Bonsai

Wild collected trees 199

The guy line
is threaded
through the
structural wire

Guy line is
anchored
around a jin

9

Twist the guy lines together
using an extra piece of heavy wire
to add tension. Stop twisting as
soon as you achieve full tension—
otherwise the wire may snap.

13

Wire the whole tree before you style it. On this styled tree the foliage has been arranged into
It is always a good idea to complete the neat, well-organized pads; movement in the branches
wiring before you do any fine work to has added interest and compacted leggy branches.
avoid damaging styled lower branches After a few years of careful pruning and foliage
as you work your way up the tree. management, it will appear a lot more natural.

200 Plant care directory

Plant care directory

This directory provides a brief description and summary of care
for many of the most popular trees and shrubs used for bonsai,
listed in alphabetical order by botanical name.

Key to hardiness Abies are frost hardy (zones 5–8) but should be
protected from any deep freezing of the roots.
Plant entries have been given hardiness FIR If temperatures regularly drop below freezing
descriptions and zone numbers as for extended periods, winter protection is
follows: True fir trees are not often used because they essential. When new shoots are breaking in
Frost tender Plant may be damaged by are generally unsuitable for bonsai techniques. spring or after defoliation in summer, provide
temperatures below 41°F (5°C). There are a number of dwarf varieties that are protection from intense sun and wind.
Half hardy Plant can withstand more suited to shohin trees that can be found Otherwise, they are happy in full sun, but
temperatures down to 32°F (0°C). in garden centers, but classical styling may be appreciate semi-shade in intense midday
Frost hardy Plant can withstand difficult. Species include A. alba (silver fir), sunlight during the height of summer.
temperatures down to 23°F (-5°C). North American native A. grandis (grand fir), Watering Maples can be very thirsty species
Fully hardy Plant can withstand Korean fir A. koreana and its cultivar ‘Compact in the spring/summer period when new buds
temperatures down to 5°F (-15°C). Dwarf’, as well as A. lasiocarpa (alpine fir), are opening and are then in full leaf: it is very
which is perhaps the most suitable species for important not to allow the leaves to dry out
Hardiness zones developed by the cultivation in a container. at this time through lack of moisture. During
United States Department of Agriculture winter in cold climates with average
are often used to determine plant All are hardy (zones 3–7); these temperatures of 41°F (5°C), the soil may
hardiness. They are based on average mountainous conifers tolerate cold, but it is remain moist from November until March; do
annual minimum temperatures in given essential to protect the pot and roots in not overwater for fear of causing root damage
geographical areas extreme freezing conditions. Protect from through freezing. In warmer climates the roots
(see http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/ cold, drying winds and provide shade in are still active, so monitor soil moisture levels.
PHZMWeb/). The zone rating for each intense summer sunlight. They prefer well- Fertilizing Use a well-balanced organic
plant indicates the coldest zones in which drained soil since they suffer from root rot. fertilizer—but the rate and timing of
it can survive winter. Bear in mind that Treat in a similar way to spruce (Picea abies). application depends on the tree and its stage
other factors including altitude, exposure of development. If the tree is still in the early
to wind, and the intensity of cold also Acer stages, and thickness and rapid growth is
affect hardiness—and that bonsai may be required, fertilize heavily from bud break in
more vulnerable because of being in a MAPLE spring until leaf drop in fall, with a break in
pot, so take the time to get to know midsummer when average temperatures rise
conditions in your own area. There are numerous varieties of this to 90°F (32°C) and over. For more developed
deciduous tree, and many are classic species trees where the goal is delicate ramification,
Zone 1 below -50°F (-46°C) for bonsai. Grown for their year-round appeal, only fertilize lightly once the buds have
Zone 2 -50 to -40°F (-46 to -40°C) maples look refined and elegant in winter with opened, been pinched, and the leaves have
Zone 3 -40 to -30°F (-40 to -34°C) their naked branches; vigorous in spring with opened and hardened off. Fertilize more
Zone 4 -30 to -20°F (-34 to -29°C) delicate new shoots; cooling in summer with a heavily in fall to build-up strength for winter
Zone 5 -20 to -10°F (-29 to -23°C) luscious canopy of foliage; and they come into and the following spring. Do not fertilize in
Zone 6 -10 to 0°F (-23 to -18°C) their element in fall as the leaves turn vibrant spring and then expect delicate ramification.
Zone 7 0 to 10°F (-18 to -12°C) shades of red, yellow, and orange. Transplanting/Soil Transplant every two to
Zone 8 10 to 20°F (-12 to -7°C) three years for the majority of trees, yearly
Zone 9 20 to 30°F (-7 to -1°C) Each of the popular bonsai varieties have for very vigorous trees. Be careful to root
Zone 10 30 to 40°F (-1 to 4°C) their own idiosyncrasies—initially, it is best to prune to ensure balanced growth in the roots.
Zone 11 40 to 50°F (4 to 10°C) stick to these varieties since their growth Strong roots must be pruned back. In terms of
Zone 12 50 to 60°F (10 to 15°C) habit is more suited to bonsai cultivation. soil, the objective is to be moisture-retentive
Zone 13 60 to 70°F (15 to 21°C) Many cultivars are selected for a specific for summer, but free draining for winter:
growth habit, such as weeping or cascading— maples do not like to sit in too much water but
do not try to change that. When using must not be allowed to dry out. A mix of two
cultivars not named here, look for small leaf parts small-particle akadama with one part
and node size in order to create a compact pumice and one part lava is a good start.
bonsai shape. Maples can be defoliated to Ensure all dust is removed by sifting from soil.
increase ramification and reduce leaf size, but Pests/Diseases Maples are relatively pest and
this depends on the vigor of the species as
well as the individual tree, the time of year,
and growing conditions.
Hardiness/Location Some varieties are more
frost tolerant than others; in general maples

Plant care directory 201

disease free if normal precautions are taken. fertilize heavily from spring until fall Acer monspessulanum Montpellier
They are susceptible to a range of nonfatal to promote rapid growth. Do not fertilize maple Similar to the field maple, this is
fungal problems on leaves that can occur after mature, developed trees until new growth
extended periods of wet weather. Keep trees has opened and hardened off. commonly found across Mediterranean
clean and free of fallen leaves, and apply Transplanting/Soil Usually every two to three Europe. It has three-lobed leaves similar to
fungicide at the first sign of discoloration or years with younger trees, and every three the trident maple, and it will flower and fruit.
powdery mildew on leaves. Verticillium wilt to four years with more mature specimens. Its shrubby growth habit means more compact
is a problem for trees in the ground, but Small-particle soil mix is better for fine root branching is possible.
generally does not affect trees in pots. development and water retention.
Pruning/Styling Prune secondary branches Acer palmatum Japanese maple,
Aphids on fresh tender shoots and scale back to shape immediately after fall leaf drop. mountain maple Ideally suited for bonsai
insects are fairly common problems. An Pinch out the tips of new growth in spring
application of systemic pesticide early to create compact branching. Defoliate—if cultivation, this is a very popular variety. It
in the season should be sufficient protection. desired—once new leaves have hardened off. has delicate branching, a small leaf size and
Check new growth for aphids and spray with Wire main branches at an early stage; use a bark that improves with age. The leaves are
contact pesticide if present. Look on the clip and grow selective pruning technique palmately lobed, and it usually has five
underside of branches for scale insects. to build up secondary and tertiary branching. pointed lobes. It is generally quite a strong
Pruning/Styling To build up ramification, The tree’s vigorous nature means wire can tree but will weaken with age and long-term
pinch the leading tip off from the emerging soon become embedded in the branch: act —70 years or more—cultivation in a bonsai pot.
bud as soon as possible in spring. This will promptly to prevent irreparable scarring. It is hardy (zones 5–8), but protect from deep
create compact branching and short node Propagation As for Acer above. frost and freezing temperatures. It suits
length. Defoliating is then possible once the virtually any style and size. Hundreds of
leaves have hardened off, but take care not Acer campestre Field maple, hedge cultivars exist; some are suitable for bonsai,
to weaken the tree too much. For thickness, maple, common maple Often collected others not. The colors of foliage may vary,
allow a branch to extend before cutting back depending on the level of direct sunlight.
to the first node in the future. You can wire and used in the UK and Europe. It is vigorous
young branches at any time: it is best done but suffers from large leaves and long, coarse Acer palmatum ‘Arakawa’ Rough bark
in spring and then removed when defoliating; growth that tends to limit it to larger trees. It maple This is grown for the corky, rough
alternatively, wire in summer and remove it is difficult to compact and create a delicate
when the leaves drop. The wire can very shape, so it is more suited for heavy trunk bark more than the foliage or the branching.
quickly dig into rapidly thickening branches, styles. It is often seen with deadwood or It is usually very vigorous and branches
causing ugly and irreparable scar tissue, so hollow trunk features. tend to be coarse, straight, and youthful
it is essential to remove it before this occurs. compared to the bark, which develops with
Branch pruning is best done immediately Acer circinatum Vine maple Native to age. Due to its coarse habit, they tend to make
after leaf drop in fall. better large, upright trees.
Propagation Air layering or cuttings from northwestern North America, very interesting
a small-leaf-sized parent tree are best. They specimens can be found in the understory of Acer palmatum ‘Beni-chidori’ The
may be grown from seed, but there is natural forests, making for unusual trees.
genetic variation. Cuttings taken from young foliage is a vibrant red-edged yellow-
cultivars that need to be grafted onto Acer davidii Snake bark maple This pink before turning green, then turning to
stronger rootstock have a low success rate. good fall colors. Treat it the same as A.
has large, heart-shaped leaves that have palmatum, but it is slightly more susceptible
Acer buergerianum Trident maple fine fall color but do not reduce. The bark to wind damage early in the season.
is colorful and of great interest. It is rarely
This widely used variety may become highly seen as bonsai because its growth habit is Acer palmatum ‘Chishio’ This has brilliant
ramified and can grow vigorously. Defoliation not suited for ramification.
is possible up to three times a year in a hot blood-red young shoots in spring that turn
climate. It has small, three-lobed leaves and Acer ginnala Amur maple Most tolerant green and then produce vivid fall colors. It is
gray-orange-brown bark that flakes with age. slow growing but has been supplanted by
There are many variations in leaf and node to cold of any maple, this tree may be grown ‘Deshojo’ in the bonsai world.
size; look for ones with small leaves and in zone 2, although in a pot winter protection
compact branching. It suits most styles and may still be required. It has very deep fall Acer palmatum ‘Deshojo’ This is the
all sizes, and is a popular shohin specimen. colors. The leaves are similar to those of the
Hardiness/Location Frost hardy, zones 4–9, trident maple, although its growth habit tends queen of spring foliage with intense carmine-
but the fleshy roots must be protected from toward slightly coarser branches. It will flower red colors in spring. Although it is the hardiest
freezing. Young shoots are susceptible to and then fruit. and most vigorous of the red-leaf cultivars,
sun- and windburn, so take care in spring and it is still occasionally temperamental and
after defoliating if your site is in full sun. Acer japonicum Full moon maple A slow for branches to thicken up. Once heavily
Watering Tridents are very thirsty trees when ramified, it can lose vigor if restrained for
in full sun with lots of foliage. Do not allow to large-leaf variety best suited for larger trees too many years. As with all cultivars, the
dry out in spring or summer: potentially, they and styles; leaves usually have 9 or 11 lobes, cuttings may be unsuccessful in the long
need watering twice a day. Do not overwater and it often flowers and fruits. Brilliant fall term; using young grafted stock is always
in winter in case the roots freeze. coloration and winter hardiness are common a better option. When taking air layers,
Fertilizing For trees early in development, to the cultivars of A. japonicum. It is native to leave for longer to ensure a very healthy
Japan but not as widely used as A. palmatum root system before separation.
due to its coarser branches.
Acer palmatum ‘Kashima’ Kashima
maple This is a dwarf yatsubusa variety

202 Plant care directory

(cluster of 8 buds) with a different growth Acer palmatum ‘Shishi-gashira’ An Betula
habit. It tends to send out multiple branches
from one node with multiple branches from ideal species for shohin cultivation, ‘Shishi- BIRCH
the trunk growing out to support a small gashira’ responds well to air layering and has
number of secondary branches. It is difficult a very compact growth habit with tiny leaves This deciduous tree is found all across Eurasia
to ramify in the same way as other A. that tend to curl naturally. It is slow growing, and Northern America. It is suitable for bonsai
palmatum cultivars and so adapt techniques but vigorous—plants will thicken over time. but suffers from unexpected branch dieback,
accordingly. Buds break very early, often in The branches and trunk tend to suffer from a and the tendency to favor sucker branches
January, so winter protection is an absolute lack of taper. It is tolerant of heat and will give over older more ramified branches—which
must to ensure that new foliage does not get deep orange fall color. may account for its undeservedly bad
damaged by frost. New foliage is a red-lined reputation in bonsai circles. Styling should
light yellow-green that is very attractive. Berberis account for this and not become dependent
on one individual branch. It is appreciated for
Acer palmatum ‘Katsura’ Katsura BARBERRY the silvery bark that comes from years of
maple This is not strictly a dwarf form, but cultivation in a pot placed in direct sunlight.
This genus of evergreen and deciduous shrubs It is a very vigorous grower and will thicken
a very small-leaf cultivar with a compact has around 500 species. It is commonly used rapidly if planted in the ground.
branching structure that makes it suitable for in Japan for shohin trees, and there are a Hardiness/Location Provide full sun and
bonsai, although it is not classically used in number of larger trees from garden material rotate the tree to ensure even growth. The
Japan. It tends to produce multiple branches in the west. A very vigorous grower, berberis bark will become silver when exposed to
from the trunk rather than secondary tends to sprout all over old wood and direct sunlight. It is very hardy (zones 3–7),
branches from one main branch. The foliage withstands drastic pruning, but it is almost but protect pot and roots from severe cold
is a vibrant yellow-orange color. impossible to bend the thick, thorny branches, (23ºF/-5ºC). It may suffer branch dieback in
so it is essential to set the structure early on. extreme cold.
Acer palmatum ‘Kiyohime’ This dwarf Once styled, an almost topiary approach to Watering Do not allow it to dry out from
pruning can be used to keep the tree in shape. spring to leaf drop in the fall. Ease off in
yatsubusa cultivar has a horizontal habit and Hardiness/Location Frost hardy, zones 4–9, winter but do not allow it to become dry.
rarely sends up a leader. Lower branches tend but protect the pot and roots from severe cold Fertilizing This is a vigorous grower so
to be more vigorous than the apex, so take (23ºF/-5°C). It is happy in full sun or shade. restrict fertilizer in spring. Wait until growth
care to maintain apical vigor through regular Watering Berberis has moderate drought has stopped in late spring before feeding to
transplanting. They exhibit the same growth resistance, so take care over summer. build up its strength.
habit as other dwarf cultivars of producing Evergreen varieties require more water over Transplanting/Soil Wait until the tree is at the
multiple thin branches from the trunk, so lend winter than deciduous species. point of bud break before transplanting. Once
themselves to a leaf-covered style. Often Fertilizing Throughout the growing season. it is established, do not do any severe root
styled as a broom, but they are best suited Transplanting/Soil Roots are fibrous and will pruning or it may suffer branch loss. Younger
to semi-cascade. With great effort, a more soon fill the pot, so transplanting every two trees can be transplanted every other
classical branch structure can be achieved. years is recommended. Use a basic smaller- year; leave mature trees slightly longer.
particle soil mix. Use a basic deciduous soil mix.
Acer palmatum ‘Kotohime’ Another Pests/Diseases Fungal problems such as Pests/Diseases Aphids, leaf spot, and rust
powdery mildew, leaf spots, and Anthracnose may be issues with weaker trees.
dwarf yatsubusa cultivar that grows in a may be a problem for weaker trees or in Pruning/Styling Prune new growth on
similar way to the others—although with an infected area, but berberis are generally the external stronger areas back to two
‘Kotohime’ it is possible to develop more problem free. or three leaves once growth has finished.
obvious branches, and several impressive Pruning/Styling Prune to shape throughout Do not touch the internal weaker branches.
specimens exist with classical bonsai the growing season. Remove sucker shoots Defoliation is possible on the external
branching structure. Secondary branching and unwanted branches from the trunk. stronger branches to allow sunlight inside.
tends to be very dense. It can be used to Wire young shoots and allow them to extend When making hardwood cuts, always ensure
create more upright styles. Responds well to develop thickness before cutting back. that you cut back to a strong, viable bud.
to air layering. Propagation Seed, cuttings, or air layering. Prune to leave a small stub above the bud
to reduce the risk of dieback. Large pruning
Acer palmatum ‘Seigen’ Technically Berberis darwinii A vigorous evergreen scars and trunk chops inevitably lead to
dieback. Wire and style in a deciduous
a dwarf variety, this red-leaf cultivar shrub originally from South America. It fashion with pendulous branches.
grows in a very similar way to the standard flowers in spring, producing dense racemes Branches are flexible when young
A. palmatum. Spring foliage is early and bright of yellow-orange blossoms that will then but they thicken and lignify quickly.
red; it is also very susceptible to wind and set purple-black fruit. Propagation Sow seeds in fall or take
frost damage, so it is best brought out of softwood cuttings in spring. Seeds will
winter protection late and with care. It tends Berberis thunbergii Japanese be of great genetic variance.
to be slightly weaker than A. palmatum, so be barberry This is a dense deciduous shrub
conservative with techniques. Betula nana Dwarf birch This deciduous
that has pale yellow flowers in mid-spring.
Acer palmatum ‘Sharp’s Pygmy’ A Red fruit matures in fall, and stays on the tree shrub has reddish copper bark. It is very
throughout the winter months. It is also cold hardy and has low tolerance to shade.
popular ornamental maple in North America. appreciated for its fall colors. Japanese The small serrated-edged leaves turn golden
It has a very natural dwarf habit similar to barberry is a classical shohin species, in the fall.
‘Kotohime’ and ‘Shishi-gashira’. The leaves are but it is also suitable for larger trees.
thicker, so tolerate heat better.

