Materials for Architects and Builders

484 SUSTAINABILITY

BRE IP 18/12 BR 487: 2007
Funding renewable energy projects. Designing quality buildings. A BRE guide.

BRE IP 19/12 BR 493: 2007
Sustainable information technology. Creating environmental weightings for
construction products. Results of a study.
BRE IP 22/12
Site layout planning for sunlight and solar BR 498: 2008
gain. Sustainability through planning. Local authority
use of BREEAM, EcoHomes and the Code for
BRE IP 23/12 Sustainable Homes.
Site layout planning for daylight.
BR 501: 2009
BRE IP 25/12 The Green Guide to Specification (4th edn).
Making use of carbon emissions in the built
environment. BR 502: 2009
Sustainability in the built environment. An
BRE IP 2/13 introduction to its definition and measurement.
Designing for future climate change. Lessons
learned from developing an adaption strategy. BR 506: 2009
Smart home systems and the Code for sustainable
BRE IP 3/13 homes.
Responsible sourcing of materials in
construction. EP 99: 2009
Sustainable masonry construction.
BRE IP 6/13
Surface water run-off in the Code for Sustainable EP 103: 2013
Homes. Designing resilient cities. A guide to good
practice.
BRE IP 7/13
Energy surveys and audits. A guide to best FB 24: 2010
practice. A guide to the simplified building energy model
(SBEM).
BRE IP 9/13
Lessons from AIMC4 for cost effective, fabric first, FB 44: 2012
low energy housing. Energy management in the built environment.
A review of best practice.
BRE IP 13/13
Building with confidence using renewable GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS
materials.
Department for Communities and Local Government.
BRE IP 16/13 2014: Code for sustainable homes and energy
Greener homes for Redbridge. Sustainable performance of buildings: Statistical release. London:
refurbishment of 19 dwellings. Communities and Local Government.

BRE IP 1/14 Department for Communities and Local Government.
Understanding the choices for building controls. 2011: Zero carbon non-domestic buildings. Phase 3.
Final report. London: Communities and Local
BRE IP 2/14 Government.
Operating BEMS. A practical approach to building
management systems. Department for Communities and Local Government.
2010: Code for sustainable homes – technical guide
BRE Reports November 2010. London: Communities and Local
Government.
BR Developer Sheet
EcoHomes 2006. The environmental rating for Department for Communities and Local Government.
homes. 2010: Code for sustainable homes – case studies.
Volume 2. London: Communities and Local
BR 390: 2000 Government.
The Green Guide to Housing Specification. An
environmental profiling system for building Department for Communities and Local Government.
materials and components used in housing. 2010: Summary of the changes to the code for
sustainable homes technical guidance. November 2010.
BR 418: 2001 London: Communities and Local Government.
Deconstruction and reuse of construction
materials.

SUSTAINABILITY 485

Department for Communities and Local Govern- ADVISORY ORGANISATIONS
ment. 2009: Definition of zero carbon homes and
non-domestic buildings. Consultation. Summary of Association for the Conservation of Energy, Westgate
responses. London: Communities and Local Govern- House, 2a Prebend Street, London N1 8PT (0207
ment. 359 8000).

Department for Communities and Local Government. BREEAM Centre, BRE, Garston, Watford, Hertford-
2008: Definition of zero carbon homes and non- shire WD25 9XX (01923 664462).
domestic buildings. Consultation. London: Commu-
nities and Local Government. Centre for Energy and the Environment, The Inno-
vation Centre, University of Exeter, Rennes Drive,
HM Government. 2011: Carbon plan. Delivering our Exeter, Devon EX4 4RN (01392 724144).
low carbon future. December 2011. London: HM
Government. Energy Saving Trust, 21 Dartmouth Street, London
SW1H 9BP (0300 123 1234).
UK Green Building Council. 2007: Report on carbon
reductions in new non-domestic buildings. London: Sustainability Centre, East Meon, Hampshire GU32
Communities and Local Government. 1HR (01703 823166).

