CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT ASS 1

LAS683 | Landscape and Human Culture Assignment 1: Cultural and Environment

Metro Manilla

Presented by Group 4

Group 4 Checked by : Dr Raziah Ahmad

SYNOPSIS Written by: Sean Ellis
of the movie Directed by: Sean Ellis
Produced by: Mathilde Charpentier, Sean Ellis

Farmer Oscar Ramirez and his family flee to
the city of Manila for a better life. Oscar
lands a job at an armoured truck company
but is soon suspicious about the nature of
the job.

Soon, though, the reality of his work's
mortality rate and the murky motives of his
new partner force Oscar to confront the
perils he faces in his new job and life. The
movie portrays how far a man can go for his
family.

Meet Our Team 2

1 Nur Izzati Nadiah
Binti Abdul Manan
Siti Shaveera
Binti Md Shadip 2021124339
2021124123

Content 2. Background of
local communities
1. Site location and describe
the landscape captured 4. Analyse local communities
daily activities/events
3. Communities interact with
their natural environment 6. Five lessons learned

5. Identify landscape types

1 (A) SITE LOCATION & LANDSCAPE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

Banaue Province, Philippines Metro Manila, Philippines

S S culture
arts
I I
commerce
T T industry
tourism
E E





L Banaue, officially the Municipality of Banaue is a L
4th class municipality in the province of Ifugao,
O O

C Philippines. According to the 2021 census, it has a Batad Rice Terraces C
A population of 20,652 people. Bangaan Rice Terraces
A

T T

I I

O O

N N Manila, the capital of the Philippines, is a densely
populated bayside city on the island of Luzon,


which mixes Spanish colonial architecture with

1 UNESCO has listed the Batad Rice Terraces and 2 modern skyscrapers. Intramuros, a walled city in
colonial times, is the heart of Old Manila. It’s home
Bangaan Rice Terraces as a World Heritage Site to the baroque 16th-century San Agustin Church as
since 1995, under the designation, Rice Terraces well as Fort Santiago, a storied citadel and former
of the Philippine Cordilleras. military prison.

2 (A) BACKGROUND OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES Banaue Province, Philippines

01 T H E H I S T O R Y I. Peoples of the Philippines : Ifugao

The Ifugao are world-famous for their spectacular rice terraces especially in Spanish regime American occupation
Mayaoyao and Banaue where entire mountainsides are sculpted like giant steps.
In 1891, the Spanish government August 18, 1908, Ifugao was separated from
The language has (1) Kiangan-Hapao established Quiangan as a comandancia- Nueva Vizcaya[16] and, along with Amburayan, World War II
been grouped in a (2) Banaue-Burnay politico-militar for the Ifugao area. The Apayao, Benguet, Bontoc, Kalinga and Lepanto,
number of ways (3) Ayangan-Mayaoyao Spanish occupation in the province ended was annexed to the newly created Mountain
(4) Hanglulu with the outbreak of the Philippine Province established by the Philippine
(5) Tuwali Revolution. Commission with the enactment of Act No. 1876
(6) Keleyi (related to the Ikalahan)
Political Division Post-martial law era Post-war era

July 15, 1987, the Cordillera Administrative June 18, 1966, Republic Act No. 4695 was Ifugao became the center of
Region was established by then-President enacted, and Ifugao was converted into a warfare in the last year of
Corazon Aquino through Executive Order 220, regular province when the huge Mountain World War II.
and Ifugao was made one of its provinces. Province was split into 4.

Ethnicity II. Rice-terrace system, Luzon, Philippines

Banaue rice terraces, system of irrigated
rice terraces in the mountains of north-
central Luzon, Philippines.
Ifugao people created more than 2,000
years ago.

Kalahan Has long been home to the Ifugao, wet-rice Ifugao farmer at the rice terraces in
Ayangan agriculturalists who began building the Banaue, Luzon, Philippines.
terraces about the 1st century

Tinguian Ilocanos Kankanaey The Ifugao created an engineering marvel:
a vast network of rice terraces sustained by
Religion an elaborate irrigation system.

have an indigenous religion unique to their traditional culture In 1995 various sections of the terraces
highly significant to the preservation of their life ways and valued traditions. were designated a UNESCO World Heritage
believe in the existence of thousands of gods site, described as :
may enter specific sacred objects such as the bul-ul.
“a living cultural landscape of unparalleled beauty.” Banaue rice terraces, Luzon, Philippines.

