NUTRITION
• Albumin levels 35‐50 g/L :
• Low albumin is an indicator of
– inflammatory process
– related to chronic illness
– severe malnutrition
– conditions that cause malabsorption: celiac disease or
inflammatory bowel disease
198©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
OPIODS
• Exaggerated risk & fear of addiction:
– Resident & family: knowledge base, Fentanyl crisis & the press
coverage
– Medical staff – need to educate & reassure
– Dosing needs to be increased slowly
– Over sedation increase risk of falls
– CONSTIPATION‐ compounding issue
199©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
OPIODS
• Renal status – may not allow increasing protein
• Note‐ High protein can damage glomerual structure for those that
have chronic kidney failure
• FLUIDS – weepy wounds may necessary increased fluids –
Lymphedema
• Note‐ For every degree that your body temp inc your need for
calories inc by 13%, that is impt for residents who have an infected
wound, urosepsis etc…
– 30 ml/kg/day min
200©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Nutrition
• Anemia – Hg < 100 associated with poor wound healing
– Anemia of chronic disease
– Poor absorption of B12
– Iron deficiency – bowel disruption
• Chronic constipation
• Diverticulitis
• Dietician involvement a must!
• Vitamin A, C , Zinc and fatty acids
201©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Dehydration
– Diminished drinking due to fear of incontinence sense of thirst is
less acute as we age
– harder time getting up to get a drink when thirsty
– relying on caregivers who can’t sense that they need fluids.
202©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
As complex as:
• Medications i.e. diuretics fine balance
• With age comes lose of kidney function & making them less able to
conserve fluid (this is progressive from around the age of 50, but
becomes more acute and noticeable over the age of 70).
• Vomiting &/or diarrhea can quickly cause dehydration
203©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Monitoring
• Daily weighing for those most at risk will
• Intake and Output
• Mild dehydration is defined as losing 2 percent of your body weight.
– Can affect health of the elderly especially if they have pre existing
cardiac or renal problems
– Cognition impairment may worsen
204©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Monitoring
• Severe dehydration occurs with 4 percent or greater body weight
loss.
• Increased greater strain on the heart
• Greater decline in cognition
• Even less recognition of thirst
205©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Signs of Elderly Dehydration
• May include:
• Confusion – added to dementia
• Difficulty walking
• Dizziness or headaches
• Dry mouth
• Sunken eyes
206©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Monitoring
• Check skin turgor :
– pull up the skin on the back of the hand for a few seconds &
release if it does not return to normal almost immediately, the
person is dehydrated.
• Check urine :
– dark colored urine
– infrequency urination
– strong smell
207©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Healing Expectations
• Can the body support healing?
– Age
– Disease states
• Nursing expectations vs client & family expectation
• Multidisapporach to care
– how do we explain so family understands
208©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Availability of Resources
– Available Wound care Products:
– Multidisciplinary team
• wound care champion, ET
• MD/NP
• Foot care nurse, chiropodist
209©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Healing Principles
• Moist Wound Healing ‐ epithelialization occurs 2x’s faster compared to a dry environment .
– Not to wet not dry
• Epithelization: the regrowth of skin over a wound:
210©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Phases of Healing
Phase 1: Hemostasis
• Occurs immediately last 4 hours
• Platelets are released to stop bleeding
• Platelets release growth factors needed in phase 2
211©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Phases of Healing
Phase 2: Inflammatory
• Inflammatory:
• Lasts up to 4 days post injury
• Swelling & warmth
• Blood vessels leak plasma & microorganisms in surrounding tissue,
decreasing risk of infection
• Growth factors kick increasing cell production
• Macrophages gather & eat bacteria & help decrease inflammation
• *** most often the stalling point in healing
212©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Phases of Healing
Phase 3: Proliferation/contraction
• day 4 to day 21 post injury
• Contraction
• Replacement of dermal structure
• Fibroblasts release collagen for rebuilding
• Edges move inward to close wound
213©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Phase 4
Phase 4: Remodelling
• Collagen type 3‐ within 3 weeks‐ 20‐30% tensile strength
• Collagen type 1‐ over 2 years‐ 70‐80% tensile strength
• Takes up to 2 years to complete
214©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Infection
• Extends inflammatory phase not allowing phase 3 to begin
• Means that bacteria are present, multiplying and producing a host
reaction
– Increased exudate
– Increased erythema
– change odor – not all odor is bad HAS it changed
– Stalling healing
– To swab or NOT to swab?