Sustainable Homes Ltd, Marina House, 17 Marina
Place, Hampton Wick, Kingston-upon-Thames,
Surrey KT1 4BH (0208 973 0429).

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INDEX

ABS plastic 353, 356, 361 lead 230 foundation 56
Accoya 141 titanium 238 glazed 47
Acoustic insulation 171, 278, 348, zinc 234 gypsum 51
Aluminium 213 hemp 52
388, 395, 397 alloys 215 insulated concrete form 52
blocks 47 anodising 216 large format 41
bricks 18, 32, 36 corrosion 215 manufacture 43
gypsum plaster 388, 397 durability 215 mortarless 36
Adhesives 423 finishes 216 paving 57
bitumen 425 foil 360, 386, 406 phase change material blocks 45
contact 424 jointing 220 properties 43
gap-filling 425 manufacture 213 sizes 41
hot-melt 425 properties 214 sound absorbing 41, 47
plastic pipe 425 Anti-graffiti paint 441 specials 47
PVA 423, 424, 426 Anti-microbial surfaces 226, 441 types 41
resin 425 Aramid fibres 99, 374 unfired clay 19, 48
tile 423, 424 Architectural masonry 47, 49 Blockwork 52
types 423 Asphalt 256 beam and block flooring 57
wallpaper 425 bond 53
wood 156, 424 Bamboo 145, 168, 175 dense 43, 50
Admixtures for concrete 77 Basalt 323 earth-retaining 59
Aerogel 273, 400 fairfaced 52
Aerographite 400 cast 325 finishes 56
Aggregates 81, 88 fibre wall ties 23 fire resistance 46
dense 81 Bat boxes 12 foundations 56
fibres 85 Bendable concrete 100 grass 57, 113
grading 82 Biodiversity 262, 479 hemp 52
high density 83 Bi-steel 203 insulated concrete form 52
lightweight 84 Bitumen roofing membranes 252 landscape 57
no-fines 85 APP modified 254 lightweight 43, 50
recycled 83 metal faced 255 mortars 56
Aircrete 85, 105 SBS modified 254 movement 53
Air-entrained cement 78, 85, 88, types 252 paving 57
Blast furnace cement 75 reinforcement 53
91 Blast furnace slag 75, 84 sound insulation 46, 47
Alabaster 334 Blockboard 163 thermal insulation 44
Alkali-silica reaction 69, 70, 75, 83, Blocks 40 thin-joint system 52
calcium silicate 52 Bonding class
90, 92 clay 47 plywood 161
Alloys concrete 41 Brass 226
fairfaced 47
aluminium 215
copper 223, 226
ferrous 207

