aanad sanyukt sanskrut 10th

Xe‘r H$jm

g§¶w³V-g§ñH¥$V‘²

o ‘hmamï´>amÁ¶-nmR>çnwñVH$-{Z{‘©{V: VWm o
Aä¶mgH«$‘-g§emoYZ-‘ÊS>b‘², nwUo-4

Xe‘r H$jm

g§¶w³V-g§ñH¥$V‘²
AmZÝX:

(‘amR>r, JwOamVr, {hÝXr, B§J«Or
B˶mXrZm§ ‘mܶ‘mZm§ H¥$Vo)

"ñ‘mQ>©’$moZ' B{V CnH$aUoZ "Xrjm A°n' Ûmam nmR>çnwñVH$ñ¶ àW‘n¥ð>o ¶mo{OVoZ Q. R. Code ‘mܶ‘oZ (PDF)
nmR>çnwñVH§$ Ðïw>§ e³¶Vo VWm nmR>çnwñVHo$ à{VnmR>§ ¶mo{OVoZ Q. R. Code gmhmæ¶oZ ÑH²$lmì¶-Aܶ¶Z-
AܶmnZgm{h˶‘² Cnbä¶Vo &
Aä¶mg-2116/(à. H«$. 43/16) EgS>r-4 {XZm‘ : - 25.4.2016 B˶‘w§ emgZ{ZU©¶H«$‘m‘‘² AZwg¥Ë¶
ñWm{nVm¶m: g‘Ýd¶g{‘˶m: CndoeZo 29.12.2017 {XZo BX§ nwñVH$‘² 2018-19 B{V e¡j{UH$df©V: AZw‘m{ZV‘² &

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àW‘md¥{Îm: - 2018 ã ‘hmamï´>amÁ¶nmR>çnwñVH${Z{‘©{V: VWm Aä¶mgH«$‘g§emoYZ‘ÊS>b‘², nwUo - 411 004.
V¥Vr¶md¥{Îm: - 2020 Añ¶ nwñVH$ñ¶ gd} A{YH$mam: ‘hmamï´>amÁ¶nmR>çnwñVH${Z{‘©{V: VWm Aä¶mgH«$‘g§emoYZ‘ÊS>bñ¶
gpÝV & ‘hmamï´>amÁ¶nmR>çnwñVH${Z{‘©{V: VWm Aä¶mgH«$‘g§emoYZ‘ÊS>bñ¶ g#mmbH$ñ¶
‘w»¶g‘Ýd¶H$: {b{IV-AZw‘qV {dZm Añ¶ nwñVH$ñ¶ H$‘{n ^mJ‘² CX²Y¥V§ H$Vwª Z e³¶Vo &
lr‘Vr àmMr aqdÐ gmR>o

g§ñH¥$V^mfmVÁkg{‘{V:

g§¶moOZ‘² …

lr‘Vr g{dVm A{Zb dm¶i n§. Jwbm‘ XñVJra {~amOXma (Aܶj:)

{deofm{YH$mar, ‘amR>r lr‘Vr Va{“Ur ImoV
{MÌH$ma… : S>m°. ‘mYd Ho$iH$a
¶edÝV Xoe‘wI S>m°. àkm XoenmÊS>o
‘wIn¥ð>‘² … S>m°. ‘mYd ^wñHw$Q>o
¶edÝV Xoe‘wI lr‘Vr g{dVm dm¶i (gXñ¶-g{Md)
Aja¶moOZ‘² …

^mfm{d^mJ:

nmR>çnwñVH$‘ÊS>b‘², nwUo. g§ñH¥$V^mfmä¶mgJUgXñ¶m:

{Z{‘©{V: … S>m°. àgmX {^S>o lr‘Vr {dkmnZm JmoH$U©H$a
g{ƒXmZÝX Am’$io, lr. OJXre BÝXbH$a lr‘Vr A{XVr ‘mYdZ²
‘w»¶{Z{‘©{V-A{YH$mar lr‘Vr F$Mm d¡Ú S>m°. lrhar JmoH$U©H$a
amOoÝÐ {MÝXaH$a, lr‘Vr H$mÄMZ Omoer lr‘Vr ñdmVr OmYd
{Z{‘©{V-A{YH$mar S>m°. ‘mYdr Omoer lr‘Vr gwdUm© ~moaH$a
amO|Ð nm§S>bmogH$a

ghm¶H$ {Z{‘©{V-A{YH$mar S>m°. àgmX Hw$bH$Uu lr‘Vr brZm H$mH$S>o
H$mJX‘² … lr. {demb gam’$ lr‘Vr O¶lr Xoe‘wI
70 GSM, Creamwove lr. aKwdra am‘Xmgr lr‘Vr AM©Zm Omoer
‘wÐUmXoe: … lr‘Vr eodÝVr Xm“Q> S>m°. ‘mYdr Zagmio


‘wÐH$: …



{Z‘pÝÌVgXñ¶m:

àH$meH$: lr. amOoÝÐ XmVma S>m°. ho‘m S>moio
{ddoH$ CÎm‘ Jmogmdr
lr‘Vr ‘¡{Wbr nmoVZrg lr‘Vr ñZohm gào
{Z¶ÝÌH$: lr‘Vr e{‘©bm ^Q> lr‘Vr g‘rjm KmUoH$a
nmR>çnwñVH${Z{‘©{V‘ÊS>b‘², lr‘Vr gr‘m S>moio lr. ZraO XmÊS>oH$a
lr‘Vr œoVm ndZrH$a
à^mXodr, ‘wå~B© - 25.

^maVñ¶ g§{dYmZ‘²

àñVmdZm

d¶§, ^maVñ¶ OZm:, ^maV§ gånyU©à^wËdgånÞ§, g‘mOdm{XZ§,
gåàXm¶{Zanoj§, bmoH$VÝÌmË‘H§$ JUamÁ¶§ {dYmVw§, Vñ¶
g‘ñVmZ² ZmJ[aH$m§ü

gm‘m{OH$‘², Am{W©H§$, amOZr{VH§$ M ݶm¶§,
{dMmañ¶, A{^춺o$:, AmñWm¶m:, Y‘©ñ¶,
CnmgZm¶mü ñdVÝÌVm§,
à{Vð>m¶m:, Adgañ¶ M g‘Vm§ àmn{¶Vw§;
Vofw gd}fw M
ì¶{º$Jm¡adñ¶ amï´>ñ¶ EH$Vm¶m:,
AIÊS>Vm¶mü gw{Züm{¶H$m§ ~ÝYwVm§
dY©{¶Vw§;
H¥$VÑT>g‘ ënm: Añ¶m‘² Añ‘Xr¶m¶m§ g§{dYmZg^m¶m‘²
AÚ, p¼ñVr¶o 1949 V‘o df} Zdå~a‘mgñ¶ 26-V‘o {XZo
(2006-V‘o {dH«$‘g§dËgao ‘mJ©erf} ewŠbnjo gáå¶m§ {VWm¡)
EVoZ BX§ g§{dYmZ‘² A“rH¥$V‘², A{Y{Z¶{‘V‘², AmË‘m{n©V§ M
Hw$‘©ho &

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à{Vkm

^maVmo ‘‘ Xoemo@¶§ ^maVr¶mü ~mÝYdm: &
namZwap³Vapñ‘Z² ‘o Xoeo@pñV ‘‘ gd©Xm &&1&&
g‘¥Õm {d{dYmümñ¶ ¶m Xoeñ¶ naånam: &
gpÝV Vm: à{V ‘o {Z˶‘{^‘mZmoÞV§ {ea: &&2&&
à¶{Vî¶o gXm Mmh‘mgmX{¶Vw‘h©Vm‘² &
¶oZ Vmgm§ ^{dî¶m{‘ lÕm¶w³V: nXmZwJ: &&3&&
gå‘mZ¶o¶§ {nVam¡ d¶moÁ¶oð>mZ² Jwê§$ñVWm &
gm¡OݶoZ¡d dV}¶ VWm gd£ah§ gXm &&4&&
ñdH$s¶oZ {h XoeoZ ñdXoer¶¡ü ~mÝYd¡: &
EH$mÝV{Zð>‘mMma§ à{VOmZo {h gd©Wm &&5&&
EVofm‘od H$ë¶mUo g‘wËH$f} VW¡d M &
ZyZ§ {d{Z{hV§ gdª gm¡»¶‘m˶pÝVH§$ ‘‘ &&6&&

amï´>JrV‘²

OZJU‘Z-A{YZm¶H$ O¶ ho
^maV-^m½¶{dYmVm &

n§Om~, {g§Yw, JwOamV, ‘amR>m,
Ðm{dS>, CËH$b, ~§J,

{d§Ü¶, {h‘mMb, ¶‘wZm, J§Jm,
CÀN>b Ob{YVa§J,

Vd ew^ Zm‘o OmJo, Vd ew^ Am{eg ‘mJo,
Jmho Vd O¶JmWm,

OZJU ‘§JbXm¶H$ O¶ ho,
^maV-^m½¶{dYmVm &

O¶ ho, O¶ ho, O¶ ho,
O¶ O¶ O¶ O¶ ho &&

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àñVmdZm

AmË‘r¶m: N>mÌm:,
g§ñH¥$Vmܶ¶Zñ¶ V¥Vr¶§ df©{‘X§ {dÚmb¶ñ¶ M ApÝV‘§ df©‘² & embmÝVnarjm¶m: ApÝV‘§
gmonmZ‘² C„L²>¿¶ {demb§ OJV² àdoïw>H$m‘m: ¶y¶‘² &
JVdf©Û¶o ¶wî‘m{^: g§ñH¥$V^mfm¶m: d¡{eîQ>çmZm§ H$mì¶-ZmQ>H$m{X-gm{h˶ñ¶ Aënn[aM¶:
àmá: ñ¶mV² & nR>Zg‘¶o "H$: bm^: ApñV g§ñH¥$VnR>ZoZ?' "AmYw{ZHo$ {dkmZ¶wJo qH$ à¶moOZ‘²
Añ¶m: àmMrZ^mfm¶m:?' B{V àíZm: H$Xm{MV² ‘Z{g ñ’w$[aVm: ñ¶w: & AV: kmV춑², ¶V²
g§ñH¥$V^mfm¶m§ Ho$db§ H$mì¶ZmQ>H$mXr{Z Ed ^dpÝV B{V Z & kmZ^mfm gm Añ‘mH$‘² & VníM¶©¶m
H$R>moan[al‘¡: F${f{^: bãY§ gd©‘od kmZ§ g§ñH¥$Vo Ed ApñV & {Okmg¶m Vñ¶ n[aerbZ‘²
Añ‘mH§$ H$V©ì¶‘² &
g§ñH¥$V^mfm¶m§ gdª kmZ§ nyd©‘od H${WV‘² B{V ‘mñVw XþamJ«h: & {H$ÝVw VÎd{ZH$foU narú¶
AmYw{ZHo$Z kmZoZ VV² VmobZr¶‘² Añ‘m{^: & EVXW©‘² AܶoVì¶m g§ñH¥$V^mfm &
AÚ Z¡Ho$ naXoer¶m: A{n g§ñH¥$V^mfm‘² AܶoVw§ à˶h§ ^maV‘² AmJÀN>pÝV &
^maVr¶OrdZnÕ˶m, VÎdkmZoZ, ¶moJdoXmÝV-Am¶wd©oXm{X{^: emó¡: M Vo g§ñH¥$V§ à{V AmH¥$ï>m:
^dpÝV & d¶‘{n OmJê$H$V¶m Añ‘mH§$ ^mfm¶m: ajU§ g§dY©Z§ M Hw$‘©: &
g§ñH¥$V^mfm¶m: ¶X² CÎm‘§ ¶wî‘m{^: bãY§ VV² nmWo¶ê$noU OrdZàdmgo gd©Xm ¶wî‘m{^: gh
^doV² & g’$bm: ^dV, g§ñH¥$VkmZoZ ñdH$m¶©joÌofw {deofkVm§ àmßZwV & ^maVñ¶ Jm¡addY©H$m:
gwnwÌm: ^dV & AmXe©^yVñ¶ N>mÌñ¶ JwUmZ² gXm ñ‘aV &

kmZV¥îUm Jwam¡ {Zð>m gXmܶ¶ZXjVm &
EH$mJ«Vm ‘hÎdoÀN>m {dÚm{W©JwUn#mH$‘²&&
ew^mñVo nÝWmZ: gÝVw &

nwUo (S>m°. gw{Zb ‘Ja)
{XZm‘: - gÄMmbH$:

‘hmamï´>amÁ¶nmR>çnwñVH${Z{‘©{V: VWm
Aä¶mgH«$‘g§emoYZ‘ÊS>b‘², nwUo.

‘wIn¥ð>g‘ ënZm

àmMrZH$mbmXmaä¶ g§ñH¥$Vgm{h˶J“m AÚm{n {ZaÝVa§ àdh{V & BVmo@{n
AJ«o B¶§ g§ñH¥$V‘ÝXm{H$Zr {ZaÝVa§ àd{hî¶{V & EVm‘od g‘ ënZm§ ‘Z{g
{ZYm¶ S>m°. JOmZZ ~miH¥$îU nigwbo B{V AmYw{ZH$g§ñH¥$V‘hmH${dZm
"g§ñH¥$V‘ÝXm{H$Zr' JrV§ (n¥.H«$.8) a{MV‘² & Vm‘od g‘ ënZm§ àH$Q>¶{V
nwñVH$ñ¶ Añ¶ ‘wIn¥ð>‘² &

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g§ñH¥$V‘² &

Xe‘rH$jmÀN>mÌmUm§ g§ñH¥$V^mfm{df¶o j‘Vm{dYmZm{Z &

joÌ‘² j‘Vm{dYmZm{Z
ldU‘²
1. AmH$medmʶm Xÿa{MÌdmʶm M àgm[aVñ¶ g§ñH¥$VdmVm©nÌñ¶ ldU§ Hw$d©pÝV
AdJÀN>pÝV M &

2. {ejHo$U g§ñH¥$V‘mܶ‘oZ H¥$V‘² AZm¡nMm[aH$gå^mfU§ e¥ÊdpÝV &
3. nmR>瑲 A{VH«$å¶ g§ñH¥$Vgw^m{fVm{Z ñVmoÌmXr{Z M e¥ÊdpÝV &
4. g§ñH¥$VJrVZmQ>H$mXrZ² AdJ˶ AmñdmX¶pÝV &

^mfU‘² 1. g§ñH¥$Vñ¶ CƒmaUd¡{eîQ>çm{Z AZwg¥Ë¶ C{MV§ ûcmoH$nR>Z§ gå^mfU§ M Hw$d©pÝV &
2. g§ñH¥$V‘mܶ‘oZ Aܶ¶ZH¥$VrZm§ {df¶o AZw^d§ H$W¶pÝV &
3. g§ñH¥$VoZ MMmª Hw$d©pÝV &

nR>Z‘² 1. ggpÝY VWm gpÝY§ {dJ¥ø nmR>çm§e§ nR>pÝV &

boIZ‘² 1. g§ñH¥$VoZ boIZ{Z¶‘mZ² AZwg¥Ë¶ lwVboIZ§ Hw$d©pÝV &
2. ^mfm{Z¶‘mZ² AZwg¥Ë¶ dm³¶m{Z {bIpÝV &
3. ‘mܶ‘^mfmV: ^mfm{Z¶‘mZ² AZwg¥Ë¶ AZwdmX§ Hw$d©pÝV &

Aܶ¶Z‘² 1. AmÝVaOmbo g§ñH¥$V{df¶H$m{U g‘oVñWbm{Z ApÝdî¶pÝV &
2. AmYw{ZH$^mfmgw dV©‘mZmZm§ eãXmZm§ H¥$Vo g§ñH¥$VoZ à{VeãXmZm§ {Z‘m©U§ à¶moJ§ M Hw$d©pÝV
¶Wm - Mb^mf…, g“UH$…, ‘hmnm¡a…&
3. JrVmXrZm§ g§ñH¥$VmZwdmXñ¶ ¶ËZ§ Hw$d©pÝV &
4. àñVmdZm¶m: {MÝVZàíZmZm‘² M AmYmaoU g§ñH¥$VboIH$mZ² VWm g§ñH¥$Vgm{h˶{df¶§
OmZpÝV &
5. g§ñH¥$VoZ eãXOmbñ¶ {Z‘m©Uo ¶ËZ§ Hw$d©pÝV &
6. A‘aH$mofñ¶ A{YH$‘² Aܶ¶Z§ à¶moJ§ M Hw$d©pÝV &

^mfmä¶mg: 1. g§ñH¥$VoZ gabg§dmX§ Hw$d©pÝV &
2. gw¶mo½¶ar˶m bH$mamUm§ à¶moJ§ Hw$d©pÝV &
3. nyd©n{R>VmZm§ ^mfm{Z¶‘mZm§ ÑT>rH$aU§ à¶moJ§ M Hw$d©pÝV &
4. AmYw{ZH$g§ñH¥$Vdm¶¶§ n{R>Vw§ AdJÝVw§ M à¶ËZ§ Hw$d©pÝV &
5. g‘ñVnXmZm§ gÝX^©‘² AZwg¥Ë¶ AW©{Zü¶§ {dJ«h§ M Hw$d©pÝV &
6. EH$V… eV§ ¶mdV² (1-100) g§»¶m: (H«$‘-Amd¥{Îmg{hVm:) OmZpÝV &

nmR>çnwñVH$ñ¶ Ano{jVn[aUm‘mWª gdm©gm§ j‘VmZm§ gw¶mo½¶{dH$mgmWª à{Vgámh§ {Vò:> (3) Vm{gH$m: Ano{jVm: &

