NOUN-INFLECTION

Morphology

Preface

This e-book is a part of the English morphology 146265.
The purpose of this e-book is to provide readers in order to study and
acquire knowledge in morphology about Morphs and allomorphs,
Derivation by non-affixation, Inflectional.

The authors highly anticipate that the e-book of this document
will provide useful information for those interested in English
Morphology.

Contents Page
1
- Morphs and allomorphs
- Exercises of Morphs and allomorphs 5-7
- Derivation by non-affixation 8-12
- Exercises of Derivation by non-affixation
- Compounding 13
- Exercises of Compounding 14-18
- Inflectional
- Exercises of Inflectional 19
- Key exercises 20-23
24-27
28-35



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1

Morphs and allomorphs

What is morph?

The smallest unit of meaningful language in sound or writing. It is the
written or pronounced part of a word such as a prefix. (Prefix or suffix) For
example, a shameful word consists of three morphs - in-, fam (e), -eous -, each
of which represents one morphology. This word has two suffixes, both the
prefix (in-) and the suffix (-eous) attached to the root word.

Morphs are word parts such as suffixes.

-Morphs that are whole words are called free morphs.

-The different sounds that pronounce morph are allomorphs.

-The morphology is descriptive as the "past participle ending" unit is often
represented by morph-ed.

Types of Morphs

Morph that can stand alone is a term known as free morph.

For example, the big adjective, walking verb, and home noun are free morphs.

Morph that cannot be alone is a term known as bound morph, ending-er
(as in Bigger) -ed (as in Bigger) and -s (as in-house s) are bound morphs.
Hold (or affixes).

What is an allomorph

The allomorph is a different form of the word unit. It can be described
simply as Different semantic units in sound without changing their meaning.
Allomorph is a phonetic alternative to word units in a specific context.

The phonologically-conditioned allomorphs can be divided into 3 types,
which are phonologically-conditioned allomorphs. Which form depends on the
sound characteristics of the syllable in front or behind.

2

1. Phonologically-conditioned allomorphs.

Which one to choose will depend on the tone of the syllable in front or behind.

Example 1

the use of in, im, il, iŋ and ir can be followed.
/ in / occurs before the base alveolar sound, such as intolerable, inexpensive.
/ im / precedes bilabial sounds such as impossible, implement.
/ il / lateral preliminary sounds such as illegal, illustration
/ iŋ / velar base sound, such as incongruous
/ ir / prefix retroflex sounds such as irregular, irrational

Summarize all 5 subordinate units. (complementary distribution) of the process
Sound is a subordinate word of the same word.

Example 2

The -s / -es form uses the suffix (N) to express the plural (plural). -Se / -es can be
pronounced in three ways: / S /, / Z / and / IZ / depending on the end of the base noun.
/ s / The suffix is a voiceless / z / The end of a noun is a voiced / IZ / The end of a noun is a
sibilant.
/ s / in cats.
/ z / in dogs.
/ ɪz / in boxes.

Example 3

-d / -ed is used to fill in the verb end. (v) to denote the past tense.
The -d / -ed form can be pronounced in three ways: / t / / d / and / id /, depending on the base
verb.
/ t / The endings of verbs are non-echoed (except / t /), such as stopped knocked and pushed.
/ d / The ending sound of verbs is an echo (except / d /), such as robbed phoned cried.
/ Id / The end of the verb is / t / or / d /, for example waited wanted added and needed.

3

For example

- When we find a group of morphs different for every version of a morpheme, one can use the
prefix allo- one of the closely related set) and describe it as allomorphs of that morpheme.
-Take the plural of morpheme" Note that it can be connected with multiple morphology to
form structures such as 'cat + plural', 'bus + plural', 'sheep + plural', and 'human +
plural' in each of these examples.

2. Lexically-conditioned allomorph

For subunits with lexical terms the selection of any image cannot be specified as a
guideline. It depends on the specific limitation of each term.

Example 1

The -ion and -action forms are used to add to the verb (V), which turns the verb into a
noun (N).
-ion
Violate = violation
Complete= completion
Appreciate= appreciation
-ation
Adapt= adaptation
Expect= expectation

Example 2

In addition to the suffix -s / -es form of a noun to express the plural (plural), the -en
form is also used to add a noun to the plural. The use of -es or -en is irrelevant.
With the sound characteristics of that noun.