488 INDEX retarders 78
setting and hardening 70
Brettstapel 174 thermal conductivity 17, 32, 36 shale 77
Bricks 1 ties 22, 23 silica fume 77
Bronze 226 slag 75
appearance 8, 12, 31, 34 Building Regulations strength classes 72
calcium silicate 28 Part B (fire) 203 sulphate-resisting 74, 90, 92
cladding systems 27 Part E (sound insulation) 18, 46, super sulphated 76
clay 1 types 70
concrete 34 386, 395 water-resisting 78
durability 14, 31, 34 Part L (thermal insulation only) 44, white 73
efflorescence 16 Cement-bonded particleboard 166
engineering 9 286, 395 Ceramic glass 285
facing 9 Part N (glazing) 281 Ceramic granite 319
fire resistance 18 Built-up roofing 252 Ceramics 308
firing 7 Butyl rubber 362, 422 bricks 2, 311
Fletton 7 clays 308
forming processes 5 Calcium aluminate cement 72, 79 earthenware 316
frog 5, 9 Calcium silicate 391 faience 314
frost resistance 14 fireclay 311
glazed 14, 311 boards 391, 399 floor tiles 315, 317
handmade 5, 14 bricks 28 granite 319
imperial size 4 Carbon fibres 374 manufacture 310
manufacture 5, 31, 34 Carbon targets 471, 475 mosaic 317
metric size 3, 4, 31, 34 Carbonation products 311
mortarless 36 concrete 66, 92, 98 rainscreen cladding 313
movement 17, 32, 36 lime 66 roof tiles 311
non-standard sizes 4 Cardboard 460 salt glaze 316
paving 28, 32 Cast stoneware 315
profiled 12, 25 basalt 325 terracotta 25, 311
properties 9, 14, 17, 32, 35 iron 195 vitreous china 317
quality control 18 stone 325, 342 wall tiles 316, 317
reclaimed 18 Cellulose 127 Chain of custody 124, 478
sandlime 28 insulation 401 Chemical-modified timber 141
sizes 3, 31,34 Cement 67 China clay aggregates 83
slips 27, 28 admixtures 77 Chipboard 164
specials 9, 25, 31, 34 accelerators 78 grades 165
specification 8, 31, 34 air-entraining 78 Clay 1, 308, 463, 466
strength 17, 32, 35 belite 80 blocks 47, 48
tiles 25 blast furnace 75 board 466
types 9, 31, 34 calcium aluminate 79 bricks 1
unfired 18 calcium sulphoaluminate 80 firing 7, 310
variety 8 composite 74 plaster 466
Brickwork 18, 32, 36 composition 69 tiles 311, 313, 315, 316, 317
acoustic properties 21, 32, 36 fly ash 76 types 308
bond 21 foam 78 unfired blocks 18, 48
calcium silicate 28 glass-fibre 376, 379 Cob 463
cladding systems 27 high alumina 72 Coconut fibre 402
clay 19 lime-pozzolan 80 shell 175
concrete 36 limestone 77 wood 175
decorative 25 low environmental impact 80 Code for Sustainable Homes 471
fire resistance 18, 32, 36 low heat 74 Green House 471
jointing 24 magnesium oxide 80 Lighthouse 472
mortarless 36 manufacture 67 University of Nottingham 472
mortars 19, 20, 23 masonry 74 Cold-deck roofs 251
paving 28, 32, 57 minor added constituents 77 Colour 431
preassembled 26 pigments 78
reinforced 25 plasticiser 77
sandlime 28 Portland 64, 73
pozzolanic 70, 76, 80
pumping 78

British Standards 431 INDEX 489
Colour Palette notation 435
Munsell 437 precast 104 Deconstruction 479
Natural Colour System 432 precast aircrete panels 105 Defects in timber 135, 136
Pantone 437 prescribed 95 Design sulphate class 92
RAL Colour Collection 435 prestressed 102 Deterioration of timber 145
RAL Design System 435 pre-tensioned 102 Dichroic
variable colour glass 296 properties 90, 93
visual comparison 437 proprietary 96 glass 294
Combined PV and solar collector recycled aggregates 83 plastic 363
reinforced 96 Door set energy ratings 289
448, 475 rendering 110, 112 Double glazing 287, 292
Compressed straw slabs 171 slates 112 Dowellam 174
self-compacting 77 Dry rot 147
types 172 self-healing 93
Concrete 81 slump test 88 Earth energy bank 473
specification 93 Earth plaster 466
additional protective measures 92 standardised prescribed 95 Earth-retaining blockwork 59
aerated 85, 88 steel in reinforced 96 Earth-sheltered building 464
aerated fibre-reinforced 100 strength classes 93 Earthenware 316
aggregate/cement ratio 88 sulphate attack 74, 76, 90 Ecological materials 459
aggregates 81, 88 tests 88, 96 Ecological selection 477
alkali-silica reaction 69, 70, 75, 83, thermal movement 93, 417 Ecological standards 479
tiles 112 Efflorescence 16
90, 92 translucent 86 Elastic sealants 419
bendable 100 ultra-high performance 85 Elastomers 351
blocks 41 visual concrete 103 Elastoplastic sealants 418
bricks 34 water/cement ratio 70, 87 Electrochromic glass 296
canvas 86 weathering 108 Embodied energy 477
carbonation 66, 92, 98 workability 70, 87 Energy conservation 286
chemical attack 91, 92 Construction Products Regulation Energy-generating paving 455
coloured 34 Energy-saving components 445
compaction 88 189 Energy storage 475
components 112 Conversion Environmental issues
creep 93, 417
cube/cylinder test 89 high alumina cement 79 aluminium 214
dense 81, 87 timber 130, 135 bricks 1, 18, 477
designated 94 Copper 220 cement 69, 80, 477
designed 93 alloys 226 concrete 83, 477
durability 90 anti-microbial surfaces 226 glass 270, 286, 477
embodied energy 478 bonded systems 226, 255 lime mortar 16, 67
fibre-reinforced 85, 99 bright gold finish 223 plaster 390
fibre-reinforced aerated 100 corrosion 223 plastics 348, 363
finishes 106 forms 222 steel 96, 191, 192, 210, 477
fire resistance 91, 100 grades 222 timber 123, 477
foamed 78, 396 manufacture 220 EPDM 368, 425
formwork blocks 52, 86 patina 223 Epoxy
frost resistance 91 protective coatings 224 resin 425
in situ 105 roofing 224 paint 441
insulating formwork 52, 86 Corian 363 sealant 419
light transmitting 86 Cork 400 ETFE 358
lightweight 84, 397 Corrosion Eurocode
mixes 86, 93 metals 238 concrete 100, 101
moisture movement 93, 416, 421 rates 240 timber 139
nitrogen oxides absorbing 113 steel in concrete 97 European fire classification of
no-fines 85 Creep
pavings 112 concrete 93, 417 materials 155
phase-change blocks 45 lead 229 Exfoliated vermiculite 84, 204, 385,
polymer 86 Cross-laminated timber 158
post-tensioned 102 Crypto-efflorescence 16 399
Expanded