2 (A) BACKGROUND OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES Banaue Province, Philippines

02 C U L T U R E & T R A D I T I O N : I . Wet rice cultivation and ritual feasting Ritual feasting :
shifting to wet rice cultivation
Ifugao Society : wet rice cultivation and able to increase of exotic goods procurement
consolidate political resources. increase in the distribution of ritual animals
Ifugao social status : based on their rice lands
and ability to sponsor feasts. The role of Philippine “native pig” in Ifugao
Ifugao cultivated taro before the start of the wet feasting and socio-political organization,
rice cultivation domesticated pigs were intertwined in the
maintenance of a rank social order.

Ifugao kept their culture and identity alive by spending large amounts of time in rice fields, since they treated them as ritual areas to “reinforce community solidarity"

How Ifugao societies respond to challenges and needs in their immediate environment?

The domestication of pigs and terrace cultivation within the Ifugao region.
Use domestication pigs for rituals, which illustrated an individual's social status.
The bigger the feast, the higher regard a person was likely to receive.
The cultural value attached to the pig and rice cultivation guaranteed the survival of the communities.
The importance of rituals and ceremonies meant that people were pushed into practicing pig
domestication as a way of honoring their culture.

II . Rice culture Ifugao culture revolves around rice, which is considered a prestige crop.

Harvest season calls for grandiose thanksgiving feasts. Agricultural terracing and farming are the principal means of livelihood.
The concluding harvest rites tungo (the day of rest) entail Their social status is measured by the number of rice field granaries, family
a strict taboo of any agricultural work. heirlooms, gold earrings, and carabaos
Partaking of the rice wine, rice cakes, and moma is an
Taboos and intricate indelible practice during the festivities and ritual activities.
agricultural from rice

cultivation to rice
consumption

rice field granaries gold earrings heirlooms

rice wine (bayah) rice cake moma Ifugao culture values kinship, family ties, religious and
cultural beliefs.

2 (B) BACKGROUND OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES Metro Manilla, Philippines

01 T H E H I S T O R Y - I . Metro Manilla, Philiphines IV. Creation of the National Capital Region

I. Province of Manila Map of Manila and its environs, c. 1900 from the Nichols Field runway with Manila in the background, taken prior to 1941
In the late 16th century Manila was a walled 10th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica.
Muslim settlement whose ruler levied customs November 7, 1975, Metro Manila was formally established through
duties on all commerce passing up the Pasig River. Presidential Decree No. 824.
Manila, formerly known as Tondo until 1859, was a The Metropolitan Manila Commission was also created to manage the
historical province in the Philippines, encompassing region.
the former pre-Hispanic polities of Tondo, Maynila June 2, 1978, through Presidential Decree No. 1396, the metropolitan
and Namayan. area was declared the National Capital Region of the Philippines
In 1898, it included the City of Manila and 23 other
municipalities. It was incorporated into the Province
of Rizal in

II. Creation of the province of Rizal
The creation of Manila in 1901 was composed of the
places and parishes

In 1939, President Quezon established Quezon City
with a goal to replace Manila as the capital city of
the country.

Battle of Manila Bay, Philippines, undated print. III. Creation of the city of Greater Manila In 1986, President Corazon Aquino issued Executive Order, reorganizing
in 1945, World War II resulted in the loss of most of the and changing the structure of the Metropolitan Manila Commission and
developments in the Burnham Plan, the loss of more renamed it to the Metropolitan Manila Authority.
than 100,000 lives at the Battle of Manila. By late 2014, then-MMDA Chairman Francis Tolentino proposed that
San Pedro, Laguna be included in Metro Manila as its 18th member city.
The City of Greater Manila served as a model for the
present-day Metro Manila and the administrative
functions of the Governor of Metro Manila that was
established during the Marcos administration.

2 (B) BACKGROUND OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES Metro Manilla, Philippines

01 T H E H I S T O R Y - II . People of Manila

Metropolitan Manila is densely populated and contains a significant
proportion of the population of the country.
People has been brought about by a constant rural-urban migration.
Almost all the residents of Manila are Filipinos.
The largest single foreign community is made up of Chinese.
Predominantly Roman Catholic, Protestants, Muslims, and Buddhists.