- Fox=foxes, Foxen.
- Bus=buses.
- Woman=Women.
- Child=children.

4

3. Morphologically-conditioned allomorphs

For a morpheme with a term system condition the choice to use depends
on the original word-building unit. Here are two examples of the morpheme
with terms in the morphology system.

Example 1

Verb (V) explain can be changed to noun (N) and adjective (Adj) by
adding (-ation) and (-atory).

- Explain (V)
- Explanation (N)
- Explanatory (Adj)

Example 2

The verb (V) submit consists of 2-word units: prefix sub- and bound root
-mit. Submit can be converted to nouns. (N) and adjective (Adj) can be added
by adding -ion and -ive.

- Submit (V)
- Submission (N)
- Submissive (Adj)

5

Exercises

1. Separate the units of words from the given English words.

1. unhappiness
2. televisions
3. painters
4. worked
5. technically
6. unfortunate
7. pleasantries
8. misidentified
9. children’s
10. previewing
11. ex-husbands

12. unmasks

13. safest
14. inspector’s

15. reactionaries

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2. Make a compound word from the given part of speech.

1. noun + noun =
2. verb + noun =
3. noun + preposition + noun =
4. preposition + verb =
5. adjective + noun =

3. Give examples of English words that are borrowed from
different languages.

1. Loans from French =
2. Japanese loanwords =
3. Loanwords from Hindi =
4. Loanwords from Australian English =
5. Loans from Italian =

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Derivation by non-affixation

What is derivation by non-affixation?

A word formation process without adding derivational affixes.
- smoke + fog = smog
- dormitory = dorm

Conversion

changing the part of speech of a word without changing its form.
- Noun to verb (N > V)
- Adjective to verb (Adj > V)
- Verb to Noun (V > N)
- Adjective to Noun (Adj > N)

Noun to verb (N > V)

A new word can be formed from a noun to a verb.
The meaning of the verb relates to the meaning of the noun in 3 ways.

1. transfer meaning
Ex. - All the furniture was covered in [N dust].
- She [v dusted] the books and the bookshelves.

2. effective meaning
Ex. - He had only a [N slice] of bread for breakfast.
- He [V sliced] the bread.

3. instrumental meaning
Ex. - They crushed the ice cubes with a [N hammer].
- He [V hammered] the nails into the back of the frame.

8

Adjective to verb (Adj > V)

A new word can be formed from an adjective to a verb.
The meaning of the adjective relates to the meaning of the verb in 2 different
ways.

1 inchoative meaning
Ex. - The wood was [Adj dry].
- The sheets [v dried] in the sun.

2 causatives meaning
Ex. - She has dark [Adj brown] hair.
- She [V browned] the meat in a frying pan.

Verb to noun (V > N)

A new word can be formed from a verb to a noun.
The meaning of the verb relates to the meaning of the noun in 2 different ways.

1. event/ action
Ex. - He [V attempted] to get the machine working.
- All his [N attempts] to get the machine working failed miserably.

2. result
Ex. - She fell off her bike [V bruised] her knee.
- She got a [N bruise] on her knee.

9

Adjective to noun (Adj > N)

A new word can be formed from an adjective to a noun and that noun
usually occurs with a determiner “the”.
The meaning of a noun is “a group of people who are X.

Ex. - She is almost [Adj blind].
- She bought talking books to [NP the blind].
- The blind is told to participate in the braille workshop.
- The blind is told to participate in the braille workshop.

Backformation

the reverse process of suffixation by subtracting suffixes from an already
existing longer word and changing part of speech of the new word.

Ex.

- edit (v) (editor) n

- orate (v) (orator) n

- sculpt (v) (sculptor) n

- donate (v) (donation) n

- televise (v) (television) n

10

Clipping

deleting part(s) of a word but the meaning and a part of speech of a new word remains the
same.

Types of clipping
1. fore clipping/ back clipping
- quake (earthquake)
- condo (condominium)
- fridge (refrigerator)
- Al (Albert)
- Art (Arthur)
2. clipping + diminutive morpheme (-y/ -ie = affection)
- breakfast (brekky)
- Australian (Aussie)

Blending

combining 2 words by deleting parts of one word or two words to form a new one

Types of blending

1. blending with a semantic head

The meaning of a blended word occurs as a head-modifier relation.