clay 84

490 INDEX photochromic 283, 296
photovoltaic 297
perlite 84, 399 Gabions 335 printed 286
polystyrene 84, 403 Gap-filling adhesives 425 prismatic 283, 297
PVC 405 Gas-filled panels 408 profiled sections 273
Extruded polystyrene 404 Gaskets 421 radiation shielding 285, 295
Glass 269 safety 282
Faience 314 self cleaning 276
Ferrous acoustic control 293 sheet 272, 275
aerogel 273 smart 296
alloys 207 alarm 294 soda lime silicate 271
metals 181 alkaline earth silicate 271 solar control 292
Fibre optics 86, 175, 363, 451 anti-bacterial 295 sound generating 295
Fibreboard 168, 402 anti-condensation 294 special purpose 294
Fibre-reinforced anti-reflection 294 structural 298
aerated concrete 100 anti-slip 300 thermochromic 283, 296
cement 376 argon fill 287 toughened 281
concrete 85, 99, 376 blocks 274 triple glazing 287, 292, 297
gypsum 379 borosilicate 271 vacuum filled units 287
plastics 372 bullet-resistant 282 variable transmission 296
plastics recycling 375 cast 273 white 276
Fire classification of materials cellular 399 window energy ratings 287
materials 155 ceramic 271, 272, 285 wool 273, 398
roofs 250 clear white 276 Glass fibres 273, 372, 398
Fire engineering 205 coloured 278, 293 Glassfibre-reinforced concrete 376
Fire resistance composition 271 Glassfibre-reinforced gypsum 379
aluminium 215 curved 275 Glassfibre-reinforced plastics 372
blocks 46 decorative 278 recycling 375
bricks 18, 32, 36 dichroic 294 Glass transition temperature 350
concrete 91, 100 double glazing 287, 292 Glazing 287, 292, 297
glass 280, 284 electrochromic 296 checklist 301
glass-reinforced gypsum 379 electro-optic 296 Glulam 156
liquid roof coatings 261 energy conservation 286 service class 158
paints 203, 440 etched 278 Grading
plaster 390 fibres 273, 372, 398 aggregates 82
plastics 352 film-coated 283 timber 137
sealants 420 fire-resistant 284 Granite 323
steel 203 float 272 ceramic 319
stone 341 foamed 275. 399 Graphene 400
thatch 172 forming processes 272 Green guide to specification 477, 479
timber 153 gas filled units 287, 293 Green roofs 261
Fireclay 311 Georgian wired 280 biodiverse 262
Flat roofing materials 250 heatable 294 extensive 262
Flax 168, 402 heat-strengthened 282 façades 263
Flaxboard 168 holographic 283, 297 intensive 263
Flexible veneers 175 insulating 285 walls 263
Fly ash cement 76, 84 intelligent 296 Green sourcing of materials 477
Foamed intumescent 285 Greywater recycling 454
concrete 78, 85, 396 laminated 282 Gridshell construction 142
glass 399 light emitting 295 Groundwater cooling systems 452
plastics 405, 406 low-emissivity 290 Gypsum 384
sealants 421 manifestation 295 blocks 51
Formaldehyde resins 361 manual-attack resistant 282 boards 386
Frog 5, 9 manufacture 271 fibre-reinforced 387, 379
Frost resistance mirror 294 floor screed 390
blocks 44 non-insulating 284 glass-fibre 379
bricks 14, 31, 34 one-way 294
concrete 91 patterned 276
stone 341 pavers 274, 275