Plant care directory 203

Betula pendula Silver birch This Fertilizing Throughout the growing season. Caragana arborescens
Transplanting/Soil Most plants require
deciduous tree is common across the UK and transplanting every two years; transplant CHINESE PEA TREE
northern Europe. It has arched branches and more mature trees less frequently to
pendulous branchlets. maintain a small leaf size. Use a normal This deciduous shrub from Siberia is
deciduous soil mix. occasionally used for shohin to medium-sized
Betula pubescens Downy birch Very Pests/Diseases Spider mites and boxwood trees in Asia. A very tough tree, it is tolerates
suckers can cause damage to the foliage. drought, cold, heat, and wind. It is easy to
similar to B. pendula, this tree has slight Boxwood blight is a fungal disease that starts keep and style, and will flower with yellow
differences in natural habitat but is identical off as spots on the leaves—which drop off— pealike blooms that set to pod fruit. It has
for bonsai purposes. The downy birch has and soon spreads throughout the tree. alternate compound leaves.
shoots covered in fine hairs, a slightly duller Pruning/Styling Defoliation of leaves along Hardiness/Location Hardy, zones 2–7. It is
bark, and a finely serrated leaf edge. the branches, leaving the tip to grow with tolerant of most conditions but will thrive with
a few pairs of leaves, will create new shoots a little winter protection.
Bougainvillea at the base of removed leaves. Loosely wire Watering It is drought tolerant but will thrive
young shoots. with regular watering when the surface begins
BOUGAINVILLEA Propagation Take cuttings in summer, or to dry out.
propagate by air layering. Fertilizing Throughout the growing season.
This genus of flowering vines is found all Transplanting/Soil Every two to three years,
over the warmer parts of the world from Buxus microphylla Japanese depending on the pot size. Use a small-particle
the Mediterranean to Australia. It is a very boxwood A slightly less vigorous variety. bonsai soil mix.
popular ornamental plant and species for Pests/Diseases Generally pest free.
bonsai due to the vine’s vigor, resilience, Several dwarf cultivars exist including Pruning/Styling Prune throughout the year to
and reaction to hard pruning. ‘Kingsville’, popular across North America. shape, remove the sucker shoots on the trunk,
Hardiness/Location Half hardy to frost and wire the branches to shape as normal.
tender, zone 10. Provide full sun, but Buxus sempervirens Common Propagation Cuttings, seed.
provide protection if temperatures fall boxwood, European boxwood This is
below 45°F (7°C). Carpinus
Watering Water daily in summer, and more generally available as hedging or yard shrub.
sparingly in winter. HORNBEAM
Fertilizing Every two weeks throughout the Camellia japonica
summer months. A popular deciduous bonsai, hornbeam has
Transplanting/Soil Every three to four years CAMELLIA alternate serrated leaves that turn brilliant
in spring. Use a free-draining soil mix. orange-yellow in fall. Leaves can become very
Pests/Diseases Spider mites, mealybugs, This is an occasionally used species in Japan small with dense ramification. Some varieties
aphids, and whiteflies may be troublesome but not incredibly popular in the West. It is an will have long, pendulous flowers and fruit.
under cover. acid-loving evergreen shrub with large, waxy The branches do not tend to thicken when
Pruning/Styling Trim back straggling shoots leaves and beautiful flowers in winter and grown in a pot, and growth can be in random
continually to create a compact plant. spring. There are more than 2,000 cultivars; directions. Regular pruning and wiring will
Propagation From cuttings. the best for bonsai have very small single create a more refined structure.
flowers, especially sasanqua varieties. Hardiness/Location Frost hardy, zones 4–9.
Buxus Hardiness/Location Frost hardy, zones 7–9. Protect the pot and branches from heavy
It is best to protect camellias from frost and frost or extended periods of freezing. Give
BOXWOOD drying, cold winds. They will grow well in full sun except during intense summer sun,
shade or in full sun if watered well. when leaves may scorch. Tender new foliage
This evergreen shrub can make very good Watering Camellias are thirsty plants in is susceptible to sun- and windburn.
bonsai if trained correctly, but can be over summer: do not allow them to dry out or Watering Do not allow it to dry out during
pruned and create small, disconnected foliage they will not set flowers. the growing season, and keep moist but not
pads on the ends of branches. Regular Fertilizing Use an acidic fertilizer lightly wet during winter.
pruning is required to develop trees that throughout the growing season. Do not Fertilizing To push growth, begin to fertilize in
can build up foliage mass very quickly. The push growth if a compact tree is required. the spring. It does not suffer from elongating
wood becomes very hard, which means Transplanting/Soil Every two to three years node length as much as maples. More refined
thick branches cannot be bent and carving is suitable. Normal bonsai soil mix is good to trees start when leaves have hardened off
on shari sections is possible. Collected ensure the pH is neutral. and been pruned back.
material is available from landscapes and Pests/Diseases Various fungal and viral Transplanting/Soil Usually every two to three
also across southern Europe. Due to the diseases are possible, although if your plant years with younger trees, and three to four
small leaf size, it makes good shohin is healthy and normal precautions are taken, with more mature specimens. A small-particle
material in any style. it should not be an issue. Yellowing leaves are soil mix is better for fine root development
Hardiness/Location Frost hardy, zones 5–8. more likely a sign of nutrient deficiency due and water retention.
Protect the shrub from frost and cold, drying to alkaline soil. Pests/Diseases Aphids and caterpillars, coral
winds. It will suffer from leaf scorch in intense Pruning/Styling Prune after flowering in spot, and powdery mildew are possible, but it
sun, small pots, and drought conditions. spring since flowers tend to set at the end of is relatively problem free.
Watering It is thirsty in summer, so do not new growth. Wire and lightly bend woody Pruning/Styling Allow new shoots to extend
allow it to dry out. It has fleshy roots, so do branches. It is suitable for a number of styles. out to five or six leaves before pinching off
not overwater in winter if there is any chance Propagation Cuttings, layering, seed. the growing tip. Allow weaker branches to
of freezing.

204 Plant care directory

fully extend as much as they can. Once leaves Cedrus brevifolia Cyprus cedar This Fertilizing Lightly throughout the growing
have hardened off, prune back strong areas, season unless very regular attention can be
especially the apex and external branches to is a slow-growing tree with very short dark given to maintain the growth.
two leaves, leaving the internal and weaker green needles . Transplanting/Soil Every two to three years
branches untouched. Prune back to shape as as the roots begin to fill the pot. Use a
the leaves are dropping. Wire and style young Cedrus deodara Deodar, Indian cedar deciduous soil mix.
shoots with a loose wiring technique. Pests/Diseases Generally pest free.
Propagation Cuttings, seed, air layering. A slow-growing variety with a more pendulous Pruning/Styling Use any deciduous style; it is
habit and large needles. a versatile tree. Wire and shape the main and
Carpinus betulus European hornbeam secondary branches, then build up
Cedrus libani Cedar of Lebanon This is ramification through regular defoliation and
This is found all across Europe. Some very the clip and grow technique. It is very
large trunk, collected specimens exist. slow growing with a flat top apex and wide important to maintain regular branch division
spreading branches. of two to every node. Chinese hackberry
Carpinus japonica Japanese tends to send out multiple branches from one
hornbeam This is fast-growing tree that is Celastrus orbiculatus node. Aim to create a delicate twig structure
by thinning these out to two healthy shoots.
slower to ramify and build structure due to ORIENTAL BITTERSWEET Propagation Cuttings, seed, layering.
the large leaf. It is appreciated mainly for its
large pendulous catkins. This fruiting vine is often used for shohin Chaenomeles
trees. It is considered an invasive species
Carpinus turczaninowii Korean in eastern parts of North America. It has FLOWERING QUINCE
hornbeam The most commonly used good fall colors, and the leaf size is quite
large. The fruit is an orange-yellow sheath A flowering shrub native to East Asia, it is
variety for bonsai, imported from Korea around a vibrant red berry. Ideally, plant widely used for bonsai. There are a number
and Japan, where many large, old thick- with a male tree to pollinate the fruit. of different colored cultivars; choose one
trunked, collected specimens exist. It is Hardiness/Location Hardy, zones 4–9. Protect with small leaves and small flowers for best
slightly less vigorous but will produce the fruit from light frost, and the tree from results. With the exception of ‘Chojubai’ it is
lots of delicate branches. heavy frost. Place in full sun except in the generally seen in clump styles.
heat of summer.
Cedrus Watering Do not allow it to dry out, especially Chaenomeles is a member of the rose
when setting fruit; keep moist but not wet family, so there are two areas of great
CEDAR in winter. concern. Do not allow too many sucker
Fertilizing Throughout the growing season but shoots to develop on young trees—and none
This has limited use in bonsai due to the stop when it is setting fruit, then give it a high at all on older trees—because they may cause
difficulty in getting branches to set, but P:K fertilizer in fall. established branches to weaken and die.
certain growers have great success. It is Transplanting/Soil Every two to three years; ‘Chojubai’ especially are susceptible to
an evergreen conifer with needlelike foliage use a moisture-retentive deciduous mix. bacterial infection, especially in the roots,
that develops into clusters on short shoots. Pests/Diseases Generally trouble free. so it is a good idea to sterilize tools before
It is easy to create foliage pads through Pruning/Styling It will bud on older branches, and after pruning, and essential to treat
pruning and basic wiring. but it is best to prune back existing branches large wounds with antibacterial wound
Hardiness/Location Hardy tree, zones 5–8, to shape. Prune back new extensions to a pair sealant. Crown gall disease is a knobby
but protect from extreme cold, especially of leaves once they grow to five or six leaves. growth in the roots that will spread to the
winter winds. Style into weeping cascade styles according to branches and ultimately kill the tree if left
Watering It will suffer if overwatered, so its natural habit. uncontrolled. To prevent it, always use fresh
allow the soil surface to dry out slightly Propagation Seed, cuttings, layering. soil and transplant in fall once temperatures
between times of watering. start to drop. If it is present, remove and
Fertilizing Throughout the growing season. Celtis sinensis destroy all galls and soil, soak the root ball in
Transplanting/Soil Every three to five years an Agromycin bath for several hours, and
into a free-draining conifer soil mix. Treat the CHINESE HACKBERRY plant into fresh soil. Treat the soil with
roots with care and be conservative with Agromycin every couple of months and allow
old soil removal. This is commonly used in North America and the tree to put on healthy growth. Crown gall
Pests/Diseases Generally pest free. Asia but rarely seen in Europe. It is a very mainly affects older or weaker trees; it cannot
Pruning/Styling Bend the branches vigorous growing tree, similar in habit to be cured, but it can be managed.
dramatically when the tree is young to zelkova and Chinese elms. Regular attention Hardiness/Location Frost hardy, zones 5–9.
create scar tissue and allow the branches and defoliation will enable rapid development Some varieties will need a cold period in order
to set. Best in upright styles, with single of finely ramified, delicate branching. There to set flowers. Protect it from intense
or multiple trunks. The natural growth habit are many thick-trunked and also abstract midsummer heat, but otherwise give full sun.
can be weeping. Prune secondary branches Chinese-styled trees across the world with Watering Do not allow it to dry out. ‘Chojubai’
to shape rather than over wire. well-ramified, angular branching created by especially will drop leaves if they are water
Propagation Seed is best; cuttings have clip and grow techniques. stressed. Keep it moist but not wet in winter.
a low success rate. Hardiness/Location Hardy, zones 5–9, but Fertilizing Regularly throughout the growing
protect delicate branching from frost damage. season except when flowering. The exception
Cedrus atlantica ‘Glauca’ Blue Atlas Give full sun unless there is extreme heat. is ‘Chojubai’, which can be fertilized all season.
cedar Probably the best, most widely used Watering Do not allow it to dry out in summer
or leaf scorch will occur. It is drought tolerant
cedar, it has beautiful grayish blue foliage. but prefers to be moist—not wet—in winter.

