ວິຊາເຕັກໂນໂລຊີ ຂໍ້ມູນຂ່າວສານ ແລະ ການສື່ສານ ມ.1

I6[ #D_ s^vfl6opkdkfສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

.oxu 7Dl !_$* ;ylt;tdvolv’mkj o 7nG mkj o 9vo ,v-]u (John Mouchly) c]t
mkj o g9 griltgxu gvadg7uif (J. Presper Eckert) wfhrafmtokg7njv’7v,ry;g8u
mulj k,kfoe.-hgIaf;Pd’kowfh g7nvj ’mevyf0v’3]d g-yj’,u-nj;jk vyoycvd (ENIAC =
Electronic Numerical Intergrator And Calculator)D vyoycvd gxaog7nvj ’7v,ry;g8umuj.-h
s^vfl6opkdkf c]t .-hgIaf;Pd’ko16.j o,tsk;ymtpkw] gro-yog;ugop (University of
Pennsylvania)D

.ow]ptg;]kmu.j dh7P’daooU d=,udkolhk’g7nvj ’7v,ry;g8u c]t g7nvj ’7eo;omuj.-h
s^vfl6opkdkf0Bovuds^kpI5oj g-aoj G IBM 603, IBM 604 c]t IBM SSECD c8j
g7nvj ’7v,ry;g8u muj[=]ylafwv[ugva,lhk’0Bo.op5dmevyfoU goAoltgrkt.og]nvj ’dko7eo;o
gmqkj oAoD

.oxu 7Dl !_&@ mkj o 9vo ;vo ovpc,o (John von Neumann) wfhlqo.9g7nvj ’
vyoycvd c]t wfhltg|u7;k,7yf.odkolhk’g7nvj ’7v,ry;g8u mu,j u|;j p7;k,9egrnjv-;j p
.odkogda[0=h,6o c]t 3xicdi,gIaf;Pd s^n -5f7ela’j 0v’g7njv’F g7nvj ’7v,ry;g8uoAo
9t8hv’gIaf;Pd 3fpgvUo-5f7elaj’mugj da[w;h.o|;j p7;k,9e,k.-h;PdD s^addkooUgxaos^ad
dkomu.j -h,kdao,k9qog4y’xaf95[aoD

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D! 47

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ #D!W g7nvj ’vyoycvd

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D! 48

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ #D!! g7njv’7v,ry;g8u ]5ho IBM 603 c]t IBM 604

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D! 49

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ #D!@ IBM SSEC c]t za’0v’,ao

g7nvj ’7v,ry;g8u.op5ds^vfl6opkdkfwfhdhk;|hk,kgxao]efa[F ,udkorafmtok|j;p
7;k,9e4k;vomugj da[0=h,6owfhgxao9eo;os^kpD w]ptmevyf .-h;ymudkogda[0=h,6o.o[afg9kt
I6 c8jdkogIaf;Pdgxaowx1kj ’-ad-hk 9qo.omujl5fd=,u;ymudko.-h|j;p7;k,9egda[0=h,6o.o9ko
c,jgs^ad c]t ;q’cs;oc,jgs^adD dkogda[0=h,6o.o;q’cs;oc,gj s^adoU wfhoe.-h,k9qog4y’xu
7Dl !_(WD ovd9kdoU pa’wfh,u;ymudkorafmtok;ymudkogda[0=h,6o.o[A’c,gj s^ad c]t gma[
c,jgs^adD

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D! 50

I6[ #D!# [A’c,gj s^adle]a[gda[0=h,6oDສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

3. 7v,ry;g8u.op5dmiko-ufltg8u X7Dl !_&#{!_*#?

oad;ymtpklkf0v’shv’xt8y[afdko;yw9 g[; (Bell laboratory) 0v’ltst]af
vkg,]ydk wfhleg]afdkoxtfyfmiko-ufltg8u (Transistor) g-yj’,aogxaozqogIaf.shgduf,u
dkoxPj ocx’7A’le7ao.odkolhk’g7nvj ’7v,ry;g8uD gonvj ’9kd miko-ufltg8u,u0t|kf
ohvpF .-hdtclw22hk|hvpF ,u7;k,mqomko c]t g-njv4nl6’D ly’j le7aovudfhko|bj’d=7n
,aolk,kfzt]yfwfh.o]k7kmu4j ndd;kj s^vfl6opkdkfD faj’oAoF g7njv’7v,ry;g8u.op5d8+,k
9b’j 15foe.-hs^vfl6opkdkf c]t oe.-hmiko-yfltg8ugxaol;j oxtdv[0v’,aoD

I6[ #D!$ miko-yfltg8u0v’7v,ry;g8u

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D! 51

I6[ #D!& IBM 1401 ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

g7nvj ’7v,ry;g8umuj.-hmiko-yfltg8ug7njv’mevyf0v’[=]ylaf wv[ugva, c,jo IBM 1401D
,aogxaog7njv’muj,u0t|kfohvp]q’F ,u7;k,lk,kf.odkogIaf;Pdwfhfu0BoD dkog]uj,8Qo.-h
g7njv’7v,ry;g8uxtgrfoU gIaf.sh,udkozt]yf c]t wfhoe.-hg0Qk.o;Pd’ko1kj ’czjs^kp
d;kj g7njv’mu.j -hs^vfl6opkdkfD vq’dvo c]t |j;p’ko8jk’M ma’.orkdlj;o]af c]t
gvdt-qo X.oxtgmfrafmtokc]h; c]t xtgmfde]a’rafmtok? wfhoegvqkg7njv’7v,ry;g8u
,k.-h;Pd c]t .oxu 7Dl !_*$ [=]ylaf wv[ugva, wfhrafmtokg7nvj ’7v,ry;g8umuj.-hg8ad3o3]-u
miko-yfltg8u0t|kf.spj gvUo;jk g,og2i, (mainframe) c]t 4nwfh;kj gxaorNo4ko
.shcdjdkorafmtokg7njv’7v,ry;g8u.op5d8+,k 9qog4y’xaf95[aoD

4. 7v,ry;g8u.op5d;q’9vo];, X7Dl !_*#{!_(@?

.oxu 7Dl !_*$ wfh,udkorafmtok;ymudkolhk’miko-yfltg8u9eo;os^kp ]q’.lj
czjo-y]y7vo0t|kfohvp c]t lhk’gxao;q’9vo];,gmy’czjofa’j djk; g-yj’gryjogvUo;kj wv-u
(IC = Intergrated Circuit)D

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D! 52

I6[ #D!* ;q’9vo];, s^n wv-u (IC = Intergrated Circuit)

[=]ylaf wv[ugva, g]u,j .-h wv-u da[g7nvj ’7v,ry;g8uI5oj ]t[q[ #(W c[[ !$& (system
370 model 145)D rafmtokdko0v’wv-u gIaf.shg7njv’7v,ry;g8u,u7;k,la[-hvol6’0BoF
,u;q’9vodkoxt8y[af’ko mujgIafdko7eo;o9eo;og8a,wfhgxaos^kp]hkogmnvj 8+;yokmuD ovd
9kdoAoF pa’,udkorafmtok|;j p7;k,9e mu.j -hwv-ugIaf.sh,aolk,kf[ao95wfhs^kp0BoD .o
dkorafmtokg[Nv’8Qo gryjolk,kfzt]yfwv-umuj,u|;j p7;k,9ewfhs^kpdy3][yf8+-y[ (ki-
lobit/chip) c]t gru,j 0Bo8k,]efa[D 0totfP;dao d=wfh,udkorafmtokmk’fhkov5xtdvo
gda[0=h,6o,kgxao Ikffyf (hard disk) 3fpoegvqkczjo[aombds^kpMczjo,k;k’-hvoF
,usq;vkj os^kpsq; c]t gxaol;j oxtdv[mulj e7ao0v’g7nvj ’7v,ry;g8u
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ #D!( Ikffyf (hard disk)

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D! 53

fh;pdko.-hwv-ugxaol;j oxtdv[ gIaf.shg7nvj ’7v,ry;g8u,u0t|kfohvp]q’ ]k7k4nd
]q’ 9b’j ,udkozt]yfg7njv’7v,ry;g8us^kp0Bo [=]ylafz6hzt]yfd=gduf0Bos^kp c]t 0kpwfhfu
.op5doAoD g7nvj ’7v,ry;g8umuj,u0t|kfohvpoU gvUo;kj ,you7v,ry;g8u (mini computer)

le]a[.oxtgmf]k;gIqk dkooe.-h7v,ry;g8u1jk’czjs^kp c,jog]u,j 9kdxt,ko xu
!__W 3fpltgrkt.ovq’dvo muj,u37’dko0v’8jk’xtgmf,k-j;pgs^nvD