AZwH«$‘{UH$m

* gwJ‘g§ñH¥$V‘² & 1
1. AmÚH¥$fH$: n¥Wwd¡Ý¶: & (JÚ‘²) 6
2. ì¶gZo {‘Ìnarjm & (JÚ‘²) 9
3. gyp³VgwYm & (nÚ‘²) (H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUmW©‘²) 12

& Aä¶mgnÌ‘² - 1 & 14

* ì¶ÄOZmÝVm: & 16

4. g Ed na‘mUw: & (g§dmX:) 21

5. ¶w½‘‘mbm & (nÚ‘²) (H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUmW©‘²) 23

& Aä¶mgnÌ‘² - 2 & 25

* bH$maOJV² & (YmVd: - {ÛVr¶: g‘yh:, dmÀ¶n[aM¶:, {bQ²>) & 26

6. g§ñH¥$VZmQ>ç¶w½‘‘² & (g§dmX:) (gabmW©boIZmW©‘²) 33

7. dmMZàe§gm & (nÚ‘²) (gabmW©boIZmW©‘²) 35

* g‘mgm: & 37

8. ZXrgy³V‘² & (g§dmX:) (gabmW©boIZmW©‘²) 44

9. Am{Xe‘ amMm¶©: (JÚ‘²) 46

& Aä¶mgnÌ‘² - 3 & 48

* YmVwgm{YV-{deofUm{Z & 51
10. {MÌH$m춑² & (nÚ‘²) (H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUmW©‘²) 57

11. ‘mZdVmY‘©: & (nÚ‘²) (gabmW©boIZmW©‘²) 61

& Aä¶mgnÌ‘² - 4 & 63

* {UOÝVm: (à¶moOH$m:) & 64

* gL²>»¶m{dœ‘²& 66

? dm³¶aMZm - 70

ì A‘aH$mof: 72

ì ¶mo½¶§ n¶m©¶§ {MZwV & 73

ì n[a{eï>‘² 74

ì eãXH$mof: 76

ì {d{eï>{d^{º$:-dm³¶{Z‘m©U‘² & 77

ì YmVwê$nm{U 78

àmW©Zm & (Ho$db§ H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUmW©‘²)

H$aXe©Z‘² - H$amJ«o dgVo bú‘r:
H$a‘ܶo gañdVr &
H$a‘ybo Vw Jmo{dÝX:
à^mVo H$aXe©Z‘² &&

j‘màmW©Zm - g‘wÐdgZo Xo{d
nd©Vmd{b^y{fVo &
{dîUwnpËZ Z‘ñVw䶧
nmXñneª j‘ñd ‘o &&

gy¶©Z‘ñH$ma:-ܶo¶: gXm g{dV¥‘ÊS>b‘ܶdVu
Zmam¶U: ga{gOmgZg{Þ{dï>: &
Ho$¶yadmZ² ‘H$aHw$ÊS>bdmZ² {H$arQ>r
hmar {haÊ‘¶dnwY©¥Ve’MH«$: &&

^moOZ‘ÝÌ:- gVV‘eZH$mbo ‘mV¥^yq‘ ñ‘ao¶‘²
O¶ O¶ OZ{Z Ëd§ ‘w³VH$ÊR>§ dXo¶‘² &
{hVXgwIX‘Þ§ à˶h§ ^j¶o¶‘²
^dVw ~bg‘¥Õ§ amï´>^³Ë¶¡ eara‘² &&

XrnñVw{V: - XrnÁ¶mo{V: na~«÷ XrnÁ¶mo{VO©ZmX©Z: &
Xrnmo ha{V nmnm{Z gÝܶmXrn Z‘mo@ñVwVo &&

empÝV‘ÝÌ: -› nyU©‘X: nyU©{‘X§ nyUm©V² nyU©‘wXÀ¶Vo &
nyU©ñ¶ nyU©‘mXm¶ nyU©‘odmd{eî¶Vo &&

H

gwJ‘g§ñH¥$V‘² & {MÌnXH$mof: &
Cn¶w³VdñVy{Z &

{n{hVnÌ‘² ¶mo{OZr gÝX§e: g{#mH$m

‘¥Xþ‘wÐm ‘yë¶m‘: apÝY«H$m gmÝБw{ÐH$m

g§íbofn{Å>H$m {dÚwV²H$mof: ñ‘¥{VebmH$m VÝÌr:

Ñí¶’$bH$‘² Aja’$bH$‘² nmWo¶nmÌ‘² dógy{M:

dóm{U &

D$éH$‘² AYm}éH$‘² ¶wVH$‘² nmXñ¶yV:
1

Ym¡Vdó‘² em{Q>H$m am‘d‘² ñdoXH$:

ImÚnXmWm©: &

amo{Q>H$m emH$‘² gyn: Adboh:

nn©Q>‘² AmoXZ‘² nm¶g‘² Hw$ÊS>{bH$m
{VpÝVS>r Am‘bH$‘²
éM¶: &
Amåbm
‘ar{MH$m H$mado„‘²

H$Qw: {V³V‘² H$fm¶‘²

eH©$am g¡ÝYd‘²
‘Ywam
bdU‘²
2

{H«$¶m: &

ñWJ¶{V {nXYm{V CX²KmQ>¶{V {Z‘rb¶{V

Ádmb¶{V {Zdm©n¶{V XXm{V/¶ÀN>{V J¥†m{V

‘m{V ApÝdî¶{V narjVo {MZmo{V

‘X©¶{V do„¶{V ^O©¶{V n[adof¶{V

gL²>H$b¶{V ì¶dH$b¶{V JwU¶{V ^mO¶{V
3

gwJ‘g§ñH¥$V‘² & g‘¶: & nwZ:ñ‘maU‘² &

n#mdmXZ‘² n#mm{YH$-n#mdmXZ‘² Xem{YH$-n#mdmXZ‘² gnmX-n#mdmXZ‘²
05.00 05.05 05.10 05.15

{d§e˶{YH -n#mdmXZ‘² n#mqde˶{YH$-n#mdmXZ‘² gmY©-n#mdmXZ‘² n#mqÌeX{YH$-n#mdmXZ‘²
05.20 05.25 05.30 05.35

MËdm[a§eX{YH$-n#mdmXZ‘² nmXmoZ-fS²>dmXZ‘² XemoZ-fS>²dmXZ‘² n#mmoZ-fS²>dmXZ‘²
05.40 05.45 05.50 05.55

* nwZ:ñ‘maU‘² - gL²>»¶m: Aja¡:/ A‘¡: {bIV & (EH$V: eV§ n¶©ÝV‘² &)

A‘m: Ajam{U - gßVZd{V:
15 91
23 18
80 32
64 88
- fQ²>qÌeV² 4
99
87 61
42 - n#mmeV²
58
- ZdgßV{V: 100

4

{MÌnXH$mof: & nwZ:ñ‘maU‘² &

1. 2.

boIZdñVy{Z ’$bm{Z

3. 4.
{H«$¶m: nwînm{U

5. 6.
J¥hdñVy{Z n{jU:

dmga-Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V & (AÚ, œ: . . . . .)

ø: AÚ íd:

a{ddmga: gmo‘dmga: ‘“bdmga: ~wYdmga: Jwédmga: ewH«$dmga: e{Zdmga:

5

àW‘: nmR>: & AmÚH¥$fH$: n¥Wwd¡Ý¶: &

F$½doXmV² Efm H$Wm CÕ¥Vm (F$.10.93.14) & doZ^ynVo: nwÌ: d¡Ý¶: •$$^maVXoeo H¥${fjoÌñ¶
Ed n¥Wwd¡Ý¶: B{V ZmåZm kmV: & g: àOm{hVXj: AmXe©: g‘«mQ²> B{V ñ‘¥V:& d¡{eîQ>çm{Z H$m{Z ?
^maVXoeo n¥WwZm Ed H¥${fH$m¶ª àmaãY§, g§emo{YV§, {dH$mg§ à{V ZrV§ M& g
Ed H¥${f{dÚm¶m: OZH$: B{V ‘V: & AV Ed g: àW‘: H¥$fH$:& Y[aͶm: • H¥${fà{H«$¶m{df¶o H$W¶V &
"n¥{Wdr' B{V Zm‘m{^YmZ§ n¥Wmo: H$m¶©ñ¶ ñ‘maH$‘²' B{V ‘ݶVo ~wY¡:&

^ynmb: n¥Wwd¡Ý¶: Zm‘ Yam¶m§ àW‘:
A{^{f³V: g‘«mQ²> & à¶mJjoÌo n¥WwZ¥nñ¶
amOYmZr AmgrV²& amÁ¶m{^foH$g‘¶o
MmaUm: n¥WwZ¥nñ¶ ñVwqV JmVw‘wËgwH$m: &
VXm n¥Ww: Amkmn¶V², ""{Vð>ÝVw MmaUm: !
¶mdV² ‘‘ gX²JwUm: Z àH$Q>r^dpÝV
VmdXh§ Z ñVmoVì¶:& ñVdZ§ Vw B©ídañ¶¡d
^doV² &'' ñVw{VJm¶H$m: n¥WwZ¥nñ¶
EVmX¥et {Z:ñn¥hVm§ kmËdm àgÞm:
A^dZ²&

EH$Xm n¥WwamO: ñdamÁ¶o ^«‘U‘²
AH$amoV² & ^«‘Ug‘¶o VoZ Ñï>§ ¶V² àOm: AVrd H¥$em: Ae³VmíM & Vm: àOm: newd‚mrdpÝV & {ZH¥$ï>mÞ§
ImXpÝV & VX² ÑîQ‰>m amOm {MÝVmHw$b: OmV: & VXm nwamo{hVmo@dXV², ""ho amOZ², YZYmݶm{X gdª dñVwOmV§
dñVwV: dgwÝYam¶m: CXa Ed dV©Vo & VËàmá§w ¶Vñd &''

VXm n¥Ww^ynoZ VXWª YZw: g‚mrH¥$V‘²& VXm ^y{‘:
órê$n§ Y¥Ëdm Vñ¶ nwaV: àH${Q>Vm A^dV² AdXV² M, ""ho
amOoÝÐ! Vd {nVm Xþ:emgH$: doZamO: amOY‘©ñ¶ nmbZ§
ZmH$amoV²& VXm ‘¶m MmoabwÊR>H$^¶mV² YZYmݶnwîn’$bm{Z
‘‘ CXao {Z{hVm{Z & Ëd§ Vw àOm{hVXj: Z¥n: & ¶{X Ëd§
à¶ËZoZ H¥${fH$m¶ª H$amo{f V{h© Ah§ àgÞm ^{dî¶m{‘&
AV: YZw: ˶O & I{ZÌm{U, hbmZ², Hw$ÔmbH$mZ²
b{dÌm{U M hñVo J¥hrËdm àOmOZ¡: gh H¥${fH$m¶ª
Hw$é&''

^y‘mVw: CnXoe§ ‘Z{g {ZYm¶ n¥Wwd¡Ý¶: ZXrZm§
‘mJ©‘² Adéܶ H¥${fH$m¶m©Wª Obñ¶ Cn¶moJ‘² AH$amoV²&
d¥{ï>Obg#m¶§ H¥$Ëdm Obì¶dñWmnZ‘² AH$amoV²&
^y{‘‘² Cd©aV‘m§ H$Vwª àm¶VV& VXZÝVa§ Vpñ‘Z² joÌo
OZm: Ymݶ~rOm{Z AdnZ²& g Z¡Ho$ä¶: d¥joä¶:
{d{dYàH$maH$mUm§ ~rOmZm§ g‘bZ§ M¶Z§ M n[al‘oU

6

AH$amoV²& AZÝVa§ ~rOmZm§ g§ñH$aU§ H¥$Ëdm dnZ‘² AH$amoV² & nO©Ý¶mZÝVa§ ~rOoä¶: AL²>Hw$am: CX²^yVm:&
Ymݶbm^oZ gd} àOmOZm: gÝVwï>m: M A^dZ²& Ef: H$ë¶mUH$mar Z¥n: n¥{Wì¶m§ àemgZo AJ«Ur: OZgodmd«Vr
M A^dV²&

n¥Wwd¡Ý¶ñ¶ AmXe©^yVm{Z H$m¶m©{U &

g§ajUì¶dñWm n¥Wwd¡Ý¶ñ¶ neyZm§ H¥$Vo a{jVm{Z V¥UjoÌm{U
Obì¶dñWmnZ‘² OZgodm AÞXþ½YmXrZm§ ì¶dñWm
H¥${fg§emoYZ‘² ZJaì¶dñWmnZ‘²

Amamo½¶gw{dYm: {ejUì¶dñWm

^mfmä¶mg:

1. nyU©dmŠ¶oZ CÎma§ {bIV &

A) MmaUm: {H$‘W©‘² CËgwH$m: ? Am) ^«‘Ug‘¶o n¥WwamOoZ qH$ Ñï>‘² ?

B) dgwÝYam¶m: CXao qH$ dV©Vo ? B©) órê$n§ Y¥Ëdm n¥WwZ¥nñ¶ nwaV: H$m àH${Q>Vm A^dV² ?

C) n¥Wwd¡Ý¶: H¥${fH$m¶m©Wª Obñ¶ ì¶dñWmnZ§ H$W‘² AH$amoV² ?

2. OmbaoIm{M̧ nya¶V & 3. nmR>çm§e§ n{R>Ëdm àdm{hOmb§ nya¶V &

A) hbm: n¥Wwd¡Ý¶: ~rOmZm§

H¥${f-gmYZm{Z

Am) H¥$em: OrdpÝV&
ImXpÝV& n¥WwamOñ¶ àOm:

B) YZm{Z AH$amoV²
^yå¶m CXao
{Z{hVm{Z

7

4. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &

A) ^y‘mVm n¥Wwd¡Ý¶§ {H$‘² Cnm{XeV² ?
Am) Y[aͶm: CnXoe§ ‘Z{g {ZYm¶ n¥Wwd¡Ý¶: qH$ {H$‘² AH$amoV² ?

5. A‘aH$mofmV² ¶mo½¶§ g‘mZmW©H§$ eãX§ ¶moO{¶Ëdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV &
A) amOm {MÝVmHw$b: OmV: & Am) ^y{‘: órê$n§ Y¥Ëdm àH${Q>Vm &

6. ‘obZ§ Hw$éV &

{deofU‘² H¥$em: Cd©am AmZpÝXVm: Xþ:emgH$: àOm{hVXj:
{deo² n¥Ww: doZ: àOm: ^y{‘: àOmOZm:

7. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & d¥j:, ^y{‘:, amOm, YZw:, ZXr &

8. {déÕmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & ñVw{V: , gX²JwUm:, àgÞm:, Ae³Vm:, nwaV:, H¥$em: &

9. H$: H§$ dX{V ?
A) {Vð>ÝVw MmaUm: & Am) VËàmáw§ ¶Vñd & B) Vd {nVm Xþ:emgH$: & B©) AV: YZw: ˶O &

10. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & $A) CXa Ed Am) newd‚mrdpÝV B) Ae³VmíM B©) nwamo{hVmo@dXV² &

àdhVmV² g§ñH¥$V-‘ÝXm{H$Zr

eVeVH$mo{Q>eaV²n¶©ÝV‘² &

àdhVmV² g§ñH¥$V-‘ÝXm{H$Zr &&Y¥.&&

AkmVm ¶ñ¶m J“moÌr B{Vhmgñ¶ Z ¶ÌmpñV J{V: & nR>V-~moYV
n[aUV§ ’$b‘² AZm{X: lw{V: ¶Ëàgd: gm ^maVdmUr &&1&& AmYw{ZH$: _hmH${d: S>m°. JOmZZ

{gÝYwewVwÐrgañdVrZm§ VQ>o F$frUm§ ܶmZnamUm‘² & ~miH¥$îU nigwbo _hm^mJ: ‘hmamîQ´>o

hmo‘Yy‘nm{dVbmoH$mZm‘² A{Ì^¥JyUm§ N>ÝXmodmUr &&2&& gmVmam ZJao OmV: & ì¶mH$aUemñÌ{df¶o

"H$ñËd§ H$mo@h§' àíZnamUm‘² AmË‘VÎdXe©ZmoËgwH$mZm‘² & VWm ^mfmemñÌ{df¶o à^yV§ g§emoYZ§

¶mkd볶‘w{ZOZH$mXrZm§ VÎd‘gr{V ~«÷dm{XZr &&3&& boIZ§ M H¥$V§ ‘hmoX¶oZ & Ìr{U
dmë‘r{H$‘w{Zì¶mg{da{MVm am‘H¥$îU¶mo: nmdZJmWm & ZmQ>H$m{Z, Ûo M[aVo, "d¡Zm¶H$‘²' B{V
AIÊS>Xrnmo ^JdÒrVm H$‘©¶moJgÝXoeXm{¶Zr &&4&& àoaH§$ ‘hmH$m춑² B˶ñ¶ J«ÝWgånX² &
à{gÕmZm§ ‘amR>r - ZmQ>çH$mì¶mZm§
‘oKXÿVemHw$ÝVbaKw{^: CÎmaam‘{H$amVHw$‘ma¡: & gag: gab: M AZwdmX: A{n H¥$V:
H$m{bXmg^d^y{Và‘wI¡: H¥${V{d^yfUm ‘Ywa^m{fUr &&5&& AZoZ &
nm{U{ZgÑe¡: ñVmoÌJm¶H¡$: ^moO‘å‘Q>m{X{^^y©fH¡$: &
e‘ am{X{^ñVÎd{MÝVH¡$: XÎmdÝXZm dm³g‘«mkr &&6&& Z¡H¡$: nwañH$ma¡: ^y{fV: A¶§
am{ï´>`npÊS>V: amï´>n{VnwañH$maoUm{n
B¶‘ñ‘mH§$ Y‘©^maVr amï´>¡³¶ñ¶ M ‘hVr ñ’y${V©: & gå‘m{ZV: & Añ_¡ npÊS>Vloð>m` Z_: &
{dZm g§ñH¥$V§ Z¡d g§ñH¥${V: Bhm‘wÌH$ë¶mUH$m[aUr &&7&&

nwqï> Vwqï> g‘mdhÝVr Or{dVnwîn§ {dH$mg¶ÝVr &

{díd‘“b§ ’$b§ ’$bÝVr H$mo{Q>H$mo{Q>eaËn¶©ÝV‘² àdhVmV² g§ñH¥$V‘ÝXm{H$Zr &&8&&

- S>m°. JOmZZ ~miH¥$îU nigwbo

8

{ÛVr¶: nmR>: & ì¶gZo {‘Ìnarjm &

{hVmonXoemV² ñdrH¥$Vm Efm H$Wm & {hVmonXoeñ¶ H$Vm© Zmam¶UnpÊS>V: & • $$CÎm‘{‘Ìo Ho$ JwUm: ^do¶w:?
{hVmonXoeñ¶ MËdma: {d^mJm: gpÝV & 1) {‘Ìbm^: 2) gwöX²^oX: • g‘Q>g‘¶o {‘ÌoU gmhm涧
3) {dJ«h: 4) gpÝY: & J«ÝWo@pñ‘Z² newn{jUm§ H$Wm‘mܶ‘oZ Zr{VdMZm{Z
~mo{YVm{Z & H¥$V{‘{V H$Xm{MX² AZw^yV§ dm?