215©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Slough
• Fibrin debris
Consistency may be:
• slimy,
• gelatinous,
• stringy,
• clumpy or
• fibrinous
216©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Slough
• It can be firmly attached or loose
Contains:
• Proteinaceous tissue
• Fibrin
• Neutrophils
• bacteria
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Wound Base
• What percentage of wound base is slough or necrotic, granulation?
218©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Debridement
• Autolytic: uses the body's own healing
• Enzymatic: chemical enzymes ‐Santyl
• Surgical: in the OR with a scalpel
• Conservative sharp debridement‐ scalpel or curette with minimal
blood loss
• Mechanical: wet to dry
• Biosurgical – maggot therapy
219©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Chronic Wound
• “A wound that does not heal in an orderly set of stages and in a
predictable amount of time”
• Include venous & arterial ulcers, Diabetic foot ulcers, pressure injury
220©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Non‐healing wound
• A wound the body does not have the physical capacity to heal.
– Arterial wound where revascularization isn’t an option
– Inadequate perfusion
– Malnutrition – low protein, albumin, anemia
– end‐of‐life resident‐ Kennedy Terminal Ulcer
221©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Goals
• QUALITY OF LIFE
– Palliative vs active care
– Pain & Symptom management
– Resident & Family concerns: education, support
– Odor control – an environment that enables visiting, Flagyl
– Religious & cultural needs
222©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Maintenance Wound
• Poor treatment adherence
– Treatment plan NOT consistent d/t client ability/willingness to be
compliant
– Dementia prevents resident from participating in their care
– Dementia prevents resident from being compliant
223©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Goals
– Prevent further wound deterioration
– Educate client/resident/family if possible
– Control co morbidities to optimize health status
– Pain & symptom management
224©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Palliative
• Non treatable cause i.e. cancer
• Co existing medical conditions that affect the normal healing
process
• Goals
– comfort
225©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Wounds Canada
• Wounds Prevention & Management Cycle
– 1. assess & reassess
– 2. Set Goals
– 3. Assemble Team
– 4. Establish & Implement a plan of care
– 5. Evaluate outcomes
– REPEAT
226©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
References
• 1. Clinical Interventions in Aging. 2009;4:269‐87. Epub 2009 Jun 9. Wound care in the
geriatric client; Gist S1, Tio‐Matos I, Falzgraf S, Cameron S, Beebe
• 2. Mochsner J. 2010 Fall; 10(3): 179–187. PMCID: PMC3096211
• PMID: 21603375 Pain Management in the Elderly Population: A Review
• 3. Alan D. Kaye, MD, PhD,* Amir Baluch, MD,† and Jared T. Sco , MD. J Am Geriatr Soc.
Author manuscript; available in PMC 2015 Sep 25. Published in final edited form as: J Am
Geriatr Soc. 2015 Mar; 63(3): 427–438. Published online 2015 Mar 6.
227©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
References
• 1. Clin Interv Aging. 2009;4:269‐87. Epub 2009 Jun 9. Wound care in the geriatric client;
Gist S1, Tio‐Matos I, Falzgraf S, Cameron S, Beebe
• 2. MOchsner J. 2010 Fall; 10(3): 179–187. PMCID: PMC3096211
• PMID: 21603375 Pain Management in the Elderly Population: A Review
• 3. Alan D. Kaye, MD, PhD,* Amir Baluch, MD,† and Jared T. Sco , MD. J Am Geriatr Soc.