Plant care directory 205

Transplanting/Soil Best transplanted in fall; specimens where maintaining the look Cornus officinalis Japanese cornelian
see notes above. Use a moisture-retentive, is the goal. cherry This has clusters of yellow flowers in
akadama-rich soil mix to help develop its Pests/Diseases Spider mites can be an issue.
extensive fine roots. Pruning/Styling Foliage management is the late winter and spring followed by red berries.
Pests/Diseases Aphids on fresh tender key point. Wire and style the main branches
growth, and crown gall can be a problem. It but do not over wire the foliage. They are Corylopsis
will drop leaves if strong chemicals are used. generally upright trees since this is their
Pruning/Styling Generally, clump styles are natural growth habit. WINTER HAZEL
used, except for ‘Chojubai’, which are often Propagation Cuttings, seed.
seen as in single-trunk cascade, windswept, or This winter flowering deciduous tree is grown
slanting styles. Allow the shoots to extend, Chamaecyparis obtusa Hinoki mainly for the flowers. It is mostly seen as
and pinch off tips before allowing the growth cypress This is most commonly used and clump styles although single trunk trees are
to harden off; then prune back into shape. also possible. Many branches are desirable in
Propagation Cuttings are very successful. found across Japan. Several dwarf cultivars order to appreciate the flowers. It is an acid-
exist. They have bluish green on the underside loving plant, so use an acidic fertilizer if the
Chaenomeles japonica ‘Chojubai’ This of their foliage. leaves turn yellow. Cultivate as for Cornus.

is most common in the shohin world, and is Chamaecyparis pisifera Sawara Cotoneaster
a very versatile and popular small-leaf cypress ‘Boulevard’ and ‘Plumosa’ cultivars
variety with delicate red flowers. It COTONEASTER
flowers throughout fall, winter, and spring. are easily available. They have a white
Defoliation to promote ramification is underside to their foliage. This is very versatile and a suitable shrub for
possible, but it will weaken the tree. There bonsai, with more than 200 different
are several varieties in the bonsai world; Cornus varieties, both evergreen and deciduous. It is
some ramify well but flower poorly, while a good beginner tree since it is forgiving and
others flower profusely and ramify poorly. DOGWOOD can be easily clipped into shape. With careful
cultivation, great results can be achieved,
Chaenomeles speciosa Flowering This flowering deciduous tree is occasionally especially with shohin-sized trees. Small
quince A number of cultivars exist of this used for its interesting flowers. It is difficult foliage, flowers, and fruit are the main
to ramify and create into a maplelike tree, character points. Material can be obtained
deciduous flowering shrub; ‘Toyo-nishiki’ is and the branches tend toward the coarse or from gardens and cut back dramatically,
a multicolored variety popular in Japan. lack taper, although the seasonal interest is since they bud from old wood.
Generally, the clump style is used. This has worth persevering for. Hardiness/Location Hardy, zones 4–9, but
a larger oval leaf. Hardiness/Location Frost hardy, zones 5–9, remember to provide additional protection
but protect delicate branching from frost when grown in pots. Give full sun but protect
Chamaecyparis damage. Provide full sun unless periods of the fruit from birds when it has set.
extreme heat occur. Watering Cotoneaster is drought tolerant but
CYPRESS, FALSE CYPRESS Watering Do not allow it to dry out through will thrive if watered regularly. Do not allow it
the growing season, and keep it moist but to dry out when flowering or setting fruit.
This fairly common coniferous tree is often not wet in winter. Fertilizing Apply lightly throughout the
seen as bonsai, although it can be difficult Fertilizing Heavily after flowering, stop during growing season except during flowering. It
to maintain the foliage pads. Garden center flowering, and then lightly throughout the rest does not respond to heavy fertilizing.
material is often used, but be sure that the of the growing season. Transplanting/Soil Every two to three years
root system is suitable for a bonsai pot. Transplanting/Soil Every two to three years for younger specimens; longer for mature
Foliage management is key, since adventitious for younger trees, but longer for mature trees where maintaining the shape is the goal.
budding is very rare. Scale foliage grows out specimens, where maintaining the look is Pests/Diseases Generally pest free.
in fans, and needs to be restricted carefully. the goal. Pruning/Styling Wire the main branches and
Prune out the strongest growing tip only if the Pests/Diseases Generally pest free. the larger secondary ones. Prune to shape the
foliage behind it has light green growing tips Pruning/Styling Use deciduous styles, and foliage pads. Allow spring extensions and then
as well. If all growing tips are removed, the treat in a similar way to maple, but do not cut back to shape. Defoliation will increase
branches will die. When styling, spread the defoliate. The best way to achieve more ramification but only once the leaves have
foliage out and give it space to grow into. flowers is to encourage more branches. hardened off and if there is enough time left
Internal branches will yellow and die from Propagation Cuttings, layering, seed. in the season to grow and harden off again
lack of sunlight. before any frost. Any style is possible but
Hardiness/Location Hardy, zones 4–9. Cornus kousa Kousa dogwood Lots they are often seen as cascade or windswept
It is cold tolerant but protect the pot from due to their natural growth habit.
hard frost or extended freezing. Keep it of white flowers in early summer, turning to Propagation Take cuttings, or sow seed.
sheltered from cold, drying winds. large red fruit and large leaves that turn
Give it full sun in summer. deep orange and red in fall. Very strong Cotoneaster adpressus This deciduous
Watering Unlike other conifers, it is not and pest resistant.
drought tolerant. Do not allow it to dry out; variety has pink flowers in spring, red berries,
it is a thirsty tree. Cornus mas European cherry, and then fall foliage that drops.
Fertilizing Throughout the growing season. cornelian cherry This is found across
Transplanting/Soil Every two to three years Cotoneaster horizontalis Rockspray
for younger trees, but longer for mature Southern Europe. It flowers in late winter and cotoneaster The flowers can be pink/white
spring with small yellow flowers followed by
red cherrylike fruit. followed by red berries. It is also deciduous.

206 Plant care directory

Cotoneaster microphyllus This variety by regular applications of various fungicides has a very distinct natural growth habit so
and destruction of infected material. do not deviate from that.
is evergreen with small leaves. Pruning/Styling The natural growth habit can Propagation Seed, cuttings.
result in some chaotic but wild and beautiful
Crassula ovata branching. This can be re-created and Diospyros
improved by taking a clip and grow approach PERSIMMON, EBONY
JADE TREE, MONEY TREE to the secondary branching. Do not wire the
branches and put curves in them; think of the This is a widely used genus in the tropical
This is native to South Africa and is suited to branches as a series of connected, straight regions, with some in temperate climates.
hot climates, or indoor cultivation. Technically, lines. Allow new growth to extend before There is a wide range of deciduous and
it is not a tree, but a succulent plant. It is ideal pruning the growing tip off. Allow the foliage evergreen trees and shrubs, with more
as a low-maintenance indoor tree. to harden off before pruning strong areas than 500 species. Treat it in a similar
Hardiness/Location Frost tender, zone 10. Do back to one or two nodes. Allow the weaker way to most deciduous trees.
not subject to temperatures below 41°F (5°C). areas more foliage to build up strength.
Full sun is best. If it is grown indoors, then Wiring is possible on younger branches. Diospyros kaki Kaki persimmon This
close to a window is best. Deadwood features are also possible.
Watering Crassulas store water in their leaves Any style is possible other than broom. has large edible orange fruit. Branching is
and have adapted for life in arid conditions. Propagation Cuttings, seed. coarse and leaves are large, so it is limited
Allow your tree to dry out between waterings. to large trees, usually literati. It is a very
Overwatering causes terminal root issues. Crataegus cuneata Japanese evocative fall image for the Japanese.
Fertilizing Very little is required; once a hawthorn This has oval leaves, white
month from spring to fall. Diospyros rhombifolia Princess
Transplanting/Soil Crassula requires a fast- flowers in late spring, and large rosehip style persimmon This is a very popular fruiting
draining, non-water-retentive soil mixture fruit. It is more delicate than C. monogyna.
every two to three years. variety in Japan and is becoming prevalent
Pests/Diseases Generally pest free. Crataegus laevigata ‘Paul’s Scarlet’ across the West. Its growth habit means
Pruning/Styling Wiring is difficult, but structurally the trees lack great interest
pruning is sufficient. If you do wire, remember This double flowering scarlet cultivar is often but they will become covered in fruit in fall.
that the branches are brittle and snap easily. used for bonsai. It rarely fruits. A male tree is needed to ensure a good crop
Do not seal any wounds. Style into upright or of fruit. It will propagate from branch and
clump styles. Crataegus monogyna Common root cuttings easily.
Propagation Cuttings, even from a single leaf, hawthorn This has smaller white flowers
usually will be successful. Diospyros whyteana Wild coffee
followed by small red fruit in fall. It is one of
Crataegus the best varieties for bonsai in the UK with Native to South Africa, this has glossy leaves
some beautiful natural specimens available. and creamy fragrant flowers that fruit.
HAWTHORN
Cryptomeria japonica Diospyros ferrea Black ebony,
This deciduous tree flowers and fruits, and is Philippine ebony, persimmon This is
especially popular in the UK where native JAPANESE CEDAR
specimens are collected from the wild or the used across SE Asia, particularly in Taiwan.
garden. It has spiky branches that have This evergreen coniferous tree has needlelike
natural angular growth habit and a tendency foliage and red bark. Style them only Ehretia microphylla
to grow multiple shoots from one node. as formal upright trees or as formal FUKIEN TEA
Hardiness/Location Hardy, zones 4–8. Protect uprights on rock.
it from hard, prolonged frost. Provide full sun Hardiness/Location Hardy, zones 5–9. Protect Also known as Carmona microphylla, this is
and a well-ventilated place in the garden. Do the pot from extended freezing. The foliage generally considered an indoor tree that is
not place it close to Juniperus species. may turn brown after frost, but this is normal. widely available as a starter bonsai around
Watering Do not allow it to dry out in Give full sun and a well-ventilated position. the world. It can be temperamental, given
summer or leaf scorch will occur. Keep it Watering Do not allow it to dry out, although unfavorable conditions. White flowers are
moist but not wet in winter. it is slightly drought tolerant. followed by small black berries.
Fertilizing Apply throughout the growing Fertilizing Throughout the growing season. Hardiness/Location Frost tender, zones
season, stop when it is flowering, then start Transplanting/Soil Every three to four years, 10–11. Growing indoors or in a greenhouse
again with a high p-k preparation when the but longer for mature specimens. Wait until will give best results. If it is grown indoors,
fruit is set. the foliage is beginning to push. a south- or west-facing window is best,
Transplanting/Soil Every three to four years Pests/Diseases Spider mites can be an issue ideally with four to six hours of light a day.
into a deciduous mix. It tends to lag when in dense trees. Mist the underside of foliage Provide protection once temperatures drop
the roots are pruned, so be conservative to prevent them. below 55°F/13°C.
with transplanting. Leaving mature trees to Pruning/Styling Prune back the stems of Watering Do not allow it to dry out at any
become slightly potbound will result in strong growing tips to restrict growth, but time of year, and water it as and when the soil
increased flowering. only if neighboring shoots have live growing surface starts to dry out.
Pests/Diseases Fungal problems the biggest tips as well. It will send out adventitious buds Fertilizing Year-round, less during winter.
concern. Cedar rusts and fireblight are an readily if it is healthy. Ensure that there is A liquid fertilizer is easiest once or twice
issue and will spread to Juniperus and vice space between the branches so sunlight and a month when growing it indoors.
versa. Any signs of rust must be dealt with wind can penetrate the tree. Wire the main Transplanting/Soil Once every two years. Use
branches and lignified secondary shoots. It moisture-retentive, easy-care bonsai soil mix.

Plant care directory 207

Pests/Diseases Aphids, scale insects, and the pot from freezing. Provide full sun but which should be left unpruned to grow. Any
mealybugs may be a problem but it is shade the tree in intense sunlight. strong growth should be cut back in favor of
generally trouble free. Flowers can attract Watering It is a thirsty tree, so do not allow fibrous roots or uneven surface roots and
insects in warmer climates. Foliage it to dry out in the growing season. branching will develop. Use a deciduous soil
problems are most likely due to poor Fertilizing Throughout the growing season mix, with small particle size.
soil or overwatering. once new growth has been stopped. Pests/Diseases Aphids, beech bark scale, and
Pruning/Styling Foliage pads respond to Transplanting/Soil Do this every two to powdery mildew are potentially problems but
topiary-style pruning, but for improvement, three years into a deciduous mix. it is generally trouble free.
thin out branches and apply a clip and grow Pests/Diseases Generally pest free. Pruning/Styling Stop new growth from
technique throughout the growing season. Pruning/Styling Use deciduous styling; it extending on strong areas by pinching off
Wire the main branches if necessary. tends to send out multiple shoots from one the terminal growth to leave only one or
Propagation Take cuttings in spring/summer node so ensure these are not allowed to two leaves. Weaker internal areas should be
or sow seed. thicken. Prune it to shape and wire as allowed to fully extend to six or seven leaves
required. It is similar to other deciduous trees. before stopping terminal growth. Prune it
Elaeagnus Propagation Seed, cuttings. back to shape in fall after leaf drop. Prune
back to the first or second node. Allowing
ELEAGNUS Euonymus alatus Winged spindle This extension will increase the leaf size and node
length, so balance the shaping requirements
This shrub is well suited for bonsai, and has beautiful fall colors and corky, winged with energy requirements. In fall, prune back
responds well to defoliation and styling. They bark that develops on branches. It produces any strong branches and also prune to shape,
are fast growing and vigorous plants, tolerant small orange/red fruit in fall. giving consideration to bud orientation. Wire
of many conditions. They have small flowers the tree in winter or late summer. The clip and
followed by pendulous fruit, and are suited for Euonymus europaeus European grow technique is very successful for
a variety of styles and sizes. The leaves are spindle This has pink flowers followed by ramification. Do not defoliate.
dark green with a silvery underside. They will Propagation Seed, or air layering in
reduce with defoliation. red seed capsules. early summer.
Hardiness/Location Hardy, zones 4–8. Protect
the pot from extended freezing. Full sun and Euonymus sieboldianus Japanese Fagus crenata Japanese beech This
a windy location are no problem throughout spindle This tree produces pink or white
the year. commonly imported variety tends to hold
Watering It is drought tolerant but will thrive fruit and is a very vigorous grower. onto its bronze fall foliage throughout winter
if kept moist throughout the year. as protection for the buds. The trunk can be
Fertilizing Do this throughout the growing Fagus almost white.
season, with a break during flowering.
Transplanting/Soil Every two to three years BEECH Fagus sylvatica European beech
into a deciduous soil mix.
Pests/Diseases Generally pest free. This deciduous tree makes a striking bonsai Many different cultivars are available; choose
Pruning/Styling Allow new growth to extend image. The two main species are European small or interesting leaves. It usually drops
to five or six leaves before pruning back to and Japanese, although there are some its leaves.
two leaves. Defoliation is possible once the variants on those. An apically dominant tree,
leaves become hard. Wiring is no problem. work must be done to restrict strong upward Ficus
The branches can become too coarse, so thin and outward growth or it will suffer a loss of
out strong areas regularly to prevent it from internal branches. The lower branches are FIG
happening, especially on small trees. Use slow to thicken, and the upper branches are
any style except broom, and any size but quick to become coarse. They are generally Widely used in warmer and tropical climates,
small to medium is best. very upright styles and occasionally groups. figs are often indoor plants across North
Propagation Cuttings. Medium to large size is best. America and northern Europe. There are more
Hardiness/Location Hardy, zones 4–9. They than 800 species, with many suitable for
Elaeagnus multiflora This is a deciduous are winter hardy, but protect the pot from bonsai. It tolerates hard pruning and will bud
deep freeze. Give full sun except in extreme from older wood. It is difficult to bend heavier
shrub, with small flowers and red fruit. conditions, and protect new shoots from branches, so set the structure early. They
wind- or sunburn. thrive in good conditions, so will need warmth
Elaeagnus pungens Thorny elaeagnus Watering As with other deciduous trees, do and light if used as an indoor plant.
not allow it to dry out in summer. Keep it Hardiness/Location Frost tender, zones
This evergreen shrub has flowers in summer moist but not wet in winter. 10–11. Keep them inside if temperatures
followed by beige colored fruit. Fertilizing Do this with younger trees from drop below 60°F (15°C). Protect them from
bud break throughout the season. For more cold wind. Direct sunlight is best for
Euonymus mature, refined specimens, wait until after encouraging small foliage, although they will
pruning and for leaves to harden off before tolerate lower light levels. Do not overheat
SPINDLE TREE fertilizing. Fertilize more heavily in fall. them in summer. High humidity levels are
Transplanting/Soil Every two years for best, so a gravel tray can help.
This deciduous tree is renowned for its vivid younger trees, every three to four for older Watering Keep them moist for best results.
fall colors and fruit. It is relatively easy to specimens with an established root system. Do not allow them to dry out dramatically or
keep, well suited for smaller size trees due Beech have a tendency to develop one or two stay waterlogged.
to the small fruit and leaf size. very strong roots. These need to be pruned Fertilizing Lightly during the growing season.
Hardiness/Location Hardy, zones 4–8. Protect back strongly in favor of weaker side roots,