ApñV EH§$ MånH§$ Zm‘ Aaʶ‘² & Aaʶo {MÌm“mo Zm‘ ‘¥J: EH$mjmo Zm‘ H$mH$íM ñZohoZ {ZdgV:
ñ‘& EH$Xm {MÌm“: dZo ^«‘Z² Ho$Zm{n e¥JmboZ Adbmo{H$V: & jwÐ~w{Õ: Zm‘ g: e¥Jmb: ñdmW©hoVwZm ‘¥JoU
gh {‘ÌVm‘² EoÀN>V² & AñV“Vo g{dV[a jwÐ~w{Õ: ‘¥JoU gh ‘¥Jñ¶ {ZdmgñWmZ§ JV: & ‘¥Je¥Jmbm¡ ÑîQ‰>m
H$mH$mo@dXV², ""gIo {MÌm“! H$mo@¶§ {ÛVr¶: ?'' ‘¥J: A~«yV, ""Oå~yH$mo@¶‘² & Añ‘Ëg»¶‘² BÀN>{V &''
H$mH$: Cnm{XeV², ""AH$ñ‘mXmJÝVwZm gh {‘ÌVm Z ¶w³Vm &'' VXmH$ʶ© Oå~yH$: gH$mon‘² Amh, ""‘¥Jñ¶
àW‘Xe©Zo ^dmZ{n An[a{MV: Ed AmgrV² & ¶Wm¶§ ‘¥J: ‘‘ ~ÝYw: VWm ^dmZ{n &'' ‘¥J: A~«drV²,
""Ab§ {ddmXoZ & d¶§ gd} AmZÝXoZ EH$Ì {Zdgm‘: &'' H$mHo$Zmo³V‘², ""Ed‘ñVw &''

9

{H${#mËH$mbmZÝVa§ e¥Jmb: ‘¥J‘² AdXV², "dZo@pñ‘Z² EH§$ gñ¶nyU©joÌ‘pñV & Xe©¶m{‘ Ëdm‘² &'
VWm H¥$Vo ‘¥J: à˶h§ VÌ JËdm gñ¶‘² AImXV² & VX² ÑîQ‰>m EH$pñ‘Z² {XZo joÌn{VZm nme: ¶mo{OV: &
VÌmJV: ‘¥J: nme¡~©Õ: & g: A{MÝV¶V², ""BXmZt {‘Ìmʶod eaU§ ‘‘ &'' XÿamV² VV² ní¶Z² Oå~yH$:
‘Z{g AmZpÝXV>: & gmo@{MÝV¶V², ""’${bV§ ‘o ‘ZmoaW‘² & BXmZt à^yV§ ^moOZ§ àmßñ¶m{‘ &'' ‘¥JñV§ ÑîQ‰>m
A~«drV², ""{‘Ì, {N>pÝY VmdÝ‘‘ ~ÝYZ‘² & Ìm¶ñd ‘m‘² &'' Oå~yH$mo XÿamXodmdXV², ""{‘Ì, ÑT>mo@¶§ ~ÝY:&
ñZm¶w{Z{‘©VmZ² nmemZoVmZ² H$W§ dm d«V{Xdgo ñn¥em{‘?'' B˶w³Ëdm g: g‘rn‘od d¥jñ¶ n¥ð>V: {Z^¥V§
pñWV: &

àXmofH$mbo ‘¥J‘pÝdî¶Z² H$mH$ñVÌmonpñWV: & ‘¥J§ VWm{dY§ ÑîQ‰>m g CdmM, ""gIo ! {H$‘oVV² ?''
‘¥JoUmo³V‘², ""gwöX²dm³¶ñ¶ AZmXamV² ~Õmo@h‘² & C³V§ M -

gwöXm§ {hVH$m‘mZm§ ¶: e¥Umo{V Z ^m{fV‘² &
{dnV² g{Þ{hVm Vñ¶ g Za: eÌwZÝXZ: &&''

H$mH$: A~«yV, ""g d#mH$: ¹$mñVo ?'' ‘¥JoUmo³V‘², ""‘Ý‘m§gmWu {Vð>˶̡d &'' H$mH$: C³VdmZ²,
""Cnm¶ñVmdV² {MÝVZr¶: &''

AW à^mVo joÌn{Vb©JwS>hñV: AmJÀN>Z² H$mHo$Zmdbmo{H$V: & V‘mbmo³¶ H$mHo$Zmo³V‘², ""gIo ‘¥J,
Ëd‘mË‘mZ§ ‘¥VdËg§Xe©¶ & dmVoZmoXa§ nya{¶Ëdm nmXmÝñVãYrH¥$˶ {Vð> & ¶Xmh§ eãX§ H$amo{‘ VXm Ëd‘wËWm¶
gËda§ nbm{¶î¶go &'' ‘¥JñVW¡d pñWV: &

joÌn{VZm ‘¥J: Ambmo{H$V: C³V#m, ""Am:! ñd¶§ ‘¥Vmo@{g!'' g: ‘¥J§ ~ÝYZmV² 춑w#mV² & VV:
H$mH$eãX§ lwËdm ‘¥J: gËda§ nbm{¶V: & V‘w{Ôí¶ joÌn{VZm {jáoZ bJwS>oZ e¥JmbñVmdX² hV: &

^mfmä¶mg:

1. nyU©dmŠ¶oZ CÎma§ {bIV & 2. $H$: $H§$ dX{V ?
A) Aaʶo H$m¡ {ZdgV: ñ‘ ? A) "dZo@pñ‘Z² EH§$ gñ¶nyUª joÌ‘pñV &'
Am) H$mH$: {H$‘² Cnm{XeV² ? Am) "{‘Ì, {N>pÝY VmdÝ‘‘ ~ÝYZ‘² &'
B) ‘¥J: à˶h§ jo̧ JËdm {H$‘² AH$amoV² ? B) "g d#mH$: ¹$mñVo ?'
B©) jwÐ~w{Õ: Hw$Ì {Z^¥V§ pñWV: ?
C) e¥Jmb: Ho$Z hV: ?

3. CÎmanX§ {bIV & & 4. nyd©nX§ {bIV & + A~«drV² &
A) H$mH$mo@dXV² = H$mH$: + & A) ‘¥Jmo@~«drV² = + CXa‘² &
Am) ‘¥JoUmo³V‘² = ‘¥JoU + & Am) dmVoZmoXa‘² = + A{g &
B) Oå~yH$mo@¶‘² = Oå~yH$: + B) ‘¥Vmo@{g =

5. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & 6. {déÕmW©H$eãX§ {bIV &
A) "g Za: eÌwZÝXZ:' B{V dMZ§ H$Wm¶m: ÑT>:, ‘¡Ìr, ~Õ:, à^yV‘² &
AmYmaoU ñnï>rHw$éV &

Am) H$mHo$Z H$: Cnm¶: C³V: ?

10

7. A‘aH$mofmV² ¶mo½¶§ g‘mZmW©H§$ eãX§ ¶moO{¶Ëdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV &
A) Aaʶo ‘¥J: H$mH$: M ñZohoZ {ZdgV: &
Am) Oå~yH$: VoZ gh ‘¥Jñ¶ {ZdmgñWmZ§ JV: &
B) ‘¥J‘pÝdî¶Z² H$mH$: VÌ CnpñWV: &

8. ñVå^‘obZ§ Hw$éV & 9. Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &
{deofU‘²
ÑT>: {deo² A) d³Ìm g§dmX§ ‘ob¶V
{jáoZ bJwS>oZ
EH$pñ‘Z² {XZo Oå~yH$: ‘¥J:
bJwS>hñV: ‘¥J:
~ÝY: (‘ÄOyfm - Ìm¶ñd ‘m‘², Xe©¶m{‘ Ëdm‘²,
10. OmbaoIm{M̧ nya¶V & joÌn{V: ÑT>mo@¶§ ~ÝY:, {N>pÝY ‘‘ ~ÝYZ‘²)

Aaʶ‘² Am) d³Ìm g§dmX§ ‘ob¶V
‘¥J: H$mH$:

e¥Jmb: Zm‘m{Z H$mH$:

‘¥J: (‘ÄOyfm - Ab§ {ddmXoZ, H$mo@¶§ {ÛVr¶:?,
Ed‘ñVw, Añ‘Ëg»¶‘² BÀN>{V &)

CnH«$‘: - nmR>mV² CnnX{d^p³V¶w³Vm{Z dm³¶m{Z {MËdm {bIV &

H«$sS>V-ZÝXV &
gL²>»¶mH«$sS>m
EH§$ Ûo Ìr{U . . . B{V H«$‘oU gd} {‘{bËdm eVn¶©ÝV§ gL²>»¶m: dXo¶w: &
VV: nwZ: VXod AmdV©Zr¶‘² & naÝVw Apñ‘Z² Adgao gdm©: {df‘gL²>»¶m:
{ejH$: Ed dXoV² & N>mÌ¡ñVw Ho$db§ g‘gL²>»¶m: d³Vì¶m: & A{J«‘o
AmdV©Zo {ejH$: g‘gL²>»¶m: dXoV², ~mbmü {df‘gL²>»¶m: dXo¶w: & EVoZ
gL²>»¶mä¶mg: gwð>w ^d{V &
gL²>»¶mboIZ‘²
$N>mÌmUm§ JUÛ¶§ H$aUr¶‘² & {ejH$ñ¶ g‘rno H¥$îU’$bH§$ ^doV² &
{ejH$: ¶Xm gyM¶{V VXm à{VJU‘² EH$: H«$sS>H$: AJ«o AmJ˶ H¥$îU’$bH$ñ¶
nwaV: {Vð>{V & {ejH$: g§ñH¥$VoZ H$m{#mV² gL²>»¶m§ dX{V & Vm¡ erK«m{VerK«§ Vm§
gL²>»¶m§ H¥$îU’$bHo$ {bIoVm‘² & ¶: AmXm¡ {bI{V Vñ‘¡ JUm¶ EH$: A‘:
Xr¶Vo & (gL²>»¶m§ XodZmJar{b߶m amo‘Z²-{b߶m dm bo{IVw‘² Ah©pÝV &)

- H«$sS>md„r-nwñVH$mV² &

11

V¥Vr¶: nmR>: gy{³VgwYm& (H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUmW©‘²)

Ho$db§ npL²>³VÛ¶mË‘H$m: íbmoH$m:

gy³V¶: Zm‘ gwdMZm{Z & gy³VrZm§ nR>ZoZ dm³MmVw¶ª dY©Vo & gy³VrZm§ à¶moJ: boIZo ^mfUo M à^md§

OZ¶{V & C³V‘od- {IÞ§ Mm{n gw^m{fVoZ a‘Vo ñdr¶§ ‘Z: gd©Xm

lwËdmݶñ¶ gw^m{fV§ Ibw ‘Z: lmoVw§ nwZdm©ÄN>{V &

AkmZ² kmZdVmo@߶ZoZ {h derH$Vwª g‘Wm©o ^doV²

H$V©ì¶mo {h gw^m{fVñ¶ ‘ZwO¡amdí¶H$: gL²>J«h: &&

d¥Îm‘²- {dÚm Zm‘ Zañ¶ ê$n‘{YH§$ àÀN>ÞJw᧠YZ‘²
emXÿ©b{dH«$s{S>V‘² {dÚm ^moJH$ar ¶e:gwIH$ar {dÚm Jwê$Um§ Jwé:&
{dÚm ~ÝYwOZmo {dXoeJ‘Zo {dÚm na§ X¡dV‘²
{dÚm amOgw nyÁ¶Vo Z Vw YZ§ {dÚm{dhrZ: new:&&1&& -Zr{VeVH$mV²

gpÝY{dJ«hm: - 1) ê$n‘{YH$‘² = ê$n‘² + A{YH$‘² & 2) ~ÝYwOZmo {dXoeJ‘Zo = ~ÝYwOZ: + {dXoeJ‘Zo &

AÝd¶: - {dÚm Zm‘ Zañ¶ A{YH§$ ê$n‘², àÀN>ÞJw᧠YZ‘², {dÚm ^moJH$ar ¶e:gwIH$ar (M) & {dÚm
Jwê$Um§ Jwé: & {dXoeJ‘Zo {dÚm ~ÝYwOZ: & {dÚm na§ X¡dV‘² & {dÚm amOgw nyÁ¶Vo Z Vw YZ‘² &
{dÚm{dhrZ: new: (Ed) &

d¥Îm‘²- {ZÝXÝVw Zr{V{ZnwUm ¶{X dm ñVwdÝVw
bú‘r: g‘m{deVw JÀN>Vw dm ¶Woï>‘² &

dgÝV{VbH$m AÚ¡d dm ‘aU‘ñVw ¶wJmÝVao dm

ݶmæ¶mËnW: à{dMbpÝV nX§ Z Yram:&&2&& -Zr{VeVH$mV²

gpÝY{dJ«hm: - 1) Zr{V{ZnwUm ¶{X = Zr{V{ZnwUm: + ¶{X 2) AÚ¡d = AÚ + Ed &

3) ‘aU‘ñVw = ‘aU‘² + AñVw & 4) ݶmæ¶mËnW: = ݶmæ¶mV² + nW: &

AÝd¶: - ¶{X (A{n) Zr{V{ZnwUm: {ZÝXÝVw ñVwdÝVw dm, bú‘r: g‘m{deVw ¶Woï>§ JÀN>Vw dm, ‘aU‘² AÚ
Ed AñVw ¶wJmÝVao dm, (VWm{n) Yram: ݶmæ¶mV² nW: nX§ Z à{dMbpÝV &

d¥Îm‘²- AZwïw>n² AmË‘Zmo ‘wIXmofoU ~ܶÝVo ewH$gm[aH$m:&
~H$mñVÌ Z ~ܶÝVo ‘m¡Z§ gdm©W©gmYZ‘²&&3&& -n#mVÝÌmV²

gpÝY{dJ«hm: - 1) AmË‘Zmo ‘wIXmofoU = AmË‘Z: + ‘wIXmofoU & 2) ~H$mñVÌ = ~H$m: + VÌ&
AÝd¶: - ewH$gm[aH$m: AmË‘Z: ‘wIXmofoU ~ܶÝVo & VÌ ~H$m: Z ~ܶÝVo & (AV:) ‘m¡Z§ gdm©W©gmYZ‘² &

d¥Îm‘²-AZwïw>n² AënmZm‘{n dñVyZm§ g§h{V: H$m¶©gm{YH$m&
V¥U¡Jw©UËd‘mnÞ¡~©Ü¶ÝVo ‘ÎmXpÝVZ: &&4&& - {hVmonXoemV²

gpÝY{dJ«hm: - 1) AënmZm‘{n = AënmZm‘² + A{n &

2) V¥U¡Jw©UËd‘mnÞ¡~©Ü¶ÝVo = V¥U¡: + JwUËd‘² + AmnÞ¡: + ~ܶÝVo &

AÝd¶: - AënmZm§ dñVyZm‘² A{n g§h{V: H$m¶©gm{YH$m ({dÚVo) & (¶Wm) JwUËd‘² AmnÞ¡: V¥U¡:
‘ÎmXpÝVZ: ~ܶÝVo &