1. Manufacturing ECONOMY 3. Finasnecreviacneds other 1. Government ADMINISTRATION AND SOCIETY

1. The diverse 2. Transportation 1.Manila is the centre of 2. Municipal services
manufacturing trade and finance in
activities include : Public transportation is the Philippines. Metropolitan Manila Potable water
Textile production provided principally by Development Bank of is administered by comes from a
Publishing & Printing buses, jeepneys and taxis. the Philippines the Metropolitan supply network
Food & tobacco Philippine National Bank Manila Development managed by the
processing Philippine Veterans Bank Authority (MMDA). Metropolitan
Chemical processing. Government Service Waterworks and
Insurance System Sewerage System.
Social Security System,
3. Health and security 4. Education
The city government
Authorities restricted maintains numerous More than 100 free
access to metro Manila health centres where public schools are
roads at peak times patients are treated maintained.
based on the last digit of free of charge, and Provided for children
a driver’s license plate. subsidizes a number disabilities, orphans
of government of school age, and
Bus services operate hospitals. adults.
routes to northern and
southern Luzon.

2 (B) BACKGROUND OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES C
O
02 THE CULTURE & TRADITION F M
O M
F T O E
E D R
S R S C
T I
I A A
V L
A N S
L
S Balut Dvisoria Market
T P Jeepneys
A A street food widely consumed in Best Market in Metro Manila
L The centre of the performing O The most popular mode of public the Philippines. Sale items are the cheapest in
I arts in the country is the transportation in the Philippines Partially shelled balut egg showing the NCP, particularly if you know
W Philippine Cultural Center. R A ubiquitous symbol of the yolk, baby chicken and veins how to haggle.
A Numerous events and festivals T Philippine culture. running through it. great-value clothes, school
N are held annually in Metro The incubation before the egg is supplies, kitchenware and home

Manila. known for their crowded seating cooked generally ranges between essentials.
F and kitsch decorations 14 and 21 days.
E Celebrated by most
S BATTLE religions living in the
T Philippines, June 24th
The buling-buling in Pandacan O Every 3rd of February, M They prepare a feast
is one of the most popular F Philippines celebrates the A to remember and
dance celebrations in the area.
release of its territory N celebrate their
Become the official dance of M during World War II in 1945. I triumphs, traditions
Manila. A Citizens celebrate their L and culture.
Represented by choreographed N identity as a city and as a A
and studied dance shows. I country.

L D
A A
Y

3. INTERACTION BETWEEN THE COMMUNITIES WITH THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

Banaue Province, Philippines

The natural hill modified by the locals to grow rice,
where the rice terraces have become the everyday landscapes.

The terraces are irrigated by water from catchment areas in the rainforests above it.

Today, although a few Ifugaos still plant vegetables on the terraces, most prefer
concentrating on the tourist dollars brought by those who want to see the historic terraces.

Most of the people in Banaue depend on agriculture for their source of income.
Rice and sweet potato are the most important farm products.

Batad Rice Terraces Ifugao is the name of the province as well as the people who dwell there.
Since many young Ifugaos are not interested in farming, the soil on the terraces has
started eroding and some of the terraces had to be redone.

Metro Manila, Philippines An excellent port site because of its sheltered harbour,
its access to inland agricultural areas by way of the river,
Climate
and its relative proximity to the Asian mainland.
The city is protected from extreme weather conditions by the hills of the Sierra
Madre and the mountains of the Bataan Peninsula.
Plant and Animal life

The city is dotted with palms, banyans, acacias, and other tropical trees,
and bamboo grows in many public parks.
Domestic mammals—such as water buffalo, horses, dogs, pigs, and goats

Landscape

Pasig River is an important river in the Metro Manila, Philippines, since it provides
food, livelihood and transport to its residents, and connects two major water
bodies; Laguna de Bay and Manila Bay.

Pasig River, Manila

4 . ( A) RELATION BETWEEN BANAUE PROVINCE, PHILIPPINES DAILY ACTIVITIES

Belief Culture Tradition Farming

The Ifugao Rice Planting rice on The Ifugao used to
Terraces symbolize terraces is also part have festivals for
harmony between as Ifugaos. The rice the planting,
man and nature. terraces are part of growing and
the Ifugao heritage, harvesting of rice.
which must be
Rice is of utmost preserved. Sacred traditions,
importance to the
Ifugao. It s thought The terraces such as the rituals in
illustrate a time for harvest, and
their name comes persistence of cultural practices
form “ipugo”,
meaning “rice cultural traditions have been passed
and remarkable on from one
eaters.” continuity and generation to

endurance another.