phase-change plaster 388, 454, INDEX 491
472
Laminated paint 440
plaster 384 glass 282, 283 thin-bed 41
recycling 390 timber 156, 158 Mastic asphalt 256
retarder 70 veneer lumber 160 roofing 257
Gypsum-bonded particleboard 166 Medite tricoya 170
Laminates 363 Medium density fibreboard (MDF)
Hardboard 170 Laminboard 163
grades 170 Lead 228 168
tempered 170 coloured 169
clad steel 212 grades 169
Hardwood 127 cladding 231 Mediumboard 170
Hazard (use) class coated 233 grades 170
corrosion 229 Melamine formaldehyde 362
plywood 162 creep 229 Membrane fabrics 358
timber 152 fatigue 229 Mesh 206
Heartwood 126 flashings 232 Metallic corrosion 238
Heat pump 451 manufacture 228 aluminium 215
Hemp 67, 402 patina 229 copper 223
blocks 52 roofing 230 lead 229
Hempcrete 67 sheet 228, 231 titanium 237
Hemp lime 67 tiles 232 zinc 234
High alumina cement 79 Life cycle assessment 478 Metals 188
High pressure decorative laminates Light conducting materials 86, ferrous 189
non-ferrous 213
363 363 Metamorphic stone 332
Hydrated lime 65 Light pipe 451 Microlam 160
Hydraulic lime 65, 66 Light responsive tiles 363 Microturbines 452
Hydrophilic waterstops 423 Light well 32, 359 Mineral wool 397
Lightweight Modern methods of construction 124,
Igneous stone 322
Insect attack on timber 147 concrete 84, 397 142, 160, 203
Insulating concrete formwork 52, 86 stone cladding 340 Modular bricks 4
Insulation 394 Lime 64 Moisture movement
air lime 65
inorganic materials 396 carbonation 66 blocks 53
material forms 395 formulated 65 bricks 17, 32, 36
organic materials 400 hemp 67 building materials 416, 417
panel systems 408 hydrated 65 buildings 416
recycled plastic 402 hydraulic 65, 66 concrete 93
sound 395 manufacture 64 glass-reinforced cement 378
thermal 395 mortar 21, 67 glass-fibre reinforced plastics 353
thermo-reflective 407 non-hydraulic 65 timber 133
Intelligent façades 296 plaster 391 Monocoque construction
Intumescent materials 204, 440 putty 66 aluminium 220
Inverted roofs 251, 255, 258 rendering 67 timber 10
Iron 191, 194 slaking 66 Mortar 19, 20, 23, 25, 27, 52, 56, 67, 74
types 65 coloured 23, 56
Joinery 145 wash 66, 67 designed 20
Joint Limestone 329 prescribed 20
Limit state design 139 Mortarless brick system 36
butt 419 Linseed oil putty 418 Mosaic 317
design 419 Liquid-coat roofing systems 260 Movement 416
fillet 419 bitumen-based 260 materials 417
lap 419 polymer-based 261 moisture 416
Jointing 24, 41, 52 settlement 417
Magnetostriction 295 thermal 416
Kebony 141 Marble 334 Movement joints 419
Kevlar 361, 374 Mashrabiya 297 blockwork 5
Kiln drying 133 Masonry brickwork 17, 32, 36
Knots 135
cement 74