5. 7v,ry;g8u.op5d ;ucv;gvlwv (VLSI= Very Large Scale Intergrated

Circuit)

g8ad3o3]-umk’fhkodkozt]yf;q’9vogvg]ad38ioyd ,u7;k,dhk;|hk1jk’8+gonvj ’,u
dkolhk’gxao;q’9vo];,mu,j u0t|kf.spj ,kI;j ,]q’.lj czoj -y]y7vo0t|kfohvp gvUo;kj
;q’9vo;ucv;gvlwvD ,aogxao;q’9vomujlk,kfoegvqk miko-yfltg8u9eo;os^kp]hkovao
,kIj;,dao16j.oczoj -y]y7vo0t|kfohvp c]t lhk’.shgxao|j;pxt,;ozqo0v’ g7njv’7v,
ry;g8umulj a[-hvo gvUo;jk w,37i3xig-afg-u (microprocessor)D

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ #D!) ;q’9vo;ucv;gvlwvD

dko.-h;q’9vo;ucv;gvlwv gxao;q’9vorkp.og7nvj ’7v,ry;g8u gIaf.shg7njv’,u0t
|kfohvpd;kj g7nvj ’7v,ry;g8umu.j -hg8ad3o3]-umiko-yfltg8u c8,j uxtlyfmyrk[l6’0BoD gryjo
gvUo,ao;jk w,37i7v,ry;g8u (micro computer) c]t gxaog7njv’mucj zsj ^kp c]t ,u.-h
daomqj;3]d gxao9eo;os^kpD

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D! 54

d=]toumugj 7nvj ’7v,ry;g8u,u7;k,lk,kfl6’ phvo;kj ;q’9vo;ucv;gvlwv s^n mugj vUo;jk
-y[ rP’vaofP; ,aod=lk,kflhk’gxao|;j pxt,;ozqo0v’g7njv’ma’]t[q[ s^n gxao|j;p
7;k,9emuj,u7;k,[ao95l6’ s^n gxaov5xtdvo7;[75,dkogIaf;Pd8kj ’MD 0totfP;dao
rafmtokdko0v’Ikffyf d=gIaf.shIkffyf,u0t|kfohvp]q’ ,u7;k,[ao95gruj,0Bo c8j,u
]k7k4nd]q’D g7nvj ’w,37i7v,ry;g8u9b’j ,u0t|kf8A’c8gj mqjk/k,n mujgvUo;kj xk,mav[
(palmtop)F g7njv’7v,ry;g8u0t|kf4nwx,kwfh mugj vUo;kj c][mav[ (laptop) s^n 3of[5d
(notebook) c]t g7njv’7v,ry;g8u0t|kf8A’38t (desktop).

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ #D!_ g7njv’w,37i7v,ry;g8uG xk,mav[ (palmtop)F c][mav[ (laptop) s^n
3of[5d (notebook) c]t g7njv’7v,ry;g8u0t|kf8A’38t (desktop).

w,37i7v,ry;g8ugxaog7nvj ’mujlk,kf.-h;Pdwfh’jkp c]t ,u-v[c;leg]afI6[.odko
gIaf;Pd’ko9eo;os^kp g-ajoG -v[c;xt,;o7e (word processing)F -v[c;8k8t
]k’7eo;o (spread sheet) c]t -v[c;dik2yd (graphic softwares) gxao8QoD

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D! 55

6. 7v,ry;g8u.op5dg7nv0jkp

;q’9vo;ucv;gvlwv wfhIa[dkorafmtok.sh,u7;k,|kc|ho0v’9eo;omiko-yflt
g8us^kp0Bog]NvpM 9qo.oxaf95[ao gryjolk,kfzt]yfczjo-u]y7vo0t|kfohvpmulj k,kf[ao95
miko-yfltg8ugxao9eo;os^kp gru,j 0Bogxaolv’gmqjk.om5dM !) gfnvo c]t gIaf.sh;q’9vo
|;j pxt,;ozqodk’,u7;k,lk,kfs^kp0BoD

g,nvj w,37i7v,ry;g8u ,u7;k,lk,kfl6’0BoF dkogIaf;Pd’kod=;jv’w;0BoF dko
ltcf’zqo c]t dko9afdko0=h,6od=gIafwfhs^kp0Bo lk,kfxt,;ozqo c]t ltcf’zqowfh
gmnjv]ts^kp1jk’D ,ao9b’j gIaf.sh7v,ry;g8u gIaf;Pdwfhs^kp1kj ’rhv,daoD faj’9tgsaowfh9kd
3xicdi,9afdko (operation softwares) xtgrf ;yo3f (Windows) .oxaf95[ao mujgIaf.sh
7v,ry;g8u g7nvj ’|b’j gIaf;Pds^kpvaorhv,daowfhF 0totfP;daod=,udkog-nvj ,8+daogxaog7nv
0jkp7v,ry;g8u.ovq’dvomugj Iaf;Pdgxaod5j, (workgroup) 3fp.-hg7nv0jkpmhv’4yoj mujgvUo;jk
c]o (LAN sp=h,k9kd Local Area Network)D g,nvj g-njv,dkogIaf;Pds^kpMd5j,
0v’vq’dvog0Qkskdao gdufgxaog7nv0kj p7v,ry;g8u0v’vq’dvo gvUo;jk vyomikcoaf
(Intranet) c]t skdoeg7nv0kj p0v’vq’dvog0qhkl6jg7nv0kj plkdqomujg-nvj ,8+daomqj;3]d
d=gvUo;kj G vyog8ucoaf (Internet).
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ #D@W c]o (LAN)F vyomikcoaf (intranet) c]t vyog8ucoaf (internet)

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D! 56

7. g8ad3o3]-ulnjxtlq, (Multimedia)

7v,ry;g8u.op5dxaf95[ao gxao7v,ry;g8umujg-nvj ,8+.ljdaoF gIaf;Pd’koIj;,daoF lqj’
gvdtlko0=h7;k,]ts;jk’daoF lk,kfxt,;ozqo0=h,6oF I6[rk[F lP’ c]t ;yfu3vD w,37i
7v,ry;g8u.op5doU 9bj’gIaf;Pd’koda[lnjs^kp-toyf mujgvUo;kj lnxj tlq, (multimedia)D

g8ad3o3]-ulnxj tlq,gxaog8ad3o3]-u muj.-h7v,ry;g8ultcf’zqo.o]adltotxtlq,lnsj ^kp
-toyfg0Qkdao ma’8q;vadlvoF I6[rk[F lP’F rk[g7njvows; c]t ;yfu3v 3fpgoAodko
38h8v[ c]t ,uxt8ylerao4da[z6h.-hD vq’xtdv[0v’g8ad3o3]-ulnjxtlq,xtdv[fh;pG

1) 7v,ry;g8ugxaog7njv’,nmugj Iaf.shr;dgIqkwfhpyo wfhgsao lk,kf38h8v[c[[xt8yle

raowfhD

2) dkog-njv,8+lnlj ko gIaf.sh0=h,6o8kj ’M g-nvj ,8+g4y’dao c]t oeltg|uwfhD

3) -v[c; lk,kf-j;p.shr;dgIqk.-h0=h,6o9kdlnjs^kp-toyfIj;,daowfhD

4) dkogIaf;Pdc[[lnxj tlq, 3fp.-h0=h,6o0jklko.oI6[c[[lnxj tlq,mujz6h.-hlhk’0BoD

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ #D@! g8ad3o3]-ulnjxtlq, 57

oko5dq,]k;F lt[a[rklkg7Qkgfu, 3fp l5[yorit
xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!

dyf9tde ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

1. .shoadIPolts^5[;y;afmtokdko0v’7v,ry;g8u.oc8j]tp5dD
2. 9q’j 8nj,0=h7;k,.oc8j]txt3spd.shlq,[6o 3fp.-h7emujdeoqf.shfaj’oUG p5dxts;aflkfF p5d

s^vfl6opkdkfF p5dmiko-ufltg8uF p5d;q’9vo];,F p5d;ycv]gvlwv c]t p5dg7nv0kj pD
• w,37i7v,ry;g8ugxaog7njv’mujzt]yf.op5d……………………
• p5d…………………7v,ry;g8u,u0t|kfohvp]q’ gvUo;jk w,37i 7v,ry;g8uD
• 7v,ry;g8u.op5d……………lk,kfgIaf;Pdrhv,daos^kp7qo c]t lk,kf8yf

8+skdaowfh ]ts;jk’7v,ry;g8u0v’z6h.-h mu1j 6lj t4komu8j kj ’daoD
• vyoycvadg-yj’gxaog7njv’7eo;o.op5d…………9b’j gxao7v,ry;g8u muj.-h.o;Pd’ko

mqj;wx7A’mevyf0v’3]dD
• ]6d7yf4n;kj gxaog7nvj ’7eo;o.op5d……………………
• ,udkorafmtokdkolhk’7v,ry;g8u3fpgIaffh;pmiko-ylg8u.sh,u0t|kfohvp]q’ 9qo

lk,kf[ao95,ao]q’.lgj my’czoj -u]y7vo0t|kfohvpwfhgxao9eo;os^kp c,oj 16.j op5d

……………………
• .op5d…………………,uz6hrtpkpk,lhk’g7njv’7eo;o.oI6[c[[w,h[aomafD
• 7v,ry;g8u.op5d………………4nwfh;kj gxaoIkd4ko0v’dkorafmtokg7nvj ’

7v,ry;g8u9aog4y’xaf95[aoD
• dkogIaf;Pd0v’7v,ry;g8u.op5d………………….-h;ymudko 7;[75,dkows^