Author manuscript; available in PMC 2015 Sep 25. Published in final edited form as: J Am
Geriatr Soc. 2015 Mar; 63(3): 427–438. Published online 2015 Mar 6. doi: 10.1111/jgs.1333
228©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Section 8:
Moisture Associated Skin
Damage (MASD)
Medline Canada
5150 Spectrum Way, Suite 300
Mississauga, ON L4W 5G2
Moisture‐
Associated
Skin
Damage
Objectives
• Review skin structure
• Describe Moisture‐Associated Skin Damage
• Incontinence‐associated dermatitis
• Intertriginous dermatitis
• Periwound moisture‐associated dermatitis
• Peristomal moisture‐associated dermatitis
• Practice skin assessment by photo
147147©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
SKIN STRUCTURE
148©2019 Medline Industries, Inc. 148
SKIN CHANGES WITH OLDER ADULTS
50% less turnover
of the epidermal
lpaHy ebrecomes more
neutral (normal pH
is 4↓.0‐ n6o.5u)rishment &
waste removal
from tissues
149149©2019 Medline Industries, Inc. ↓ Collagen & ↓
elas n = ↓
tensibility leads to
wrinkling
Moisture Associated Skin Damage (MASD)
Definition (Gray et al 2011)
Prolonged exposure to various sources of moisture,
including urine or stool, perspiration, wound exudate,
mucus, saliva, and their contents. MASD is characterized
by inflammation of the skin, occurring with or without
erosion or secondary cutaneous infection.
Gray et al. Moisture‐Associated Skin Damage:Overview and Pathophysiology. Journal Wound Ostomy Continence Nurse.
2011;38(3):233‐241
150150©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
MASD
• 4 types of Moisture Associated Dermatitis:
1. Incontinence‐Associated Dermatitis (IAD)
2. Intertriginous Dermatitis (ID)
3. Periwound dermatitis
4. Peristomal dermatitis
151151©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
INCONTINENCE‐ASSOCIATED DERMATITIS (IAD)
Definition (Gray 2012):
Characterized by erythema and edema of the surface of the skin,
sometimes accompanied by serous exudate, erosion or secondary
cutaneous infection.
152©2019 Medline Industries, Inc. Gray et al. Incontinence associated dermatitis: a comprehensive review and update. Journal Wound Ostomy Continence
Nursing. 2012:39(1):61‐74
152
IAD
153153©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Pathophysiology
Healthy normal skin pH 4.0‐6.0 Vulnerable skin pH
Preserves skin function >7.5
‐ When skin moves into alkaline range, bacteria counts rise
‐ Repeated exposure to urine and/or feces can lead to changes
‐ Using alkaline soaps can also increase pH
‐ In the alkaline range, skin lipids are altered, leaving skin vulnerable to damag
154154©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
CHARACTERISTICS PRESSURE
IAD INJURY
Location: Diffusely distributed
Color: Pink or red Location: Usually over a bony
Depth: Partial thickness, blistering prominence
Necrosis: No slough or eschar
Color: Red to
Pain: Yes
Depth: Partial to full thickness
155155©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Necrosis: With or without
slough or eschar
Pain: May or may not be present
risk factors
• Incontinence: fecal (diarrhea, formed);
urine; both – irritant
• Frequency of incontinence
• Use of occlusive products – traps irritant
• Skin condition – related aging, diabetes,
steroid use
• Decreased mobility, dementia, pain
• Inability to do self hygiene
• Medications: antibiotics,
immunosuppressant
• Increased body temperature, poor
nutrition, critical illness
Black et al. MASD Part2: Incontinence‐Associated Dermatitis and Intertriginous Dermatitis. Journal of Wound Ostomy
Continence Nursing. July/Aug 2011, pg 359‐370
156156©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
LINK BETWEEN IAD and PRESSURE INJURIES (PI)
Although IAD and PI have different etiologies (incontinence vs pressure
injuries):
• IAD and pressure injuries often co‐exist: IAD tends to be a larger
area so skin is more vulnerable to damage from pressure, friction
and shear
• Gray et al (2018) found a significant association between IAD and
facility acquired pressure injury of the sacral area