492 INDEX palm 175
use class 162
Munsell 437 Phenolic foam 406 Polybutene-1 356
Photochromic glass 283, 296 Polybutylene 356
Nanogel 273, 396, 400 Photovoltaics 445 Polycarbonate (PC) 361
Natural Colour System 432 Polychromatic brickwork 19, 32
Neoprene 362, 421 combined PV-T 448 Polyester resin 349, 372
Nitrogen oxide absorbing concrete glazing 447 Polyethylene (PE) 349, 355
slates and tiles 447, 473 Polyisocyanurate (PIR) 405
113 Pig iron 191 Polymer-bitumen sealants 418
No-fines concrete 85 Plaster 384 Polymer-fibre reinforced concrete 85,
Non-ferrous metals accessories 389
acoustic 388 99
aluminium 213 clay 466 Polymer-modified
copper 220 fire resistance 204, 390
lead 228 lightweight 385 bitumen roofing membranes 254
zinc 233 lime 391 mastic asphalt 256
titanium 236 manufacture 384 Polymerisation 349
Non-hydraulic lime 65 phase change 388, 472 Polymers 348, 351
Nylon 361 plasterboard 386 branched chain 349
polished 388 copolymers 349
Oriented strand board 166 projection 388 crystallinity 350
grades 168 radiation protection 388 degradation 352
recycling gypsum 390 elastomers 351
Paint 437 special plasters 387 fire 352
aluminium 219 types 385 glass transition temperature 350
anti-graffiti 441 VOC absorbing 389 recycling 363
anti-microbial 441 Plasterboard 386 thermoplastic 351, 355
components 438 Plastic lumber 364 thermosetting 351, 361
intumescent 204, 440 Plasticisers types 351
multicolour 439 cement 77 Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)
self-cleaning 441 PVC 357
special paints 439 Plastics 348 360
steel 213 additives 352 Polypropylene (PP) 355
systems 438 Corian 363 Polystyrene (PS) 84, 356, 403
water-repellent 440 degradation 352 Polysulphide 418
dichroic films 363 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 358
Palm wood 175 elastomers 351, 362 Polythene (PE) 349, 355
Pantone 437 ETFE 358 Polyurethane (PU) 406, 419, 421
Papercrete 466 fire 352 Polyvinyl acetate (PVA) 386, 423, 424,
Particle board 164 foams 405, 406
forming processes 353 426
cement-bonded 166 Kevlar 361 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 349, 350,
extruded 165 light-conducting 363
grades 165 plastic lumber 364 352, 357, 405, 421
gypsum-bonded 166 products 355 Polywood 364
Passivhaus 475 properties 352 Portland cement 67, 73
Patina recycling 363, 402
copper 223 thermoplastic 351, 355 admixtures 77
lead 229 thermosetting 351, 356 burnt shale 77
zinc 234 three-dimensional printing 354 composite 74
Paving variable colour films 363 composition 69
blocks 57 wood plastic composites 362 fly ash 76
bricks 28, 32 Plywood 160 limestone 77
concrete slabs 112 beams 162 manufacture 67
electricity generating 455 bonding class 161 masonry 74
glass 274 core 163 pozzolanic 76
nitrogen oxide absorbing 113 grades 162 setting and hardening 70
Perlite 84, 385, 399 manufacture 160 silica fume 77
Phase change materials 45, 388, 454, strength classes 72
sulphate resisting 74
472 types 73
Phenol formaldehyde 361