0v’dtclgvg]ad8iq’mujc]oj zkj o8k|kj ’D
• g7nvj ’7eo;o0v’xkldko g-y’j gxaog7nvj ’7eo;o.op5d……………… c]t

gxaog7nvj ’muj[;d c]t ]q[fh;pdqowd0v’\kdg2nv’mu0j afdaoD

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D! 58

[qfmu $ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

xtgrfF 7;k,lk,kf c]t I6[c[[dkoxt,;ozqo0v’7v,ry;g8u

zjkodkoIPo[qfoU oadIPolk,kfG

• I6hdko9afxtgrf0v’7v,ry;g8u
• I6h7;k,lk,kfrNo4ko0v’7v,ry;g8u
• I6hI6[c[[dkoxt,;ozqo0v’7v,ry;g8u

7e4k,7Qo7;hkG

• dko9afxtgrf0v’7v,ry;g8ugxaowx7nco;.fL
• lyj’.fmulj tcf’g4y’7;k,lk,kfrNo4ko0v’7v,ry;g8uL
• dkoxt,;ozqo0v’7v,ry;g8u,u9adI6[c[[ c]t c8j]tI6[c[[gxao7nco;.fL

d=]toulbdlkG

g,njvzkj o,kF oadIPoskdI6h9adrafmtokdko0v’7v,ry;g8u c]t ]adltotmqj;wx
0v’g7njv’7v,ry;g8u.oc8j]tp5dc]h;F ,kIvfxaf95[ao gryjo9afc[j’xtgrf0v’7v,ry;g8u
co;.fL gIqk]v’7yfg[yj’;jk gxaospa’g7njv’7v,ry;g8u 9b’j 4ndoypq,.-hdao1jk’czsj ^kp c]t
phvoxafw9vao.fcf0j v’,ao 9b’j gIaf.sh,to5fgIqkxt]t7;k,w;h;k’.9w;hda[,aowfh .og,njv
8hv’dko.sh,ao-j;pcdhw0;Pd’ko8kj ’M [+;kj 9tgxao;Pd’kolj;o8q; s^n l;j o];,.ovq’
dvoL

1. xtgrf0v’7v,ry;g8u

faj’mujwfhdkj ;zjko,k 7v,ry;g8uwfhIa[dkorafmtok,ks^kpw]pt skdoe,k9ecod
xtgrf8k,0t|kfF ]k7k c]t xtlyfmyrk[.odkoxt,;ozqoc]h; 9t,uma’\qf $ -toyf7n
-6[gxu7v,ry;g8u (Supercomputer)F g,o2tgia,7v,ry;g8u (Mainframe Computer)F
,uou7v,ry;g8u (Minicomputer) c]t w,37i7v,ry;g8u (Microcomputer/Personal
Computer)D

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D! 59

1.1 -6[gxu7v,ry;g8u (Supercomputer)
gxao7v,ry;g8umuj,u0t|kf.spmj ujl5fF ,u7;k,w;.odkoxt,;ozqol6’mujl5f c]t lk

,kfxt,;ozqo7elaj’wfhs^kpd;jk !WW ]hko7ela’j 8+;yokmuD fh;p7;k,w;l6’l5f.o|hkmuj
xt,;ozqoF -6[gxu7v,ry;g8u9b’j ,u]k7kcr’s^kp .-h.o|;j p’kole7aoMF g\ktlq,da[
;Pd’komu8j hv’dko7;k,]tvPf c]t 7;k,4nd8hv’c,jo1e.odko7eo;ol6’.o;Pd
’komu8j hv’,udko;yg7ktmujla[-hvo c]t ;Pd’komu7j v,ry;g8u-toyfvnoj [+lk,kfIa[Iv’wfh
g-aoj G ;Pd’kodPj ;da[dkortpkdvovkdkfF ;Pd’ko;yw9mk’fhko;ymtpklkfF dko;yw9
rt]a’’koou;7tg]pF ;Pd’ko;yw9mk’fhko2u-yd c]t g7,u gxao8QoD -6[gxu7v,ry;g8u
mujgxaomuIj 6h9ad.oxaf95[ao g-ajoG CRAY Supercomputer 9kdz6hzt]yf Cray Research.

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ $D! -6[gxu7v,ry;g8u

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D! 60

1.2 g,o2tgia,7v,ry;g8u (Mainframe Computer)
gxaog7nvj ’7v,ry;g8umuj,u0t|kf.spIj v’]q’,k9kd-6[gxu7v,ry;g8u ,u7;k,w;.o

dkoxt,;ozqol6’s^kp c8|j hvpd;jk-6[gxu7v,ry;g8uD g,o2tgia,7v,ry;g8ulk,kfxt
,;ozqo7ela’j wfh !W ]hko7elaj’8+;yokmu fh;p7;k,w;l6’l5fIv’9kd-6[gxu7v,ry;g8u .o
|hkmuxj t,;ozqo c]t ,u]k7kcr’Iv’]q’,kD 7v,ry;g8uxtgrfoU 9b’j g\ktlq,da[[k’
|;j p’koF g\ktda[;Pd’komu,j u0=h,6omu9j t8hv’xt,;ozqorhv,dao9eo;os^kp c]t g\kt
lq,da[z6hmu8j hv’dko.-hs^kprao7qorhv,dao.o]t[q[ g-aoj G ;Pd’ko.omtok7koF ;Pd’ko
gda[dele,t3o7q;{xt-kdvo0v’xtgmfF ;Pd’kodko[yoF c]t ;Pd’kodkolbdlk
gxao8QoD ovd9kdoU g,o2tgia,7v,ry;g8u pa’g\ktlq,da[;Pd’kofhko;ylt;tdelkfF
dko7;[75j,]t[q[g7nv0kj pF ;Pd’korafmtok]t[q[ c]t ;Pd’kom5]tdyfD

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ $D@ g,o2tgia,7v,ry;g8u 61

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!

g7njv’g,o2tgia,7v,ry;g8uda[-6[gxu7v,ry;g8u ,u7;k,w;.odkoxt,;ozqo.dh7P’ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
dao 3fpxP[mP[daowfhrP’[k’,5,,v’gmqkj oAoD g-ajo.ofhko0v’dkoxt,;ozqo3xicdi,
rP’[+gmqkj .f3xicdi,muj8hv’dko7;k,w; c]t 7;k,]tvPf.odkoxt,;ozqoF -6gxu
7v,ry;g8ufud;jkg,o2tgia,7v,ry;g8ucojovo c8jskdxP[mP[.ofhkodkoxt,;ozqofh;p
s^kp3xicdi,.og;]kfP;daoF g,o2tgia,7v,ry;g8u9t,u7;k,w;s^kpd;kj -6gxu7v,ry;
g8uD phvo7;k,c8d8kj ’fa’j djk;gduf9kd;af45xtlq’.odkozt]yfg7njv’7v,ry;g8uma’lv’xt
grfc8d8jk’daooAogv’D g4y’1jk’.fd=8k, |j;p’ko s^n vq’dvod=7;og]nvdxtgrf0v’
g7nvj ’7v,ry;g8u.shg\ktlq,da[-toyf0v’’kofh;pD z6hzt]yfg,o2tgia,7v,ry;g8u,u IBM
c]t Hewlett Packard.

1.3 ,uou7v,ry;g8u (Minicomputer)
gxaog7nvj ’7v,ry;g8umu1j 6j]ts;jk’g,o2tgia,7v,ry;g8uda[-6[gxu7v,ry;g8uF faj’oAoF 9bj’

vkf9tgvUowfh;jkgxao Mid-range Computer s^n Midsize ComputerD ,uou7v,ry;g8u
,u7;k,w;.odkoxt,;ozqo|hvpd;jk c8,j u]k7k4ndd;jkD g4y’1kj ’.fd=8k, ,uou7v,ry;g8u
pa’g\ktlq,da[;Pd’komu,j u0=h,6o9eo;os^kp Xc8|j hvpd;jk;Pd’komujg\ktlq,da[ g,o2t
gia,7v,ry;g8u? Iv’Ia[dko.-h;Pdrhv,dao0v’z6h.-hs^kp7qo g-yj’oa[gxaos^kpIhvp7qoD
.olt4kolbdlk8kj ’M c]t [k’|j;p’ko0v’]af oypq,.-h7v,ry;g8uxtgrfoUD 8q;1kj ’
[=]ylafzt]yf7v,ry;g8uxtgrfoU ,u DEC c]t NEC.