208 Plant care directory

Transplanting/Soil Every two to three years Fertilizing Lightly during the growing season; Give it full sun, but provide shade in intense
in spring. Use a moisture-retentive mix. it is a slow grower and cannot be forced. midsummer heat.
Pests/Diseases They are generally problem Transplanting/Soil Transplant every two to Watering Do not allow it to dry out in the
free, although scale can be an issue. Leaf three years, or slightly longer for more mature growing season; keep moist, but not wet, in
discoloration or drop is generally caused by trees. Use a deciduous soil mix. winter.
poor positioning. Pests/Diseases Generally pest free. Fertilizing Apply a little throughout the
Pruning/Styling Prune to shape, and thin out Pruning/Styling See above. Trim back shoots growing season.
dense areas. Defoliation is possible on strong in fall. Branches should be upswept. Transplanting/Soil Every two to three years
trees. Wire thinner shoots to style. Clip and Propagation Seed, layering. as a guideline, in a very small pot potentially
grow is a good technique to use here. A lot annually. Use a small-particle, water-retentive
of trees tend to end up with very upward Ilex serrata deciduous soil mix.
growing branches, so take care to lower them Pests/Diseases Generally pest free.
or prune to favor downward growing shoots. JAPANESE DECIDUOUS HOLLY, Pruning/Styling Allow the growth to extend
Use any style, and any size. WINTERBERRY before pruning it back to shape. Jasmine is a
Propagation Take cuttings. vigorous grower and will bud from old wood.
The gray bark, thin, slightly serrated leaves, Thin out dense congested branches. Wire
Ficus benjamina Weeping fig Tender and red fall-winter fruit make this a good the main branches as and when required.
species to work with for bonsai. It flowers in Ramification can develop quickly through
evergreen usually considered an indoor tree late spring; females need to be close to a male pruning, clip and grow, and defoliation.
in temperate climates. tree to pollinate and fruit. Once the berries Propagation Cuttings, layering.
have set and the leaves are starting to change
Ficus macrophylla Moreton Bay fig color, protect it from birds. The branches are Juniperus
slow to thicken and growth tends to happen
Tender evergreen with a mature buttressed very vertically. Prune it back and favor JUNIPER
trunk, which may prefer an indoor location downward growing shoots.
in temperate climates. Hardiness/Location Frost hardy, zones 5–9; Versatile and full of character, this is one
protect from heavy frost. Give slight shade in of the most popular choices for bonsai
Ficus platypoda Australian fig the midsummer sun; otherwise give full sun. cultivation. Many species are available, and
Watering Do not allow holly to dry out in the collected yamadori specimens are highly
Commonly used in Australia, this tender growing season, especially if it is fruiting. It sought after. Two types, scale and needle
evergreen has smooth leaves and small will soon lose its fruit. It likes wetter climates. junipers, have different growth and cultivation
orange-red flowers. Fertilizing Fertilize lightly throughout the characteristics. Foliage management is very
year. If vegetative growth is required, fertilize important with junipers; never remove large
Ficus retusa Banyan fig This has heavily; if fruit is required, fertilize lightly amounts of foliage at one time—it is the
and then once fruit has set, apply a high P:K driving force behind the tree. Without foliage,
distinctive aerial roots that should be fertilizer in late summer and fall. the tree will stall, suffer, and potentially die.
encouraged, but also pruned if they are Transplanting/Soil Every two to three years With correct cultivation, junipers develop
becoming too thick and out of balance. in spring. Use a deciduous soil mix. rapidly and create beautiful trees. Deadwood
Pests/Diseases Aphids can be a problem on features are especially beautiful and
Ficus rubiginosa Port Jackson fig younger shoots. characteristic of junipers, which have evolved
Pruning/Styling Clump and informal upright to grow in the harshest of wild environments.
Tender evergreen with glossy dark styles are best. Allow new growth to extend Hardiness/Location Hardy, zones 3 to 11,
green leaves. to four or five leaves before wiring it down depending on the species. They withstand a
and pinching off the terminal growth. Once wide range of temperatures, but protect small
Ficus salicifolia Willow leaf fig Also leaves have hardened off—or in autumn— trees in winter and pots from hard, long
prune it back to shape. Consider the position freezes. Position in full sun unless it is very
known as F. neriifolia, this species is widely and direction of the buds when pruning; intense or if the tree is slightly weaker, when
used due to the very small, thin leaf shape favor outward and horizontal or downward- slight shade is better. Keeping junipers in
that makes it ideal for bonsai. facing buds if possible. shade causes the foliage to elongate and turn
Propagation From seed, or by layering. dark green. Keep them away from hawthorns,
Ginkgo biloba both natural or bonsai.
MAIDENHAIR TREE Jasminum nudiflorum Watering They are generally drought tolerant
but will thrive if kept moist year-round. Avoid
This unique deciduous tree has no living WINTER-FLOWERING JASMINE overwatering, but do not allow the soil to dry
relatives. It has unusual foliage that turns out. Keep needle junipers much more moist.
golden in fall. It has a unique growth Often used for shohin trees, this has beautiful Fertilizing Apply regularly throughout the
habit and should be styled as such. It is yellow flowers in the middle of winter. growing season.
best to stick to narrow upright growth and Relatively easy to keep, it will bud on older Transplanting/Soil Do this every two to three
multiple stems coming from the trunk. Any wood. It is slightly difficult to maintain old years as a younger tree or shohin. For larger
other styling looks forced and artificial. branches for a long time, but it responds well and more established trees, wait as long as
Ramification and creating a traditional to defoliation. Suits any style, but it is often possible—provided water can penetrate the
deciduous branching structure are difficult. seen as full or semi-cascade. surface easily and the tree shows no signs of
Hardiness/Location Hardy, zones 4–10, but Hardiness/Location Frost hardy, zones 6–9. ill health. The roots are very fine, so a small-
protect it from freezing since the roots are Smaller trees need protection from freezing.
fleshy. Give full sun except in extreme heat.
Watering Do not allow it to dry out in the
growing season and keep it moist but not
wet in winter.

Plant care directory 209

particle conifer mix is best. Charcoal is often Juniperus chinensis ‘Itoigawa’ is a throughout Europe, and many cultivars exist
a good addition to the soil mix, depending on for garden use. Collected trees can make very
the water quality. Transplant in spring; needle dense, small-leaved light green type that good bonsai although trunks and deadwood
junipers should be transplanted late in the sends out longer shoots. It is ideally suited tend to be smaller and softer than other
season once the temperature has started to for shohin-sized trees. It will suffer in extreme species. The foliage quality varies with
rise, around early May in parts of the US. heat due to the larger surface area of thinner location as with all collected varieties. Careful
Pests/Diseases Spider mites attack the foliage foliage, leading to higher moisture loss. management of foliage is essential for success.
from the underside and inside out. The foliage
will begin to change color, then yellow and die. Juniperus chinensis ‘Kishu’ has a slightly Juniperus scopulorum Rocky
Misting the underside regularly helps prevent Mountain juniper A native of the western
this. Spray with pesticide if it is infected— bluish foliage that is coarser and tends to form
twice within a week, if necessary. pompomlike 360-degree growth. This can be US, collected trees show incredible deadwood
avoided by removing downward growing features, and lovely movement and character.
Fungal infections can be a serious issue in foliage. It suits hot climates and larger trees. The foliage needs similar care to the western
some parts of the world. Cedar-hawthorn rust juniper; strike a careful balance between
and juniper tip blight can seriously damage Juniperus chinensis ‘San Jose’ Another selective pruning and letting it grow.
trees. Regular application of fungicides in the
growing season, sterilization of tools, and commonly available bonsai/garden species. Lagerstroemia indica
destruction of infected material is essential Its growth habit is very different in that it
for stopping the spread. It will attack the is generally juvenile foliage and it has an CREPE MYRTLE
weakest trees first. incredible tendency to send multiple shoots
Pruning/Styling Juniper is suitable for very from one node. The systematic removal of all This deciduous tree flowers in late summer,
dramatic styles. The branches and trunk are of them will result in more juvenile foliage, has a distinctive smooth bark and thrives in
flexible and tolerate some damage. Create creating a vicious circle. Allow more branches warmer weather.
movement and compact foliage pads close to develop and take a conservative approach Hardiness/Location Frost tender, zones 7–9.
to the trunk wherever possible. Foliage to foliage removal and transplanting. Let the Provide protection if temperatures fall below
management is essential. Allow growth to tree mature and keep heavy pruning to a 41°F (5°C). Position in full sun in summer, and
extend before cutting out the central stem minimum. Remove dead and weak foliage from slight shade in extreme heat.
of the most vigorous shoot, but only if there the inside of foliage pads on a regular basis. Watering This is a thirsty tree, especially
are shoots with active light green growing when it is in flower. Do not allow it to dry
tips behind it to continue the growth. Juniperus communis Common juniper out in the growing season. Keep it moist
Removing too much foliage—particularly if but not wet in winter.
it is actively growing foliage—causes a flush of This is difficult—but not impossible—to Fertilizing Apply lightly before flowering,
undesirable juvenile growth that looks quite cultivate as bonsai. It has needle foliage stop during flowering, then fertilize heavily
different from adult growth, so never remove that needs pinching back in a similar way after flowering.
more than 40 percent of the foliage at one to the scale junipers. It loves moist, water- Transplanting/Soil Transplant every two
time (see also pp.117 and 174–175). Multiple retentive soils and is most successful in to three years in spring, but wait longer for
shoots from one node will need thinning out. very wet climates. Be conservative and more mature trees. Use a deciduous mix.
Propagation Take cuttings; layering is possible careful with all work and leave lots of Pests/Diseases Generally pest free but it can
but happens slowly. strong foliage. get aphids on new shoots.
Pruning/Styling As with other deciduous
Juniperus californica California Juniperus occidentalis Western trees. The branches are brittle, so bend them
juniper As the name suggests, this is native juniper, sierra juniper Native to western only when young. Allow shoots to extend in
spring to six or seven leaves and then prune
to California. Tolerant of extreme drought North America, it has quite bluish foliage, them back to two. Flowers will then set before
and heat, it thrives in good soil and with which tends to be quite juvenile and coarse blossoming in summer. It produces many
regular watering. It is often collected with during the early stages of development but vertically growing shoots that should be
very thin live veins on heavily weathered will mature into more compact scale foliage pruned as early as possible.
and hard deadwood. over time. It benefits from becoming slightly Propagation Seed, cuttings.
potbound. Collected specimens are available.
Juniperus chinensis This is the most Larix
Juniperus procumbens A few cultivars
popular bonsai juniper imported from LARCH
Japan or cultivated in the West. It is a very exist, including ‘Nana’, which are suitable for
versatile tree with a number of different bonsai. Treat them similarly to J. chinensis Flexible and relatively fast growing, these
foliage types, which make it more or less ‘San Jose’. upright deciduous conifers have great
suitable for certain styles. character and are ideal for bonsai. The young
Juniperus rigida Needle juniper This foliage is attractive, as is the fall color. The
Juniperus chinensis ‘Blaauw’ This is bark quality on older trees is spectacular.
Japanese variety has prickly and delicate Hardiness/Location Hardy, zones 3–8,
commonly available garden material: if you foliage, and will need wiring to prevent it but protect the roots from heavy freezing.
are going to use a garden variety, choose from sagging. Pinching off new growth will The foliage will burn in midsummer heat
this one. It has tight, compact foliage and cause adventitious budding on healthy trees. so keep it in semi-shade.
a suitable growth habit. It thrives in warm climates but tends to Watering Keep it moist during the growing
struggle in northern Europe. It is a thirsty season, and slightly drier over winter.
and hungry plant.

Juniperus sabina Sabina juniper,
Savin’s juniper This is commonly collected

210 Plant care directory

Fertilizing Do not fertilize until growth has afterward once fruit have set in midsummer; three years, and aim to develop a spreading,
been stopped, or branching could become too and then fertilize heavily in fall. even root base. Use a moisture-retentive
coarse. Fertilize heavily in fall. Transplanting/Soil Every two to three years, coniferous soil mix.
Transplanting/Soil Every two to three years taking care to balance the growth. Use an Pests/Diseases Generally pest free.
is best; do not allow larch to become too akadama-heavy soil mix or something that Pruning/Styling Pinch off terminal growth if
potbound. Timing is key: it is best done just as holds moisture and nutrients well. you are looking to ramify or keep it compact.
the buds are starting to swell but before they Pests/Diseases Aphids, woolly aphids, and It has a pyramidal growth habit, so wire the
break. Avoid heavily root pruning established caterpillars are an issue but fungal problems branches downward for a mature effect.
trees. Use a standard coniferous soil mix. such as apple scab, canker, or fireblight Propagation Cuttings, seed.
Pests/Diseases Generally pest free. can be cause for more concern. Investigate
Pruning/Styling Allow new growth to extend strange growths or heavily discolored Myrtus communis
farther than the overall shape before pruning leaves immediately.
off the terminal growth. Prune to shape in Pruning/Styling Depending on the objective, MYRTLE
late summer. Structural pruning can be done allow new growth to develop thickness and
after leaf drop and before spring. Branches length, or prune it back quickly to create This evergreen shrub or small tree is common
have a tendency to become coarse, so compact branching, and develop flower buds in the Mediterranean, where it is collected for
thinning them out is necessary. Wire the tree close to the tree. Prune back by late summer bonsai. Cultivated material is also available. It
in winter or spring, but be aware that in order to set some flowers for the following will tolerate very hard pruning and back buds
branches thicken quickly and wire can year. Wire the branches carefully but look very well. It has fragrant flowers in summer
dig in if care is not taken. more toward achieving healthy growth and and will set small black edible fruit. It is
Propagation From seed or cuttings. pruning back to create movement in branches, a hermaphrodite tree, so pollinates easily.
rather than over wiring. There are various Hardiness/Location Frost tender, zones 8–11.
Larix decidua European larch Collected styles and sizes, although consider the fruit Protect it from temperatures below 41°F (5°C).
size for smaller trees. Position it in full sun.
specimens of this delicately branching tree Propagation From seed, layering, or cuttings. Watering It is drought tolerant; keep it moist,
often originate from the European Alps. but not overly wet throughout the year.
Malus cerasifera Nagasaki crabapple Fertilizing Throughout the growing season.
Larix kaempferi Japanese larch This Transplanting/Soil Every two to three years
This is one of the most popular species for as required; use a smaller pot to keep the
is a very vigorous grower, and the branches bonsai; it is a prolific flowering tree with pink roots warm. It has fine roots so a small-
soon become coarse. It thickens quickly. It is flower buds that open to white flowers. It particle-sized deciduous mix is ideal.
a good starter tree but is also of interest to produces small red round fruit in fall. Pests/Diseases Generally pest free.
advanced bonsai growers. It is a forestry tree Pruning/Styling It can be pruned to shape.
in the UK and collected trees are available. Malus halliana Hall’s crabapple Bears Wire the basic structure out, and clip and
grow the shoots to fill out, applying corrective
Larix laricina American larch A cold pink flowers and small purple fruit. wire as necessary. Thin out dense areas and
heavy nodes with too many shoots.
hardy tree suitable for the northernmost parts Malus sieboldii Decorative crabapple Propagation From cuttings or from seed.
of North America. Collected trees have good
character, but grow slowly in cold climates. Also known as M. toringo, it produces tiny Nothofagus
fruit, and is suitable for smaller shohin trees.
Malus SOUTHERN BEECH
Malus sylvestris Common crabapple
CRABAPPLE These are deciduous trees from the southern
White or pink blossoms are followed by hemisphere that grow happily in temperate
These are very good flowering and fruiting yellow-green or red-flushed fruit. climates. They respond very well to clip and
bonsai but make for difficult ramification grow techniques. Considering their attributes,
and branching structure. Older branches Metasequoia glyptostroboides they are an underused species.
tend to die or become very difficult to create Hardiness/Location Frost hardy, zones 7–10.
a tapered shape. They are, however, very DAWN REDWOOD Protect in winter, but give full sun in summer.
beautiful when flowering and in fruit, so it is Watering Do not allow it to dry out
worth cultivating them. It is generally easy to This deciduous conifer has a very vertical throughout the growing season. Keep it moist
create fruit in a normal garden or rural setting. growth habit. Treat the delicate fronds with but not wet over winter. Do not allow it to sit
To increase your chances of success, have two care when wiring. Pinch back new growth in wet soil—it is susceptible to root rot.
different varieties flowering close to each and it will send out many adventitious buds. Fertilizing Lightly throughout the year unless
other. Many different varieties are available: Train it only in a formal upright style with you want to push vigorous growth. If you are
choose ones with small fruit for bonsai. downward sweeping, straightish branches. fertilizing heavily, ensure that a free-draining
Hardiness/Location Frost hardy, zones 4–9. Hardiness/Location Frost hardy, zones 5–8. soil is used.
Protect from deep freezes especially if it is Protect it from deep freezing conditions and Transplanting/Soil Do this every two to three
in a small or shallow pot. Position in full sun intense sunlight: the delicate foliage may burn years in spring. Use a normal deciduous mix.
except in extreme heat. if the soil dries out. Pests/Diseases Fungal issues are a possibility;
Watering Do not allow crabapples to dry out, Watering Do not allow it to dry out in hot Phytophthora causes branch death.
especially when flowering or in fruit. Keep weather; keep it moist in the growing season. Pruning/Styling As with other deciduous
them moist but not wet in winter. Fertilizing It is a very vigorous grower, so trees. Similar to Chinese elm, clip and grow
Fertilizing Apply lightly in early spring, pause little fertilizer is required unless you are
for flowering and fruit setting; lightly encouraging growth.
Transplanting/Soil Transplant every two to