12

d¥Îm‘²-AZwïw>n² KQ>§ {^ÝÚmV² nQ>§ {N>ÝÚmV² Hw$¶m©Ðmg^amohU‘² &
¶oZ Ho$Z àH$maoU à{gÕ: nwéfmo ^doV² &&5&& -hmñ¶mo{³V:

gpÝY{dJ«hm: - 1) Hw$¶m©Ðmg^amohU‘² = Hw$¶m©V² + amg^amohU‘² & 2) nwéfmo ^doV² = nwéf: + ^doV² &

AÝd¶: - nwéf: KQ>§ {^ÝÚmV², nQ>§ {N>ÝÚmV², amg^amohU§ (A{n) Hw$¶m©V² & ¶oZ Ho$Z àH$maoU (g:) à{gÕ:
^doV² &

^mfmä¶mg:

ûcmoH$: 1 ûcmoH$: 3.
1. nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &
1. nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &
A) ewH$gm[aH$m: Ho$Z ~ܶÝVo ?
A) H$m Jwê$Um§ Jwé: ? Am) Ho$ Z ~ܶÝVo ?
Am) qH$ amOgw Z nyÁ¶Vo ? B) $H$: new: Ed ? 2. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &
A) ~H$mñVÌ
2. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & Am) AmË‘Zmo ‘wIXmofoU
A) "{dÚm Zm‘ Zañ¶'... B{V ûcmoH$mYmaoU
ûcmoH$: 4.
{dÚm¶m: ‘hÎd§ {bIV & 1. nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &

3. OmbaoIm{M̧ nya¶V & & A) H$m H$m¶©gm{YH$m ^d{V ?
àÀN>ÞJw᧠Am) H¡$: ‘ÎmXpÝVZ: ~ܶÝVo ?
2. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &
Jwê$Um§ & A) AënmZm‘{n
{dÚm na§ & Am) V¥U¡Jw©UËd‘mnÞ¡~©Ü¶ÝVo
3. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &
Zañ¶ A{YH§$ & "g§h{V: H$m¶©gm{YH$m' B{V gyp³V§ ñnï>rHw$éV &

ûcmoH$: 2. ûcmoH$: 5.
1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &
1. ‘ÄOfy mV: C{MV§ eãX§ {MËdm Vm{bH$m§ nay ¶V &
A) Za: qH$ {N>ÝÚmV² ?
Zr{V{ZnwUm: dm Am) ‘ZwO: qH$ {^ÝÚmV² ?
2. íbmoH$mV² {bL²>bH$mañ¶ ê$nm{U
g‘m{deVw dm {MËdm {bIV &
3. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &
AÚ¡d dm "¶oZ Ho$Z àH$maoU' B{V Cp³V§ ñnï>rHw$éV &

({ZÝXÝVw, JÀN>Vw, ¶wJmÝVao, ‘aU‘², bú‘r:,
ñVwdÝVw &)
2. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &

A) ‘aU‘ñVw & Am) AÚ¡d &
3. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &

"ݶmæ¶mËnW: à{dMbpÝV nX§ Z Yram: &' B{V gyp³V¨
ñnï>rHw$éV &

1. g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV &
{dÚm, new:, YZ‘², bú‘r:, ewH$:, g§h{V:, XÝVr, nQ>‘², amg^: &

2. {déÕmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV &
{dXoe:, àÀN>Þ‘², {ZÝXÝVw, amohU‘² &

13

Aä¶mgnÌ‘² &1 (1, 2, 3 nmR>mZm‘² AmYmaoU)

1. dm³¶§ nwZ{b©{IËdm g˶‘²/Ag˶‘² B{V {bIV &
A) ñVdZ§ Vw ‘mZdñ¶¡d ^doV² &
Am) n¥WwamO: àOm{hVXj: Z¥n: &
B) AH$ñ‘mV² AmJÝVwZm gh ‘¡Ìr ¶w³Vm &
B©) joÌn{V: ‘¥J§ ~ÝYZmV² 춑w#mV² &

2. C{MV§ n¶m©¶§ {MËdm {bIV &

A) e¥Jmb: ñdmW©hoVwZm gh ‘¡Ì‘² EoÀN>V² & (‘¥JoU/H$mHo$Z)

Am) ’${bV§ ‘o & (à¶moOZ‘²/‘ZmoaW‘²)

B) ~rOoä¶: AL²>Hw$am: CX²^yVm: & (nO©Ý¶mZÝVa§/erVH$mbmZÝVa§)

B©) àOm: AVrd AmgZ² & (H¥$em:/gwÑT>m:)

3. bH$ma§ {bIV &
A) gdª dñVwOmV§ dgwÝYam¶m: CXa Ed dV©Vo &
Am) Ah§ àgÞm ^{dî¶m{‘ &
B) d¶§ gd} AmZÝXoZ EH$Ì dgm‘: &
B©) nmXmÝñVãYrH¥$˶ {Vð> &
C) bú‘r: g‘m{deVw JÀN>Vw dm &

4. {dJ«hdm³¶mUm§ g‘mgZm‘{^: ‘obZ§ Hw$éV &

g‘mg{dJ«h: g‘mgZm‘ g‘mg{dJ«h: g‘mgZm‘

1. {MÝV¶m AmHw$b: fð>r-VËnwéf: 1. ‘¥J: M e¥Jmb: M gá‘r-VËnwéf:

2. YZ§ M Ymݶm{Z M n#m‘r-VËnwéf: 2. jwÐm ~w{Õ: ¶ñ¶ g: H$‘©Yma¶:

nwînm{U M ’$bm{Z M

3. MmoabwÊR>Ho$ä¶: ^¶‘² BVaoVaÛÝÛ: 3. {dÚ¶m {dhrZ: A춶r^md:
4. Zr˶m§ {ZnwUm: V¥Vr¶m-VËnwéf:
4. àOm{hVo Xj: V¥Vr¶m-VËnwéf: 5. Ah{Z Ah{Z ~hþd«r{h:
6. {d{dYm{Z ~rOm{Z BVaoVaÛÝÛ:
5. Obñ¶ ì¶dñWmnZ‘² H$‘©Yma¶:

6. à¶mJ§ Zm‘ joÌ‘² gá‘r-VËnwéf:

g‘mg{dJ«h: g‘mgZm‘ 5. ¶mo½¶§ {H«$¶mnX§ {MËdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV &
1. Z n[a{MV: fð>r-VËnwéf:
2. bJwS>§ hñVo ¶ñ¶ g: ~hþd«r{h: A) Ëd§ YZw: & (˶O/˶OVw)
3. ewH$m: M gm[aH$m: M BVaoVaÛÝÛ:
4. joÌmUm§ n{V: ZÄm²-VËnwéf: Am) Ëd§ à¶ËZoZ H¥${fH$m¶ª &

(H$amo{V/H$amo{f)

B) Ëd‘mË‘mZ§ ‘¥VdV² &

(gÝXe©¶/gÝXe©¶Vw)

B©) ^dmZ² A{n An[a{MV: Ed &

(Amgr:/AmgrV²)

14

6. ¶mo½¶§ dmÀ¶n¶m©¶§ {MZwV & &
A) n¥Ww^ynoZ YZw: g‚mrH¥$V‘² & (H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘²/H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²) &

Am) joÌn{VZm nme: ¶mo{OV: & (H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘²/H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²) &
&
B) Ah§ eãX§ H$amo{‘ & (H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘²/H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²)
&
B©) Yram: ݶmæ¶mËnW: nX§ Z à{dMbpÝV & (H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘²/H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²) &

7. C{MV§ H$maU§ {MËdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV & &
A) n¥Wwd¡Ý¶: ñdàOm: ÑîQ‰>m {MÝVmHw$b: OmV: ¶V:
1. Vñ¶ àOmOZm: nañna§ dmX{ddmX§ Hw$d©pÝV &
2. Vñ¶ àOmOZm: newdV² OrdpÝV &
Am) ^yå¶m YZYmݶnwîn’$bm{Z ñd-CXao {Z{hVm{Z ¶V:
1. doZ^yn: Xþ:emgH$: AmgrV² &
2. ^y{‘: ñd^mdoZ H¥$nUm AmgrV² &
B) n¥Ww^ynoZ ñdYZw: g‚mrH¥$V‘² ¶V:
1. g: eÌw§ hÝVw‘² BÀN>{V ñ‘ &
2. g: YZYmݶm{X gdª dñVwOmV§ dgwÝYam¶m: àmáw‘² BÀN>{V ñ‘ &
B©) n¥Ww^ynñ¶ àOmOZm: gÝVwï>m: A^dZ² ¶V:
1. Vo à^yV§ Ymݶ‘² Ab^ÝV &
2. Vo à^yV§ gwdU©‘² Ab^ÝV &
C) e¥Jmb: ‘¥JoU gh g»¶‘² BÀN>{V ¶V:
1. e¥Jmb: ‘¥J‘m§g§ Im{XVw‘² BÀN>{V &
2. e¥Jmb: ‘¥Jo pñZø{V &
D$) Oå~yH$: ‘Z{g AmZpÝXV: ¶V:
1. ‘¥J: nme¡: ~Õ: &
2. Oå~yH$ñ¶ AݶoZ gh {‘ÌVm A^dV² &
E) joÌn{V: ‘¥J§ ~ÝYZmV² 춑w#mV² ¶V:
1. g: "‘¥J: ‘¥V:' B{V {MpÝVVdmZ² &
2. nme~Õ§ ‘¥J§ ÑîQ‰>m Vñ¶ öX¶§ H$éU¶m AÐdV² &

H«$sS>V-ZÝXV &
AZÝ˶dm³¶aMZm
àW‘: ~mb: EH$ñ¶ eãXñ¶ H$WZoZ H$ñ¶{MV² dm³¶ñ¶ Amaå^§ Hw$¶m©V² & {ÛVr¶: ~mb: àW‘oZ ~mbHo$Z
Cº§$ eãX‘² Cƒm¶© Vñ¶ dm³¶ñ¶ AZwdV©Zê$noU ñd¶‘{n EH§$ eãX§ ¶moO¶oV² & V¥Vr¶: V¥Vr¶‘² & MVwW©:
MVwW©‘² Ed‘² AJ«o@{n & naÝVw H$mo@{n dm³¶ñ¶ g‘mqá Z Hw$¶m©V² & ¶: VWm H$amo{V g: JUmV² ~mø: ^d{V &
CXm. - - - 1. H$pñ‘§{üV² - - - 2. H$pñ‘§{üV² J«m‘o - - - 3. H$pñ‘§{üV² J«m‘o H$üZ - - -
4. H$pñ‘§{üV² J«m‘o H$üZ H¥$nU: - - -
AÌ "AmgrV²' B{V ¶{X CÀ¶Vo V{h© dm³¶§ g‘m᧠^d{V & ¶: VV² H$W¶{V g: ~mø: ^d{V & AV:
g: Ho$Zm{n àH$maoU dm³¶‘² AJ«o@{n AZwdV©{¶Vw§ à¶ËZ§ Hw$¶m©V² {ejH$: {H${#mV² gmhm涧 H$Vw©‘² Ah©{V &

- H«$sS>md„r-nwñVH$mV² &

15

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² ì¶ÄOZmÝVm: &

eãXg¥qï> ní¶V J Am{X˶:

A‘˶©:

{ZO©a: {ÌXe: {‘Ì: a{d:

A‘a: {d~wY: {XZH$a: ^mñH$a:

Xod: gwa: {XdmH$a: MÊS>m§ew:

à^w: ^JdmZ² gy¶©: ^mñdmZ²

^JdmZ² lr‘mZ² dV²/‘V² à˶¶: ñdm{‘Ëd§ Xe©¶{V & EVo
^mñdmZ² ep³V‘mZ² dV²/‘V² à˶¶mÝVm: &
[dÚmdmZ² ~w{Õ‘mZ²
JwUdmZ² Am¶wî‘mZ² AÜdm
kmZdmZ² hZw‘mZ² (AÜdZ²)
H$bmdmZ² H$s{V©‘mZ²

"dV²'- à˶¶mÝVm: "‘V²'- à˶¶mÝVm:

EVmZ² ì¶ÄOZmÝVmZ² AdJÀN>V &

{ea:
({eag²)

ì¶mo‘ njr
(ì¶mo‘Z²) (n{jZ²)

~«÷m {h‘dmZ²
(~«÷Z²) ({h‘dV²)

16

^mfmgyÌ‘² - 1

AÝV‘² nw§{b“‘² ór{b“‘² Znw§gH${b“‘²

gH$mamÝVm: MÝБg² Aßgag² n¶g²
VH$mamÝVm:
dV/‘V²-à˶¶mÝVm: ‘éV² V{S>V² OJV²
BÞÝVm: }^JdV²/lr‘V² B© à˶¶§ ¶moO{¶Ëdm ZXr-eãXdV² ê$nm{U & OJV² - eãXdV²
AÞÝVm: e{eZ² ¶Wm ^JdVr, lr‘Vr, e{eZr, ¶mo{JZr ^m[dZ²
MH$mamÝVm:
OH$mamÝVm: amOZ²/AmË‘Z² - Zm‘Z²/dË‘©Z²
eH$mamÝVm:
n¶mo‘wM² dmM² -

d{UO² òO² -

- {Xe² -

^JdV² - dV²à˶¶mÝV§ {deofU§ nw§{bL²>J‘² & lr‘V² - ‘V²à˶¶mÝV§ {deofU§ nw§{bL²>J‘² &

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²

^JdmZ² ^JdÝVm¡ ^JdÝV: àW‘m lr‘mZ² lr‘ÝVm¡ lr‘ÝV:

^JdÝV‘² ^JdÝVm¡ ^JdV: {ÛVr¶m lr‘ÝV‘² lr‘ÝVm¡ lr‘V:

^JdVm ^JdX²ä¶m‘² ^Jd{Ø>: V¥Vr¶m lr‘Vm lr‘X²ä¶m‘² lr‘{Ø:

^JdVo ^JdX²ä¶m‘² ^JdX²ä¶: MVwWu lr‘Vo lr‘X²ä¶m‘² lr‘X²ä¶:

^JdV: ^JdX²ä¶m‘² ^JdX²ä¶: n#m‘r lr‘V: lr‘X²ä¶m‘² lr‘X²ä¶:

^JdV: ^JdVmo: ^JdVm‘² fð>r lr‘V: lr‘Vmo: lr‘Vm‘²

^Jd{V ^JdVmo: ^JdËgw gá‘r lr‘{V lr‘Vmo: lr‘Ëgw

ho ^JdZ² ho ^JdÝVm¡ ho ^JdÝV: gå~moYZ‘² ho lr‘Z² ho lr‘ÝVm¡ ho lr‘ÝV:

^JdV² Bd Aݶo eãXm:- j‘mdV², {h‘dV², ~bdV², X¶mdV², hZw‘V², ~w{Õ‘V², ep³V‘V² B˶mX¶: &

JVdV², n{R>VdV², Ñï>dV², ZrVdV² B˶mXr{Z H$V©[a ^y.Ym. {deofUm{Z "^JdV²' eãXdV² ànÚÝVo &

• e{eZ² ee-BZ² (BZ² à˶¶: ñdm{‘Ëd§ Xe©¶{V) "ee:' Zm‘ eeH$: & ee: ¶ñ¶ (AL²>Ho$) ApñV g: eer &

e{eZ² - BÞÝV§ {deofU§ nw§{b“‘² & ^m{dZ² - BÞÝV§ {deofU§ Znw§gH${b“‘² &

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²

eer e{eZm¡ e{eZ: àW‘m ^m{d ^m{dZr ^mdr{Z

e{eZ‘² e{eZm¡ e{eZ: {ÛVr¶m ^m{d ^m{dZr ^mdr{Z

e{eZm e{eä¶m‘² e{e{^: V¥Vr¶m ^m{dZm ^m{dä¶m‘² ^m{d{^:

e{eZo e{eä¶m‘² e{eä¶: MVwWu ^m{dZo ^m{dä¶m‘² ^m{dä¶:

e{eZ: e{eä¶m‘² e{eä¶: n#m‘r ^m{dZ: ^m{dä¶m‘² ^m{dä¶:

e{eZ: e{eZmo: e{eZm‘² fð>r ^m{dZ: ^m{dZmo: ^m{dZm‘²

e{e{Z e{eZmo: e{efw gá‘r ^m{d{Z ^m{dZmo: ^m{dfw

ho e{eZ² ho e{eZm¡ ho e{eZ: gå~moYZ‘² ho ^m{dZ²/ ho ^m{dZr ho ^mdr{Z

^m{d

e{eZ² Bd Aݶo eãXm:- ñdm{‘Z,² àm{UZ,² {dÚm{WZ© ,² em{IZ,² ¶m{o JZ,² gݧ ¶m{gZ,² dm{OZ,² l{o ð>Z² B˶mX¶: &