Ex. - emotion + icon = emoticon

- helicopter + airport = heliport

2. blending without a semantic head

The meaning of a blended word is from the meaning of the two words which are
combined.

Ex. - smoke + fog = smog

- spoon + fork = spork

11

Abbreviation

deleting part(s) of a word and using initial letters of an original word to
form a new word

Types of abbreviation

1. initialism and acronym

An abbreviation which each letter is pronounced individually = Initialism)

Ex. - ATM (automatic teller machine)

- GMO (genetically modified organism)

An abbreviation pronounced as words = Acronym

Ex. - PIN (personal identification number)

- vat (value added tax)

A combination between initialism and acronym = Initialism-acronym
hybrids

Ex. - CD-ROM (compact disk read-only memory)

- JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)

2 abbreviation in electronic communication

Ex. - brb (be right back)

- gr8 (great)

12

Exercises

1. The words that are a red color, what kind of conversion is it?

- Noun to verb (N > V) - Adjective to verb (Adj > V)

- Verb to Noun (V > N) - Adjective to Noun (Adj > N)

1. The lid was firmly nailed down.
2. The well-fed certainly look happy.
3. She boxed up the Christmas tree lights.
4. He was left unconscious after an attack.
5. The track divided in two and narrowed.
6. He woke up early and helped to milk the cows.
7. When the going gets tough, the tough get going.
8. With the fire on, the room should soon warm up.

13

Exercise

2. The words that are a red color, what kind of word form is it?
Backformation Blending Clipping Abbreviation

1. Ligers are solitary animals.
2. Liz is one of her best friend.
3. The MC introduced the guests.
4. They were waiting for the copter.
5. He was still in shock, and sedated.
6. I saw elephants, buffalos and rhinos.
7. Seventy gallons of gasohol were loaded.
8. At the end of each level, they take an exam.
9. The car’s name connotes luxury and quality.
10.The webvertising is aimed at 18-25 years old.
11.We will have a meeting tomorrow. The room is TBA.

The course is oriented towards the needs of businessmen.

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Compounding

Compound words are words formed by a combination of two or more
words and then forming a new word, the meaning of a compound word may be
the same as the original word or not.

For example: - toothbrush from tooth + brush

- bookstore from book + store

Types of compounds
Classification of compound words according to grammatical head

Right grammatical head

Nominal compounds

There is a noun as the main ingredient and an adjective, preposition, or
noun as an extension.

- N N = iron gate, plastic bag - N V-er = bus driver, rice cooker

- Adj N = freshwater, gentleman - N V-ing = daydreaming, bull-fighting

- P N = upstairs, bypass - V-ing N = living room, sleeping pill

Adjective compounds

There is an adjective as the main part.

- Adj Adj = free-fat - N V-ing = heart-breaking, man-eating

- N Adj = world-famous, duty-free - N V3 = home-made, middle-aged

- Adj V-ing = easy-going, Slow-growing - P V-ing = outstanding

- Adj V3 = bad-behaved, narrow-minded - P V3 = overdue

- Adj N-ed = bad-tempered, short-sighted

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Verbal compounds

There are compound nouns that go through back-formation and
conversion.

- proof-reading  proof-read
- sightseer  sightsee
- babysitter  babysit
- typewriter  typewrite

- V V = sleep-walk - Adj N = blacklist

- N V = brainwash - P V = withdraw

Left grammatical head
Phrasal verb

There is a verb as the main part, with a preposition particle and an adverb
particle as an extension.

Verbal compounds: - V P = take away, put down
Nominal compounds: - N P = passer-by

- N N = attorney general
- N P N = grant-in-aid

Conjugation of verbs into the preterit form
- Took away not take swayed
- Kicked off not kick offed

Conjugating nouns into plural forms
- Grants-in-aid not grant-in-aid’s
- Coats-of-mail not coat-of-mails

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Classification of compound words according to their semantic head

There are 2 types: compound words with a meaningful part, and a compound
with no meaning.

Attributive compounds
Consists of 2 units: 1. It serves as the main part of the meaning

2. Modifier

Subordinative compounds
Consists of 2 parts. There is a relationship in which one-word

complements another. one element is interpreted as an argument of another
element.