Plant care directory 211

techniques work very well. Trim it to shape and sends out roots even if it is collected buds will then break further in the tree. Allow
throughout the year. without any. It also responds well to regular them to extend a little further before pinching
Propagation Cuttings, seed. pruning and defoliation. again. Repeatedly doing this will build up
Hardiness/Location Frost tender, zone 10, foliage density on the branches. Thin out
Nothofagus antarctica Antarctic suitable for tropical and subtropical areas congested nodes to the two horizontally fall,
beech This has very small leaves and only. It will suffer under 55°F (13°C). Position but do not add too much exaggerated
it in direct sunlight all day. movement. Spread out and layer the
delicate branching. Watering Do not allow it to dry out: it may be secondary branches and then build up bulk
necessary to water three or four times a day. through pinching and pruning. They are
Nothofagus procera Fast-growing tree Fertilizing Fertilize heavily and regularly for generally upright trees with straight trunks.
best results. Windswept and literati styles are appropriate.
that offers rich fall tints. Transplanting/Soil A highly aerated soil is Propagation From seed or cuttings.
ideal, so use a lava-rock-based mix. The roots
Olea are very tender, so care must be taken with Picea abies Norway spruce This is
OLIVE repotting. Washing the soil out of the pot and
replacing works well. native to Europe, with slightly coarse foliage
This is a very good species for bonsai: it is Pests/Diseases Caterpillars and root so it is suited for a larger tree. Many cultivars
hardy, resilient, and responds well to bonsai nematodes can be attracted to this tree. exist, including dwarf varieties.
techniques. It tolerates a wide climatic range, Adding organic material such as crushed
but thrives in very warm conditions. It can crab or lobster shells prevents this. Picea engelmannii Engelmann spruce
flower and fruit—but it is unusual to see this Pruning/Styling Wire the main skeleton and
on bonsai—and will send out new shoots on prune it to shape, using corrective wire to Native to western North America, it has
old wood, even from the trunk. Deadwood shape the main secondary branches. lovely blue-green foliage and distinctive
features can be very hard and full of Propagation Cuttings. bark characteristics on collected trees.
character. If you provide enough light and
ventilation, olives may be grown indoors, but Picea Picea glauca White spruce, Alberta
it is better suited to outdoor cultivation. spruce Found in the northern states of the
Hardiness/Location Frost tender, zones 7–10. SPRUCE
Protect from frost, provide warmth, and US and Canada, a number of ornamental dwarf
olives grow all year round. Place them in Well suited to more northerly cool temperate cultivars exist that are used for bonsai.
full sun, even in the hottest conditions. climates, spruce can become full-of-character
Watering It is drought tolerant but keeping bonsai with small needles and dense foliage Picea glehnii Ezo spruce Often confused
it well watered allows the tree to thrive. pads. The branches tend to develop in whorls,
Fertilizing Be sure to do this throughout and multiple shoots will grow from one node, with P. jezoensis, the two species are
the growing season. so regular thinning out is important. Layer the remarkably similar and come from the
Transplanting/Soil Transplant every two branches and avoid styling them like junipers northernmost island of Japan and the Russian
years in warm climates, less frequently in for good results. With correct care they send Sakhalin islands. Collected specimens exhibit
colder ones. Use a free-draining soil; it grows out adventitious buds, and shoot pinching in compact foliage and great bark characteristics.
well in a lava-based mix. spring will encourage internal growth.
Pests/Diseases Generally pest free. Branches should be styled relatively Pinus
Pruning/Styling Olives respond well to straight, dropping down from the trunk.
pruning, but allow the shoots to extend Hardiness/Location Hardy, zones 2–7. It PINE
before wiring and shaping, pruning back tolerates cold but protect pots from extensive
to shape. It can be defoliated if healthy. freezing, and also from cold winds. It does This is one of the most common genera for
Secondary branching can be easily created best in dappled shade; keep it out of intense bonsai, with a wide range of leaf, bark, and
through clip and grow techniques. heat during the height of summer. growth characteristics from varieties around
Propagation Cuttings of any size can be taken. Watering Spruce does not like to be overly the world. There are lots of variations in the
wet or dry, and has a moderate drought care and cultivation for each type, and much
Olea europaea It has a slightly larger leaf tolerance. Use a well-draining, aerated soil is dependent on the location and vigor of
mix, and water when the surface begins to dry. the tree. One thing that is common is the
size, which will reduce with cultivation. Fertilizing Throughout the growing season. importance of the root system. Pines rely on
Transplanting Once established, wait as long a strong, healthy root system that has a large
Olea europaea var. sylvestris This very as you can—as long as the soil allows water to amount of beneficial mycorrhizae to assist the
pass through. Four to five years is ideal. uptake of moisture and nutrients. Water and
small-leaf variety is collected in parts of Pests/Diseases There can be fungal issues oxygen levels in the soil play an important
Spain, particularly Majorca. Some incredible with needle cast if it is too humid or if there part in this relationship. Energy balancing in
specimens display interesting character, with is poor air flow. Spruce spider mites are the tree is very important to stop apical and
very dense branching and deadwood features. a problem in hot dry weather. Yellowing of terminal bud dominance. Pruning back strong
the internal foliage is the first sign of these growth to assist the weak is very important.
Pemphis acidula microscopic pests. Needle plucking can be done on some species
PEMPHIS Pruning/Styling Allow the buds to break and to balance the amount of energy created in
begin to push out before pinching it back to a branch by reducing the number of older
This shrub is found in tropical regions, leave a half inch or so of the new growth. New needles. Never remove all of the needles.
especially in the Philippines. A coastal tree, it
thrives if the foliage is sprayed with sea water Pines prefer slightly acidic soil, so if your
daily. It is very vigorous, buds on old wood, water is very alkaline (hard water) then you
may need to correct this with occasional
acidic fertilizer. Pines are suitable for most

212 Plant care directory

coniferous styles and all sizes, but consider Pests/Diseases Needle cast and woolly aphids Propagation Seed; some varieties such as
the natural growth habits and needle are the biggest concern. ‘Zui-sho’ will strike cuttings.
characteristics when choosing a style. Pruning/Styling As white pine (P. parviflora).
Transplanting/Soil Disturb as little as possible Propagation Seed. Pinus ponderosa Native to western North
while maintaining a healthy root system in
terms of air and moisture penetration. Try Pinus parviflora Japanese five needle America, this has large, fleshy needles that
to maintain the root ball when transplanting, pine, Japanese white pine This variety will reduce in size with cultivation, and very
and remove the top surface and outer soil. A flexible limbs. Striking craggy bark and
well-aerated, fast-draining conifer mix is ideal. generally has smaller needles, creating hard deadwood can be seen on collected
Adding kiryu to the soil seems to promote a softer, more elegant and feminine feel. specimens. Hardy, zones 3–7, but protect it
high levels of mycorrhizae. Needles are formed in bundles of five. They from a hard, long freeze. Keep in full sun and
will elongate with excessive fertilizing and a well-ventilated position. Do not candle cut.
Pinus contorta Lodgepole pine Very watering. Imported trees are often grafted Cultivate as for P. mugo.
onto black pine rootstock to improve vigor
cold tolerant species, they dislike year-round and growth but do not be afraid of them on Pinus sylvestris Scots pine Found across
heat. Will back bud profusely, given healthy their own roots. They will struggle in extreme
conditions. Do not candle cut. Cultivate as for heat or a very wet environment. Moisture and Europe and Asia, in many respects this pine is
P. sylvestris. oxygen levels in soil is key. They are reluctant perfect for bonsai cultivation. Very vigorous,
to back bud unless very healthy, and will show resilient, and tolerant, it sends out a profusion
Pinus densiflora Japanese red pine signs of chlorosis or soil toxicity quite early. of buds, will ramify well, and the needle size
A number of dwarf yatsubusa cultivars and will reduce with cultivation. It is an ideal
Similar to black pine (P. thunbergii), but treat foliage types exist. Each has its idiosyncrasies. species to start with, and great results can be
feminine red pines more conservatively, Hardiness/Location Hardy, zones 4–7. Protect achieved. A number of cultivars exist; some
particularly when styling. Red pines are the tree from excessive moisture, especially dwarf cultivars such as ‘Beuvronensis’ make
more brittle, especially with age, so bend over winter. It likes clean air, and will struggle for very dense foliage pads. A single flush of
with great care. Use a well-aerated soil mix; in polluted environments. Full sun is best. growth is made each year, so candle cutting
it prefers to be slightly dry, but do not allow Watering Overwatering is the biggest issue, is not advised. It tolerates hard pruning and
the soil to dry out completely. Apply a but do not allow the pot to dry out. Ensure sends out adventitious buds when the
medium amount of fertilizer throughout the a correct balance between moisture and terminal shoot is removed. It naturally forms
growing season unless candle cutting. oxygen throughout the year. a literati-type image. The biggest challenge
Fertilizing If your aim is compact growth and is getting branches to set in position—wire
Pinus mugo Mugo, mountain pine short needles, fertilize very little until the quickly bites into the branches and may need
needles have fully extended and hardened to be removed after only a few months.
This is the European pine, which is seen off. Fertilize heavily after this, during late Hardiness/Location Hardy, zones 3–8. Protect
in garden centers. Cultivars often exhibit summer and fall. Use a kelp extract liquid to it from a hard, long freeze but it is tolerant of
different growth habits and tend to be add micronutrients. a wide range of climates. Provide full sun and
weaker or less suited to bonsai cultivation. Transplanting/Soil As Pinus, above. a well-ventilated position.
Collected specimens are available across Pests/Diseases Woolly aphids (adelgids) are Watering Similar to black pine (P. thunbergii).
Europe and make very good trees. This a big problem: look for white fur on the Well-aerated soil mix is essential.
is a flexible pine that buds profusely, underside of branch tips. Spray with a Fertilizing Similar to white pine (P. parviflora).
and given the correct care, will create systemic or contact killer. They will remain Transplanting/Soil Spring or fall. Tolerant of
adventitious buds. Do not needle pluck after they are dead, so clean and mark one or a wide soil pH level but the best results come
too much; it tends to send out new buds two branches to see if they return. Yellowing from a standard coniferous pine mix.
at the base of needles. Thin out needles foliage is usually a sign of root or soil issues. Pests/Diseases Needle cast and woolly aphids
to create definition between bud clusters Pruning/Styling Do not candle cut. If growth are the biggest concern.
and a neat appearance, but leave older is long in spring, pinch back or snap the tips Pruning/Styling Similar to white and mugo
needles where possible. Mugo has a tendency of strong candles to leave some of the new, pines. Young shoots can extend greatly; prune
to create five or more buds at one spot, very small, needlelike growths on the stem. them back to shape and be conscientious
take care to thin out to two well-placed Balance the lengths of the candles by allowing about bud reduction and building up compact
and evenly-sized buds. Do not candle cut. weaker ones to elongate. Restricting terminal ramification by pruning vigorous growth
Pinch as for P. parviflora in spring, and growth is equally important. Most varieties off in favor of weaker internal buds. Wire
cut back strong shoots in fall to promote send out three shoots or buds—two weaker secondary shoots into shape; once it has
adventitious budding. Increased ramification sideshoots/buds, and a stronger central one. become well ramified, shape with clip and
means reduced needle length. If the sideshoots are viable, then in most grow techniques, combined with occasional
Hardiness/Location Hardy, zones 3–10. circumstances remove the central shoot/bud. corrective wiring.
Protect the tree from a hard, long freeze but This should be done both in fall, when the Propagation Seed.
it tolerates a wide range of climates. Give full tree is setting buds, and also in spring or
sun and a well-ventilated location. summer, when the buds have opened and Pinus thunbergii Japanese black pine
Watering Similar to black pine (P. thunbergii). developed into shoots. Always look to assist
Well-aerated soil is essential. the internal branches. They can be wired Masculine black pines have long, thick, dark
Fertilizing Similar to white pine (P. parviflora). when the foliage is hard, but be careful of green needles and craggy bark.
Transplanting/Soil Better results seem to twisting the branches. Use any coniferous Hardiness/Location Hardy, zones 5–10.
occur with fall transplanting in late August or style, any size. Provide winter protection for the pots and
early September. Use standard pine mix. delicate branches. It will tolerate frost but not
prolonged freezing, and thrives in full sun.