157©2019 Medline Industries, Inc. Black et al. MASD Part2: Incontinence‐Associated Dermatitis and Intertriginous Dermatits. Journal of Wound Ostomy Continence
Nursing. July/Aug 2011, pg 359‐370
Gray, M & Giuliano, K. Incontinence‐Associated Dermatitis, Characteristics and Relationship to Pressure Injury. Journal of Wound
Care Nursing, Jan/Feb 2018, pg 63‐67
157
Pressure Injury
IAD Pressure
Injury
158©2019 Medline Industries, Inc. and IAD
158
Prevention of IAD
• CLEANSE perineal skin after each episode of incontinence with a pH balanced, no‐
rinse cleanser
• PAT dry; NEVER rub
• DECREASE exposure to irritants
• FOLLOW incontinent products wear time guidelines
• PROTECT skin with barrier to reduce exposure to urine and stool
• EDUCATE all care providers on skin care
• Follow a DEFINED SKIN CARE regimen
159159©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
ROUTINE SKIN CARE
• pH‐balanced to maintain acid mantle
• No‐rinse cleanser; avoid alkaline soaps
• Avoid hot water, excessive scrubbing and friction
• Surfactants lower the surface tension and act as
detergents to remove debris
160160©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
ROUTINE SKIN CARE
• Repairs the barrier function of the epidermis
• Emollients smooth the skin surface with the addition of lipids
• Avoid moisturizers with allergens (perfume, lanolin)
• DO NOT APPLY in skin folds & between the toes
• Some products combine skin protection and moisturization
161161©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
ROUTINE SKIN CARE
• Provide a barrier to the stratum corneum from irritants
such as urine, stool and excess moisture
• Silicone based product is transparent, non‐occlusive
and moisturizing
• Less is best!
162162©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Intertriginous Dermatitis (ITD)
Definition (Black et al, 2011):
An inflammatory dermatosis of opposing skin surfaces caused by moisture
and is commonly found in the inframammary, axillary and inguinal skin
folds.
MASD Part 2: Incontinence‐Associated Dermatitis and Intertriginous Dermatitis. Journal Wound Ostomy Continence Nursing.
July/August 2011, 38(4):359‐370.
163163©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
ITD
164164©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Pathophysiology
• Sweat is trapped in skin folds where there is little air
flow – skin on skin friction
• Commonly found in folds of :
• Breast
• Groin
• Abdominal apron
• Stratum corneum is too wet = maceration
• Encourages friction inflammation denuded
(rubbed off) skin
MASD Part 2: Incontinence‐Associated Dermatitis and Intertriginous Dermatitis. Journal Wound Ostomy Continence Nursing.
July/August 2011, 38(4):359‐370.
165165©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Characteristics
• Mild erythema (redness)
• Typically a mirror image
• Progress to more intense redness
• Maceration, erosions, oozing
• Denuded skin (open areas)
• Pain, itching, burning, odor
MASD Part 2: Incontinence‐Associated Dermatitis and Intertriginous Dermatitis. Journal Wound Ostomy Continence Nursing.
July/August 2011, 38(4):359‐370.
166166©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Risk factors
At risk:
• obesity
• stooped posture (contractures)
• diabetes
• poor hygiene
• malnutrition
• hyperhidrosis
• incontinence
• braces, splints, closed & tight fitting shoes webbing of toes
MASD Part 2: Incontinence‐Associated Dermatitis and Intertriginous Dermatitis. Journal Wound Ostomy Continence Nursing.
July/August 2011, 38(4):359‐370.
167167©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Prevention
• Skin folds should be kept clean and dry
• Use a cleanser with a pH similar to health skin (pH 5.5)
• Cleansing should be gentle; scrubbing should be avoided
• Wear loose‐fitting clothing made from natural fibers to
absorb moisture
• Move skin folds carefully and maintain drier skin in the
folds to reduce friction
• Wick moisture away with dry sheets (gauze and/or paper
towel do not allow moisture to evaporate
MASD Part 2: Incontinence‐Associated Dermatitis and Intertriginous Dermatitis. Journal Wound Ostomy Continence Nursing.