I6[ $D# ,uou7v,ry;g8u

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D! 62

1.4 w,37i7v,ry;g8u s^n 7v,ry;g8ulj;o[5d7qo (Microcomputer/Personalສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

Computer)

gxaog7njv’7v,ry;g8umuj,u0t|kfohvp lk,kfg7nvj ophkpwx,kwfhltf;d c8jdkoxt
,;ozqo9t-hkd;jk,uou7v,ry;g8uD g7njv’7v,ry;g8ulj;o[5d7qowfhIa[7;k,oypq,.odkooe,k
.-hdao1kj ’czjs^kp gonvj ’9kd;jk ,ao,u]k7k4ndF lk,kf.-h;Pd3fpz6h.-h7qofP; (Stand-
alone) s^n g-njv,8+daogxaog7nv0jkpgrnjv8yf8+lnjlkoda[7v,ry;g8ug7njv’vnjowfhD ovd9kdoAoF
phvog8ad3o3]-umujdhk;|hks^kp0Bo 9bj’gIaf.shg7nvj ’7v,ry;g8ulj;o[5d7qolk,kfg-njv,3p’
g0Qkda[]t[q[g7nv0kj pvyog8ucoaf 8yf8+lnjlkoda[7qovnoj wfhmqj;3]dD 7v,ry;g8ul;j o[5d7qo
pa’g\ktlq,le]a[;Pd’komq;j wx g-ajoG dkoxt,;o7ela[ (Word Processing)F dko.-h
8k8t]k’7eo;o (Spreadsheet)F dko[ao-u (Accounting)F dko9afmelyj’ry, (Deskstop
Publishing) c]t ;PddjP;da[4ko0=h,6od=lk,kfIa[Iv’wfh gxao8QoD

7v,ry;g8ul;j o[5d7qo skd9ecod8k,[=]ylafz6hzt]yfwfhcdj IBMF IBM Compatible
c]t Macintosh. c8jskd9ecod8k,0t|kf c]t ]adltot0v’ g7l XCase? g-yj’sp=h
,k9kd ChassisD Case \kpg4y’ 37’3]stle]a[xtdv[gxao-Uolj;o0v’7v,ry;g8u g-ajoG
g,o[vf (Mainboard) 7kfltcf’ c]t vnjoM X]kpvPf9twfhdkj ;g4y’.oxB,c[[IPo
ICT 0Ao ,D@ c]t ,D#? lk,kfc[’j wfhfaj’oUG

- 7v,ry;g8uc[[8A’38t (Desktop) gxaog7njv’c[[rNo4ko g\ktlq,da[dko8A’
gmy’38tgIaf;Pdmq;j wx c]t wfhIa[7;k,oypq,s^kp.odkooe,k.-h;Pd16.j ogInvoF
leoad’koF [=]ylaf s^n rkp.ovq’dvo8kj ’MD 7v,ry;g8uc[[8A’38tc[’j vvdgxao @
I6[c[[7nG c[[ gfalmav[ XDesktop Model? c]t c[[ 3mg;u XTower Model?
XI6[ $D$?

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D! 63

I6[ $D$ c[[ gfalmav[ XDesktop Model? c]t c[[ 3mg;u XTower Model?

9kdI6[8q;1jk’9tgsao;kj Desktop Model 9t;k’|;j p|hk9= (Monitor)
w;hgmy’ Case c]t ]adltotdko;k’ 9t;k’8k,mk’ovo g-y’j 9txt1afgoNvmuDj
lj;o Tower Model 9t;k’ Case mk’8A’ c]t 9tlYogxnv’goNvmuj.odko;k’
s^kpd;kj D g4y’1kj ’.fd=8k, ]adltot0v’dko;k’fa’j dkj ; gxaorP’rNo4ko
.ovtfufD xaf95[aowfh,udkofafcx’ Case ma’lv’]adltot .shlk,kf;k’wfhma’
lv’I6[c[[ grnvj 7;k,1nf15o.odko;k’g7njv’D
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ $D& Desktop Model c]t Tower Model muj,udkofafcx’ Case

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D! 64

- 7v,ry;g8u3of[5d (Notebook Computer) gxao7v,ry;g8ulj;o[5d7qomuj,u0t|kf
ohvp ,uoE|adg[qk c]t [k’d;kj c[[8A’38t g-yj’lk,kf4n8yf8q;wx,k8k,
lt4komuj8kj ’Mwfhltf;dD 7v,ry;g8uc[[oU 9t,u|j;p|hk9= c]t cxhory,
(Keyboard) 8yfda[8q; Case gIafgxao0=hc8d8jk’mugj saowfh-afg9o g,njvxP[mP[da[
7v,ry;g8ulj;o[5d7qoc[[8A’38tD le]a[ g,qkl (Mouse) c]t ]e3r’3fpI6[
]adltotrNo4koc]h; 9t16j8yfda[8q;g7njv’D c8sj kd,uz6h.-h[+4t|af d=lk,kfsk
v5xtdvofaj’dkj ; ,k8yf8A’rkpovdwfhD ovd9kdoU 3of[5d7v,ry;g8ugv’pa’,u
dkorafmtok c]t vvdc[[I6[]adltot0v’g7nvj ’.shohvp c]t g[qk]q’d;jkgfu,
lk,kf;k’w;hgmy’|hk8adwfhD faj’oAoF 9b’j gvUo3of[5d7v,ry;g8u vud1kj ’|b’j ;jk
7v,ry;g8uc]a[mav[ (Laptop Computer) oAogv’D

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ $D* Notebook s^n Laptop Computer

- 7v,ry;g8ugma[[tc]af (Tablet Computer) gxao7v,ry;g8ulj;o[5d7qomuj,u
]adltot7hkp7n3of[5d7v,ry;g8u c8j9t,u7;k,c8d8kj ’dao16jmu7j v,ry;g8ugma[[t
c]af lk,kfxhvo0=h,6ozkj o9=rk[wfh8k,g8ad3o3]-u0v’z6hzt]yf g-aoj G dko.-h
xkddk-toyfryglfmujlk,kf0Po]q’gmy’9=rk[ c]t .-h3xicdi,.odko-j;p
cx’8q;|a’ln0Pogs^qjkoAo.shgxao8q;vadlvomujg\nvoda[dkory,9kdcxhory,D

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D! 65

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ $D( Tablet Computer

- g7nvj ’7v,ry;g8u0t|kf,n4n (Handheld Computer) gxao7v,ry;g8umuj,u
0t|kfohvpd;jk3of[5d7v,ry;g8u c]t 7v,ry;g8ugma[[tc]af 7n,u0t|kfgmqjk
/k,nF 4nrP’,nfP;wfhF lk,kf.l4j q’wx,kwfhltf;ds^kpd;jkD 7v,ry;g8uc[[oU
lk,kfgda[0=h,6owfhs^kp c8jcxhory, c]t |hk9=,u0t|kfohvpD [k’I5oj .-hxkd

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D! 66

dk-toyfryglf.odkooegvqk0=h,6og0QkD g7njv’7v,ry;g8u0t|kf,n4noU 4ndvvd
c[[,kgrnvj gIaf|hkmuj mujgxaov5xtdvo9afdko c]t gda[0=h,6o0jk;lkolj;o[5d7qo
(Personal Information Manager: PIM) g-ajoG 8k8t]k’g;]kF xt8ymyooaf\kpF
lt,5f3m]tla[ c]t lt,5f[aombd gxao8QoD 7v,ry;g8uc[[oU muoj ypq,.-h.oxaf95[ao
,u-njgvUodao;kj xk,mHv[ (Palmtop) c]t rufuvk (PDA: Personal Digital

Assistant).

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
I6[ $D) Palmtop c]t PDA

2. 7;k,lk,kf0v’7v,ry;g8u

7v,ry;g8uwfhIa[7;k,oypq,oe,k.-h.o;Pd’ko8kj ’M1kj ’czsj ^kp.oxaf95[ao gonjv’
9kd]k7kmu4j nd]q’c]h; pa’,uvudgsfzqo|bj’mugj xaoxafw9]efa[mevyfmujz6h.-hry9k]tokdvj o
8aflyo.9-Nd=7nG 7;k,lk,kf 0v’g7njv’7v,ry;g8u mucj 8d8kj ’daovvdwx8k,7;k,w;0v’
|;j pxt,;ozqo X]kp]tvPfc,jo9twfhIPo160Ao ,D@?F rkdlj;ovnoj M 0v’g7nvj ’7v,ry;g8u
c]t oa[ma’xtgrf0v’,ao d=lqj’zqo8+7;k,lk,kfwfhg-ajodaoD c8j3fpmqj;wxc]h; 7v,ry;g8u
9t,u7;k,lk,kfrNo4komujle7ao vaogIaf.shz6h.-hsao,koypq,.-hdao ,ufaj’oUG

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D! 67

• fhko7;k,w; (Speed)
7v,ry;g8ugxaog7nvj ’,nmu,j u7;k,lk,kf.odkoxt,;ozqo0=h,6ofh;p7;k,w;l6’ oa[
8A’c8vj tfuf9qog4y’xaf95[ao 9tgsaowfh;jk vaf8k7;k,w;.odkoxt,;ozqo0v’
g7njv’9tgru,j 0Bogxao @ gmqkj .om5dMxuD

8k8t]k’ltcf’7;k,w;.odkoxt,;ozqo0v’7v,ry;g8uG

sq;|;j p7;k,w; laopt]ad 7kj 7;k,w;
,y]u;yokmu (Milisecond) ms !}!W# ;yokmu

w,37i;yokmu (Microsecond) µs !}!W* ;yokmu
!}!W_ ;yokmu
ok3o;yokmu (Nanosecond) ns !}!W!@ ;yokmu

xy3d;yokmu (Picosecond) ps

• fhko7;k,4nd8hv’c,jo1e (Accuracy) ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
ovd9kd7;k,w;.odkoxt,;ozqo0=h,6oc]h; 7v,ry;g8upa’lk,kf xt,;ozqo
vvd,kwfh1kj ’4nd8hv’c,jo1evudfh;pD