Plant care directory 213

Watering Use a well-aerated soil mix and do touching the growing tips will result in forced prunus are strong trees. Full sun is best.
not allow the soil to dry out too much. Black budding; if this is done several times a year, Watering They are thirsty trees, particularly
pines thrive if they are given resources. then a very small leaf size can be achieved. during the growing season, so never allow
Fertilizing Fertilize heavily unless planning Propagation From cuttings or seed. them to dry out.
to candle cut. Fertilizing Apply heavily in the growing
Transplanting/Soil As Pinus, above. Potentilla fruticosa season, except for older, more mature trees,
Pests/Diseases Fungal problems like needle where restricting growth is the objective.
cast can occur if foliage is too moist overnight POTENTILLA Transplanting/Soil Every two to three years
or air flow is poor. Spider mites, scale, and into a moisture- and nutrient-retentive soil
moth larvae are possible. This shrub is often used as a landscape plant mix. Spring is the ideal time to do this, after
Pruning/Styling Black pines are very flexible but it has some ideal characteristics for flowering and before bud break.
and may be wired and bent to shape. Wire bonsai: small leaves, flowers, and the ability Pests/Diseases Fungal and bacterial problems
when new growth has hardened off in fall to bud on old wood after a heavy pruning. are a concern, so good hygiene is essential.
or winter to minimize damage to shoots or Branches may die from drought or frost but Borers, scale, and caterpillars are also
needles. The new growth—candles—can have will generally grow back. However, if this potentially troublesome.
the tip pinched in spring or cut off entirely in happens too often, the tree eventually gives Pruning/Styling Branches have a typical
summer (usually June), which causes a second up. Lots of cultivars are available, and material growth habit, so learn what it is before
flush of growth with smaller needles and is available for collection from old gardens. attempting to style. Young shoots are
shorter extensions. Only do this on healthy Hardiness/Location Hardy, zones 3–7. Protect flexible but older branches become
trees and in warm environments. This is a way it from frost in order to preserve branch very brittle. Major bending is possible in
to build up ramification, but always leave structure and roots. Provide full sun unless the summer months. Adventitious budding
8–10 pairs of needles on each branch. Look it is in a small or shallow pot. is rare on many species, so prune back to
to prune back strong shoots where there is a Watering Potentilla is not drought tolerant, two nodes in fall to keep branching compact.
weaker but viable sideshoot behind. This will so ensure it is constantly moist throughout They can be defoliated once leaves have
cause adventitious budding, which in turn will summer; do not overwater in winter. hardened but this may affect flowering the
increase ramification and compact the image. Fertilizing Lightly throughout the year. following year. A patient clip and grow
Propagation Seed; layering is possible but Transplanting/Soil Every two to three years approach may be more rewarding. Do not
will be slow to give results. in spring. Use water-retentive deciduous mix. over style prunus; embrace the wild nature
Pests/Diseases Generally pest free. and slightly chaotic branch growth.
Podocarpus macrophyllus Pruning/Styling Potentilla can be pruned Propagation Cuttings, seed, layering.
to shape. It will send out plenty of buds and
CHINESE YEW, BUDDHIST PINE branches from the trunk: thin these out to Prunus avium Wild cherry As it ages,
build up structure, not silhouette. It will need
A coniferous tree with foliage that resembles almost weekly attention in hot weather to the smooth gray bark reddens, cracks, and
Taxus, although it is neither a pine nor a yew. keep it compact. It has a live vein structure peels, adding great character, particularly
It is often used as an indoor starter tree. similar to junipers and when large branches to the winter image. It also offers plenty of
Larger specimens are available in hot climates, die, you often see a hollow trunk, which adds value at other times of year with blossoms,
where it thrives. It will tolerate hard pruning. interest. Branches may be wired and bent, fruit, and spectacular fall colors.
Hardiness/Location Frost tender, zones 8–10. but do so gently.
It thrives in warm climates; it can tolerate Propagation Seed, cuttings. Prunus cerasifera Cherry plum
a light frost but provide protection once
temperatures fall to 41°F (5°C). Full sun is best; Prunus Blossoms from late winter into spring,
place it near a window if you are growing it producing masses of small white flowers
indoors. ORNAMENTAL CHERRY on bare branches.
Watering Keep it moist throughout the year
but not too wet, especially if it is indoors. This is a wide-ranging genus of trees ideal Prunus incisa Fuji cherry This is a
It is not overly drought tolerant. for bonsai, and one that is particulary
Fertilizing Apply lightly throughout the important to Japanese aesthetics. Since it beautiful tree to work with, especially the
growing season. For small leaves avoid is a member of the rose family, there are variety ‘Kojo-no-mai’, which makes excellent
fertilizing until growth has hardened off. potential problems with canker, as well as smaller-sized trees.
Transplanting/Soil Every three to four years, bacterial and fungal diseases. Some varieties
or as necessary. A moisture-retentive conifer are better suited for container cultivation Prunus mahaleb Mahaleb cherry,
mix is best for indoor trees; use something a than others. The best results are obtained St. Lucie cherry Native to Mediterranean
little more free draining if it is outside. Roots by careful and patient cultivation and an
are slow growing, so avoid heavy pruning. appreciation of the naturally angular areas, this is a very vigorous tree that
Pests/Diseases Scale, sooty mold, spider branching structure. Clip and grow techniques has a tendency to sprout on older wood.
mites, and root rot are possible problems. combined with correctional wiring will result
Pruning/Styling Chinese yew is slow growing in trees with lovely natural character. Look Prunus mume Japanese flowering
unless it is in a warm climate. Allow new for small flowering varieties and do not allow apricot This is the queen of Japanese bonsai,
growth to extend and then prune back to them to fruit heavily—this ruins branching
shape. This will cause adventitious buds and structure and tires out trees. and incredible bark quality can be seen on
sideshoots to grow, which may then be pruned Hardiness/Location Hardy, zones 3–10, older trees, with lovely natural branch
back. Defoliation of internal leaves without depending on the species. Protect from heavy movement and beautiful flowers in the middle
frost and intense sunlight, but otherwise of winter. There are hundreds of cultivars
available: choose those with single, small
flowers. ‘Yabai’, ‘Hibai’, and ‘Koshuu Yabai’
are most common in Japan.

214 Plant care directory

Prunus serrulata Flowering cherry Care must be taken when removing large Quercus
branches because dieback is a big problem.
Cherry blossoms are an iconic Japanese image. Hardiness/Location Frost tender, zones 7–10. OAK
Many cherry bonsai are cultivated, but most Protect it from frost and low temperatures.
are short lived since they are susceptible to Full sun in summer is best. This is a very distinctive and powerful
fungal and bacterial problems. Look for Watering Keep pomegranate well watered, deciduous genus, which has around 600
weeping varieties and a mass of branches especially when flowering or setting fruit. species. Many are suitable for bonsai, others
to appreciate the beautiful spring flowers. It should be moist but not wet in winter. less so. It can be difficult to reduce leaf size
Fertilizing Apply throughout the growing with some species. Style as you would
Prunus spinosa Blackthorn, sloe This season except during and after flowering. deciduous trees. Deadwood features such
Once fruit has set, increase fertilizing. as stag’s horns are possible. Some more
is the best native prunus in the UK, and an Transplanting/Soil Later in spring once the vigorous varieties can be defoliated.
ideal species for bonsai full of character. temperature has risen and buds are beginning Hardiness/Location Frost hardy, zones 5–10,
Branches have small spikes, and the tree will to swell and move. Carry out every two to depending on the species. Protect from heavy
set fruit if the flowers are left. Defoliation is three years, or as necessary. Avoid major freezing. Full sun and a well-ventilated
possible but take care not to weaken the tree. root pruning if possible. Use a moisture- location in summer is best.
Selective pruning is the best route to success. and nutrient-retentive soil. Watering Keep moist throughout the year,
Pests/Diseases Aphids and scale are potential but not wet.
Prunus tomentosa Nanking cherry problems. Fertilizing For species where leaf size is
Pruning/Styling If you are looking to maintain an issue, wait until the leaves have fully
This is hardy and drought resistant but will structure, allow new growth to extend to six hardened before fertilizing. For others, apply
thrive if well watered and protected in winter. or seven leaves before pruning back to two. fertilizer lightly throughout the year unless
To promote flowering, allow new growth to rapid development is required. Branches can
Pseudocydonia sinensis extend from summer until it sets flowers. become coarse, so do not push too hard.
Prune back branches in fall after leaf drop. Transplanting/Soil Every two to three years
CHINESE QUINCE Young shoots are flexible but large branches for younger trees; more mature specimens will
are very brittle. Upright deciduous styles benefit from longer between transplanting,
This deciduous tree belongs to the rose family. are best. reducing leaf size and node length.
It has characteristic flaky bark, pink flowers Propagation Seed, cuttings. Pests/Diseases Powdery mildew is the biggest
in spring, and may produce large yellow fruit concern, so ventilation is a priority. It is not
if allowed. Branches take time to thicken, but Pyracantha fatal but is visually unattractive.
will do so if the tree is vigorous. It prefers Pruning/Styling Strong shoots will dominate
warmer climates but will tolerate frost. FIRETHORN if allowed to grow, so prune back vigorous
Hardiness/Location Frost hardy, zones 5–8. shoots, either removing them entirely or
Protect the tree from heavy frost and low This is an ideal species for bonsai because cutting back to one leaf as soon as possible.
temperatures. Full sun in summer is best. they are very strong, have small leaves and Side and internal branches should be allowed
Watering It is a very thirsty tree, so keep it fruit, and are relatively easy to deal with. to extend a little more before being stopped
well watered throughout summer, and moist They are ideal for shohin-sized trees. initially and then pruned back to one or two
but not wet in winter. Technically an evergreen, but it will leaves once foliage has hardened off. Internal
Fertilizing Apply fertilizer throughout the drop old foliage before replacing it. branches will suffer from lack of light, so cut
growing season after flowering; it will thrive Hardiness/Location Frost tender, zones 7–10, external leaves in half or defoliate to allow
on heavy fertilizer. although given winter protection it will grow more light in. Wire branches loosely and
Transplanting/Soil Every two to three years elsewhere. Protect the tree once temperatures shape. Directional pruning and bud selection
or as necessary. Transplant after flowering. fall to 41°F (5°C). Full sun in summer is best. are the best ways to develop ramification.
Use a moisture- and nutrient-retentive soil. Birds may eat the fruit in winter. Propagation From seed or by layering.
Pests/Diseases Fireblight and bacterial or Watering Keep it well watered throughout
fungal infections are the biggest concerns. the growing season, and moist but not wet Quercus agrifolia Coast live oak
Pruning/Styling To maintain structure, allow in winter.
new growth to extend to six or seven leaves Fertilizing Apply regularly throughout the The natural range is in California—the
before pruning back to two. Prune back growing season. evergreen oak.
branches in fall after leaf drop. Young shoots Transplanting/Soil Every two to three years
are flexible but large branches are very for smaller trees, slightly longer for larger Quercus cerris Turkey oak This vigorous,
brittle. Defoliation is not advised unless your trees. A deciduous mix is suitable. Avoid
plant is very vigorous, but leaf cutting to disturbing the roots if possible. fast-growing tree has downy leaves that
reduce the size by half reduces vigor at Pests/Diseases Fireblight, aphids, and scale. provide fall color.
branch tips and allows light inside. Upright Pruning/Styling Pruning to shape with
deciduous styles are best. corrective wiring of the main branches. It Quercus faginea Portuguese oak This
Propagation From seed, or from cuttings. grows vigorously and in all directions.
Selective pruning and stopping new growth deciduous or semievergreen is found in the
Punica granatum is essential. Suits any style; often seen as a western Mediterranean Balearic Islands. It is
cascade or group, and especially as shohin. hardy and tolerant of various soil conditions.
POMEGRANATE Propagation From cuttings or seed.
Quercus ilex Native to southern Europe,
This is a slightly tender deciduous tree that
is often seen with a twisted trunk in bonsai this evergreen oak will survive but not thrive
or collected tree from the Mediterranean. in colder climates. It is a vigorous tree in
It flowers in summer followed by fruit in fall. warmth, and can be defoliated. It is apically
dominant: be prepared to hold back growth.

Plant care directory 215

Quercus robur English oak This slow- Overwatering is possible; to avoid this, be Rosmarinus officinalis
guided by the amount of foliage, the season,
growing tree is difficult but not impossible and the rate of the soil drying out. ROSEMARY
to ramify and reduce leaf size; it is a Fertilizing Azaleas are hungry plants that
very iconic British image. will thrive on heavy fertilizing. Stop during A fragrant species to work with, rosemary
flowering, otherwise fertilize throughout can combine dramatic deadwood features
Quercus suber Cork oak Similar to Q. ilex, the growing season. with delicate foliage that, given the correct
Transplanting/Soil Transplant as and management, will create dense pads. It has
but with very rugged cork bark. when required based on the integrity a reputation for being difficult to work with,
of the soil surface. Avoid damaging the but with care and a delicate touch it will
Rhododendron indicum central root core but ensure water can thrive. Native all across the Mediterranean,
penetrate underneath the trunk. Use it will thrive in hot weather and requires only
SATSUKI AZALEA small-sized Kanuma soil and plant in basic winter protection.
slightly larger than usual pots. Make Hardiness/Location Frost tender, zones 7–10.
A popular species for bonsai, these flowering sure the nebari is not close to the pot Protected from hard frost, they will be fine.
shrubs are curiously addictive for enthusiasts, walls or too exposed on top. Spring is Provide full sun in summer if it is growing
despite them being somewhat horticulturally the best time for transplanting, although actively.
unforgiving. With a basic understanding of it is possible after flowering. Watering Rosemary is thirsty in summer
their needs and a slightly different approach, Pests/Diseases Spider mites, whiteflies, gall heat, so do not allow it to dry out. It also
you can achieve success. midge, scale, and leaf gall are the biggest remains active over winter even at low
worries. Look for uneven discoloration temperatures, so ensure that the soil is
Azaleas are acid-loving shrubs that thrive of leaves or leaf spots. Yellowing of foliage moist but not wet over winter.
in a specialty soil, Kanuma, which has an ideal on the inside can also be chlorosis or Fertilizing Lightly throughout the growing
pH level and water-retentive microstructure. malnutrition. season. Do not overfertilize.
Their roots are very fine and often become Pruning/Styling Azaleas can be manipulated Transplanting/Soil Delicacy is the key here;
matted on the surface when a solid fertilizer into almost any style—even the most abstract the roots are sensitive and will break away if
is used. If water penetration becomes difficult, shapes if desired—its natural growth habit treated too roughly. It has very fine feeder
remove the crusty layer and replace with is to form clumps. Young branches up to roots so a small-particle-sized soil mix is ideal.
fresh soil. Try to not disturb the roots unless three years old may be wired and bent but A pumice-heavy coniferous mix works well.
the soil becomes compacted. When once they have become lignified they are Once established, try to leave it in the pot
transplanting, try to maintain a solid root ball very brittle. Hard pruning throughout the for as long as possible.
and refrain from digging away at the core of growing season will result in many buds, Pests/Diseases Generally pest free.
the root ball underneath the trunk. but the best time is after new growth starts Pruning/Styling Pruning is important: internal
in spring or after flowering when all flowers foliage will die off if it is allowed to constantly
Basally dominant, the apex can weaken if should be removed and branches pruned extend. Prune back only to what appears to
water cannot penetrate directly underneath back hard. Ensure new foliage has the chance be an active side bud. Do not prune back the
the trunk or if those roots are disturbed or to harden off before any cold weather. See whole tree all at once, especially in summer,
pruned heavily. Prune the apex slightly more pp.122–125 for further details. because the actively growing tips are
conservatively if there is a visible difference Propagation Cuttings are very successful. important for pulling moisture up from the
between the top and bottom. roots. Treat similarly to a juniper in pruning
Rhododendron indicum ‘Hakurei’ back the growth, and the results will be
It is important to maintain healthy, young favorable. Wiring is possible, although older
secondary and tertiary branching; otherwise Has white flowers and small leaves. branches tend to be very brittle; try not to
the overall vigor of the tree will suffer. Do put too much movement into older branches.
not be afraid to prune the tree back hard if Rhododendron indicum ‘Hoshi-no- Propagation Cuttings usually result in
it is healthy. This maintains its good health, kagayaki’ Bears deep purple-colored great success.
which will deteriorate if no pruning is done.
Healthy trees can be hard pruned to no flowers and small leaves. Sageretia thea
foliage—within a month new buds will
appear all over the tree. Rhododendron indicum ‘Kaho’ SAGERETIA

Satsuki azaleas flower in late spring or Offers large multicolored flowers and This is a common indoor species in North
early summer and there is plenty of choice: larger oval leaves. America and Europe. It has small oval leaves
hundreds of varieties are available in a and rough bark. Tiny flowers are followed
multitude of different colors, shapes, and leaf Rhododendron indicum ‘Kinsai’ by blue berries.
sizes, and each has its own idiosyncrasies. Hardiness/Location Frost tender, zones 9–11.
Any style and size is possible, but match leaf Bears spidery red flowers, thin leaves, and The ideal temperature is 54–64°F (12–18°C)
and flower size. Certain varieties will thicken tends to send out long shoots that need during winter, 64–75°F (18–24°C) in summer.
very slowly, others very quickly. Other regular pruning. Sageretia needs a drop in temperature
species, such as R. obtusum (Kurume azalea), overnight. If you keep it indoors, take care
are occasionally used, but the best results are Rhododendron indicum ‘Korin’ Has pink not to overheat but make sure you provide
gained from R. indicum, the satsuki azalea. plenty of sunlight.
Hardiness/Location Hardy, zones 6–9. Protect star-shaped flowers and small leaves. Watering Do not allow it to dry out at any
it from heavy frost. The bark is very thin and time of year, especially indoors. High
will crack, freeze, and seriously damage the Rhododendron indicum ‘Osakazuki’ humidity is ideal.
tree. Provide full sun up to 90°F (32°C), then
semi-shade during midday heat. Has pink flowers, deep green leaves, and a
Watering They are very thirsty shrubs, so very strong, bushy form.
never allow them to dry out dramatically.