July/August 2011, 38(4):359‐370.
168168©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Care
• MINIMIZE skin on skin contact
• Avoid products containing alcohol or perfumes
• Wick moisture away with moisture‐wicking fabric
• Do not over bath shower with hot water
• Pat dry
• A “dusting” of topical antifungal powders, creams or
silver powder can be applied if candidiasis is present
MASD Part 2: Incontinence‐Associated Dermatitis and Intertriginous Dermatitis. Journal Wound Ostomy Continence Nursing.
July/August 2011, 38(4):359‐370.
169169©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Periwound moisture‐associated dermatitis
Definition (Gray et al, 2011):
Erythema and inflammation of the skin within 4 cms of
the wound edge, sometimes accompanied by erosion
or denudation caused by exposure to wound exudate,
infection and/or traumatic removal from adhesive
materials.
Coldwell et al. MASD Part 3: Peristomal Moisture‐Associated Dermatitis and Periwound Moisture‐Associated Dermatitis.
Journal Wound Ostomy Continence Nursing, Sept/Oct 2011; 385(5):541‐553.
170170©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Periwound Moisture‐associated dermatitis
171171©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Periwound skin is exposed to exudate
Stratum corneum absorbs the fluid and swells
Moisture saturates the lower layers of the epidermis
Reduces the epidermal barrier
Increases the likelihood of maceration
Coldwell et al. MASD Part 3: Peristomal Moisture‐Associated Dermatitis and Periwound Moisture‐Associated Dermatitis.
Journal Wound Ostomy Continence Nursing, Sept/Oct 2011; 385(5):541‐553.
172172©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Characteristics
Tissue within 4 cms of the edge can have:
• Inflammation (may vary depending on skin
pigmentation and color)
• Maceration (pale, white or gray wrinkled skin)
Coldwell et al. MASD Part 3: Peristomal Moisture‐Associated Dermatitis and Periwound Moisture‐Associated Dermatitis.
Journal Wound Ostomy Continence Nursing, Sept/Oct 2011; 385(5):541‐553.
173173©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Risk factors
• Elderly
• Immunocompromised
• Those with skin diseases (eczema or psoriasis)
• Environmental damaged skin (sun damage)
• Disease related to underlying pathology
(lipodermatosclerosis)
• Congenital disorder (epidermolysis bullosa)
• Wound infection (increase in exudate)
Coldwell et al. MASD Part 3: Peristomal Moisture‐Associated Dermatitis and Periwound Moisture‐Associated Dermatitis.
Journal Wound Ostomy Continence Nursing, Sept/Oct 2011; 385(5):541‐553.
174174©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Prevention
• It is a balancing act with moisture in the wound ‐
avoid excessive dryness and excessive moisture in
the wound
• Maceration can develop in any wound that is
exudative, so protect the periwound skin when you
have drainage
Coldwell et al. MASD Part 3: Peristomal Moisture‐Associated Dermatitis and Periwound Moisture‐Associated Dermatitis.
Journal Wound Ostomy Continence Nursing, Sept/Oct 2011; 385(5):541‐553.
175175©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Care
• Change the dressing more frequently
• Use a more absorbent dressing
• Apply a liquid skin protectant, cyanoacrylate skin
protectant or a skin protectant cream
• Window a hydrocolloid dressing
• Use an antifungal/silver powder if indicated
• Utilize a pouching system (if drainage is more than
200‐500 mLs)
Coldwell et al. MASD Part 3: Peristomal Moisture‐Associated Dermatitis and Periwound Moisture‐Associated Dermatitis.
Journal Wound Ostomy Continence Nursing, Sept/Oct 2011; 385(5):541‐553.
176176©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
PERISTOMAL MOISTURE‐ASSOCIATED DERMATITIS
Definition (Coldwell et al, 2011)
Inflammation and erosion of skin related to
moisture that begins at the stoma/skin junction
and can extend outward in a 10 cm radius
Coldwell et al. MASD Part 3: Peristomal Moisture‐Associated Dermatitis and Periwound Moisture‐Associated Dermatitis.