Pozzolanic cement 76 INDEX 493
Precast aircrete panels 105
Preservation of timber 150 butyl 362 blocks 41, 47
PTFE 358 nitrile 362 bricks 18, 32, 36
Pultrusion 23, 99, 375 glass 293
Pulverised fuel ash 76, 84 Sandbags 467 plaster 388, 397
Putty 418 Sandlime bricks 28 Specials
Sandstone 326 blocks 47
lime 66 Sapwood 124, 147 bricks 9, 25, 31, 34
PV-T systems 448 Scrim 390 Specification
Scrimber 168 bricks 8, 31, 34
Quartzite 334 Sealants 415 concrete 93
Quicklime 65 ‘green’ specification 479
elastic 419 steel 196
Radon 355 elastoplastic 418 timber 136
Rainscreen cladding 313 fire resistant 420 Stainless steel 207
Rainwater harvesting 57, 454, 472 foam 421 Stains 441
RAL colour systems 435 hydrophilic 423 Steel 190
Rammed earth 463 joint design 419 alloy-coated 211
Reconstructed stone 342 movement in buildings 416 aluminium coated 212
Recycled plastic 417 bending 201
selection 415 bi-steel 203
aggregate 83 types 417 cables 206
bricks 18 Seasoning timber 131 carbon content 194
cardboard 460 Secondary thickening 127 cast 203
fibre-reinforced polymers 375 Sedimentary stone 325 coated 211
glass 270 Self-cleaning curved sections 201
gypsum 390 glass 276 fire engineering 205
plastics 358, 362, 363, 364 paint 441 fire protection 203
PVC 358 Semi-monocoque construction 221 frame construction 203
timber 175 Service class heat treatment 195, 210
tyres 466 laminated timber 158 hollow sections 199
water 454 plywood 162 lead clad 212
Recycling 459, 479 timber 139 manufacture 190
Reinforced Shakes 136, 174 meshes 206
bitumen membranes 252 Sheep’s wool 400 netting 206
blockwork 54 Shingles 174 organic coatings 212
brickwork 24 Silicon photovoltaics 445 paints 213, 438
concrete 96, 99 Silicone sealant 419 plastic coated 212
Rendering 110 Single-ply roofing 258 profiled sheet 206
dry-dash 111 elastomeric 260 reinforcement 96
roughcast 111 modified bitumen 254 rolled 192, 193
painted 110, 440 thermoplastic 258 sections 194, 199
textured 111 SIPs 159 slates and tiles 213
Tyrolean 111 Slag cement 75 specification 196
Resin adhesives 425 Slate 332 stainless 207
Robust details 46, 395 Slip glaze 14, 314 structural 196
Roofing membranes 252 Slip resistance 300, 315 terne coated 212
adhesives 425 Smart glasses 296 weathering (Cor-ten) 207
APP modified bitumen 255 Softboard 170 zinc coated 211
metal faced 255 grades 171 Steel-fibre reinforced concrete 85
SBS modified bitumen 255 Softwood 127 Steko blocks 174
types 252 Solar air heating systems 450 Stent 83
Roofs Solar collectors 448 Stone 322
cold-deck 251 Solar control glass 292 agglomerate 343
inverted 251 Solar energy 292, 445, 447, 448, 450 alabaster 334
warm-deck 251 Solar energy storage 475 basalt 323, 325
Rubber 362 Sound absorption coefficients 395 bedding planes 326
Sound insulation