216 Plant care directory

Fertilizing Apply throughout the growing watering. Misting the foliage helps. Taxodium distichum
season, less in winter. Fertilizing Apply lightly throughout the
Transplanting/Soil Every two to three years growing season. BALD CYPRESS
into a moisture-retentive, indoor type mix. Transplanting/Soil Every two to three years
Pests/Diseases Aphids, whiteflies, and into a basic indoor mix. This has a very characteristic flat top growth
mildew are considerations. Pests/Diseases Scale. Yellowing foliage is habit and a huge flaring root buttress. It is
Pruning/Styling Prune to shape constantly often due to poor location. a deciduous conifer with wispy foliage that
throughout the year. Prolific buds and Pruning/Styling Prune to shape constantly grows naturally in swamps.
branches are created, so wiring can be throughout the year. Prolific buds and Hardiness/Location Hardy, zones 4–10.
avoided. Carry out directional pruning, branches are created, so wiring is not Protect it from extreme cold. Provide partial
then clip and grow. necessary. Use directional pruning, and shade in extreme heat in summer, and full
Propagation Take cuttings. a clip and grow approach. sun in more temperate climates.
Propagation Cuttings. Watering Keep wet all year; they tolerate
Salix babylonica anaerobic swamps, but do not need to be
Stewartia monadelpha sitting in water constantly.
WILLOW Fertilizing Apply heavily during the
DWARF STEWARTIA Summer growing season.
This deciduous tree has a pleasing summer Camellia Transplanting/Soil Transplant during the
image. Look to re-create the delicacy of dormant period. Use a suitable coniferous
a weeping willow and avoid thick, heavy This elegant deciduous tree with flaky copper mix that will hold moisture well but also
branching. Other species of willow are bark has fall color and flowers in summer. It aerate the soil.
suitable; for the best results choose the can be a bit difficult to keep in colder climates. Pests/Diseases Generally pest free.
small-leaf types. Hardiness/Location Frost hardy, zones 6–9. Pruning/Styling Young branches tend to
Hardiness/Location Frost hardy, zones 5–9. Protect from heavy freezing, and ideally from grow upward but the desired effect is for
Protect the tree from freezing. all frost. Best in full sun except in midsummer, downward-sweeping branches. They can be
Watering They are very thirsty trees, and when it appreciates midday shade. torn from the upper side of the branch socket
will not object to standing in water throughout Watering Do not allow it to dry out during if necessary. Use raffia on heavy branches
summer. Do not make the tray too shallow or growing season, and keep moist in winter. that need bending. Prune back growth in
it will overheat and boil the roots. Keep moist Fertilizing As for maples (Acer); wait until summer to promote adventitious budding.
but not wet in winter. growth has hardened off. Propagation Cuttings are most successful.
Fertilizing Apply regularly throughout the Transplanting/Soil Every two to three years,
growing season. in spring; use a deciduous mix. Taxus
Transplanting/Soil Transplant annually or Pests/Diseases Generally pest free.
even twice a year if very vigorous. Use a Pruning/Styling Carry out deciduous styling; YEW
basic deciduous soil mix. this is ideal for upright forms, and creates
Pests/Diseases Aphids, caterpillars, and scale elegant trees with upward-growing branches A commonly used conifer for bonsai, which
are potential problems. and delicate ramification. is ideally suited for slightly overcast and wet
Pruning/Styling Allow shoots to extend, Propagation Seed, cuttings. climates—they thrive in the UK. A healthy
then manipulate them downward by hand, tree will bud profusely even from the trunk.
or wire them into a weeping style. The Tamarix chinensis Foliage pads are relatively easy to build up
branches thicken quickly, so take care not once a basic skeleton structure is in place
to cause wire damage. Prune hard in fall TAMARIX through regular pinching of new growth and
back to an upward-pointing bud. Tertiary pruning to stimulate adventitious budding.
branches are replaced every year. This deciduous shrub or small tree has Removal of some older foliage can result in
Propagation Cuttings are easy to strike— characteristic wispy, featherlike foliage that adventitious budding, but do not reduce the
the thicker the better. is pendulous. Style in a similar way to willow; foliage mass too much. Soft deadwood
branches will die off at the end of the year. features such as hollow trunks may be seen
Serissa japonica A weeping style is ideal, but there are some on cultivated trees, although yamadori
incredible collected specimens out there with collected trees may have very hard wood.
TREE OF A THOUSAND STARS deadwood features. Like juniper, yew exhibits a linear root—live
Hardiness/Location Frost hardy, zones 7–10. vein—branch relationship.
This is an indoor tree for northern climates. Protect from harsh frost, and provide full sun Hardiness/Location Hardy, zones 4–8.
The bark and roots have an unpleasant smell in summer unless watering is an issue. Protect from deep freezing since roots are
and it can be difficult to cultivate. Location Watering Keep moist constantly throughout fleshy and tender. Full sun is fine during
is key. It has very small flowers and summer; it is a very thirsty tree. Keep moist spring and fall, but protect it from intense
dense branching. but not waterlogged over winter. summer heat under partial shade.
Hardiness/Location Frost tender, zones 8–11. Fertilizing Throughout the growing season. Watering Keep on the moist side throughout
If grown indoors, find a location that is not Transplanting/Soil Annually if necessary; the year; like junipers they can tolerate dry
too cold, has no drafts, and is humid. otherwise every two to three years in a conditions but will thrive with regular
Close to a radiator is not good because this coniferous type, well-aerated mix. Transplant watering. A well-aerated soil mix will prevent
will dry the tree out. in spring as the buds swell. too much moisture from being retained—they
Watering Do not allow it to dry out; keep Pests/Diseases Generally pest free. dislike constantly wet roots and will succumb
it moist year-round, but not constantly wet. Pruning/Styling As for willow (Salix). to root rot.
Allow the surface of soil to dry a little before Propagation Cuttings, layering. Fertilizing Apply regularly throughout the
growing season.

Plant care directory 217

Transplanting/Soil Similar to juniper. The Tsuga heterophylla Western hemlock as well as outdoors: it is very hardy. Although
roots tend to be quite delicate and tender, deciduous, as an indoor tree it often holds
especially on collected trees. Be conservative Bears short, glossy, needlelike leaves that onto its leaves all year round. With careful
with root pruning and soil removal. darken with age. work, Chinese elms can be trained into
Pests/Diseases Scale and root rot are the only remarkable specimen trees over a number of
major concerns. Scale is difficult to find since Ulmus years. They are an underrated species due to
they look like buds forming on the stems. their often very humble beginnings.
Pruning/Styling Generally slightly less ELM
dramatic than juniper, but deadwood features Ulmus procera English elm An upright
are always interesting. They can be wired and This deciduous tree makes an ideal bonsai
bent fairly easily, although thicker branches due to its rapid ramification. It can be a very tree with gray-brown bark and dark green
are difficult to manipulate. Creating a layered vigorous grower, so quick results can be leaves that turn yellow in fall.
skeleton branching structure and then obtained especially with patience and
allowing shoots to grow before pinching to dedication to very fine work. It tolerates Wisteria
promote budding is best. Do not over wire repeated defoliation, which creates very
young branches; directional pruning and small leaves. WISTERIA
conscientious pinching will soon create well- Hardiness/Location Frost hardy, zones 5–9.
ramified pads. Eventually the branches will Protect pots from frost. Provide full sun up This deciduous climber will flower in summer
be very compact and upward growing. to 90ºF (32ºC), except in the most intense with large racemes of usually purple flowers.
Propagation From cuttings or layering. conditions. Hardiness/Location Frost hardy, zones 4–9.
Watering Keep moist throughout the year Protect pots from frost. Provide full sun
Taxus baccata European yew Dark for best results. Do not overwater if it is except in the most intense conditions up
grown indoors. to 90ºF (32ºC).
green foliage and red berries are possible in Fertilizing Regularly throughout the growing Watering Wisteria are very thirsty trees in
fall. It is ideally suited to the midwestern season. It will not affect the node length and summer: allow them to stand in a deep tray
US climate. There are over 200 ornamental leaf size too much, but do not overfertilize if of water during midsummer. Keep moist but
cultivars, but many are too weak or you are looking for compact ramification. not wet in winter.
unsuitable for bonsai cultivation. Transplanting/Soil Every two to three Fertilizing Apply heavily to promote
years. Balance the root growth early on in vegetative growth, but give zero nitrogen
Taxus cuspidata Japanese yew development: imported trees often have one fertilizer to promote flowering.
or two strong roots, which should be pruned Transplanting/Soil Leave wisteria to become
Displaying a slightly lighter shade of green, it back in favor of weaker side roots. Use potbound and force maturity if you want it
is a little less vigorous than the T. baccata. a deciduous mix. to flower; allowing roots to grow will promote
Many imported specimen trees exist. Pests/Diseases Aphids and gall mites are foliage and branch development. Use water-
a slight concern. and nutrient-retentive soil mix. Transplant
Tsuga Pruning/Styling A clip and grow approach in spring.
is key. Allow new shoots to extend out if Pests/Diseases Aphids and scale are possible
HEMLOCK thickness is desired before pruning back problems.
to one or two nodes. When building up Pruning/Styling It is difficult to build
This conifer is similar in many ways to Taxus, ramification, allow shoots to extend to three ramification in the traditional sense of the
preferring colder, wetter, shadier climates. or four leaves before pruning back to two word; prune growth after flowering and then
Treat and create in very similar way. leaves. Once they harden off, defoliate. New as and when new shoots extend. Hard prune
Hardiness/Location Hardy, zones 3–7. Protect shoots will come out again, so repeat the in fall if it is dramatically out of shape. Style in
from cold winds in winter and from deep process. This can be done numerous times a way that shows off the flowers rather than
freezes. Give partial shade in hot climates. throughout the year, but give thought to less creating a structure.
Watering Similar to Taxus, it prefers moist soil defoliation on weaker internal branches to Propagation From cuttings or layering.
that is not waterlogged. build-up their strength. Wire branches to
Fertilizing Regularly throughout the season set the initial structure, then build using Zelkova serrata
Transplanting/Soil Try to leave undisturbed if directional pruning. Hard cuts can be made in
the soil is relatively porous, and transplant as fall. It can be made into any style or size. JAPANESE ELM
necessary. Use a coniferous soil mix. Propagation From cuttings or by layering.
Pests/Diseases Generally pest free. This is very similar to other elms in approach
Pruning/Styling Pinch the tips of new growth Ulmus glabra Wych Elm A rounded and care. It is almost always styled as broom
throughout the season to maintain the shape. style, but does not have to be exclusively so.
Allow new shoots to extend, wire to shape, tree with gray-brown bark and yellow See Ulmus, above.
and then pinch the tips to create adventitious fall foliage.
buds. Let them extend before repeating.
Wire will easily dig in: take care to avoid this. Ulmus x hollandica ‘Jacqueline Hillier’
The growth habit is often multi-trunked or
a slender trunk with spreading branches. This dwarf variety has a very dense natural
Dramatic collected specimens do exist. habit and tiny leaves, so is ideal for small-
Propagation From seed or from cuttings. size bonsai.

Tsuga canadensis Eastern hemlock Ulmus parvifolia Chinese elm One of

Often multi-trunked with graceful foliage. the most common starter trees available, this
can be grown indoors on a well-lit windowsill

218 Glossary

Glossary

Several of the Japanese words that are in general use in the
bonsai world exist in most languages simply because they are
much more succinct or easily understood than their translations.
Some are definitely worth keeping; others are easily replaced.

Size terms Adventitious bud (also: Back bud) A bud that develops
on a branch or trunk, anywhere except the apical
These are rough categories, and it is more about meristem, or growing tip, of the branch. These buds
a feeling rather than getting the tape measure out. are necessary for bonsai development.

Mame The smallest size, up to and around 4in (10cm). Apex The top of the tree, formed generally from
Shohin Small trees up to and around 10in (25cm). a number of branches. Trees tend to grow upward
Kifu Medium trees, up to 14in (35cm). and show apical dominance, a character determined
Chuhin Medium trees up to 18in (45cm). by auxin production.

Larger trees are technically called oogata or oomono Auxin Hormones in plants that control growth.
but in practice these terms are very rarely used: the Auxins produced in the apex/terminal growth restrict
lack of a prefix implies the tree is larger than chuhin. the growth of buds closer inside the tree. Pruning
branch tips will remove the auxin-producing buds
Other Japanese terms and promote back budding.

Jin A deadwood feature created from a branch. Branching Primary branches are those growing
A tenjin is one that extends above and beyond directly from the trunk, and secondary branches
the foliage canopy. or shoots are those that then split off from those
Shari A deadwood feature on the trunk, the primary branches. Tertiary branches are the fine
exposed bone of the tree. branch tips also referred to as ramification.
Uro A hollow feature, often as part of deadwood
in the trunk, often seen in Taxus. Callus The cells that form over a wound. Analogous
Nebari The surface roots and the lower trunk area. to a scab, the ideal situation is for it to heal over
Sets the feeling and direction of the tree. very quickly and attractively so that ultimately
Yamadori A tree collected from the wild, literally it is not noticed.
“Taken from mountain.”
Mochikomi The subtle sense of age, character, and Candle The new shoots on pine trees, at the stage of
refinement that a tree takes on after many years elongation before the needles open up and develop.
of cultivation as a bonsai in a container. Candles may be cut off entirely or have the tip
pinched off to regulate growth, depending on species.
Horticultural and other terms
Defoliation The intentional removal of leaves on a
Accent plant (also: Companion plant, Kusamono, deciduous tree to stimulate further growth, increase
Shitakusa) A smaller plant displayed with a bonsai ramification, and decrease leaf size.
that accentuates the season or helps in creating
a cohesive and interesting image.