Journal Wound Ostomy Continence Nursing, Sept/Oct 2011; 385(5):541‐553.
177177©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
PERISTOMAL MOISTURE‐ASSOCIATED DERMATITIS
178©2019 Medline Industries, Inc. 178
Pathophysiology
• Moisture contacts the peristomal skin in the form of
stoma effluent, excessive perspiration or external
moisture (bathing)
• If the moisture is from fecal stoma – intestinal
enzymes may digest skin and bacteria can cause a
secondary infection
• If the moisture is from a urinary stoma – alkaline
nature of the output may overhydrate and soften
the skin, leading to loss of the epidermal barrier
Coldwell et al. MASD Part 3: Peristomal Moisture‐Associated Dermatitis and Periwound Moisture‐Associated Dermatitis.
Journal Wound Ostomy Continence Nursing, Sept/Oct 2011; 385(5):541‐553.
179179©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Characteristics
Important to determine the source of the irritant to prevent
more damage:
Observe:
• Skin color and integrity
• Location, shape, size and distribution of skin irritation or
maceration
• Products that have been used
• Changes in diet, medical condition, medication
• Method used to replace pouch
Coldwell et al. MASD Part 3: Peristomal Moisture‐Associated Dermatitis and Periwound Moisture‐Associated Dermatitis.
Journal Wound Ostomy Continence Nursing, Sept/Oct 2011; 385(5):541‐553.
180180©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Prevention
• Alter pouching system
• Change the pouching schedule
• Monitor skin barrier seal for undermining or erosion
• Seek treatment if skin becomes irritated
Coldwell et al. MASD Part 3: Peristomal Moisture‐Associated Dermatitis and Periwound Moisture‐Associated Dermatitis.
Journal Wound Ostomy Continence Nursing, Sept/Oct 2011; 385(5):541‐553.
181181©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Care
• Cleanse skin with potable water
• A skin barrier powder (stoma adhesive powder
or silver powder) can be dusted over moist
skin
• Crusting technique (combination of liquid skin
protectant over powder) can be used to
absorb moisture
• Marathon can be used to the peristomal skin
to creates an effective pouching surface
• Steroid spray can be used to diminish the
inflammatory process
Coldwell et al. MASD Part 3: Peristomal Moisture‐Associated Dermatitis and Periwound Moisture‐Associated Dermatitis.
Journal Wound Ostomy Continence Nursing, Sept/Oct 2011; 385(5):541‐553.
182182©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
KEY TO SUCCESS
Find out who’s at risk and why
Review care plan
INSPECT the skin daily
Accurately describe skin moisture and skin health
Use a consistent skin care regimen
REPORT & DOCUMENT (ie. care plan) reddened areas
immediately before they progress
183183©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Inspecting the skin
Identify the following MASD
184184©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Inspecting the skin
Peristomal Moisture Associated
Dermatitis
185185©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Inspecting the skin
Incontinent Associated
Dermatitis (IAD)
186186©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Inspecting the skin
Stage 1 Pressure Injury
187187©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Inspecting the skin
Periwound Moisture Associated
Dermatitis
188188©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Inspecting the skin
Interitriginous Dermatitis (ITD)
189189©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
Section 9:
Pressure Injury Prevention
and Management
Medline Canada
5150 Spectrum Way, Suite 300
Mississauga, ON L4W 5G2
Pressure
Injuries:
Management
& Prevention
Objectives
• Review the prevalence and cost data of pressure injuries
• Describe the 2016 NPUAP Pressure Injury classification system
• Examine the risk factors for pressure injuries
• Integrate prevention strategies into practice
101101©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
CANADIAN DATA (2004)
• Prevalence of pressure injuries in Canada:
• 25% Acute care
• 30% Non‐acute care (sub‐acute, LTC, rehab, geriatrics)
• 22% Mixed settings (mixture of acute, non‐acute and/or community)
• 15% Community care
• Overall pressure injury prevalence in Canada – 26%
102102©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
COST OF PRESSURE INJURIES IN
CANADA(2013)
•• H. ospital acquired pressure injuries costs
range from $44,000 (Stage 2) to $90,000
(Stage 4) – Chan et al, 2013
*Cases of PUs were identified among hospitalised patients using Ontario Case Costing Initiative (OCCI) 103
data from 2002–2006. Inpatient costs included direct and overhead costs. To determine the net cost of
PUs, cases were matched controlling for age, gender, most responsible diagnosis and comorbidity.