17

MÝÐ: e{eZ²

MÝÐ: JJZo dV©Vo & amÌm¡ d¶§ MÝЧ ní¶m‘: & eer JJZo dV©Vo & amÌm¡ d¶§ ní¶m‘: &
MÝÐoU Ed {Zem¶m: emo^m dY©Vo & Ed {Zem¶m: emo^m dY©Vo &
MÝÐm¶ gd} ñn¥h¶pÝV & gd} ñn¥h¶pÝV &
MÝÐmV² ‘mZdm: àH$me§ b^ÝVo & ‘mZdm: àH$me§ b^ÝVo &
gwYm§ew: eem‘ :, MÝБm: B˶oVm{Z
MÝÐñ¶ Aݶm{Z Zm‘m{Z & gwYm§ew: eem‘ :, MÝБm: B˶oVm{Z
MÝÐo H$b‘ m: A{n gpÝV & Aݶm{Z Zm‘m{Z &
ho MÝÐ, ‘ø§ ‘Z:gm‘϶ª ¶ÀN> & H$b‘ m: A{n gpÝV &

ho , ‘ø§ ‘Z:gm‘϶ª ¶ÀN> &

AmË‘Z² - AÞÝV§ nw§{b“§ Zm‘ & amOZ² - AÞÝV§ n§w{b“§ Zm‘ & ~hþdMZ‘²
amOmZ:
EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² amk:
AmË‘m AmË‘mZm¡ AmË‘mZ: àW‘m amOm amOmZm¡ amO{^:
AmË‘mZ‘² AmË‘mZm¡ AmË‘Z: {ÛVr¶m amOmZ‘² amOmZm¡ amOä¶:
AmË‘Zm AmË‘ä¶m‘² AmË‘{^: V¥Vr¶m amkm amOä¶m‘² amOä¶:
AmË‘Zo AmË‘ä¶m‘² AmË‘ä¶: MVwWu amko amOä¶m‘² amkm‘²
AmË‘Z: AmË‘ä¶m‘² AmË‘ä¶: n#m‘r amk: amOä¶m‘² amOgw
AmË‘Z: AmË‘Zmo: AmË‘Zm‘² fð>r amk: amkmo: ho amOmZ:
AmË‘{Z AmË‘Zmo: AmË‘gw gá‘r am{k, amO{Z amkmo:
ho AmË‘Z² ho AmË‘mZm¡ ho AmË‘mZ: gå~moYZ‘² ho amOZ² ho amOmZm¡

OÝ‘Z² - AÞÝV§ Znw§gH${b“§ Zm‘ & Zm‘Z² - AÞÝV§ Zn§wgH${b“§ Zm‘ &

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²

OÝ‘ OÝ‘Zr OÝ‘m{Z àW‘m Zm‘ Zm‘Zr-ZmåZr Zm‘m{Z

OÝ‘ OÝ‘Zr OÝ‘m{Z {ÛVr¶m Zm‘ Zm‘Zr-ZmåZr Zm‘m{Z

OÝ‘Zm OÝ‘ä¶m‘² OÝ‘{^: V¥Vr¶m ZmåZm Zm‘ä¶m‘² Zm‘{^:

OÝ‘Zo OÝ‘ä¶m‘² OÝ‘ä¶: MVwWu ZmåZo Zm‘ä¶m‘² Zm‘ä¶:

OÝ‘Z: OÝ‘ä¶m‘² OÝ‘ä¶: n#m‘r ZmåZ: Zm‘ä¶m‘² Zm‘ä¶:

OÝ‘Z: OÝ‘Zmo: OÝ‘Zm‘² fð>r ZmåZ: ZmåZmo: ZmåZm‘²

OÝ‘{Z OÝ‘Zmo: OÝ‘gw gá‘r ZmpåZ,Zm‘{Z ZmåZmo: Zm‘gw

ho OÝ‘ ho OÝ‘Zr ho OÝ‘m{Z gå~moYZ‘² ho Zm‘Z²/ ho Zm‘Zr/ ho Zm‘m{Z

Zm‘ ZmåZr

"AmË‘Z²'- AZwgma‘² - ‘hmË‘Z², AÜdZ², ¶ÁdZ², ~«÷Z², Aí‘Z² B˶mXr{Z &

"amOZ²' - AZwgma‘² - J«mdZ², ‘yY©Z², ‘{h‘Z², J[a‘Z², b{K‘Z², gr‘Z² (ór.), ào‘Z² B˶mXr{Z &

"OÝ‘Z²' - AZwgma‘² - H$‘©Z², dË‘©Z², ^ñ‘Z², ~«÷Z², gÙZ² B˶mXr{Z &

"Zm‘Z²' - AZwgma‘² - ho‘Z², ì¶mo‘Z², ào‘Z², gm‘Z², Xm‘Z², Ym‘Z², bmo‘Z² B˶mXr{Z &

* ~«÷Z² VWm ào‘Z² - nw§{b“o Znw§gH${b“o M dV}Vo &

18

dmM² - MH$mamÝV§ ór{b“§ Zm‘ & {Xe² - eH$mamÝV§ ór{b“§ Zm‘ &

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²
dmH²$-dmJ² dmMm¡ dmM: àW‘m
{ÛVr¶m {XH²$-{XJ² {Xem¡ {Xe:
dmM‘² dmMm¡ dmM: V¥Vr¶m
dmMm dm½ä¶m‘² dmp½^: MVwWu {Xe‘² {Xem¡ {Xe:
dmMo dm½ä¶m‘² dm½ä¶: n#m‘r
dmM: dm½ä¶m‘² dm½ä¶: fð>r {Xem {X½ä¶m‘² {Xp½^:
dmM: dmMmo: dmMm‘² gá‘r
dm{M dmMmo: dmjw gå~moYZ‘² {Xeo {X½ä¶m‘² {X½ä¶:
ho dmH²$/dmJ² ho dmMm¡ ho dmM:
{Xe: {X½ä¶m‘² {X½ä¶:

{Xe: {Xemo: {Xem‘²

{X{e {Xemo: {Xjw

ho {XH²$/{XJ² ho {Xem¡ ho {Xe:

"dmM²' eãXdV²- ËdM² (ór.), n¶mo‘wM² (nw§.) B˶mX¶:& "{Xe²' eãXdV²- Ñe² B˶mX¶:&

d{UO² - OH$mamÝV§ nw§{b“§ Zm‘ & òO² - OH$mamÝV§ ór{b“§ Zm‘ &
EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V:
d{UH²$/J² d{UOm¡ d{UO: àW‘m EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²
d{UO‘² d{UOm¡ d{UO: {ÛVr¶m
d{UOm d{U½ä¶m‘² d{Up½^: V¥Vr¶m òH²$/J² òOm¡ òO:
d{UOo d{U½ä¶m‘² d{U½ä¶: MVwWu
d{UO: d{U½ä¶m‘² d{U½ä¶: n#m‘r òO‘² òOm¡ òO:
d{UO: d{UOmo: d{UOm‘² fð>r
d{U{O d{UOmo: d{Ujw gá‘r òOm ò½ä¶m‘² g«p½^:
ho d{UH²$/J² ho d{UOm¡ ho d{UO: gå~moYZ‘²
òOo ò½ä¶m‘² ò½ä¶:
"d{UO²' eãXdV² - F$pËdO², {^fO² B˶mX¶: &
òO: ò½ä¶m‘² ò½ä¶:

òO: òOmo: òOm‘²

ò{O òOmo: òjw

ho òH²$/J² ho òOm¡ ho òO:

{{OOkkmmggmmnnÌÌ‘‘² ²

1) ñVå^nyaU§ Hw$éV & ñdamÝV‘² ì¶ÄOZmÝV‘²
àm{Vn{XH$‘² àW‘m E.d. àm{Vn{XH$‘² àW‘m E.d.
* amOZ², ^y^¥V²,
{MÌ‘² Z¥n
1. ú‘m^¥V²,
‘hr{jV²

2. ObX n¶mo‘wM²

19

2) MVwW©nX§ {bIV & Am) Ob - ObmV² :: n¶g² - &
A) dmUr - dmʶm :: dmM² - & B©) ZXr - ZXrZm‘² :: g[aV² - &
B) àmk - àmkmZ² :: Yr‘V² -
A) Jrdm©UdmUr Xod^mfm &
3) dm³¶mW©‘obZ§ Hw$éV & Am) {dœ§ ^JdVm g¥ï>‘² &
A) ^y^¥V² n¥{Wdt aj{V &
Am) ì¶mopåZ {dhm¶g: {dhapÝV & B) AmH$meo IJm: CS>²S>¶ÝVo &
B) g§ñH¥$VdmJ²$ {d~wY^maVr & B©) Jmo{dÝXñ¶ ‘ypÜZ© {H$arQ>§ {damOVo &
B©) lrH¥$îUñ¶ ‘ñVHo$ ‘wHw$Q>§ ^m{V & C) amOm ‘o{XZt n«{Vnmb¶{V &
C) OJV² B©œaoU {Z{‘©V‘² &

4) Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^p³V:
àW‘m
1. ho‘ / ¶mo{Jfw {ÛVr¶m
hZw‘ÝV: V¥Vr¶m
2. {dÚmdÝVm¡ Am) VmaH$m: MVwWu
B©) ‘‘ {‘Ìñ¶ n#m‘r
3. Ëd½ä¶m‘² fð>r
gá‘r
4. ~«÷ä¶m‘² (nw§.)
gå~moYZ‘²
5. {^fO:
emo^ÝVo & (ì¶mo‘Z²)
6. J«mìU: Zgra: & (Zm‘Z²)

7.

8.

5) ¶mo½¶§ ê$n§ ¶moO¶V &

A) grVm aËZhma§ ¶ÀN>{V & (hZw‘V²)

B) àOmnmbZ§ H$V©ì¶‘² & (amOZ²)

C) ho , qH$ H$adm{U ? (ñdm{‘Z²)

nR>V-~moYV &

CnnX{d^³V¶:

1. Z {h gwI§ Xþ:I¡: {dZm bä¶Vo & nR>V-~moYV-H$ÊR>ñWrHw$éV &

2. {dZm nwéfH$maoU Z M X¡d§ gw{gܶ{V & H$maH$m{U

3. Z H$mMñ¶ H¥$Vo OmVw ¶w³Vm ‘w³Vm‘Uo: j{V: & 1H$Vm© 2H$‘© M 3H$aU§ 4gåàXmZ§ VW¡d M &
4. Z‘mo Xo춡 ‘hmXo춡 {edm¶¡ gVV§ Z‘: &
5AnmXmZ-6A{YH$aU{‘˶mhþ: H$maH$m{U fQ²> &&
5. Vñ‘¡ lrJwado Z‘: &
eãXmZwH«$‘{UH$m

1am‘mo 2h[a: 3H$ar 4^y^¥X² 5^mZw: 6H$Vm© M 7MÝБm: &

8VpñWdmZ² 9^JdmZ² 10AmË‘m Xe¡Vo nw§{g Zm¶H$m: &&

1a‘m 2é{Ma² 3ZXr 4YoZwa² 5dmJ² 6Yr: 7g[aX²-AZÝVa‘² &

8jwV² 9àmd¥Q²> M 10eaƒ¡d Xe¡Vo órfw Zm¶H$m: &&

1kmZ§ 2X{Y 3n¶mo 4d‘© 5YZwa² 6dm[a 7OJV² VWm &

8‘Yw 9Zm‘ 10‘Zmohm[a Xe¡Vo Vw Znw§gHo$ &&

20

MVwW©: nmR>: g Ed na‘mUw: &

{dœñ¶ CËn{Îm{df¶o Z¡Ho$ {gÕmÝVm: à{Vnm{XVm: & Z¡Ho$ àmMrZm: • {H$§ ¶y¶§ "{~J ~°“'
{gÕmÝVm: H$mbdeVm§ JVm: Z¡Ho$ ZyVZm: M d¡km{ZH¡$: ñdrH¥$Vm: & {gÕmÝV{df¶o OmZrW ?
'Atom' B{V eãX: gd}fm§ gwn[a{MV: Ed & AmYw{ZH${dkmZemñÌo
'Atom' B{V ‘ybH$maU§ Ðì¶ñ¶ & g Ed "Element' B{V ‘ݶVo & • {dkmZ-Aä¶mgH«$‘o ¶wî‘m{^:
àmMrZemñÌo Vw "na‘mUw:' {Z{‘©Vo: ‘ybH$maU‘² B{V H${WV‘² & na‘mUmo: 'Atom' {df¶o qH$ qH$
d¡{eîQ>çm{Z ‘h{f©Um H$UmX‘hmoX¶oZ d¡eo{fH$Xe©Zo H${WVm{Z & Apñ‘Z²
{df¶o A{YH§$ g§emoYZ§ e³¶‘² & n{R>V‘² ?

(AU©d: OnmHw$gw‘§ J¥hrËdm à{de{V & Vñ¶ {nVm {dkmZñ¶ àmܶmnH$: & g: nwñVH$nR>Zo ‘¾: & Vñ¶
nmíd} CËnr{R>H$m¶m§ gyú‘o{jH$m dV©Vo &)

AU©d: - {nV:, Añ‘mH$‘² CÚmZmX² OnmHw$gw‘‘² AmZrV§ ‘¶m & {H$¶ÝV: gyú‘m: Vñ¶ namJH$Um: !
{nVm - gyú‘o{jH$¶m ní¶, Vofm§ H$UmZm§ aMZm‘² A{n Ðïw>§ e³Zmo{f ! (AU©d: VWm H$amo{V &)
{nVm - qH$ Ñï>§ Ëd¶m ?
AU©d: - {nV:, AX²^wV‘² EVV² & AÌ namJH$Uñ¶ gyú‘m{U

A“m{Z Ñí¶ÝVo &
{nVm - AU©d, EVm{Z nwînñ¶ A“m{Z Ëd§ gyú‘o{jH$¶m Ðïw>§

e³Zmo{f & naÝVw EVX² {dœ§ na‘mUwä¶: {Z{‘©V‘² & Vo
na‘mUd: Vw gyú‘o{jH$¶m A{n Z Ñí¶ÝVo &
AU©d: - na‘mUw: Zm‘ {H$‘² ?
{nVm - AñVw & H$W¶m{‘ & ‘w{ï>‘mÌmZ² VÊSw>bmZ² ‘hmZgV:
AmZ¶ &
AU©d: - (VWo{V C³Ëdm nmH$J¥hmV² VÊSw>bmZ² AmZ¶{V &)
ñdrH$amoVw, VmV &
{nVm - AYwZm B‘§ VÊSw>b§ {d^O &
AU©d: - VmV, {H$¶mZ² bKw: ApñV Ef: & ní¶Vw, EVñ¶ ^mJÛ¶§ ¶WmH$W‘{n H¥$V§ ‘¶m &
{nVm - BVmo@{n bKwVa: ^mJ: H$Vwª e³¶Vo dm ?
AU©d: - ¶{X {H«$¶Vo V{h© MyUª ^doV² Vñ¶ &
{nVm - gå¶J²$ C³V§ Ëd¶m & ¶Ì EVX² {d^mOZ§ g‘m߶Vo, ¶ñ‘mV² gyú‘Va: ^mJ: àmáw§ Z e³¶Vo g:
Ed na‘: AUw: &
AU©d: - Ðì¶ñ¶ ApÝV‘: KQ>H$: ‘yb§ VÎd§ M na‘mUw:, g˶§ Ibw ?
{nVm - g˶‘², A¶§ Ibw H$UmX‘hf}: {gÕmÝV: & A{n OmZm{g ? na‘mUw: Ðì¶ñ¶ ‘ybH$maU‘² B{V
VoZ ‘h{f©Um à{Vnm{XV‘² & VX{n àm¶: {¼ñVnydª n#m‘o fð>o dm eVHo$ &
AU©d: - VmV, ‘h{f©Um H$UmXoZ qH$ {H$‘² C³V§ na‘mUw{df¶o ? d¶§ Vw Ho$db§ Vñ¶ ‘hm^mJñ¶ Zm‘Yo¶‘²
Ed OmZr‘: &
{nVm - H$UmX‘w{ZZm à{Vnm{XV‘² - na‘mUw: AVrpÝж:, gyú‘:, {Zad¶d:, {Z˶:, ñd¶§ ì¶mdV©H$:
M & "d¡eo{fH$gyÌm{U' B{V ñdJ«ÝWo VoZ na‘mUmo: ì¶m»¶m H¥$Vm &

21

AU©d: - $H$m gm ì¶m»¶m ?
{nVm - Ombgy¶©‘ar{MñW§ ¶V² gyú‘§ Ñí¶Vo aO: &

Vñ¶ fð>V‘mo ^mJ: na‘mUw: g CÀ¶Vo &&
AU©d: - Ah‘² EVX²{df¶o {dñVaoU n{R>Vw‘² BÀN>m{‘ &
{nVm - CÎm‘‘² ! œ: ‘‘ ‘hm{dÚmb¶‘² AmJÀN> &

VÌ H$UmX{df¶H$m{U Z¡H$m{Z nwñVH$m{Z gpÝV
& Vd {Okmgm {Zü¶oZ emå¶oV² &

^mfmä¶mg:

1. nyU©dmŠ¶oZ CÎma§ {bIV & 2. $g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV &

A) AU©d: nmH$J¥hmV² {H$‘² AmZ¶{V ? Hw$gw‘‘², {dœ‘², {nVm, Zm‘Yo¶‘², gy¶©: &

Am) H$: na‘mUw: ?

B) na‘mUw{gÕmÝV: Ho$Z ‘h{f©Um H${WV: ?

B©) ‘h{f©Um H$UmXoZ na‘mUw{df¶o qH$ à{Vnm{XV‘² ?

C) ‘hf}: H$UmXñ¶ ‘VmZwgma§ na‘mUmo: ì¶m»¶m H$m ?

3. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎma§ {bIV & 4.{déÕmWH© $eãXmZ² ‘ÄOfy mV:ApÝdî¶{bIV &

A) ‘h{f©: H$UmX: na‘mUw{df¶o qH$ g˶‘², ApÝV‘:, A{Z˶:, bKw:, gyú‘:,
à{Vnm{XVdmZ² ?
(AmÚ:, Jwé:, {Z˶:, Ag˶‘², ñWyb:)
Am) "VÊSw>bmZ² AmZ¶' B{V {nVm AU©d§

{H$‘W©‘² Am{Xï>dmZ² ?