- Dishwasher  dish + wash
- wedding planner  wedding + plan
- food shopping  food + shop
- home invasion  home + invasion

Classification of compound words according without a semantic head
There are 2 types
1. Copulative compound
Consists of 2 parts
1.1Appositional compounds

2. things in parallel
For example bitter-sweet mean both bitter and sweet
2.1Coordinative compounds

show the relationship between 2 things, for example doctor-patient,
teacher-student

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3. Exocentric compounds

Consists of 2 parts: The meaning will not match the two words that
are mixed together.

For example, - dikbuik = fat person
- spleetoog = person with an Asiatic face

Other compounds
Neoclassical compounds

Neoclassical compounds are a compound word that combines two
or more forms of the classic Latin language, ancient Greek root and new Latin

bio + graph = biography

Rhyming compound

It is a word that plays sound by reduplication
There are two types

1. Exact reduplication: frou-frou, Gigi, ha-ha, hubba-hubba, mau-mau
2. Partial reduplication: black-jack, boogie-woogie, fuddy-duddy, handy-

dandy

Phrasal words

Consists of 3 parts There is a dash between each section.
For example, heart-to-heart, man-to-man

18

Hierarchical structure

1. Ambiguous compounds

There are 2 meaning

2.Complex compounds

Can bring nouns to be mixed continuously NNN

19

Exercises 1

Try to build compound words with these words:
Example: boy + friend = boyfriend

1.A place where you can grow vegetables and flowers = a

2. In your house, there is a where you can sleep.

3. My clothes are dirty. I put them into the .

4. Sarah went to the hairdressers. She's got a very nice .

5. I need a to use a car.

6. My printer doesn't work any longer. The is empty.

7. The weather is very warm. Let's go to the !

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Inflectional

Characteristics of inflection

Inflectional morphemes are used to show some aspects of the
grammatical function of a word. We use inflectional morphemes to indicate if a
word is singular or plural, whether it is past tense or not, and whether it is a
comparative or possessive form.

Inflection, formerly flection or accidence, in linguistics, the change in the
form of a word (in English, usually the addition of endings) to mark such
distinctions as tense, person, number, gender, mood, voice, and case.

For example:

21

Derivational

- Derivational morphemes tend to change the grammatical category of a
word but not always!

- There can be multiple derivational morphemes per word and they can be
prefixes, affixes, or suffixes. For example, the word “transformation”
contains two derivational morphemes: trans (prefix) -form (root) -ation
(suffix)

- Some examples of derivational morphemes are:

o -ful like in ‘beautiful’ => beauty (N) + ful (A) = beautiful (A)
o -able like in ‘moldable’ => mold (V) + able (A) = moldable (A)
o -er like in ‘singer’ => sing (V) + er (N) = singer (N)
o -nes like in ‘happiness’ => happy (A) + nes (N) = happiness (N)
o -ify like in ‘classify’ => class (N) + ify (V) = classify (V)

Inflectional vs Derivational affixes
Inflectional affixes:

- Mark grammatical properties
- (person,number,gender,tense,aspect)

- Don’t change other aspexts of meaning
- Are required by rules of sentence structure
- Create a new “word form”

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Derivational affixes:

- Change meaning
- Create a new word
- (typically) have clear semantic content
- May change the lexical category of the word

For example:

23

Noun Inflection

number- singular and plural noun
How to make a plural noun.
- Adding –s/ -es
- Changing a final consonant /f/ to /v/ and adding –s/-es
ex. knife > knives wolf > wolves

- Changing a vowel and/ or adding -en/-ren
ex. woman > women child children

- Keeping the same form as a singular noun
ex. homework, luck, mail

- Making a plural noun based on Greek/ Latin language

1 singular -a formula, larva, alga

plural -ae formulae, larvae, algae

2 singular -us syllabus, stimulus, alumnus, cactus

plural -i syllabi, stimuli, alumni, cacti

3 singular -um, -on datum, curriculum, phenomenon, medium

plural -a data, curricula, phenomena, media

4 singular -is axis, crisis, analysis, diagnosis

plural -es axes, crises, analyses, diagnoses

5 singular -ix appendix
plural -ices appendices

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Case

a grammatical function within a sentence

Case Example

1. nominative case I, you, we, they, he, she, it,
John
2. accusative
me, you, us, them, him, her,
3. genitive case it, John
my, mine, boy’s, boys’,
children’s, Ann’s

Verb Inflection

can be classified into regular and irregular verbs

Word form Example

1. plain Talk
2. 3rd person singular present tense Talks
3. preterit (V2) Talked
4. present participle Talking
5. past participle (V3) Talked

Irregular verbs can be classified into 7 groups based on how the word is

changed from a plain form to a preterit form and a past participle form.