494 INDEX early wood 127
finger jointing 157
cast 325, 342 Terrazzo tiles 344 fire 153
cladding 33, 339 Tests on concrete 89. 96 flooring 145
cleaning 341 Thatch 172 foundations 142
deterioration 340 Thaumasite 91 frame construction 142
faced blocks 326, 339 Thermal conductivity fungal attack 146
gabions 335 grading 137
granite 325 aerated concrete 85 green oak 125, 130
igneous 322 bricks 17, 32, 36 gridshell construction 142
ironstone 330 building materials 396 hardwoods 127
lightweight cladding 340 concrete blocks 44 hazard (use) class 139
limestone 329 Thermal insulation 17, 32, 36, 44, 53, heartwood 127
maintenance 341 insect attack 147
marble 334 57, 84, 159, 394, 396 joinery 145
metamorphic 332 Thermal movement 416 kiln drying 133
preservation 342 laminated 156
quartzite 334 blocks 53 laminated veneer lumber 160
sandstone 326 bricks 17, 32, 36 late wood 127
sedimentary 325 building materials 417 lignin 127
slate 332 concrete 93 limed oak 129
types 322 glass-reinforced cement 378 limit state design 139
walling 335 glass-reinforced plastic 374 metabolism of the tree 124, 126
Stoneware 315 plastics 353 modified 140
Stonework 335 Thermally modified timber 140 moisture content 131
Straw Thermochromic moisture movement 133
bales 459, 461 glass 283, 293 moulds 146
slabs 171 plastic 363 natural defects 135
thatch 172 Thermoplastics 351, 355 palm 175
Strength Thermoreflective insulation 407 piles 142
blocks 43 Thermosetting plastics 351, 356 pole construction 143
bricks 9, 17, 32, 35 Thin-bed masonry 25, 42, 52 preservation 150
cement 72 Thin-joint masonry 25, 42, 52 products 156
concrete 89, 93 Thin-layer mortar masonry 25, recycling 175
plastics 353 rot 146
steel 196 42, 52 round 143
timber 137 Three-dimensional printing 354 sapwood 124, 126
Strength classes of timber 137 Tiles scrimber 168
Strength grading of timber 137 seasoning 131
Structural glass 298 adhesives 423, 424 secondary thickening 127
Structural insulated panels (SIP) 159 clay 311, 315, 316, 317 service class 139, 152
Sulphate attack 74, 76, 90 concrete 112 sizes 131
Sulphate-resisting cement 74, 76, 90 flooring 311, 315, 317 softwoods 127
Sun pipe 451 roofing 112, 311 species 129
Supersulphated cement 76 wall 316, 317 specification 136
Sustainability 470 Timber 123 stains 441
Sustainable bamboo 175 stiffened panels 162, 163
drainage systems (SUDS) 57, 261 beetles 148 strength classes 137
forestry 123 blue stain 147 strength grading 137
sourcing of materials 478 cell structure 127, 128 stressed skin panels 162, 163
cellulose 127 structural insulated panels 159
Teflon (PTFE) 358 certification schemes 124 termites 150
Tensile membranes 358 chemical modified 141 thermal modified 140
Terfenol-D 295 cladding 144 translucent panels 175
Termites 150 connectors 155 use class 152
Terne 212 constituents 127 veneers 175
Terracotta 25, 311 conversion 130
cross-laminated 158
rainscreen cladding 313 decorative 175
defects 134
deterioration 145
dry rot 147
durability class 145

INDEX 495

weathering 145 stone 340 Wood-boring beetles 148
wet rot 147 timber 175 Wood finishes 442
Titanium 236 Vermiculite 84, 385, 399
alloys 238 Vitreous china 317 oils 442
durability 237 VOC absorbing plaster 389 stains 441
finishes 238 VOCs 438 varnishes 441
manufacture 236 Wood-plastic composites 362
properties 237 Wall ties 22, 23 Wood wool slabs 171, 397
Translucent low conductivity 22 Workability 70, 87
concrete 86 Wrought iron 189
timber 175 Warm-deck roofs 251
Tricoya 170 Waste 479 Zero carbon
Triple glazing 287, 298 Water existing building stock 476
Turbines 452 homes 471
Tyres 466 grey 450 non-domestic buildings 475
harvesting 454 targets 470
Unfired clay blocks 19, 48 management systems 454
Urea formaldehyde 361, 406 recycling 454 Zinc 233
U-values 406 Water/cement ratio 70, 87 coated steel 211
Water repellent paint 440 corrosion 234
masonry 44, 45 Waterstops lacquered 234
glazing 286, 287 hydrophilic 423 manufacture 233
‘green house’ 473, 475 Weathering steel 207 patina 234
Wet rot 147 recycling 236
Vacuum insulation panels 408 Wind catchers 452 roofing and cladding 235
Variable colour materials 294, 363 Wind turbines 452 sheet 233
Varnish 441 Window energy ratings 287 titanium alloy 236
Veneers Wood 123
Wood adhesives 156, 424