The education debate. Policy Press.
Lips, H. M. (1991). Women, men, and power. Mayfield
Publishing Co.

Cochran W. G. (1953, March). Sampling Techniques
Introduction. Maths History.
https://mathshistory.st-
andrews.ac.uk/Extras/Cochran_sampling_intro/

Bolter.J. (2019,February)."Explainer: Who Is An Immigrant?"
Migration Policy Institute.
https://www.migrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/Explaine
r-WhoIsAnImmigrant-PRINT-Final.pdf

Vignoles, V. L. (2017, May 9). Identity: Personal AND Social.
ResearchGate; unknown.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316790231_Ident
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