Belief Culture Tradition

Ifugao arts and Since the end of The mountain tribes
crafts consist of a of Luzon traditionally
wide variety of World War II the distinguished
production and
objects, many of sale of themselves by their
which are for daily cultural expressions,
use. woodcarvings has clothing and
become and
Ifugao women have important source adornment.
traditionally worn The Ifugao still
short, tight-fitting, of income for the practice the same
hand-woven skirts Ifugao.
with colorful skills as in the past:
Woodcarving and
horizontal stripes. weaving clothes.

Ifugao Clothes, Food and Crafts

4. ( B) RELATION BETWEEN BANAUE PROVINCE, PHILIPPINES EVENTS AND THEIR
BELIEVES

01 02 03 04

Banaue Rice Terraces Ifugao Religiou
s Ceremonies Ifugao Festivals Ifugao Agriculture, and

Hunting Festival









The Banaue area contains Great deal of Ifugao resources are During ceremonies that pay Rice is of utmost importance to
magnificent rice terraces that have devoted to religious ceremonies homage to the anitos (spritits) clan the Ifugao. It s thought their name
that are invoked for agriculture leaders wear headdresses adorned comes form “ipugo”, meaning “rice
been described as the eighth with wild pig tusks, hornbill beaks eaters.” Bulo is the Ifugao rice god
wonder of the world abundance, hunting success,

augury and good omens. and feathers and monkey skulls. and a symbol of wealth. Many

During a festiv
al to mark the Ifugao use to keep a wooden image
The Ifugao Rice Terraces symbolize of the god in their houses to insure
harmony between man and nature. The Ifugao believe that illnesses planting of the crop in March or
are caused by deities taking souls February the Ifugao hold a prosperity.
Sacred traditions, such as the The Ifugao used
to have festivals
rituals in time for harvest, and in cooperation with ancestors. ceremony known as “ulpi” in which
cultural practices have been Priests treat illnesses through they leave the terraces for a few for the planting, growing and
passed on from one generation to divination and curing rituals. in an days and socialize, smoke and drink harvesting of rice. They have
effort to get the deity to return the a palm liquor called “bayah”. During traditionally grown “tinawon” rice,
another. souls. If the priests fails, the Ifugao the harvest in July they thank the which many say has a delightful

spirits by sacrificing chickens and aromatic taste that most Ifugao
believe, the person dies. then study the blood for omens.

love.



lifestyle

4 . ( C) RELATION BETWEEN METRO MANILA DAILY ACTIVITIES AND EVENTS

Belief Culture Tradition DVISORIA MARKET
The Divisoria
Divisoria is a term of During the Spanish Market is one of the
Spanish origin, which rule, the non best places to shop
translates as Christian Chinese in Manila. It is often
"divide" or "division. merchants were not called the “mother
A variation of the allowed to trade of all markets in
term is línea inside the walled Manila” with a
divisoria, which city. reputation as “the
translates as The Divisoria market Mecca of value
"dividing line." was initially a small shopping” for the
While the term can community of variety of products
be used in the Chinese merchants and the low prices it
general sense of which then offers.
division, it can also expanded and
be used with a blossomed into a
geographical commercial center
connotation.

Belief Culture Tradition

The Sinulog Festival The festival is done Metro Manila
celebrates fiestas
is a traditional by a dance ritual, in with religious rituals
celebration in Manila
City held every third which it tells the and dancing in the
story of the Filipino streets to the beat
Sunday of January people's pagan past of the drums.
to honor the Santo
Niño (Child Jesus). and their The Sinulog dance
acceptance of moves are basically
Sinulog has helped Christianity. two steps forward
various
entrepreneurial and one step
Sinulog has proved backward. This
establishments and its virtue in putting movement
organizations to the people together
boom its business resembles the
current (Sulog)
Sinulog Festival

5. LANDSCAPE CONSERVATION OF IFUGAO RICE TERRACES IN BANAUE PROVINCE,
PHILIPHINE.

In 2,000 years, the high rice fields of the Ifugao have followed the contours of the mountains. The fruit of knowledge
handed down from one generation to the next, and the expression of sacred traditions and a delicate social balance,
they have helped to create a landscape of great beauty that expresses the harmony between humankind and the
environment.

the historic terraces cover an extensive area, the inscribed property consists of five clusters of the most intact and
impressive terraces, located in four municipalities. They are all the product of the Ifugao ethnic group, a minority
community that has occupied these mountains for thousands of years.