Group Plain form Preterit form (V2) Past participle form (V3)
1 cut cut cut
2 buy
3 fall bought bought
4 fell fallen
5 mistake mistaken
6 begin mistook begun
7 began
set set
go set gone
went

25

Adjective and Adverb Inflection Example
Word form
big, hot, good
1. plain form bigger, hotter, better
2. comparative degree biggest, hottest, best
3. superlative degree

26

Exercise

1. A number of morphemes in the following passage are italicized. For
each, say whether it is bound or free; if bound, whether it is an
inflection or a derivational affix.

We are at once the most resilient, most resourceful, most restive, most receptive, most
radical, most reactionary people who ever lived. We have had time and the tide for
everything but those moments of thought necessary to reverse the priorities to cause us
occasionally to look before leaping.

2. Is -ly an inflectional or a derivational affix? Like an inflectional affix, it
seems to attach to many (though not all) the members of the class of
adjective, as in quickly, helpfully, sadly, regrettably, softly, sharply,
foolishly. If -ly is an inflectional suffix marking the grammatical category
adverb, then it should meet the following criteria for inflectional suffixes:

a. never change the part of speech of a root,

b. follow, not precede, any derivational suffixes,

c. affix to virtually any member of the category adjective.

Does -ly meet these criteria? Try to think of examples which violate these
principles.

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3. Please convert noun to plural form and verb to preterit form

1.______(child)_______(meet) a teacher at school.
2.The______(employee) ________(manage) to arrive on time.
3.Cherie’s_______(friend) ______(go) to the cinema.
4.My______(brother) _______(study) in Japan.
5.The_______(salmon) _____(swim) in a river.
6._____ (baby) _____(eat) mashed oat with milk.
7.His____(son) ______(try) to learn English.
8.The______(teacher) ______(teach) me about cooking.
9.A_____(cat) ______(play) ball.
10.My ______(sister) _____(cut) paper to make a paper bird.

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Key Exercise

Morphs and allomorphs

1. Separate the units of words from the given English words.

1. unhappiness un-happy-ness

2. televisions tele-vision-s

3. painters paint-er-s

4. worked work-ed

5. technically technic-ally

6. unfortunate un-fortune-ate

7. pleasantries please-ant-ri-es

8. misidentified mis-identify-ed

9. children’s child-ren-’s

10. previewing pre-view-ing

11. ex-husbands ex-husband-s

12. unmasks un-mask-s

13. safest safe-est

14. inspector’s inspect-or’-s

15. reactionaries re-action-ari-es

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Key Exercise

2. Make a compound word from the given part of speech.

1. noun + noun = classroom

2. verb + noun = washing,machine

3. noun + preposition + noun = son-in-law

4. preposition + verb = uphold

5. adjective + noun = gentleman

3. Give examples of English words that are borrowed from
different languages.

1. Loans from French = restaurant, music
2. Japanese loanwords = kamikaze, karaoke
3. Loanwords from Hindi = pajamas, punch
4. Loanwords from Australian English = boomerang, kangaroo
5. Loans from Italian = piano, crescendo

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Key Exercise

Derivation by non-affixation

1. The words that are a red color, what kind of conversion is it?

Noun to verb (N > V) Adjective to verb (Adj > V)

Verb to Noun (V > N) Adjective to Noun (Adj > N)

