1 FORM 4 CHEMISTRY PBL ACTIVITY 1 Chapter 8 Manufactured substances in industry Name: Denise Kua Xin Yee Class: 4S4 Teacher: Puan Chan Yoke Bee School: SMJK Katholik
2 Content page No. Content Page i) a) State the major component and main characteristics of glass. 3 b) By using table, discuss the 4 types of glasses (fused glass, soda-lime glass, borosilicate glass, lead crystal glass) according to their properties and uses. 4 ii) a) State the major component and main characteristics of ceramic. 5 b) Discuss the uses, properties and examples of ceramics. 6 iii) a) Define composite materials. 7 b) Discuss the 5 types of composite materials (reinforced concrete, superconductor, fibre optic, fibre glass and photochromic glass) according to their properties and uses. 7-8
3 i) a) State the major component and main characteristics of glass Major component: Silica, SiO2 Main characteristics of glass Chemically inert Transparent Waterproof Heat insulator Electric insulator Hard but brittle
4 b) By using table, discuss the 4 types of glasses (fused glass, soda-lime glass, borosilicate glass, lead crystal glass) according to their properties and uses. Type of glasses Properties Uses Fused glass - Made from silicon dioxide, SiO2 without adding any other chemical - High melting point (1800oC) - Does not expand and contract much when there is a large change in temperature Making telescope lens Soda-lime glass - Made from silica, SiO2, soda, Na2CO3 and limestone CaCO3 - low melting point (around 1000oC) - cannot withstand high temperature - easily crack when there is sudden temperature change Make glass containers as it is easily molded Borosilicate glass - made from silica, SiO2, soda, Na2CO3, limestone CaCO3, boron oxide, B2O3, and aluminum oxide Al2O3 - do not crack easily when subjected to thermal stress because of its low expansion coefficient - can be removed from refrigerator and heated immediately without cracking Make laboratory glassware as it has resistance to heat Lead crystal glass - made from silica, SiO2, soda,Na2CO3 and lead(ii) oxide, PbO - lead replaces calcium to produce glass that is softer and denser - - heavier and has high refractive index Making prisms
5 ii) a) State the major component and main characteristics of ceramic. Major component: Inorganic and nonmetallic substances. Characteristics of ceramic High thermal resistant Break easily Chemically inert Electrical insulator Hard and strong (resistant to compression) Heat insulator High melting point
6 b) Discuss the uses, properties and examples of ceramics. Ceramics Uses Medicine: - Zirconia ceramic is used in dental implants - Alumina ceramic is used to make knee bone - Ceramic is used in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) machines because it has superconductivity properties Transportation: - Engine components in jet planes Energy production: - Ceramics is used to make electrical insulators in high voltage areas such as power stations Properties Traditional ceramic: - Made from clay (kaolin, Al2O3. SiO2.2H2O) - Chemically resistant to most organic solvents Advanced ceramic: - Made from inorganic compounds (oxide, carbides and nitrides) - Higher resistance to heat and abrasion - More chemically inert - Have superconductivity properties - Hard Examples Aluminium oxide, Titanium carbide, and Silicon carbide, Tungsten carbide rings, brake disc, cutting dics, Pottery, Porcelain, Earthenware
7 iii) a) Define composite materials. A composite material is a material made from combining to or more nonhomogeneous substances, that is matrix substance and strengthening substance. b) Discuss the 5 types of composite materials (reinforced concrete, superconductor, fibre optic, fibre glass and photochromic glass) according to their properties and uses. Types of composite materials Properties Uses Reinforced concrete - Produced when steel bars or wire mesh (strengthening substance) is immersed in concrete (matrix substance). - High compression strength - High stretching strength - Resistant to corrosion - Construction of bridges, dams and buildings Superconductor - Has superconductivity properties - Superconductor magnets are light and have strong magnetic force - No electrical resistance at very low temperature - Make electromagnets - Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) - Particle accelerator Fibre optic - A flexible but extremely thin transparent strand of very pure glass (silica) - The innermost layer is the core made up of silica glass fibers (strengthening substance) - The core is encased in a second layer or clasdding that is made up of glass or plastic (matrix substance) - The outermost layer is made of plastic that acts as Used to transmit information in the form of light: - Video camera (replace copper wires) - Optical fibre - Cables in computer network
8 a protective jacket (matrix substance) - The core and cladding have different refractive indexes (enable them carry data in large capacity and not to be influenced by electromagnetic disturbance) - High compression strength Fibre glass - Produced when plastic (matrix substance) is strengthened with glass fibres (strengthening substance) - High stretching strength - Heat and electrical insulator - Resistant to corrosion - Durable - Make helmets, car bumpers and printed circuit boards Photochromic glass - Formed when glass (matrix substance) is combined with silver chloride, AgCl and copper (i) chloride, CuCl (strengthening substance) - Darkens when exposed to sunlight (formation of silver atoms, Ag that prevents passage of light) - Becomes transparent in dim light (copper (i) chloride, CuCl catalyses the reverse process) - Protects users from UV rays - Transparent - Absorbs UV rays - The absorption of UV rays depends on light intensity - Camera lenses - Car windows - Building windows