Five inscribed clusters:

Nagacadan terrace cluster Hungduan terrace cluster Central Mayoyao terrace cluster Bangaan terrace cluster Batad terrace cluster

The Ifugao Rice Terraces epitomize the absolute blending of the physical, socio-cultural, economic, religious, and
political environment. Indeed, it is a living cultural landscape of unparalleled beauty.

IN MY OPINION the terraces illustrate a persistence of cultural traditions and remarkable continuity and endurance,
since archaeological evidence reveals that this technique has been in use in the region for 2000 years virtually
unchanged. They offer many benefits for the community such as
i - The rice terraces are a memorial to the history and labour of more than a thousand generations of small-scale
farmers who, working together as a community.
ii - Created a landscape based on a delicate and sustainable use of natural resources.
iii- The rice terraces are an outstanding example of land-use that resulted from a harmonious interaction between
people and its environment

6 . ( A) 5 LESSON LEARNED FROM METRO MANILA

Different Mentality

The movie is the fact that it does not cover up the reality of living in a city, a city, nor does it hide the innocence of
most people that lives in provinces who dream of city life. Those from the province being more openly trusting to
other people but people who’ve lived in the city, on the other hand mostly have an opposite mentality

Desperation anf Self destruction

The story of desperation and self-destruction is not just a simple plot point.the entire movie is actually a comparison
of the lives of Alfred and Oscar. Alfred did what he did on no more premise as but a simple dream. but Oscar is saying
that a dream is not as much a drive to be successful as much as an actual need is, his need being the lives of his
loved ones.

Empathy

Oscar’s daughter rescues a kitten from three boys who physically abuse it. That physical abuse, I can compare it as
how city folk have a tendency to bring others down. the children’s are amuse at the animal’s pain that could signify
how city folk have something to gain through making others suffer

Metro Manila lifestyle

Oscar and hos family living in Banaue and moved to Metro Manila because they thought that it could be a solution
about their financial problem. But living in an urbanized area, making a living in Manila is not easy. Most of the poor
people are the one that suffers and much stressful

The rice terrace

The rice terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras are unique in the Philippines not only for their scale, but also for the way
in which they are managed and cultivated by the local tribes. Developed and managed an irrigation system that
captures water, slows its progress, and ultimately provides the lifeblood to the community .

6 . ( B) OVERALL THE LANDSCAPES CAPTURED IN METRO MANILA MOVIE

Banaue Province, Philippines

IN MY OPINION the scene was captured about Rice Terraces of the Philippine .
The terraces are found in the province of Ifugao and the Ifugao people have been
its caretakers. Ifugao culture revolves around rice, and the culture engenders an
elaborate array of celebrations linked with agricultural rites from rice cultivation
to rice consumption
This breathtaking view also been inscribed in the List of World Heritage in
Danger in 2001 as the dangers of deforestation and climate change threatens to
destroy the terraces.

Metro Manila, Philippines

IN MY OPINION street at Metro Manila very crowded and congestion
happens when the capacity of the transportation network cannot meet
the travel demand at a particular time. In Metro Manila, there are 5
circumferential roads and 10 radial roads that serve as major
thoroughfares.
Manila know as the Most Crowded City in the World .

7 . LIST OF REFERENCES

By PRABLEEN BAJPAI March 17, 2022 , Emerging Markets: Analyzing the Philippines's GDP from
https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/091815/emerging-markets-analyzing-philippines-gdp.asp
By UNESCO ( world heritage convention ) Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras from
https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/722/

By FACT AND DETAILS , IFUGAO from https://factsanddetails.com/southeast-
asia/Philippines/sub5_6d/entry-3880.html

By Liza Agoot August 27, 2018, Ifugaos' handiwork sustains famed Banaue Rice Terraces from
https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1045981

By BRITANNICA from https://www.britannica.com/place/Manila/People#ref12367
By EMB - National Capital Region from https://ncr.emb.gov.ph/historicalbackground/