• fhko7;k,|hkg-nvj 4n (Reliability)
9kd7;k,lk,kf.o @ 0=hmevyf g,njv7e8v[wfhIa[9kdg7njv’7v,ry;g8u,u7;k,
;vj ’w; c]t 4nd8hv’c,oj 1ec]h; gIaf.shzqoIa[muwj fh,u7;k,|hkg-njv4nD

• fhkodkogda[0=h,6o (Storage)
7v,ry;g8ulk,kfgda[0=h,6owfh1jk’s^;’s^kp 3fp.-hgoNvmuj.odkogda[rP’0t|kf
gmqkj da[czoj fyfltcdfczjoohvpMgmqjkoAoD

• fhkodkophkp0=h,6o (Moving Information)
dkog7nvj ophkp0=h,6orkp.o7v,ry;g8ulk,kfgIafwfh1kj ’;jv’w; ];,g4y’dkole
goqk0=h,6o d=lk,kfgIafwfh1kj ’;jv’w;g-ajodaoD

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D! 68

• fhkodkolnlj ko (Communication)ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
z6h.-hlk,kf.-h7v,ry;g8ulnlj ko]ts;kj ’daowfh grnvj c[j’xao-a[rtpkdvo8kj ’Mw;h
.-h.o;Pd’koIj;,dao g-ajoG dko.-hg7njv’ry, c]t -v[c;7v,ry;g8uI;j ,daogxao
8QoD

• fhkodkogIaf;Pd’kos^kp1jk’wfh (Multitasking)
g7njv’7v,ry;g8ulk,kfgIaf;Pdwfhs^kpM1kj ’ g-aoj G ;Pd’kofhkodkory, gvdt
lkoF dko7eo;oF dko.sh7;k,[aogmy’ Xg[yj’|a’F 2a’gr’? c]t 8yf8+lnlj ko gxao
8QoD

3. I6[c[[dkoxt,;ozqo0v’7v,ry;g8u

g,nvj I6h;kj ]adltotmq;j wx c]t 7;k,lk,kf0v’7v,ry;g8ugxaoco;.fc]h; lyj’muj
7;oI6h8+wxd=7nI6[c[[dkoxt,;ozqo0v’7v,ry;g8u g-y’j ,u16sj ^kpI6[c[[D dkog]nvd.-hI6[
c[[dkoxt,;ozqomugj \ktlq, 9tlqj’zqofuda[dkogIaf;Pdrkp.ovq’dvo1kj ’s^;’s^kpma’
7;k,ltf;d;vj ’w; c]t xt1af-a[rtpkdvoD I6[c[[dkoxt,;ozqo0v’7v,ry;g8u wfh
cdj dkoxt,;ozqol;j o[5d7qo (Personal computing)F dkoxt,;ozqoc[[I;,l6o
(Centralized computing) c]t dkoxt,;ozqoc[[dt9kp (Distributed computing) g-y’j
,u]kp]tvPffa’j 8+wxoUG

3.1 dkoxt,;ozqolj;o[5d7qo
.odkofegouo’komk’m5]tdyf 7v,ry;g8ul;j o[5d7qo (Personal Computer s^n

Microcomputer) wfhg0Qk,k,u[qf[kfs^kp c]t ,udko.-h;Pd1kj ’czjs^kp g-yj’wfhg0Qk,k
,ul;j o-j;p.ofhkodkoxt,;ozqo c]t dkogda[0=h,6o8jk’M c]t dkofegouo’ko8kj ’M
0v’vq’dvoD

7v,ry;g8ul;j o[5d7qogxaolyj’muj-;j p.shdkoxt8y[af’kogxaowx1kj ’;vj ’w;D ;Pd’ko
lj;o.spj9tdjP;0hv’da[dkoxt,;o7ela[F fhkodik2ydF 8k8t]k’9afdkoF dkogda[0=h,6o
muj,u9eo;o[+s^kpF dkory,[qf]kp’koF dkoxa[c8j’gvdtlko c]t dko0Po3xicdi,
gxao8QoD

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D! 69

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
I6[ $D_ dkoxt,;ozqolj;o[5d7qo

dkoxt,;ozqoxtgrfoU g7nvj ’7v,ry;g8uc8j]tg7nvj ’[+lk,kf8yf8+lnjlkodaowfh s^n
g-njv,8+daowfhD skd8hv’dko.-h0=h,6oI;j ,dao9t8hv’legoqkwx.l|j j;p7;k,9eleIv’ g-ajo
czoj fyf 9kdg7njv’|b’j grnjv4jkp3vowxskvudg7nvj ’|bj’D

3.2 dkoxt,;ozqoc[[I;,l6o
gxao]t[q[muoj egvqkv5xtdvoxt,;ozqooa[ma’Ikfc; c]t -v[c;,kI;,w;h c]t

0Boda[7v,ry;g8urP’g7nvj ’fP; g-y’j vq’dvo0t|kf.sp9j t.-hdkoxt,;ozqoc[[I;,l6o
da[g7njv’7v,ry;g8uxtgrfg,o2tgia, (Mainframe Computer)D .o]t[q[ 9t,uz6hgIaf|hkmuj
7;[75,dkoxt,;ozqo0v’7v,ry;g8urP’z6hfP; g-yj’gxaog]nvj ’mujsp5h’pkd.odkoxt8y[af
’koD faj’oAoF gryjo9b’j wfhrafmtokgxaodkoxt,;ozqoc[[c[af (Batch Processing) 3fp.-h
[afg9ktI6 (Punched Card) c]t gma[ (Tape) gxaov5xtdvooeg0Qk c]t gda[0=h,6oD 9kdoAoF
pa’,udkorafmtokdkoxt,;ozqoc[[vvow] (On-line Processing) g-y’j z6h.-hlk,kf

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D! 70

gIaf;Pdrhv,daowfhs^kp7qo (Multi-user) 3fpdkooegvqk0=h,6og0Qkzjkomk’g7nvj ’xkpmk’
0v’]t[q[ (Terminal/Dumb Terminal)D g7nvj ’oU 9tgxaog7njv’7v,ry;g8uc[[me,tfkF
,u]adltot7hkp7nda[7v,ry;g8ul;j o[5d7qo c8j9t,urP’cxhory, c]t |j;p9=rk[gmqkj oAoD
g7nvj ’ Terminal 9tg-njv,8+da[g7njv’7v,ry;g8u0t|kf.spmj uj8A’16lj t4komujvnoj c]t [+,u
|j;p[aombd0=h,6oF |;j p7;k,9e s^n |;j pxt,;ozqoD fa’j oAoF ,ao9bj’gda[0=h,6o s^n xt,;o
zqo.fM [+wfhg]upD g7nvj ’ Terminal 9t,urP’c8j|hkmujoegvqk0=h,6oxhvog0Qk c]t ltcf’
zqo0=h,6ogmqkj oAoD .op5dmevyf9tgxaog7njv’ Terminal c[[me,tfk (Dumb Terminal)
c8j8+,kwfh,u dkorafmtokgrnvj 8v[lt|v’7;k,8hv’dko0v’z6h.-hs^kp0Bo 9bj’dkp,k
gxaog7njv’ Terminal c[[lts^kf (Intelligent Terminal) g-y’j ,u7;k,lk,kf.odko
gIaf;Pd[k’1kj ’wfh g-aoj G g7njv’ gvmugv, gxao8QoD

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ $D!W dkoxt,;ozqoc[[I;,l6o

dkoxt,;ozqoxtgrfoU ,u0=h[qdzvj ’7n skd,u0=h,6ogxao9eo;os^kpF dkoxt,;ozqo
9t-hk]q’D phvo;jk,urP’g7nvj ’c,gj mqkj oAomujgIafdkoxt,;ozqo c]t 9afdkoda[0=h,6om5dM
l;j ooAogv’ 9b’j wfh,udkocdh[aoskfh;pdkoxt,;ozqoc[[dt9kpD

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D! 71

3.3 dkoxt,;ozqoc[[dt9kp
gonjv’9kd7v,ry;g8ulj;o[5d7qo,u0=h9edaf.odko8v[lt|v’7;k,8hv’dko0v’z6h.-h

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g7nv0kj p,u16sj ^kpI6[c[[ c8mj ujrq[gsaolj;os^kp9tgxaoc[[ Client/Server 3fpmujg7nvj ’
c,0j kj p (Server) 9tc9d1kp|hkmudj kogIaf;PdF dkoxt,;ozqo c]t 0=h,6o.shda[
7v,ry;g8uc,j0kj pfh;pdaogv’ s^n 7v,ry;g8u]6d0kj p XClient? mu,j uxtlyfmyrk[rP’r=
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I6[ $D!! dkog-nvj ,8+gxaog7nv0kj p Client/Server 72

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D!