5. C{MV§ n¶m©¶§ {MËdm {bIV &

A) EVX² {dœ§ {Z{‘©V‘² & (VÊSw>b¡:/AUw{^:)

Am) Ðì¶ñ¶ ‘ybH$maU‘² & (na‘mUw:/{dkmZ§)

B) aOg: ^mJ: na‘mUw: & (fð>V‘:/eVV‘:)

6. OmbaoIm{M̧ nya¶V

ñd¶§ ì¶mdV©H$:

{Z˶:

na‘mUw:

22

n#m‘>: nmR>: ¶w½‘‘mbm& (H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUmW©‘²)

g§ñH¥$Vgm{h˶o eãX¶w½‘m{Z à{gÕm{Z & ¶Wm - ¶Xm-VXm, ¶mdV²-VmdV², ¶Ì-VÌ &
CXm.- ¶Wm amOm VWm àOm & eãX¶w½‘mZm‘² Cn¶moJoZ ûcmoH$ñ¶ dm³¶ñ¶ dm gm¡ÝX¶ª dY©Vo &

d¥Îm‘²-d§eñW‘² ¶Wm MVw{^©: H$ZH§$ narú¶Vo {ZKf©UÀN>oXZVmnVmS>Z¡:&
VWm MVw{^©: nwéf: narú¶Vo lwVoZ erboZ JwUoZ H$‘©Um&&1&& - d¥ÕMmU³¶eVH$mV²

AÝd¶: - ¶Wm H$ZH§$ {ZKf©U - N>oXZ - Vmn-VmS>Z¡: (B{V) MVw{^©: narú¶Vo, VWm nwéf: lwVoZ, erboZ,

JwUoZ, H$‘©Um (B{V) MVw{^©: narú¶Vo &

¶Ì {dÛ‚mZmo ZmpñV ûcm¿¶ñVÌmënYra{n&
d¥Îm‘²-AZwïw>n² {ZañVnmXno Xoeo EaÊS>mo@{n Ðþ‘m¶Vo &&2&& - {hVmonXoemV²

gpÝY{dJ«hm: - 1) ZmpñV = Z + ApñV & 2) ûcm¿¶ñVÌmënYra{n = ûcm¿¶: + VÌ + AënYr: +
A{n & 3) EaÊS>mo@{n = EaÊS>: + A{n &

AÝd¶: - ¶Ì {dÛ‚mZ: Z ApñV, VÌ AënYr: A{n ûcm¿¶: (^d{V) & (¶Wm) {ZañVnmXno Xoeo EaÊS>:
A{n Ðþ‘m¶Vo &

d¥Îm‘²-AZwïw>n² VmdX² ^¶m{Õ ^oV춧 ¶mdX² ^¶‘ZmJV‘²&
AmJV§ Vw ^¶§ drú¶ Za: Hw$¶m©X² ¶Wmo{MV‘²&&3&& - n#mVÝÌmV²

gpÝY{dJ«hm: - 1) ^¶m{Õ = ^¶mV² + {h & 2) ^¶‘ZmJV‘² = ^¶‘² + AZmJV‘² &
AÝd¶: -¶mdV² ^¶‘² AZmJV§ VmdV² {h ^¶mV² ^oV춑² &(VWm{n) AmJV§ Vw ^¶§ drú¶ Za: ¶Wmo{MV§ Hw$¶m©V² &

d¥Îm‘²-AZwïw>n² CÎm‘mo Zm{Vd³Vm ñ¶mXY‘mo ~hw ^mfVo&
gwdU} Z Üd{ZñVmѽ¶mѸ$m§ñ¶o àOm¶Vo&&4&&

gpÝY{dJ«hm: - 1) CÎm‘mo Zm{Vd³Vm =CÎm‘: + Z + A{Vd³Vm & 2) ñ¶mXY‘mo ~hw =ñ¶mV² + AY‘: + ~hþ &
3) Üd{ZñVmѽ¶mѸ$m§ñ¶o = Üd{Z: + VmÑH²$ + ¶mÑH²$ + H$m§ñ¶o &

AÝd¶: - CÎm‘: A{Vd³Vm Z ñ¶mV², AY‘: ~hþ ^mfVo & ¶mÑH²$ H$m§ñ¶o (Üd{Z:) àOm¶Vo VmÑH²$ gwdU}
Üd{Z: Z (àOm¶Vo) &

d¥Îm‘²-AZwïw>n² ¶mÑe§ dnVo ~rO§ joÌ‘mgmÚ H$f©H$: &
gwH¥$Vo XþîH¥$Vo dm@{n VmÑe§ b^Vo ’$b‘² &&5&&

gpÝY{dJ«hm: - 1) joÌ‘mgmÚ = joÌ‘² + AmgmÚ & 2) dm@{n = dm + A{n &

AÝd¶: - H$f©H$: joÌ‘² AmgmÚ ¶mÑe§ ~rO§ dnVo (VmÑe§ ’$b§ b^Vo) & (VW¡d ‘Zwî¶:) gwH¥$Vo dm XþîH¥$Vo
dm A{n VmÑe§ (Bï>‘² A{Zï>§ dm) ’$b§ b^Vo &

ûcmoH$: 1 ^mfmä¶mg:
1. nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &
Am) nwéfnarjm H$W§ ^d{V ?
A) H$ZH$narjm H$W§ ^d{V ?

23

2. OmbaoIm{M̧ nya¶V VmS>ZoZ ûcmoH$: 3.
A) H$‘©Um 1. nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &

N>oXZoZ A) AmJV§ ^¶§ drú¶ Za: qH$ Hw$¶m©V² ?
H$ZH$narjm 2. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &

Am) nwéfnarjm ^¶m{Õ &
ûcmoH$: 4.
erboZ 1. nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎmaV
ûcmoH$: 2.
1. nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & A) H$: ~hþ ^mfVo ?

A) AënYr: Hw$Ì ûcm¿¶: ^d{V ? 2. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &
Am) EaÊS>: Hw$Ì Ðþ‘m¶Vo ? A) ñ¶mXY‘: &
2. gpÝY-{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &
A) ûcm¿¶ñVÌ Am) AënYra{n & ûcmoH$: 5.
1. nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &

A) H$f©H$: H$rÑe‘² ’$b§ b^Vo ?

2. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &
A) joÌ‘mgmÚ Am) dm@{n &

1) g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV & 5) MVwW©nX§ {bIV & &
H$ZH$‘², {dÛmZ², nmXn:, AY‘: & A) {dÛmZ² - npÊS>V: :: AënYr: - &
Am) ûcm¿¶: - àe§gZr¶: :: Ðþ‘: - &
2) {déÕmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV & B) Za: - ‘Zwî¶: :: C{MV‘² - &
JwU:, {dÛmZ², CÎm‘:, gwH¥$V‘² & B©) drú¶ - ÑîQ‰>m :: ^¶‘² -

3) g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZm§ ‘obZ§ Hw$éV &

A) gwdU©‘², CÎm‘:, H¥$fH$:, Üd{Z:

Am) eãX:, joÌmOrd:, ho‘, loð>:

4. A‘aH$mofmV² ¶mo½¶§ g‘mZmW©H$ eãX§ ¶moO{¶Ëdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV &
A) MVw{^©: H$ZH§$ narú¶Vo & Am) H$f©H$: ~rO§ dnVo &

B) ¶Ì EH$: A{n nmXn: ZmpñV VÌ EaÊS>: Ðþ‘m¶Vo &

[a³VñWmZ§ nya¶V &

A) ¶Xm AܶmnH$: Z AmJÀN>{V N>mÌm: ñdmܶm¶§ Hw$d©pÝV &

Am) Yy‘: VÌ d{•: &

B) AmH$meo ‘oKm: JO©pÝV VXm ‘¶ya: Z¥Ë¶{V &

B©) ¶Wm {dMma: dV©Z‘² &

C) ¶{X gå¶H²$ n{R>î¶{g OrdZo ¶e: àmßñ¶{g &

D$) g‚mZm: dXpÝV VWm Hw$d©pÝV &

24

Aä¶mgnÌ‘² &2 (4, 5 nmR>¶mo: AmYmaoU)

1. dm³¶§ nwZ{b©{IËdm g˶‘²/Ag˶‘² B{V {bIV &

A) EVX² {dœ‘² AUw{^: {Z{‘©V‘² &

Am) Ðì¶ñ¶ Am{X‘: KQ>H$: na‘mUw: ApñV &

B) AU©d: joÌmV² VÊSw>bmZ² AmZ¶{V &

2. C{MV§ n¶m©¶§ {MËdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV &

A) AU©d: J¥hrËdm à{de{V & (OnmHw$gw‘‘²/H$‘b‘²)

Am) EVX² {dœ§ {Z{‘©V‘² & (AUw{^:/VÊSw>b¡:)

B) Ðì¶ñ¶ ‘ybH$maU‘² & (gwJÝY:/na‘mUw:)

3. {dJ«hdm³¶mUm§ g‘mgZm‘{^: ‘obZ§ Hw$éV &

g‘mg{dJ«h: g‘mgZm‘ g‘mg{dJ«h: g‘mgZm‘
H$‘©Yma¶:
1. nwñVH$ñ¶ nR>Z‘² H$‘©Yma¶: 1. namJñ¶ H$Um: CnnX-VËnwéf:
fð>r-VËnwéf:
2. gyú‘m: H$Um: fð>r-VËnwéf: 2. H$UmX: Zm‘ ‘w{Z: H$‘©Yma¶:
~hþd«r{h:
3. na‘: AUw: ~hþd«r{h: 3. Aënm Yr: ¶ñ¶ g:
&
4. ‘hmZ² ^mJ: ¶ñ¶ g: CnnX-VËnwéf: 4. {H${#mV² OmZm{V B{V

5. nmX¡: {n~{V B{V H$‘©Yma¶: 5. Onm Zm‘ Hw$gw‘‘²

4. bH$ma§ {bIV &
A) gyú‘o{jH$¶m ní¶ &
Am) H$UmX{df¶H$m{U Z¡H$m{Z nwñVH$m{Z gpÝV &
B) Za: ¶Wmo{MV§ Hw$¶m©V² &
B©) H$f©H$: VmÑe§ ’$b§ b^Vo &

5. ¶mo½¶§ dmÀ¶n¶m©¶§ {MZwV &
A) Añ‘m{^: gyú‘H$Uofw AL²>Jm{Z Ñí¶ÝVo & (H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘²/H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²)

Am) d¶§ ‘hm^mJñ¶ Zm‘Yo¶§ OmZr‘: & (H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘²/H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²)

B) H$UmXoZ na‘mUmo: ì¶m»¶m H¥$Vm & (H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘²/H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²)

B©) H$f©H$: ’$b§ b^Vo & (H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘²/H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²)

6. ¶mo½¶§ {H«$¶mnX§ {MËdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV &
A) Ëd§ Ðïw>§ & (e³Zmo{f/e³Zmo{V)

Am) ^dmZ² & (ñdrHw$é/ñdrH$amoVw)

B) Ëd§ VÊSw>bmZ² &(AmZ¶/AmZ¶Vw)

B©) Ëd§ œ: ‘‘ ‘hm{dÚmb¶‘² & (AmJÀN/AmJÀN>Vw)>
7. C{MV§ H$maU§ {MZwV &

A) {nVm AU©dm¶ ñd‘hm{dÚmb¶‘² AmJÝVw§ H$W¶{V ¶V:
1. {nVw: ‘hm{dÚmb¶o H$UmX{df¶H$m{U nwñVH$m{Z gpÝV &
2. {nVw: ‘hm{dÚmb¶o ñZoh-gå‘obZ‘² ApñV &

25

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² bH$maOJV² - (A) YmVd:& ìhm°Q>²g²-A°n-JUmbmn:

({ÛVr¶: g‘yh:)

e¥ÊdÝVw e¥ÊdÝVw ! Apñ‘Z² df} n¶©Q>ZmWª d¶§

A‘o¶: gd©o VmS>mo~m-A^¶maʶ§ ¶m‘: B{V {Z{üV‘² & P
Ëd§ H$W‘² AOmZm:?
AݶH$jmÀN>mÌm: VWm ~«wdVo & AܶmnH$H$jo
gm{ZH$m A{n VWm MMm©‘² Ae¥Ud‘² & P
V{h© g˶dMZ‘² &

Am¶m©
Ah‘² Adí¶§ ¶m{‘ &

A{X{V:
gd} ¶mpÝV MoV² Ah‘{n E{‘ &

AÚ Amaä¶ Ed {gÕVm§ Hw$‘©: & P

Am¶m©
Ah§ H$ÝXþH$‘² ,Omb¶{ï>H$m§ ¶{ï>H$ÝXþH$m¡ A{n AmZ¶m{‘ &

nmW©: H«$sUm{‘ &
Ah§ Q>mo{nH$m§

Am{X˶: gw{nï>H$m{Z A{n
Anyn§ bmOmZ² A{n J¥hmU &
H«$sUr{h & MmH$bohmZ²

gm{ZH$m
Am{X˶: Vw gd©Xm ImXZ{df¶o Ed ~«dr{V & AV: Ed nrZ: &

Am{X˶:
^dVw , V{h© Ah‘² EH$mH$s Ed ^moú¶o, Z Xmñ¶m{‘ H$ñ‘¡ A{n &

A‘o¶: VÌ à‘wI‘² AmH$f©U‘², Ah§ ‘‘ AJ«OmV²
ì¶mK«Xe©Z§ àmßZmo{‘ & H$aXrn‘² A{n &
{MÌJ«mhH§$
{H$ÝVw A‘o¶, ¶: OmJ{V© g: Ed ì¶mK«§
ní¶{V & Ëd§ Vw dJ} A{n ñd{n{f & P

26

^mfmgyÌ‘² - 2

nañ‘¡nX‘² (A) YmVwVm{bH$m: ({ÛVr¶: g‘yh:) AmË‘ZonX‘²
{Ûd. km (9 C.n.)
OmZrV: bQ²>bH$ma:
OmZrW:
E.d. OmZrd: ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.
OmZm{V
OmZm{g OmZpÝV àW‘: OmZrVo OmZmVo OmZVo
OmZm{‘
OmZrW ‘ܶ‘: OmZrfo OmZmWo OmZrÜdo

OmZr‘: CÎm‘: OmZo OmZrdho OmZr‘ho

E.d. nañ‘¡nX‘² ~.d. bL²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘²
AOmZmV² {Ûd. AOmZZ² nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.
AOmZm: AOmZrV AOmZmVm‘² AOmZV
AOmZm‘² AOmZrVm‘² AOmZr‘ àW‘: AOmZrV AOmZmWm‘² AOmZrÜd‘²
AOmZrV‘² ‘ܶ‘: AOmZrWm: AOmZrd{h AOmZr‘{h
AOmZrd CÎm‘: AOm{Z

E.d. nañ‘¡nX‘² bmoQ²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘²
OmZmVw {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.
OmZr{h OmZmVm‘² OmZVm‘²
OmZm{Z OmZrVm‘² OmZÝVw àW‘: OmZrVm‘² OmZmWm‘² OmZrÜd‘²
OmZrV‘² OmZrV ‘ܶ‘: OmZrîd OmZmdh¡ OmZm‘h¡
OmZmd OmZm‘ CÎm‘: OmZ¡

E.d. nañ‘¡nX‘² ~.d. {d{Y{bL²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘²
OmZr¶mV² {Ûd. OmZr¶w: nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.
OmZr¶m: OmZr¶mV OmZr¶mVm‘² OmZraZ²
OmZr¶m‘² OmZr¶mVm‘² OmZr¶m‘ àW‘: OmZrV OmZr¶mWm‘² OmZrÜd‘²
OmZr¶mV‘² ‘ܶ‘: OmZrWm: OmZrd{h OmZr‘{h
OmZr¶md CÎm‘: OmZr¶

nañ‘¡nX‘² b¥Q²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘² ~.d.
E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. kmñ¶ÝVo
kmñ¶Vo kmñ¶oVo kmñ¶Üdo
kmñ¶{V kmñ¶V: kmñ¶pÝV àW‘: kmñ¶go kmñ¶oWo kmñ¶m‘ho
kmñ¶{g kmñ¶W: kmñ¶W ‘ܶ‘: kmñ¶o kmñ¶mdho
kmñ¶m{‘ kmñ¶md: kmñ¶m‘: CÎm‘:
~«y (2 C.n.)
nañ‘¡nX‘² ~.d. bQ²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘²
E.d. {Ûd. nwéf:
E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.