1. The lid was firmly nailed down.
Answer is N>V

2. The well-fed certainly look happy.
Answer is ADJ>N

3. She boxed up the Christmas tree lights.
Answer is N>V

4. He was left unconscious after an attack.
Answer is V>N

5. The track divided in two and narrowed.
Answer is ADJ>V

6. He woke up early and helped to milk the cows.
Answer is N>V

7. When the going gets tough, the tough get going.
Answer is ADJ>N

8. With the fire on, the room should soon warm up.
Answer is ADJ>V

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Key Exercise

2. The words that are a red color, what kind of word form is it?
Backformation Blending Clipping Abbreviation

1. Ligers are solitary animals.
Answer is blending = lion+tiger

2. Liz is one of her best friend.
Answer is clipping = Elizabeth

3. The MC introduced the guests.
Answer is abbreviation = Master of ceremonies

4. They were waiting for the copter.
Answer is clipping = Helicopter

5. He was still in shock, and sedated.
Answer is backformation = sedetive

6. I saw elephants, buffalos and rhinos.
Answer is clipping = Rhinoceros

7. Seventy gallons of gasohol were loaded.
Answer is blending = Gas+Alcohol

8. At the end of each level, they take an exam.
Answer is clipping = Examination

9. The car’s name connotes luxury and quality.
Answer is backformation = connotion

10. The webvertising is aimed at 18-25 years old.
Answer is blending = website+advertising

11. We will have a meeting tomorrow. The room is TBA.
Answer is abbreviation = To be announced initialism

12. The course is oriented towards the needs of businessmen.
Answer is backformation = orientation

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Key Exercise

Compounding

1. Greenhouse

2. Washing machine

3. Haircut

4. Driving license

5. Printer cartridge

6. Swimming pool

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Key Exercise

Inflectional

1. Answer

- ful : Bound, Derivational
- ive : Bound, Derivational
- ary : Bound, Derivational
- ed : Bound, Inflectional
- thing : Free
- ies : Bound, Inflectional
- al : Bound, Derivational

2. a.

NO: -ly changes the part of speech of the root, deriving adverbs from adjectives:

- happily < happy - oddly < odd - strangely < strange
- rarely < rarely - loudly < loud

It may also derive adverbs from nouns:

- weekly < week - daily < day - yearly < year

It can derive adjectives from nouns or other adjectives:

- manly < man - princely < prince - lovely < love
- portly < port - sickly < sick - goodly < good
- kindly < kind - leisurely < leisure

It may also change the meaning of an adjective or adverb:
- hardly/hard lately/late highly/high

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Key Exercise

b.
NO: -ly normally follows derivational suffixes (adjectivizes):

- famously - woodenly - usefully - foolishly - acceptably

But -ly may precede certain derivational suffixes:

- manliness - manlier - princeliness
- loveliness - lovelier - kindliness
(Since no derivational suffix may be attached to an adverb, we cannot test to see
whether adverbializer -ly can be followed by a derivational suffix.)

Although adverbs inflect for comparison (e.g., fast, faster, fastest or late, later,
latest), adverbs in -ly form comparison with more and most. Hence, -ly is never
followed by an inflection:

more usefully *usefullier most usefully *usefulliest
(This is accounted for, though, by the fact that -er and -est are generally
attached only to monosyllabic words.)

c.

NO: many adverbs are not formed with -ly:

- just - tomorrow - always - here -now - then
- late -near -slow (or slowly) -fast -cheap (or cheaply) -hard

Furthermore, many adjectives cannot take -ly:

- tall *tally Canadian *Canadianlyblue *bluely

- two-toed *twotoedly little *littly

- this, my *thisly, *myly

(It seems that when adjectives describe an intrinsic quality, they cannot take -ly
because they cannot modify verbal action.)

https://www.nitoanswers.com/2019/10/english-morphology-exercises-part-2.html

35

Key Exercise

3. Please convert noun to plural form and verb to preterit form

1._Children_(child)___met____(meet) a teacher at school.
2.The_employees_(employee) _managed_(manage) to arrive on time.
3.Cherie’s_friends__(friend) __went_(go) to the cinema.
4.My_brothers_(brother) __studied_(study) in Japan.
5.The__salmon_(salmon) _swam_(swim) in a river.
6._Babies_ (baby) __ate_(eat) mashed oat with milk.
7.His_sons_(son) __tried_(try) to learn English.
8.The__teachers_(teacher) _taught_(teach) me about cooking.
9.A_cats_(cat) __played__(play) ball.
10.My __sisters__(sister) __cut_(cut) paper to make a paper

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AApcU50

Name ID No.

Chalita Sreeaod 62111281 7
Udomrat Wanchan 62112114 27
Chanyanuch Butprom 62112923 41
Chiratchaya Karik 62113597 45
Farida Tonbutdee 62113643 47
Siriwan Donfungprai 62113676 48
Mingkwan Pajaroen 62113902 49