xaf95[ao ovd9kddkodt9kpdkoxt,;ozqo c]t 4ko0=h,6oc]h;F fh;pdtcldko.-h
vyog8ucoafgru,j s^kp0Bom5d,NF dkoxt,;ozqoc[[dt9kp 9b’j wfh,udko9aflao|hkmudj ko
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ltgrkt gvUo;jk g;a[g-ug;u (Web Server)D

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ $D!@ dkog-njv,8+da[vyog8ucoaffh;p Web Server

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3. .shoadIPolts^5[I6[c[[dkoxt,;ozqo0v’g7njv’7v,ry;g8u.oc8j]tfhkoD

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D! 73

[qfmu & ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

[5d7t]kdvo c]t 9t]yptmemk’fhko7v,ry;g8u

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• I6h[5d7t]kdvo.o;q’dko7v,ry;g8u (Peopleware)
• I6hvk-u[mujdPj ;0hv’da[7v,ry;g8u (Computer Professional)
• I6h9t]yptmemk’fhko7v,ry;g8u (Computer Ethnics)

7e4k,7Qo7;hkG

• ,u[5d7qo.fcfmj udj Pj ;0hv’da[7v,ry;g8uL
• vk-u[mujdPj ;0hv’da[7v,ry;g8ugxao7nco;.fL
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dvoD [5d7qo.o|;j p’kovkf9tc[’j wfhfaj’oUG

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D! 74

• z6h.-h7v,ry;g8u (User)ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
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dtlkoF xhvo0=h,6og0Qkg7njv’7v,ry;g8uF dkolq’j 9qf\kpgvg]ad38ioyd gxao8QoD z6h
.-h[+9egxao8hv’I6hg8adoyd8kj ’M0v’7v,ry;g8u d=wfhD

• z6hf6c] c]t lhv,cx’7v,ry;g8u (Supporter or Technician)
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rhv,mu9j tgIaf;Pdwfh8ts^vfg;]kD d5j,7qogs^qkj oU9t,u7;k,I6hmk’fhkog8adoydF dko
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• z6h[=]ysko]t[q[7v,ry;g8u (System Menager or Administrator)
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8kj ’Mmk’fhko7v,ry;g8u.ovq’dvoD

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D! 75

2. vk-u[mujdPj ;0hv’da[7v,ry;g8u ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

.ola’7q,csj’0=h,6o0kj ;lkofaj’.oxaf95[aoF 7;k,lk,kf.odko.-h7v,ry;g8u c]t
]t[q[0=h,6o0jk;lkogxaoly’j le7aoD fa’j oAoF [5d7qomuj,u7;k,lk,kf.odko.-h c]t rafmtok
7v,ry;g8uF 3xicdi, c]t ]t[q[0=h,6o0kj ;lko 9b’j gxaomu8j hv’dko0v’lt4komuj xtdv[
dko c]t ;q’dkov5flkstde.ofhko8jk’M gxao1jk’pjy’D

2.1 vk-u[.ov5flkstde7v,ry;g8u
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• v5flkstdedkozt]yfv5xtdvo7v,ry;g8u
• v5flkstdedkozt]yf-v[c;7v,ry;g8u
• vk-u[rtoad’ko0=h,6o0jk;lko.o|;j p’ko]af c]t gvdt-qo
• vk-u[dPj ;da[dkolvo c]t g/ydvq[Iq,[5d7t]kdvomk’7v,ry;g8u
• vk-u[vnoj M.ov5flkstde7v,ry;g8u

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skgIaf;Pdgs^qjkoUvkfgIafwfh’kj p.os^kpxtgmf 3fpdko7Qoskg;a[w-9afsk’ko gxao8QoD

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D! 76

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ &D! 8ec|’j ’kodjP;da[7v,ry;g8ulk,kfskwfhgmy’ Web Site

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D! 77

• v5flkstdedkozt]yfv5xtdvo7v,ry;g8u ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
gxao;PddPj ;da[dkozt]yf 9e|jkpg7njv’ c]t -Yolj;o7v,ry;g8u g-aoj G |j;p9=rk[
g7nvj ’ry, czoj fyf c]t v5xtdvolnjlkoD
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9kd[=]ylafgs^qkj oU ,udko0tspkplk0kwx.oxtgmfvnjoMD
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oadrafmtok3xicdi, (Programmer)F oad;yg7kt]t[q[ s^n oadxt8y[afdko7v,ry;g8u
gxao8QoD c8sj kdla’gdf9kddkoxtdkfIa[lt,ad’ko xaf95[ao9tgsao;jk 8ec|j’mujdPj ;
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Development) c]t dkolt|a[lt|6o (Support)D

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D! 78

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
I6[ &D@ 8q;1jk’37’lhk’|;j p’ko0=h,6o0kj ;lko0v’vq’dvo.f|b’j

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z6h[=]ysko0=h,6o0kj ;lko]tfa[l6’ (Chief Information Officer: CIO) gxaoz6h[=]yskol6’l5f
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ot3p[kpmujwfhIa[ c]t 8k,czo’komu;j k’w;hD .ooAo |j;p’ko0=h,6o0jk;lko8hv’,udko
xtlko’koda[|;j p’kovnoj M 3fpdko9af8A’l6o.sh[=]ydko0=h,6o0jk;lko (Information
Service Unit) ma’|;j p’kovnoj c]t |j;p’ko0=h,6o0kj ;lkogv’ 9t0Bo16jda[z6h[=]ysko
]tfa[l6’0v’vq’dvo (Chief Excutive Officer)D ]kp]tvPf.o|hkmu0j v’ # rkdlj;o
muj|;j p’ko0=h,6o0jk;lko 9t8hv’wfhIa[zyf-v[,u7nfaj’oUG

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D! 79

- oadxt8y[afdko (Operator) |hkmu.j odkoxt8y[afdko0v’|j;p’ko0=h,6o ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
0jk;lko 9tgoAowxmujdkoxt8y[afdko c]t [e]5’Iadlk ma’.olj;o0v’]t[q[
c]t v5xtdvom5d1kj ’mudj Pj ;0hv’da[]t[q[7v,ry;g8uD z6hmujIa[zyf-v[.o;Pd
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Operator).

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lv[F [e]5’Iadlkv5xtdvoF 9af8P,lj;ooeg0Qk c]t vvd9kd]t[q[D oad;y-k
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]t[q[ g-y’j 0=h,6ofaj’djk;vkf9tgxao]kpdko (Transaction) 8kj ’M mujgduf0Bo
9kddkofegouo’ko.oc8j]t,N g-ajoG gvdtlko0kg0Qk{0kvvdF .[laj’-Nv5xt
dvo8kj ’M c]tvnjoMD le]a[vq’dvomu,j udkog-njv,8+7v,ry;g8ugxaog7nv0jkp
(Local Area Network: LAN) vudma’g-nvj ,g7nv0jkpoAog0Qkda[vyog8ucoaf
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Operator) mu,j u|hkmuj.sh7;k,ltf;d.olj;ooUD

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fu8ts^vfg;]kD [5d7t]kdvo.o|hkmujoU mujle7ao8hv’c,oj oad;yg7kt]t[q[
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xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D! 80

pa’9t8hv’;k’czo9afskv5xtdvogruj,g8u, s^n v5xtdvo.\Fj ;k’czo8yf8A’ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
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oad;yg7kt]t[q[wfh9af8P,w;h.shc]h; ,klhk’3xicdi,muj9tgIaf.shgdufzqoIa[
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grnvj Ia[zyf-v[.odkorafmtokg;[w-.shda[vq’dvoD

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[5d7qovnjo c]t lj;o];,wfhD

3.1 9t]yptme c]t dqf\kp (Ethnics and Laws)
0=hdeoqf.odko.-h7v,ry;g8uoAo 4nddeoqfgxaodqfgdo c]t lyfmy.odkog0Qkg4y’0=h,6o

w;h @ ;ymu 7n deoqffh;p9t]yptme c]t deoqffh;pdqf\kpD ma’ @ ;ymuoU,u95fxtlq’fP;dao7n
dkolhk’7;k,gxao]t[P[ c]t 7;k,IP[Ihvp I;,ma’75h,7v’lyfmylj;o[5d7qo.o]t[q[
0=h,6o0jk;lkoD c8mj a’9t]yptme c]t dqf\kpoAo,u7;k,c8d8kj ’dao.os^kpxtgfao g-y’j
gdufgxao[aosk0BoD 9t]yptmevkf9t7;[75, s^n [+7;[75,fh;pdqf\kpd=wfh faj’]kp]tvPf
.o8k8t]k’8+xoUG
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
7;k,c8d8kj ’dqf\kp c]t 9t]yptme

sq;0=h 9t]yptme dqf\kp
s^addkorNo4ko
[+,us^addko8kp8q; c]t gxaos^addko c]t dqfgdo8kp8q;F
z6h8aflyo7;k,
[qf]q’3mf 0Bo16dj a[9yfleobd0v’[5d xPj ocx’wfhpkdF ,u7;k,la[-hvo
dko[a’7a[.-h
7qo.ola’7q,