~«dr{V,Amh ~«yV:, AmhVw: ~«wdpÝV,Amhþ: àW‘: ~«yVo ~«wdmVo ~«wdVo

~«dr{f,AmËW ~«yW:, AmhWw: ~«yW ‘ܶ‘: ~«yfo ~«wdmWo ~«yÜdo

~«dr{‘ ~«yd: ~«y‘: CÎm‘: ~«wdo ~«ydho ~«y‘ho

27

nañ‘¡nX‘² bL²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘²

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.
A~«drV² A~«yVm‘² A~«wdmVm‘² A~«wdV
A~«dr: A~«yV‘² A~«wdZ² àW‘: A~«yV A~«wdmWm‘² A~«yÜd‘²
A~«d‘² A~«yd A~«yV A~«yWm: A~«yd{h A~«y‘{h
nañ‘¡nX‘² A~«y‘ ‘ܶ‘: A~«w{d AmË‘ZonX‘²
E.d. ~.d.
~«drVw {Ûd. CÎm‘: {Ûd. ~«wdVm‘²
~«y{h ~«yVm‘² bmoQ²>bH$ma: ~«wdmVm‘² ~«yÜd‘²
~«dm{U ~«yV‘² ~«wdmWm‘² ~«dm‘h¡
~«dmd ~.d. nwéf: E.d. ~«dmdh¡
E.d. nañ‘¡nX‘² AmË‘ZonX‘² ~.d.
~«y¶mV² ~«wdÝVw àW‘: ~«yVm‘² ~«wdraZ²
~«y¶m: {Ûd. ~«yV ‘ܶ‘: ~«yîd {Ûd. ~«wdrÜd‘²
~«y¶m‘² ~«y¶mVm‘² ~«dm‘ CÎm‘: ~«d¡ ~«wdr¶mVm‘² ~«wdr‘{h
~«y¶mV‘² ~«wdr¶mWm‘²
E.d. ~«y¶md {d{Y{bL²>bH$ma: ~«wdrd{h ~.d.
dú¶{V nañ‘¡nX‘² AmË‘ZonX‘² dú¶ÝVo
dú¶{g ~.d. nwéf: E.d. dú¶Üdo
dú¶m{‘ {Ûd. {Ûd. dú¶m‘ho
dú¶V: ~«y¶w: àW‘: ~«wdrV dú¶oVo
E.d. dú¶W: ~«y¶mV ‘ܶ‘: ~«wdrWm: dú¶oWo ~.d.
XXm{V dú¶md: ~«y¶m‘ CÎm‘: ~«wdr¶ dú¶mdho XXVo
XXm{g XX²Üdo
XXm{‘ nañ‘¡nX‘² b¥Q²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘² XÙho

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.
AXXmV² XÎm: XXmVo AXXV
AXXm: XËW: dú¶pÝV àW‘: dú¶Vo XXmWo AXX²Üd‘²
AXXm‘² XÛ: dú¶W ‘ܶ‘: dú¶go XÛho AXÙ[h
nañ‘¡nX‘² dú¶m‘: CÎm‘: dú¶o AmË‘ZonX‘²
E.d. Xm (3 C.n.) ~.d.
XXmVw {Ûd. bQ²>bH$ma: {Ûd. XXVm‘²
Xo{h AXÎmm‘² AXXmVm‘² XX²Üd‘²
XXm{Z AXÎm‘² ~.d. nwéf: E.d. AXXmWm‘² XXm‘h¡
AXÛ AXÛ{h
nañ‘¡nX‘² XX{V àW‘: XÎmo AmË‘ZonX‘²

{Ûd. XËW ‘ܶ‘: XËgo {Ûd.
XÎmm‘² XXmVm‘²
XÎm‘² XÙ: CÎm‘: XXo XXmWm‘²
XXmd bL²>bH$ma: XXmdh¡

~.d. nwéf: E.d.

AXXþ: àW‘: AXÎm
AXÎm ‘ܶ‘: AXËWm:
AXÙ CÎm‘: AX{X

bmoQ²>bH$ma:

~.d. nwéf: E.d.

XXVw àW‘: XÎmm‘²
XÎm ‘ܶ‘: XËñd
XXm‘ CÎm‘: XX¡

28

nañ‘¡nX‘² {d{Y{bL²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘²

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.

XÚmV² XÚmVm‘² XÚw: àW‘: XXrV XXr¶mVm‘² XXraZ²
XÚm: XÚmV‘² XÚmV ‘ܶ‘: XXrWm: XXr¶mWm‘² XXrÜd‘²
XÚm‘² XÚmd XÚm‘ CÎm‘: XXr¶ XXrd{h XXr‘{h
AmË‘ZonX‘²
nañ‘¡nX‘² b¥Q²>bH$ma:

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.

Xmñ¶{V Xmñ¶V: Xmñ¶pÝV àW‘: Xmñ¶Vo Xmñ¶oVo Xmñ¶ÝVo
Xmñ¶{g Xmñ¶W: Xmñ¶W ‘ܶ‘:
Xmñ¶m{‘ Xmñ¶md: Xmñ¶m‘: CÎm‘: Xmñ¶go Xmñ¶oWo Xmñ¶Üdo
^wO² (7 C.n.)
bQ²>bH$ma: Xmñ¶o Xmñ¶mdho Xmñ¶m‘ho

nañ‘¡nX‘² (ajUo) AmË‘ZonX‘² (^moOZo)

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.

^wZp³V ^wL²>³V: ^wÄOpÝV àW‘: ^wL²>³Vo$ ^wÄOmVo ^wÄOVo
^wZ{j ^wL²>³W: ^wL²>³W ‘ܶ‘: ^wL²>jo ^wÄOmWo ^wL²>½Üdo
^wZpÁ‘ ^wÄÁd: ^wÄÁ‘: CÎm‘: ^wÄOo ^wÄÁdho ^wÄÁ‘ho
nañ‘¡nX‘² bL²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘²

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.

A^wZH²$-J² A^wL²>³Vm‘² A^wÄOZ² àW‘: A^wL²>³V$ A^wÄOmVm‘² A^wÄOV
A^wZH²$-J² A^wL²>³V‘² A^wL²>³V ‘ܶ‘: A^wL²>³Wm: A^wÄOmWm‘² A^wL²>½Üd‘²
A^wZO‘² A^wÄÁd A^wÄÁ‘ CÎm‘: A^w{ÄO A^wÄÁd{h A^wÄÁ‘{h
nañ‘¡nX‘² bmoQ²>bH$ma:
AmË‘ZonX‘²

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.
^wZ³Vw$ ^wL²>³Vm‘² ^wÄOÝVw àW‘: ^wL²>³Vm‘² ^wÄOmVm‘² ^wÄOVm‘²
^wpL²>½Y ^wL²>³V‘² ^wL²>³V ‘ܶ‘: ^wL²>úd ^wÄOmWm‘² ^wL²>½Üd‘²
^wZOm{Z ^wZOmd ^wZOm‘ CÎm‘: ^wZOmdh¡ ^wZOm‘h¡
^wZO¡

nañ‘¡nX‘² {d{Y{bL²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘²

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.

^wÄÁ¶mV² ^wÄÁ¶mVm‘² ^wÄÁ¶w: àW‘: ^wÄOrV ^wÄOr¶mVm‘² ^wÄOraZ²
^wÄÁ¶m: ^wÄÁ¶mV‘² ^wÄÁ¶mV ‘ܶ‘: ^wÄOrWm: ^wÄOr¶mWm‘² ^wÄOrÜd‘²
^wÄÁ¶m‘² ^wÄÁ¶md ^wÄÁ¶m‘ CÎm‘: ^wÄOr¶ ^wÄOrd{h ^wÄOr‘{h
nañ‘¡nX‘² b¥Q²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘²

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.

^moú¶{V ^moú¶V: ^moú¶pÝV àW‘: ^moú¶Vo ^moú¶oVo ^moú¶ÝVo
^moú¶{g ^moú¶W: ^moú¶W ‘ܶ‘: ^moú¶go ^moú¶oWo ^moú¶Üdo
^moú¶m{‘ ^moú¶md: ^moú¶m‘: CÎm‘: ^moú¶o ^moú¶mdho ^moú¶m‘ho

29

{OkmgmnÌ‘²

1) Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V & AW©: bH$ma: EH$dMZ‘² [ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²
A~«wdZ²
YmVd: dX{V bL²> ^wÄOrV A~«yVm‘² XXVo
~«y (2 C.n.) ¶ÀN>{V bQ²> OmZrVo XXmVo XÎm
Xm (3 C.n.) bmoQ²> J¥†m{‘ XÎm‘² ^wL²>½Üdo
bQ²> ^wÄOmWo
^wO² (7 C.n.) ImX{V {d{Y{bL²> ^wÄOr¶mVm‘² OmZm‘h¡
bQ²> OmZmVo
km (9 C.n.) AdJÀN>{V bmoQ²> OmZmdh¡
bQ²> J¥†rd:
J«h² (9 C.n.) ñdrH$amo{V

nR>V-~moYV-H$ÊR>ñWrHw$éV
XebH$mam:

1bQ²> dV©‘mZo 2boQ²> doXo ^yVo 3bwL²> 4bL²> 5{bQ>ñVWm &

{dܶm{efm¡ Vw 6{bL²>-7bmoQ>m¡ 8bwQ²> 9b¥Q²> 10b¥L²> M ^{dî¶{V &&

30

(Am) dmÀ¶n[aM¶: &

Añ‘m{^: H$V¥©dmÀ¶§ H$‘©dmÀ¶§ M JVdf} n{R>Vo & H$V¥©dmÀ¶§ {H«$¶mnX§ H$V¥©nX§ ~moY¶{V &
AYwZm dmÀ¶n[adV©Z§ ní¶m‘: &

gH$‘©H§$ H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘² H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²
am‘: J«ÝW§ nR>{V & am‘oU J«ÝW: nR>çVo &

~mbH$: J«ÝWmZ² nR>{V & ~mbHo$Z J«ÝWm: nR>çÝVo &

am‘: J«ÝW§ nR>{V & am‘oU J«ÝW: nR>çVo &
H$V¥©nX‘² H$‘©nX‘² {H«$¶mnX‘²
H$V¥©nX‘² H$‘©nX‘² {H«$¶mnX‘²
V¥Vr¶m
àW‘m {ÛVr¶m àW‘mÝVnXmZwgma‘² (3) àW‘m àW‘mÝVnXmZwgma‘²
(1) (1)
(1) (2) (1)

AH$‘©H§$ H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘² ^mddmÀ¶‘²
‘Yþam nV{V & ‘Ywa¶m n˶Vo &

~m{bH$m: nVpÝV & ~m{bH$m{^: n˶Vo &

‘Ywam nV{V & ‘Ywa¶m n˶Vo &

H$V¥©nX‘² H$‘©nX‘² {H«$¶mnX‘² H$V¥©nX‘² H$‘©nX‘² {H«$¶mnX‘²

àW‘m ZmpñV àW‘mÝVnXmZwgma‘² V¥Vr¶m ZmpñV {Z˶§ àW‘nwéf-EH$dMZo

(1) (0) (1) (3) (0) (1)

H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘² H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²

~mbH$: ûcmoH§$ Jm¶{V & ~mbHo$Z ûcmoH$: Jr¶Vo &

‘mbm nwînm{U Z¶{V & ‘mb¶m nwînm{U Zr¶ÝVo &

Ah§ ‘wHw$ÝX§ ñ‘am{‘ & ‘¶m ‘wHw$ÝX: ñ‘¶©Vo &

Ëd§ amo{Q>H$m: H$amo{f & amo{Q>H$m: {H«$¶ÝVo &

gy¶©: àH$me§ XXm{V & àH$me: Xr¶Vo &

‘mVm Añ‘mZ² VmS>¶{V & d¶§ VmS>çm‘ho &

{nVm Ëdm‘² Cn{Xe{V & {nÌm Cn{Xí¶go &

F${f: ¶wî‘mZ² dX{V & F${fUm CÚÜdo &

Ëd§ ‘m§ n¥ÀN>{g & Ëd¶m n¥ÀN²ço &

& ‘¶m ‘mVm dÝÚVo &

amOm ‘pÝÌU‘² Amˆ¶{V & amkm ‘ÝÌr Amhÿ¶Vo &

e¥Jmb: ‘¥JH$mH$m¡ ní¶{V & &

AݶbH$maofw à¶moJn[adV©Z‘² &

~mbH$: ûcmoH$‘² AJm¶V² & ~mbHo$Z ûcmoH$: AJr¶V &
~mbH$: ûcmoH§$ Jm¶Vw &
~mbH$: ûcmoH§$ Jm¶oV² & ~mbHo$Z ûcmoH$: Jr¶Vm‘² &
~mbHo$Z ûcmoH$: Jr¶oV &
31

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² bH$maOJV² - (~)({bQ²>) &

‘Zwî¶: J¥ho AdgV² & Am{X‘mZd: Jwhm¶m‘² Cdmg &

ø: nwam

‘mohZ: nmR>embm‘² AJÀN>V² & lrH¥$îU: gmÝXrn{Z‘wZo: Aml‘§ OJm‘ &

N>mÌm: nwpñVH$m: A¶ÀN>Z² & Xodm: eóm{U XXþ: &

JÝYma: ’$b‘² AImXV² & lram‘: ~Xar’$bm{Z MImX &

~mbH$: Xod‘² AZ‘V² & H$U©: eH«§$ ZZm‘ &

àmMrZH$mbo ø: AÚ0 íd:/AmJm{‘H$mbo
MH$ma AH$amoV² H$amo{V H$[aî¶{V
({bQ²>)
(bL²>) (bQ²>) (b¥Q²>)

^yVH$mb: &

àW‘: & {ÛVr¶: & V¥Vr¶: &
AZÚVZ: (bL²>bH$ma:) namoj: ({bQ²>bH$ma:) gm‘mݶ:/AÚVZ: (bwL²>bH$ma:)

AJÀN>V² OJm‘ AJ‘V²

namoj^yVH$mb: A{VàmMrZËd§ gyM¶{V & namoj: Zm‘ AúUmo: na‘² &

nañ‘¡nX‘² ~.d. {bQ²>-à˶¶m: AmË‘ZonX‘² ~.d.
Cg² nwéf: Bao
E.d. {Ûd. (C:) E.d. {Ûd.
A AVwg² àW‘nwéf: E AmVo

(AVw:)

Aä¶ñV-{bQ>²bH$ma: (namoj^yVH$mb:)

Aä¶mg: Zm‘ nwZamd¥{Îm: & AV: àW‘dU©ñ¶ nwZamd¥{Îm: ¶pñ‘Z² ^d{V, g: Aä¶ñV: namoj^yVH$mb: &

¶Wm Xm - XXm¡ XXVw: XXþ:

nm - nnm¡ nnVw: nnw: & Ñe² - XXe© XÑeVw: XÑew: &

km - Okm¡ OkVw: Okw: & ¶m - ¶¶m¡ ¶¶Vw: ¶¶w: &

32

fð>: nmR>: g§ñH¥$VZmQ>ç¶w½‘‘² & (gabmW©boIZmW©‘²)

àW‘§ nwîn‘²

g§ñH¥$VH${dfw H$m{bXmgñ¶ ñWmZ‘² AZݶgmYmaU‘² & "A{^kmZemHw$ÝVb‘²' B{V Vñ¶ à{gÕ§
ZmQ>H$‘² & Vñ¶ H$mì¶ZmQ>Ho$fw ^maVr¶g§ñH¥$Vo: ‘yë¶mZm§ M à{V{~å~§ Ñí¶Vo & BXmZrÝVZH$mbo@{n Vñ¶
gm{h˶§ OZmZ² aÄO`{V &

(VV: à{de{V d¡ImZg:, Aݶm¡ Vmngm¡ M)
d¡ImZg: - (amOmZ‘² Adéܶ) amOZ² ! Aml‘‘¥Jmo@¶§, Z hÝVì¶:, Z hÝVì¶: & Amew à{Vg§ha gm¶H$‘² &

amkm§ eó‘² AmV©ÌmUm¶ ^d{V Z Vw AZmJ{g àhVw©‘² &
Xþî¶ÝV: - à{Vg§öV Ef: gm¶H$: & (¶Wmo³V§ H$amo{V)
d¡ImZg: - amOZ² ! g{‘XmhaUm¶ àpñWVm d¶‘² & Ef Ibw H$Êdñ¶ Hw$bnVo: AZw‘m{bZrVra‘ml‘mo

Ñí¶Vo & à{dí¶ à{VJ¥øVm‘² Am{VWo¶: gËH$ma: &
Xþî¶ÝV: - VnmodZ{Zdm{gZm‘wnamoYmo ‘m ^yV² & AÌ¡d aW§ ñWmn¶ ¶mdXdVam{‘ &
gyV: - Y¥Vm: àJ«hm: & AdVaVw Am¶wî‘mZ² &
Xþî¶ÝV: - (AdVr¶©) gyV, {dZrVdofoU àdoï>ì¶m{Z VnmodZm{Z Zm‘ & BX§ VmdV² J¥øVm‘² & (B{V

gyVñ¶m^aUm{Z YZwümonZr¶) gyV, ¶mdXml‘dm{gZ: ÑîQ‰>m@h‘wnmdV} VmdXmЩn¥ð>m: {H«$¶ÝVm§
dm{OZ: &
gyV: - VWm & (B{V {ZîH«$mÝV: &)

^mfmä¶mg:

1) ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & Xþî¶ÝVñ¶ H$m{Z ñd^mdd¡{eîQ>çm{Z km¶ÝVo ?