103©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
CLASSIFICATION OF PRESSURE INJURIES
• Definition of Pressure Injury (NPUAP, 2016):
• A pressure injury is localized damage to the skin and/or underlying soft tissue usually over
a bony prominence or related to a medical or other device.
• The injury can present as intact skin or an open ulcer and may be painful. The injury occurs
as a result of intense and/or prolonged pressure or pressure in combination with shear.
• The tolerance of soft tissue for pressure and shear may also be affected by microclimate,
nutrition, perfusion, co‐morbidities and condition of the soft tissue.
104©2019 Medline Industries, Inc. 104
Stage 1
105©2019 Medline Industries, Inc. Non‐blanchable, persistent reddened area
105
Stage 2
106©2019 Medline Industries, Inc. Through epidermis into dermis
106
Stage 2 (intact or ruptured serum filled‐
blister)
107©2019 Medline Industries, Inc. 107
Stage 3
108©2019 Medline Industries, Inc. Through epidermis, dermis, into subcutaneous
tissue
108
Stage 3
109©2019 Medline Industries, Inc. Through epidermis, dermis, into subcutaneous
tissue
109
Stage 4
110©2019 Medline Industries, Inc. Through all layers into fascia (which contains
muscle, bone, ligaments, tendons, cartilage)
110
Unstageable Pressure Injury
111©2019 Medline Industries, Inc. Obsured full thickness skin and tissue loss
111
DTI (Deep Tissue Injury)
112©2019 Medline Industries, Inc. 112
CHANGES IMPLEMENTED IN 2016
• Terminology change: Pressure Injury (PI)
• Arabic numbers: 1, 2, 3, 4
• Deep Tissue Pressure Injury (DTPI)
• Added: Medical Device Related Pressure Injury (this describes an etiology ‐ it’s not a stage,
but uses the staging system to stage) & Mucosal Membrane Pressure Injury (do not stage)
113©2019 Medline Industries, Inc. 113
PRESSURE INJURY STAGING
• PI’s are NOT determined by wound DEPTH, but by the
level of tissue destruction
• PI’s are not reverse staged
• Skin tears, diabetic foot ulcers, venous and arterial
ulcers are NOT staged
• Incontinence associated dermatitis is often confused
with pressure injuries and documented as such
114©2019 Medline Industries, Inc. 114
PRESSURE POINTS
115115©2019 Medline Industries, Inc.
MOST COMMON PRESSURE POINTS
Sacrum Heels
28.3% 23.6%
116©2019 Medline Industries, Inc. 116
Know the Difference • IAD
• Pressure injury Generalized: areas where
moisture accumulates
Localized : bony prominence – sacrum, hip,
heel, IT – Perineum, perigenital or to
buttocks, gluteal fold, upper
– Devices: ears, nose thighs
• Pressure, shear and immobility • Exposure to irritants – urine,
• Non‐blanchable erythema or open area stool,
with distinct margins • Poorly defined edges with
• With or without slough or eschar superficial, partial thickness
• Warmth, itchy, burning, pain skin loss
117©2019 Medline Industries, Inc. • No slough or eschar
• Red, itchy, burning, pain
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LINK BETWEEN PIs and IAD
• PI and IAD have different etiologies (pressure versus incontinence)
• In a multisite study comprising of 5,342 adult patients, 73% of IAD developed following
hospital admission
• IAD increases the risk of pressure injury development
• Gray et al (2018) found a significant association between IAD and facility acquired pressure
injury of the sacral area
118©2019 Medline Industries, Inc. 118
IAD Pressure Injury
119©2019 Medline Industries, Inc. Pressure Injury
AND IAD
119