[5d7qoz6hdtme dko8aflyogxaowx8k,0t[;odko

mu]j afdeoqf0Bo

dko;yrkd;y9ko s^n 4nd xa[.\ s^n 9e75d s^n ma’9ema’xa[

]a’dPf9kdz6h7qo.ola’7q,

0Bo16jda[la’7q,oAo 0Bo16dj a[la’7q,oAo

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D! 89

3.2 xtgfaomudj Pj ;0hv’da[9k]yptmemk’fhko7v,ry;g8u ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
.o3]doU ,us^ad9t]yptme c]t dqf\kpmugj xaoco;mk’.odkoxtrbfxt8y[af0v’

,to5f1j6s^;’s^kp c]t c8d8jk’daowx8k,c8j]txtgmfD 7;k,c8d8jk’daooAo 0Bo16dj a[
0toq[meoP,;afmtotme c]t xtgrou0v’xtgmfoAoMD c8lj e]a[.op5dxaf95[ao mu,j udko
gduf0Bo0v’g8ad3o3]-u.\Mj c]t s^;’s^kp 3fpltgrktg8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0kj ;lko c]t
]t[q[0=h,6o0kj ;lko lqj’zqodtmq[8+;ymudkofegouo-u;yf0v’,to5f.shxjPocx’wx9kdgfu,
1kj ’gsaowfh-afg9oD ly’j mu8j k,,k7n[aosk.o95f8kj ’M mugj duf9kddkooegvqkg8ad3o3]-u c]t
]t[q[0=h,6o0jk;lkog0Qk,k.-hF gIaf.shgduf,u7;k,dPj ;0hv’.omk’9k]yptme.ofhko8jk’M
wfhcdj lyfmyl;j o[5d7qo (Privacy) 7;k,4nd8hv’ (Accuracy) 7;k,gxaog9Qk0v’
(Property) c]t dkog0Qkg4y’ (Access)D

3.3 lyfmylj;o[5d7qo (Privacy)
]t[q[0=h,6o0kj ;lkovkflqj’zqodtmq[8+z6hmujdPj ;0hv’ @ fhko 7n fhkodkptrk[ c]t

fhko0=h,6o0kj ;lkoD

• lyfmylj;o[5d7qomk’fhkodkptrk[ (Physical Privacy)
\kpg4y’ lyfmy.olt4komuj g;]k c]t -a[lyomuj[5d7qo,u grnjvs^ud]P’9kddko4nd
dhk;dkj p s^n 4nd]q[d;o9kd[5d7qovnjoD 9kddkorafmtok7;k,lk,kf.shgrj,u 0Bo
s^kp1kj ’8+gonvj ’0v’g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0kj ;lko gIaf.shz6h.-h,u-vj ’mk’muj9t]5d]E
lyfmyl;j o[5d7qo0v’z6hvnjowfhltf;d0Bo g-aoj G dkolqj’9qf\kpwIhlk]t (Junk
Mail)F dkolq’j 9qf\kp;Po s^n gvUo;kj ltcx,g,; (Spam Mail) gxao8QoD fa’j oAoF
z6h.-h;Pd.o]t[q[0=h,6o0kj ;lko8jk’M 9b’j 7;o7eob’g4y’0=hoUfh;p grnjv[+.shgxaodko
]q[d;o c]t ]5d]Elyfmy[5d7qo0v’z6hvnoj 9qogduowxD ovd9kddkolq’j 9qf\kp
gvg]ad38ioydc]h; pa’,udko.-hv5xtdvo8yf8+lnlj ko g-aoj G 3m]tla[ grnvj ]q[d;o
7qovnoj vudfh;pD

• lyfmylj;o[5d7qomk’fhko0=h,6o0jk;lko (Information Privacy)
lyfmyl;j o[5d7qomk’fhko0=h,6o0jk;lko.ooU 7n 0=h,6om;jq wxdPj ;da[8q;[5d7qo g-oja G -njF
mu1j 6j g[u3m]tla[g]d[afxt9e8q; gxao8Qo muj[5d7qovnjo[+lk,kfoewxgxufgzupwfh
skd[+wfhIa[vto5pkf9kdg9Qk0v’D xaf95[ao |;j p’ko0v’]af s^n gvdt-qo wfh,u

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D! 90

dko9afgda[0=h,6oxt-kdvo s^n ]6d7hk[k’l;j ow;h.o4ko0=h,6o g-aoj G |j;p’koສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
gda[delt4y8yxt-kdvo s^n mtok7ko gxao8QoD 0=h,6omu|j ;j p’ko8kj ’M wfhIa[
lyfmy.odkogda[w;hoAo skdg[yj’];,c]h; 9tgIaf.shI6hg4y’lt4kot7;k,gxao16j0v’
]6d7hk s^n xt-kdvowfhD g4y’;jk ]t[q[0=h,6o0jk;lko9tgIaf.shdko9afgda[0=h,6o
.o4ko0=h,6o,u7;k,xvfwrgxao1kj ’fu g-ajoG dkodeoqflyfmy.odkog0Qkg4y’0=h,6o
fh;p]tsaf c]t -njz6h.-h gxao8QoF c8jg8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0kj ;lkogv’d=gIaf.shz6h.-h
[k’7qo.o|j;p’komuxj t-kdvo s^n ]6d7hkw;h;k’.9 ]ad]v[g0Qkwx.-h0=h,6ogs^qkj oAo
.o4ko0=h,6o3fp[+wfhIa[vto5pkf c]t pa’oegvqkwxgzupcz.j omk’muj[+lq,7;oD
dkodtmefaj’dkj ;gIaf.sh]6d7hk s^n z6h.-h[=]ydkowfhIa[7;k,glpskp1kj ’.spsj ^;’
,ao9egxao9bj’8hv’,udko75h,7v’lyfmyl;j o[5d7qomk’fhko0=h,6o0kj ;lkogs^qjkoU .sh
s^kp0BoD

3.4 7;k,4nd8hv’ (Accuracy)
7;k,4nd8hv’0v’0=h,6o c]t 0=h,6o0jk;lkomujgda[16j.o4ko0=h,6o0v’]t[q[0=h,6o0kj ;

lko8kj ’M c,jo,u7;k,le7aos^kpD ovd9kd 0=h,6o c]t 0=h,6o0kj ;lkooAo9t8hv’,u
7;k,4nd8hv’c]h; z6hmujwfhIa[vto5pkf.shoeltg|u0=h,6o0kj ;lko8kj ’M pa’8hv’oeltg|u
0=h,6o0jk;lkooAo[+.shzyfrhPo s^n [+.sh[yfg[nvo.shz6hvjkogduf7;k,g0Qk.9zyfwfhD .ooU skd
0=h,6o0kj ;lkodjP;da[[5d7qomujgda[.o4ko0=h,6o,u7;k,zyfrkf vkfd+.shgduf7;k,glpskp
da[[5d7qooAowfh g-aoj G 0=h,6o]kpwfhxt9e0v’]6d7hkc,oj @WWDWWW du[ c8jg;]kgda[0=h,6o
w;h.o4ko0=h,6o rafgxao @WDWWW du[ c]t g,jvn oe,kry9k]tokvto5,aflyog-njv d=9tgIaf
.sh]6d7hk7qooU [+wfhIa[dkory9k]tok c]t glp3vdkfwx.omulj 5f s^n 4hkgxaooadIPo
g,nvj ,udko[aombd7tcoozyfrkf d=9tgIaf.shoadIPo7qooAo rkf3vdkf.odko7afg]nvd
gxao8QoD

3.5 dqf\kp-a[lyomk’xaopk (Intellectual Property Rights)
.o]t[q[0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko-v[c;muwj fhIa[dkorafmtok

0Bo,kgrnjvdko7hkoAo 9egxao8hv’wfhIa[7;k,75h,7v’.o7;k,gxaog9Qk0v’zt]yf8trao
oAoM .o4kotmugj xao -a[lyomk’xaopk (Intellectual Property) 0v’z6hzt]yfD phvo
.odkozt]yf8hv’.-hg’yo]q’mbo c]t de]a’7qogxao9eo;os^;’s^kp skd-v[c; s^n
oa[ma’g7njv’\kpdko7hk4nd]ad]v[wxgIaflegoqkF gIaf-E s^n xv,cx’grnjvoewx0kp8+

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D! 91

9td+.shgduf7;k,glpskp8+g9Qk0v’z6hgIafdkozt]yf1jk’,tsklkoD -a[lyomk’xaopkc[j’ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
vvdgxao # xtgrf 7nG

• ]y0tlyf (Copyrights)
]y0tlyfgxaodko.shlyfmycdjz6hzt]yf s^n xtfyfc8jrP’z6hfP; muj9tlk,kfgIafdko
9e]v’F 7af]vdF 37ltok s^n 0kply’j mulj hk’ s^n xtfyf0BoD le]a[dko]tg,uf
]y0tlyf 3fplj;os^kpc]h;9tgxaodko]t,uf]y0tlyfmk’fhko-v[c; (Software
Piracy) g-y’j 9tgxaodko7af]vd s^n zt]yf-v[c;-Eda[-v[c;mujwfh,udko9qf
]y0tlyfw;hc]h;D dko]tg,uf]y0tlyf-v[c; 4n;jkgxaodkodtmemuzj yfdqf\kpD