33

{ÛVr¶§ nwîn‘²

^mg: B{V g§ñH¥$VZmQ>çg¥ï>o: àW‘: ZmQ>H$H$ma: & Vñ¶ e¡br gw~moYm gagm M & ^mgZmQ>H$MH«o$
‘hm^maVH$Wm‘² AZwg¥Ë¶ {b{IV: emoH$mË‘H$: EH$m‘ : Zm‘ "H$U©^ma‘²' & Apñ‘Z² àg“o eH«$: Zm‘ BÝÐ:
¶mMH$ê$noU AmJ˶ H$Uª H$dMHw$ÊS>bm{Z ¶mMVo &

(VV: à{de{V ¶mMH$ê$noU eH«$: &)

eH«$: - (H$U©‘wnJå¶) ^mo: H$U©, ‘hÎmam§ {^jm§ ¶mMo &

H$U©: - ÑT>§ àrVmo@pñ‘ ^JdZ² & Efmo@h§ Z‘ñH$amo{‘ &

eH«$: - (AmË‘JV‘²) qH$ Zw Iëdh§ dXm{‘ ? ¶{X XrKm©¶w^©do{V dXo¶‘² XrKm©¶w^©doV² & ¶{X Z dXo¶‘² ‘yT>

B{V ‘m§ n[a^d{V & Vñ‘mX² C^¶§ n[aö˶ qH$ Zw Ibw ^mfo ? ^dVw, Ñï>‘² & (àH$me‘²) ^mo:

H$U©, gy¶© Bd, MÝÐ Bd, {h‘dmZ² Bd, gmJa Bd {Vð>Vw Vo ¶e: &

H$U©: - ^JdZ², qH$ Zmo³V‘² XrKm©¶w^©do{V ? AWdm ¶Xþ³V§ VXod emo^Z‘² & ¶V: hVofw Xohofw JwUm: YaÝVo &

^JdZ², {H${‘ÀN>{g? {H$‘h§ XXm{‘?

eH«$: - ‘hÎmam§ {^jm§ ¶mMo &

H$U©: - ‘hÎmam§ {^jm§ ^dVo àXmñ¶o & Jmoghò§ XXm{‘ &

eH«$: - Jmoghò{‘{V? ‘whÿV©H§$ jra§ {n~m{‘ & ZoÀN>m{‘ H$U©, ZoÀN>m{‘ &

H$U©: - qH$ ZoÀN>{V ^dmZ²? An¶m©á§ H$ZH§$ XXm{‘ &

eH«$: - J¥hrËdm JÀN>m{_ & ZoÀN>m{‘ H$U©, ZoÀN>m{‘ &

H$U©: - VoZ {h {OËdm n¥Ïdt XXm{‘ &

eH«$: - n¥{Wì`m qH$ H$[aî`m{_ & ZoÀN>m{‘ H$U©, ZoÀN>m{‘ &

H$U©: - AWdm ‘pÀN>amo XXm{‘ &

eH«$: - A{dhm & A{dhm &

H$U©: - Z ^oV춑² Z ^oV춑² & AݶX{n ly¶Vm‘² & A“¡: gh¡d O{ZV§ H$dM§

Hw$ÊS>bmä¶m§ gh XXm{‘ &

eH«$: - (ghf©‘²) XXmVw, XXmVw & ^mfmä¶mg:

1) ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & eH«$ñ¶ H$nQ>§ {deXrHw$éV &
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gá‘: nmR>: dmMZàe§gm & (gabmW©boIZmW©‘²)

S>m°. E. nr. Oo. AãXþbH$bm‘‘hmoX¶: "{‘gmB©b ‘°Z' B{V • $nmR>çnwñVH§$ {dhm¶ $
{~éXoZ »¶mV: & Vñ¶ OrdZo VoZ N>mÌmUm§ e¡j{UH${dH$mgmWª Z¡Ho$ ¶y¶§ qH$ qH$ nR>W ?
¶ËZm: H¥$Vm: & 15 Am°³Q>mo~a B{V Vñ¶ OÝ‘{XZ§ "dmMZàoaUm{Xdgê$noU'
AmM¶©Vo & {d{dYmZm§ J«ÝWmZm§, bKwJ«ÝWmZm§, d¥ÎmnÌmUm§ dmMZoZ ‘Zwî¶o Ho$ • gm{h˶ñ¶ Ho$ àH$mam: ^dpÝV ?
JwUm: {dH${gVm: ^dpÝV, B˶mX¶: {df¶m: nÚo@pñ‘Z² d{U©Vm: gpÝV & • A{n ¶y¶§ à{V{XZ§ d¥Îmņ nR>W ?

erb§ gX²JwUgån{Îm: kmZ§ {dkmZ‘od M &
CËgmhmo dY©Vo ¶oZ dmMZ§ VX² {hVmdh‘² &&1&&

‘ZwOm dmMZoZ¡d ~moYÝVo {df¶mZ² ~hÿZ² &
Xjm ^dpÝV H$m¶}fw dmMZoZ ~hþlwVm: &&2&&

dmë‘r{H$ì¶mg~mUmÚm: àmMrZm: H${dnpÊS>Vm: &
VmZ² {ej¶pÝV gVV§ ¶o gXm dmMZo aVm: &&3&&

AÚ¶md{Õ kmZm¶ d¥Îmņ nR>oËgXm &
gd©{dYgw{dÚmWª dmMZ‘wnH$maH$‘² &&4&&

d¥Wm^«‘UHw$H«$sS>mnanrS>mn^mfU¡: &
H$mbjonmo Z H$V©ì¶mo {dÚmWu dmMZ§ l¶oV² &&5&&

dmMZ§ kmZX§ ~më¶o Vméʶo erbajH$‘² &
dmY©³¶o$ Xþ:IhaU§ {hV§ gX²J«ÝWdmMZ‘² &&6&&

1) gpÝY{dJ«hm: -1) {dkmZ‘od = {dkmZ‘² + Ed & 2) CËgmhmo dY©Vo = CËgmh: + dY©Vo &
AÝd¶: - ¶oZ erb§, gX²JwUgån{Îm:, kmZ§, {dkmZ‘² CËgmh: M dY©Vo VX² dmMZ§ {hVmdh‘² Ed &
2) gpÝY{dJ«hm: -1) dmMZoZ¡d = dmMZoZ + Ed & 2) Xjm ^dpÝV = Xjm: + ^dpÝV &
AÝd¶: - ‘ZwOm: dmMZoZ Ed ~hÿZ² {df¶mZ² ~moYÝVo & dmMZoZ (‘ZwOm:) H$m¶}fw Xjm: ~hþlwVm: (M) ^dpÝV &
3) AÝd¶: - ¶o gXm dmMZo aVm: VmZ² dmë‘r{H$-ì¶mg-~mUmÚm: àmMrZm: H${dnpÊS>Vm: {ej¶pÝV &
4) gpÝY{dJ«hm: -1) AÚ¶md{Õ = AÚ¶mdV² + {h & 2) nR>oËgXm = nR>oV² + gXm &

3) dmMZ‘wnH$maH$‘² = dmMZ‘² + CnH$maH$‘² &
AÝd¶: - ‘ZOw : AÚ¶mdX² kmZm¶ dÎ¥ mņ gXm {h nR>Vo ² & gd{© dYg{w dÚmWª dmMZ‘² CnH$maH$‘² (dVV© )o &
5) gpÝY{dJ«hm: -1) $H$mbjonmo Z = H$mbjon: + Z & 2) $H$V©ì¶mo {dÚmWu = H$V©ì¶: + {dÚmWu &
AÝd¶: - ({dÚm{W©{^:) d¥Wm^«‘U-Hw$H«$sS>m-nanrS>m-An^mfU¡: H$mbjon: Z H$V©ì¶: & {dÚmWu dmMZ§
l¶oV² &
6) AÝd¶: - dmMZ§ ~më¶o kmZX§, Vméʶo erbajH$‘², dmY©³¶o Xþ:IhaU§ (^d{V) (AV:) gX²J«ÝWdmMZ§

{hV§ (^d{V) &

35

^mfmä¶mg:

1. nyU©dmŠ¶oZ CÎma§ {bIV & 7. ${deofU-{deoî¶mUm§ ‘obZ§ Hw$éV &
A) dmMZoZ Ho$ JwUm: dY©ÝVo ?
Am) dmMZoZ ‘ZwOm: qH$ ~moYÝVo ? {deofU‘² {deo²
B) {dÚm{W©{^: H$W§ H$mbjon: Z H$V©ì¶: ?
CnH$maH$‘² ‘ZwOm:
2. ‘mܶ‘^mf¶m CÎma§ {bIV &
A) dmMZ‘wnH$maH§ H$W‘² B{V ñnï>rHw$éV &$ àmMrZm: {df¶mZ²

3. $g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV & Xjm: dmMZ‘²
erb‘², Xj:, aVm:, H$mbjon:, dmY©³¶‘²,
npÊS>V: ~hÿZ² H${dnpÊS>Vm:

4. OmbaoIm{M̧ nya¶V & 8. A‘aH$mofmV² ¶mo½¶§ g‘mZmW©eãX§ ¶moO{¶Ëdm

dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV &

A) ‘ZwOm: dmMZoZ ~hÿZ² {df¶mZ² ~moYÝVo &

A)
gX²J«ÝWdmMZ‘²

erbajH$‘² nR>V-~moYV
Am) nR>Zñ¶ Xmofm:
JrVr erK«r {ea:H$ånr ¶Wm{b{IVnmR>H$: &
gX²JwUgån{Îm: AZW©kmo@ënH$ÊR>íM fS>oVo nmR>H$mY‘m: &&
dmMZoZ dY©Vo CƒmaU{df¶H$ûcmoH$: &

B) ì¶mKr« ¶Wm haVo ² nÌw mZ² Xï§ >´mä¶m§ Z M nrS>¶Vo ² &

^rVm nVZ^oXmä¶m§ VÛX² dUm©Z² à¶moO¶oV² &&

H$mbjonñ¶ H$maUm{Z

An^mfU‘²
5. ${déÕmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV &

gX²JwU:, CËgmh:, àmMrZm:, CnH$maH$‘²
6. $gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &

A) dmMZoZ¡d Am) AÚ¶md{Õ

36

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² g‘mgm: &

g‘mgm:

ÛÝÛ: VËnwéf: ~hþd«r{h: A춶r^md:

BVaoVaÛÝÛ: {d^p³V-VËnwéf: H$‘©Yma¶:
g‘mhmaÛÝÛ: CnnX-VËnwéf: {deofU-{deoî¶-gå~ÝY:
ZÄm²-VËnwéf: {deofZm‘-gm‘mݶZm‘-gå~ÝY:
Cn‘mZ-Cn‘o¶-gå~ÝY:

ÛÝÛ: VWm M {d^p³V-VËnwéf: B{V àH$maÛ¶‘² Añ‘m{^: JVdf} n{R>V‘² &

AYwZm g‘mgmZm‘² AݶàH$mamZ² OmZr‘: &

nwZ:ñ‘maU‘²

1. g‘mg{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &

YZYmݶm{Z & ‘¥Je¥Jmbm¡ &

ewH$gm[aH$m: & hñVnmX‘² &

gñ¶nyU©‘² & Obì¶dñWmnZ‘²

Aí‘IÊS>: & Zr{V{ZnwU: &

37

2. CXmhaU¡: aoIm{M̧ nya¶V & Am) gá‘rVËnwéf:
A)

g‘mhmaÛÝÛ:

B)

{ÛVr¶mVËnwéf:

3. fð>rVËnwéfg‘mgñ¶ g‘ñVnX‘² ApÝdî¶ VËn[aV: dVw©b‘² Am{bIV &

^« ‘ U g ‘ ¶: ‘² 1. joÌñ¶ n{V: &
O Z: am O Y ‘©: G 2. Obñ¶ ì¶dñWmnZ‘² &
b Å> M: nw {Z am k: 3. amk: Y‘©: &
4. nwñVH$ñ¶ nR>Z‘² &
ì¶ d: hm ñV H$: n ñWm 5. ^«‘Uñ¶ g‘¶: &
d {Z jo $H$ hmo {H«$ ¶m 6. {H«$¶m¶m: {g{Õ: &
ñWm Vmo Ì n A ¶m g

n Äm² n R> gm {g ‘²

Z G {V: Z ‘² {Õ: ‘²

‘² ^« ‘² ‘² g ‘² ‘©:

4. g‘mg{dJ«hdm³¶mZm§ g‘mgZm‘{^: ‘obZ§ Hw$éV &

{dJ«hdm³¶‘² g‘mgZm‘ {dJ«hdm³¶‘² g‘mgZm‘
{MÝV¶m AmHw$b: n#m‘r-VËnwéf: nwñVH$nR>Zo ‘¾: fð>r-Ënwéf:
àOm{hVo Xj: {ÛVr¶m-VËnwéf:
{dÚ¶m {dhrZ: MVwWu-VËnwéf:
MmoabwÊR>Ho$ä¶: ^¶‘² gá‘r-VËnwéf:
nyOm¶¡ BX‘² gá‘r-VËnwéf:
{dXoe§ J‘Z‘² V¥Vr¶m-VËnwéf: namJñ¶ H$Um: V¥Vr¶m-VËnwéf:

38

1. Ob§ XXm{V 1. VËnwéf: g‘mg: &
B{V ObX: & CnnX-VËnwéf: &

2. nmX¡: {n~{V

B{V nmXn: &

3. nd©Vo {Vð>{V 4. Hw$å^§ H$amo{V
B{V nd©VñW: & B{V Hw$å^H$ma: &

AdYo¶‘² - CnnX-VËnwéf:
* CÎmanXo YmVmo: A§e: Ñí¶Vo &
* {dJ«ho Vñ¶ YmVmo: bQ²>bH$mañ¶ àW‘nwéfñ¶ ¶mo½¶§ dMZ§ ¶moOZr¶‘² & ¶Wm -
emók: - emó§ OmZm{V B{V &
* VWm M AW©ÑîQ>çm nyd©nXñ¶ ¶mo½¶m {d^p³V: ¶moOZr¶m & ¶Wm -
nL²>H$O‘² - nL²>Ho$ Om¶Vo B{V &

CXmhaUm{Z - daXm - da§ XXm{V B{V & J¥hñWm: - J¥ho {VîR>pÝV B{V & ‘Ywn: - ‘Yw {n~{V B{V &
{dÚmWu-{dÚm_² AW©`Vo B{V & OQ>mYmar-OQ>m: Yma`{V B{V &

ZÄm²-VËnwéf: &

¶mo½¶‘² & Z ¶mo½¶‘²-A¶mo½¶‘² &

Aën‘² & Z Aën‘²-AZën‘² &

AdYo¶‘² - ZÄm²-VËnwéf:
* àW‘nX‘² "A/AZ²' B{V ZH$ma§ Xe©¶{V &
* {dJ«ho "A'/AZ² ñWmZo "Z' B{V à¶moOZr¶: &

CXmhaUm{Z - A{ZÀN>m - Z BÀN>m & Ae³¶‘² - Z e³¶‘² &
Ag˶‘² - Z g˶‘² & AZmdí¶H$‘² - Z Amdí¶H$‘² &

39

H$‘©Yma¶: &

* {deofU-{deoî¶-gå~ÝY: &

a³V§ nwîn‘² & h[aVm: ewH$m: &
a³Vnwîn‘² & h[aVewH$m: &

ñWyb: nwéf: & {d{dYm: dUm©: &
ñWybnwéf: & {d{dYdUm©: &

XrKm© ¶{ï>H$m & CÞVm: d¥jm: &
XrK©¶{ï>H$m & CÞVd¥jm: &

* {deofZm‘-gm‘mݶZm‘-gå~ÝY: & J“m Zm‘ ZXr &
J“mZXr &
{ddoH$mZÝX: Zm‘ ‘hmoX¶: &
{ddoH$mZÝX‘hmoX¶: & gañdVr Zm‘ Xodr &
gañdVrXodr &
^maVXoe: ^maV: Zm‘ Xoe: &
^maVXoe: &

^mñH$a: Zm‘ AmMm¶©: & eoJmd B{V ñWmZH$‘²
^mñH$amMm¶©: & eoJmd eoJmdñWmZH$‘² &

40

* Cn‘mZ-Cn‘o¶-gå~ÝY: & Jm¡a: (gmY嶩‘²) = H$ny©aJm¡a: (‘hmXod:-Cn‘o¶‘²)
A) H$ny©a: Bd Jm¡a: =

H$ny©a: (Cn‘mZ‘²) Bd

KZ: Bd í¶m‘: = í¶m‘: (gmY嶩‘²) = KZí¶m‘:(lrH¥$îU:-Cn‘o¶‘²)
KZ:(Cn‘mZ‘²) Bd

Am) nmXn‘O‘² = n‘O‘² (Cn‘mZ‘²) Bd &
nmXm¡ (Cn‘o¶‘²)

‘wIH$‘b‘² = H$‘b‘² (Cn‘mZ‘²) Bd&
‘wI‘²(Cn‘o¶‘²)

B) {dÚmYZ‘² = YZ‘² (Cn‘mZ‘²) &
{dÚm(Cn‘o¶‘²) Ed

J¥h‘pÝXa‘² =

J¥h‘² (Cn‘o¶‘²) Ed ‘pÝXa‘² (Cn‘mZ‘²) &

AdYo¶‘² -
H$‘©Yma¶:
* g‘ñVnXmZm§ {dJ«ho nyd©nX‘² CÎmanX§ M àW‘mÝV‘² &
* nyd©nX§ {deofU§ MoV² VX² {deoî¶ñ¶ {b“§, dMZ§, {d^p³V‘² AZwga{V &

CXmhaUm{Z - Am) $gyp³VgwYm - gyp³V: gwYm Bd &
A) {à¶^mfm - {à¶m ^mfm & H$‘bH$mo‘b: - $H$‘b‘² Bd $H$mo‘b: &

gd©àXoem: - gd} àXoem: & B) ‘Zmo‘pÝXa‘² - ‘Z: Ed ‘pÝXa‘² &
~hþOZm: - ~hd: OZm: & g§gmagmJa: - g§gma: Ed gmJa: &

41