• g7njv’\kpdko7hk (Trademark)
g7nvj ’\kplyo7hk7n g7njv’\kpmuj.-h s^n 9t.-hgxaog7njv’\kpdjP;0hv’da[lyo7hk
c]t grnvj ltcf’;kj lyo7hkmu.j -hg7njv’\kp0v’g9Qk0v’dko7hkoAo c8d8jk’da[
lyo7hkmu.j -hg7nvj ’\kpdko7hk0v’[5d7qovnjoD

• lyfmy[af (Patent)
lyfmy[af \kpg4y’lyfmyryglf mujdqf\kp[aopaf.shg9Qk0v’lyfmy[af ,ulyfc8rj P’z6h
fP; .odkoltcs;’skzqoxt3spf9kddkoxtfyf s^n dkovvdc[[zt]yfrao
mujwfhIa[lyfmy[afoAo g-aoj G dkozt]yf c]t 9e|jkpgxao8QoD

dqf\kp-a[lyomk’xaopk9tgxaodkovhk’g4y’;Pd’komujlhk’ s^n zt]yf3fpoadxtfyfF
z6hxtrao c]t z6hlhk’lao g-y’j dqf\kp-a[lyomk’xaopkgxaoz6h75h,7v’zqo’komulj hk’ s^n zt]yf
0Bo grnvj xhv’dao[+.shz6hwfh7af]vd s^n gIaf-Egrnjvdko7hk3fp[+wfhIa[vto5pkfD le]a[[aosk
mugj duf0Bo.o3]d0v’]t[q[0=h,6o0kj ;lkoxaf95[ao7n dko]tg,uf-v[c; [+;jk9tgxaodko7af
]vdF gIaflegoqk c]t cdhw0 s^n oa[ma’fk;3s]f (dowload) -v[c;grnjvoe,k9e|kj p
3fpwfhIa[vto5pkfD s^kpxtgmfwfh.sh7;k,le7ao.odkoxkpxk, c]t xhv’dao[aoskoU
1jk’g0A,’;fD

[aosk.ofhko-a[lyomk’xaopkmujgduf0Bo ,u7;k,dPj ;0hv’da[9aopk[ao.odkooe.-h
7v,ry;g8u0v’z6h.-hmuj7;o,u grnvj [+.shlhk’7;k,glpskp.shz6hvnoj g-y’j 9twfhdjk;.osq;0=h8+wxD

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D! 92

3.6 9aopk[ao.odkooe.-h7v,ry;g8uສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
9aopk[ao \kpg4y’ xt,;o7;k,xtrbfmuzj 6hxtdv[vk-u[c8]j t1jk’deoqf0Bo grnjvIad

lk c]t lqj’glu,dPf8y75o -nlj P’ c]t 4kot0v’lt,k-yd g-ajoG 9aopk[ao0v’crfF
9aopk[ao0v’76{vk9ko s^n 9aopk[ao0v’z6hln0j kj ; gxao8QoD

.o;q’dko7v,ry;g8ug-aoj fP;dao z6hxtdv[vk-u[mudj Pj ;0hv’da[7v,ry;g8u ,us^kpvk
-u[ c8j]tvk-u[9t8hv’,u9aopk[ao grnjvgxao0v[g0f.odkoxtrbf8qo0v’z6hmuxj tdv[vk-u[
oAo g-aoj G 9aopk[ao0v’oad;yg7kt]t[q[muj7;o9qf9ew;hltg\u;kj [+7;ogxufgzup7;k,]a[
0v’[=]ylafmu8j qogIaf|hkmujoad;yg7kt16j s^n 9aopk[ao0v’oad0Po3xicdi, d=g-ajofP;daoD
[+7;o0Po3xicdi,w;iafco[wxda[3xcdi,mudj e]a’rafmtok.shda[[=]ylaf gxao8QoD le]a[
z6h.-h;Pd7v,ry;g8umqj;wx g4y’c,oj ;kj 9t[+wfhxtdv[vk-u[mk’fhko7v,ry;g8u3fpdq’d=8k,
c8dj ko.-h7v,ry;g8uwx.omk’mujzyf d=vkfd+.shgduf7;k,glpskp8+z6hvnoj wfhg-aoj daoD faj’oAoF
z6h.-h7v,ry;g8u9b’j 7;oxt8y[af8qo8k,9aopk[ao0v’z6h.-h7v,ry;g8u fa’j 8+wxoUG

9aopk[ao.odko.-h7v,ry;g8u ,ufa’j oUG

1. [+.-h7v,ry;g8ud+vkfltpkde s^n ]tg,uflyfmyz6hvnoj
2. [+.-h7v,ry;g8u]q[d;o7qovnoj M
3. [+medkolvfco,F cdhw0 s^n gxufg[y’j w2] gvdtlko7qovnoj djvowfhIa[vto5pkf
4. [+.-h7v,ry;g8u39]tde0=h,6o 0kj ;lko
5. [+.-h7v,ry;g8ulhk’s^ad4kogmaf s^n xv,
6. [+.-h7v,ry;g8u.odko7af]vd3xicdi,mu]j y0tlyf
7. [+.-h7v,ry;g8u.odko]tg,ufdko.-h-a[rtpkdvo7v,ry;g8u3fp8qogv’[+,ulyf
8. [+.-h7v,ry;g8ugrnjvoegvqkzqo’ko0v’z6hvnjo,kgxao0v’8qogv’
9. 8hv’7eob’g4y’lyj’muj9tgduf0Boda[la’7q, muj8k,,k9kddkodtmeoAo
10. 8hv’.-h7v,ry;g8ufh;p7;k,g7qk]q[F ]t[P[F dt8ydk c]t ,k]tpkfD

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D! 93

xt,;o7ela[

− 7;k,\kp0v’g8ad3o3]-u 0=h,6o0kj ;lko c]t dkolnlj koD |hk !F
|hk !F
− [qf[kf7;k,le7ao0v’g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0kj ;lko c]t dkolnjlkoD |hk !F

− zqodtmq[0v’ g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0kj ;lko c]t dkolnlj koD

− 0=h,6oF |hk @!F

− 0=h,6o0jk;lkoD |hk @@F

− lj;oxtdv[0v’]t[q[0=h,6o0jk;lkoD |hk @*D

− xt,;ozqo0=h,6oF |hk @_F

− dko9afdko0=h,6o0kj ;lkoD |hk $*F

− 7v,ry;g8u.op5dl6opkdkfD |hk $*F

− 7v,ry;g8u.op5dmiko-ufltg8uD |hk &WF

− 7v,ry;g8u.op5d;q’9vo];,D |hk &!F ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

− 7v,ry;g8u.op5dg7nv0jkpD |hk &&F

− g8ad3o3]-uxtlq,D |hk &*F

− xtgrf0v’7v,ry;g8uD |hk &)F

− 7;k,lk,kf7v,ry;g8uD |hk *&F

− [5d7t]kdvo.o;q’dko7v,ry;g8uD |hk (@F

− 9t]yptmemk’fhko7v,ry;g8uD |hk )(F

xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D! 94

lk]t[koI6[ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

I6[ !D! dkoles^;fvk;tdkf c,oj g8ad3o3]-u mugj xao|hklqo.9.oxaf95[aoDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD#
I6[ !D@ dq’]=h{g8da 3o3]-umu,j udkorafmtok8A’c8jltw\[6IkoDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD#
I6[ !D# 8q;1jk’0v’0=h,6o0jk;lkoDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD$
I6[ !D$ v5xtdvovhv,0hk’0v’g7nvj ’7v,ry;g8uDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD*
I6[ !D& dkolnlj ko3fpdkooe.-hg8ad3o3]-uDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD)
I6[ !D* g7njv’veo;p7;k,ltf;drkp.ogInvoDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD_
I6[ !D( dko4vog’yozjko86h ATM (Automatic Teller Machine) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD!W
I6[ !D) g,njvdjvo8hv’0kplyo7hk 3fpdq’.oIhko7hkc8xj af95[ao ]6d7hklk,kfla’j -Nlyo7hkzkj og7nv0kj pvyog8ucoaf
wfhgIaf.sh,u7;k,ltf;d c]t ;jv’w;0BoDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD!!
I6[ !D_ g;a[w-dt-;’lbdlkmydko c]t l6olt4y8y8jk’MDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD!@
I6[ !D!W 0=h,6o0jk;lkodPj ;0hv’da[7qom5d]tfa[DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD!#
I6[ !D!! 8q;1jk’dko.-hiu3,f (Remote) grnjv7;k,ltf;d.odko7;[75,3m]tmafDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD!$
I6[ !D!@ g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lkoda[dkoIPo{dkolvoDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD!&
I6[ !D!# rk[4kj p9kddkolnlj kozkj ofk;mP, c]t mk’|hkfyoltcf’ltrk[rNofyo c]t ;afcmd,qo]trk
;tDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD!*
I6[ !D!$ vk;5flq’7k,mujmaoltw\DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD!(
I6[ !D!& 8q;1kj ’dkozt]yflyo7hk.o3I’’kov5fltstdeDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD!)

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