Glossary 219

Desiccation Drying out through lack of water. not only adds depth to the display, but also introduces
May refer to leaves, roots, or the live vein. a sense of mystery, movement, or simplicity.

Dieback Fatal branch or trunk damage caused by Node The point on a plant stem from which buds,
disease, damage, or, most likely, hard pruning. leaves, and branches form. A fundamental concept
in bonsai is to avoid having too many branches
Foliage The green leaves or needles on the tree. coming from one node; on deciduous trees the ideal
The foliage type is an important consideration for maximum is two.
bonsai: small, compact foliage is very desirable.
Pinching A form of pruning in which tender growth
Grafting Propagation technique that joins plant tissue is removed by hand, pinched off by the fingers and
together. In bonsai this is more often done to improve thumb. It should not be performed across an entire
branch placement: buds and branches can be grafted tree the way a goat grazes. For best results with many
into ideal positions, and foliage may be developed on species, especially junipers, pinching is not advised.
leggy branches. Approach, bud, and thread grafting
techniques are used. Potbound A situation where the roots have filled
the pot, the soil surface has become very hard,
Internode Distance between two nodes. On deciduous and there is no room for new roots to grow. For a
trees internodal distances should reduce as you move mature bonsai, the stage just before this is ideal
out along the branch to the tips. for restricting growth and reducing leaf size—
however a tree should never become so potbound
Juvenile foliage Usually seen only on juniper species. that it weakens beyond recovery.
Young shoots have a spiky, needlelike structure;
the more desirable softer, fleshier mature foliage is Ramification A structure formed of branches.
known as scale foliage. Juvenile foliage grows when Generally refers to the finer twigs that form the
the tree is in quick need of energy generated by tertiary branching at the ends of deciduous trees.
photosynthesis. Excessive pruning or root stress The ideal structure is for branches to split into
often triggers a significant burst of juvenile growth. two, then again in two, then into two again... and
so on, including changes of thickness and direction.
Leader The strong apical shoot, either at the top of
the trunk or at the tip of a branch. Soil Generic term for the growing medium used in
bonsai. This is not the same as soil from your garden
Lime sulfur Used in a dilution of one part lime sulfur but is usually a specialized mix of inorganic
to two or three parts water in order to lighten up substrates that serve different purposes (see p.41).
white deadwood and also to help preserve it by
killing bacteria or fungi in the wood. Systemic In reference to pesticide or fungicide,
a chemical that is absorbed by the plant, either
Mycelium, mycorrhizae A symbiotic beneficial through the roots or foliage, and kills pests from
relationship between a fungus and the roots of the inside out when attacked. The other type is
a plant, most commonly seen on pines but present a contact killer, which works when it makes direct
in almost all species. The fungi need an aerobic contact with pests.
environment to thrive, so the balance between
oxygen and water inside the pot is important. Taper To reduce in thickness toward one end. Trunks
or branches without taper can appear very young and
Negative space The space around and in between the uninteresting. Taper is generally achieved by cutting
subject or subjects in the image. This an important back to a thinner branch and allowing that to grow
element in the composition of bonsai: empty space out and become the new leader.

220 Index

Index blackthorn see Prunus carbon dioxide 16, 17 Crataegus (hawthorn) 206 drying out 42, 77, 80,
spinosa Carpinus (hornbeam) 106, C. monogyna 9, 86, 206 83, 218
A
bonsai 8–9, 18–19, 55 140, 144, 160, 203–4 crepe myrtle see E
Abies (fir) 200 history 10–13 C. betulus 76, 204 Lagerstroemia indica
accent plants 33, 34, 35, styles 20–5 C. turczaninowii 76, ebony see Diospyros
Cryptomeria japonica 206 Ehretia microphylla 206–7
63, 88, 218 bonsai nurseries 18, 54, 168–71, 204 cuts 108–9, 119, 127 Elaeagnus 207
Acer (maple) 11, 44, 68, 55, 60, 94 carving 38, 61, 91, 99, 170 elm see Ulmus
cascade style 20, 27, see also wounds Engelmann spruce
106, 120, 126, 140–3, Bougainvillea 69, 203
144, 160, 200–2 B. ‘Blondie’ 69 29, 32, 62, 66, D see Picea engelmannii
A. buergerianum 58, 68–9, 76, 94, 172–7 English elm
79, 201 boxwood see Buxus Casuarina equisetifolia 85 dawn redwood see
A. ginnala 79, 201 branches 17, 19, 52, 53, Cedrus (cedar) 144, 204 Metasequoia see Ulmus procera
A. palmatum 79, 201 Celastrus orbiculatus 204 glyptostroboides English oak
A. p. ‘Deshojo’ 74, 106, 114, 196 Celtis sinensis 204
118–21, 201–2 bending 69, 77, 80, 93, 95, Chaenomeles (flowering deadheading 49, 60, 71, see Quercus robur
air layering 186–91 quince) 204–5 75 equipment 37–40, 46,
aeration 18, 41, 75, 131, 114, 115, 120–1, 175, 184 C. japonica 75, 205
152, 194 pruning 18, 102–4, 108–9, Chamaecyparis (cypress, deadwood 67, 72, 90, 47, 170
age 8, 9, 19, 27, 28, 97, 98, false cypress) 205 98, 114, 168, 183, 219 Euonymus (spindle) 77, 207
127, 164, 218 118, 122, 146, 155 C. obtusa 144, 205
air layering 45, 186–91 removing 86, 102, 103, character 27, 30, 54, 66, carving 170–1 E. alatus 77, 207
Amur maple see Acer 84, 91, 95, 96, 182, 218 contrast with live wood European hornbeam
ginnala 108, 155, 163, 165, trunk 54, 79, 81, 83,
anchor wires 19, 130, 131, 187, 197 94, 97 47, 67, 97, 99 see Carpinus betulus
133, 141, 142, 145, 161 secondary see secondary Chinese elm see Ulmus removing 103, 165 European larch see
rock plantings 149, 152 branches parvifolia deadwood features 30,
apex 20, 21, 60, 71, 109, taper 53, 54, 81, 120 Chinese hackberry see Larix decidua
118, 119, 128, 173, 181, tertiary see tertiary Celtis sinensis 54, 57, 61, 87, 92, 168 European yew
197, 218 branches Chinese juniper see cleaning 46, 47, 57, 72, 97
air layering 186 thinning out 119, 124, 146 Juniperus chinensis creating 38, 173, see Taxus baccata
pruning 71, 82, 119, wiring 19, 75, 80, 90, 98, Chinese pea tree see evergreen trees 62–7, 72
125, 127, 150 110–11, 169 Caragana arborescens 179–80, 183 Ezo spruce see Picea glehnii
Australian pine see branching 30, 31, 72, 74, Chinese quince see yamadori 91, 95, 97, 98,
Casuarina equisetifolia 76, 77, 97, 126, 218 Pseudocydonia sinensis F
azaleas 8, 10, 41, 49, 71, encouraging 57, 64, 72, Chinese yew see 198
110, 122–5, 164, 168 78, 93, 108 Podocarpus see also hollow trunks; Fagus (beech) 106, 207
branching system 18 F. crenata 82, 207
B broom style 21, 73, 89, macrophyllus jin; shari; tenjin
126–33 choosing suitable trees deciduous trees 43, 45, 47, fall color 27, 28, 45,
bacteria 43, 44, 84 budding 60, 67, 71, 72, 89, 68, 70, 73, 76, 77, 80,
balance 18, 19, 35, 61, 63, 182, 218 52–5 106, 144, 160, 164, 186 87, 96
buds 45, 58, 68, 70, 74, chuhin size 141, 218 bending branches 120–1
66, 81, 87 82, 128, 184, 185, 196 clip and grow method 57, designing 106–13 Acer 58, 74, 79
pots and 26, 27, 30, 31 adventitious 67, 79, 93, pots for 31, 32, 33, feeding 19, 42–3, 44,
bald cypress see Taxodium 95, 117, 177, 218 59, 60, 67, 72, 73, 76,
encouraging 65, 117, 194 85, 104, 155, 165 105, 129 45, 74, 75
distichum pruning back to 73, clump-style maple 140–3 pruning 44, 45, 119 femininity 27, 30–1, 90
barberry see Berberis 82, 104 coastal redwood see root balls 131, 155, 162 fertilizer 18, 42–3, 48, 57,
bark 46, 49, 59, 77, 87, 93, Buxus (boxwood) 203 Sequoia sempervirens styling 118–21
collected material wiring 45, 76, 110–13, 121 74, 75, 85, 90, 103
95, 110, 179, 197 C see yamadori wound sealing 108–9, 155 restricting 65, 76, 78,
aged 59, 65, 70, 71, 74, concrete 149, 152, 156 defoliation 44, 78, 80, 85,
California juniper see cones 70 87, 97
80, 85, 96, 196 Juniperus californica coniferous trees 62, 144, 104, 120, 122, 127, 219 Ficus (fig) 13, 207–8
flaky 66, 75, 97, 130, 180 160, 164, 168, 178, 186 to encourage branching
handling 65, 97, 130 callusing 72, 108–9, root balls 151, 155, 162 F. natalensis 64
removing 180, 183 124, 188, 218 wiring 62, 67, 110 58, 64, 75, 80, 219 F. virens var. glabella 89
beech see Fagus Cornus (dogwood) 205 frequency 58, 74, 75, 127 field-grown material 118
Berberis (barberry) 202 Camellia japonica 10, 203 Corylopsis (winter hazel) to reduce leaf size 58, fir see Abies
Betula (birch) 202–3 candles 37, 66, 93, 218 205 firethorn see Pyracantha
birds 43, 57, 78, 86 Caragana arborescens cost 54 59, 74, 77, 97, 127, 219 first tree, care of 102–5
Cotoneaster 13, 164, 205–6 timing 119, 133 flowering quince see
10, 203 C. horizontalis 56–7, 205 Deshojo maple see Acer
keshiki 164–7 Chaenomeles speciosa
crabapple see Malus palmatum ‘Deshojo’ flowers 28, 60, 68, 69, 71,
Crassula ovata 206 dieback 60, 103, 108, 219
Diospyros 206 72, 75, 77, 80, 81, 88,
directional pruning see 99, 164
pollination 57, 78, 81
clip and grow method removing 49, 60,
diseases 43, 44, 46, 47, 71, 75, 122, 123
foliage 16, 17, 19, 48, 49,
48, 49, 52, 75, 87, 92, 114, 190, 196, 219
114, 219 evergreen 62, 180
displaying bonsai 29, 34–5 juniper 62, 90, 92, 114,
dogwood see Cornus 117, 174–5, 180
drainage holes 18, 27, 42, juvenile 63, 92, 117,
145, 152, 161, 194 172, 177
drought tolerance 43, 57,
59, 64, 85, 90, 93

Index 221

pruning 67, 85, 95 Japanese cedar see sunburn 48, 70, 74, N, O windswept 182–5
see also defoliation; Cryptomeria japonica 77, 91 Pithecellobium dulce 88
Natal fig see Ficus planting 136–7, 141–3,
leaves; needles Japanese deciduous see also defoliation; natalensis
foliage pads 61, 62, 63, 67, holly see Ilex serrata foliage; needles 145–7, 156–8
native trees 55, 84 angle 57, 105, 165, 166,
94, 116, 177, 199 Japanese elm see lifespan 164 nebari (root flare) 18, 19,
creation 85, 90, 91, Zelkova serrata light 19, 34, 58, 66, 82, 168, 172, 173, 177,
53, 54, 85, 87, 107, 110, 181, 197
95, 97, 115, 174–5 Japanese five-needle pine 103, 189 119, 126, 136, 140, 218 Podocarpus
forest groups 22, 70, 88, see Pinus parviflora see also sunlight assessing 106, 118, 183 macrophyllus 213
lime sulfur 45, 47, 219 for a cascade 172, 173 pollination 57, 78, 81
144–7, 148, 164 Japanese holly see lipstick ficus see Ficus creating 18, 59, 73, 82 pomegranate see
front 19, 60, 107, 129, Ilex crenata needles 37, 65, 66, Punica granatum
virens var. glabella 93, 95, 182 ponderosa pine see
162, 183, 185, 197 Japanese larch see literati style 22, 25, 29, negative space 11, 22, 29, Pinus ponderosa
choosing 119, 165, 197 Larix kaempferi 73, 105, 117, 146, Potentilla fruticosa 60, 213
marking 104, 107, 184 32, 33, 55, 65, 158, 219 pots 18, 20, 46, 47,
frost 44, 45, 47, 58, 60, Japanese maple see Acer 194–5, 197 femininity 30, 31 102, 104, 105
Japanese white beech live veins 47, 60, 61, 67, new growth 48, 60, 78, 104 choosing 26–33, 129
63, 72, 74, 77, 83 90, 98, 99, 168, pruning 64, 66, 67, 70, 83 color 26, 28, 33, 81,
fruit 28, 48, 49, 56, 57, see Fagus crenata 178–81, 218 nodes 118, 119, 150, 194 83, 92
Jasminum nudiflorum 208 congested 53, 74, 103, depth 16, 27, 69, 80, 82,
68, 75, 77, 81, 88, 89, jin 87, 93, 170, 171, 173, M 120, 127, 137, 150, 95, 99
164, 165 184, 197 feminine 31, 33, 90
removing 80, 117 178, 197, 198–9, 218 maidenhair tree two branches from each keshiki 23, 164
setting 78, 80 creating 183, 197 see Gingko biloba 103, 119, 120, 127, literati style trees 65
fukien tea see Juniperus ( juniper) 18, 47, 150, 197, 219 masculine 30, 32, 87, 91
Ehretia microphylla Malus (crabapple) 8, Nothofagus (southern preparing 130, 141, 161
fungicides 48, 49, 219 62, 97, 114, 174–5, 81, 210 beech) 210–11 shape 26, 30, 31, 32–3,
208–9, 218, 219 nutrients 16, 41, 42–3 58, 59, 76, 82, 83, 89
G J. californica 11, 90, Manila tamarind see Olea (olive) 211 size 26, 32, 42, 63,
92, 209 Pithecellobium dulce O. europea var. sylvestris 65, 97, 99
garden, bonsai in 34–5 J. chinensis 8, 61, 55, 97, 211 texture 26, 29, 32,
Gingko biloba 208 114–17, 209 maple see Acer oriental bittersweet see 33, 92, 95, 96
grain 38, 179, 197 J. c. ‘Itoigawa’ 61, masculinity 27, 30–1, Celastrus orbiculatus unglazed 28, 29, 33, 86
greenhouses 45, 46, 47, 64 172–7, 209 oxygen 16, 17, 18, 42, 219 see also training pots
growing media 41 J. sabina 98, 209 57, 66, 87, 91 pruning 44, 54, 80, 89,
growth 17, 18, 43, 44, J. scopulorum 12, 13, mesh 40, 130, 141, 145, P 102–5, 184, 185, 219
92, 209 apex 71, 82, 119, 125,
45, 219 juniper cascade 172–7 156–8, 161, 194 Pemphis acidula 211 127, 150
restricting 26, 65, 89, 99 styling a young 114–17 Metasequoia penjing rock plantings back to buds 73, 82, 104
growth habit 77, 79, 84, twisted deadwood back to a node 119, 194
juniper 178–81 glyptostroboides 210 25, 35, 154–9 branches 18, 102–4,
91, 99, 106, 182, 197 juvenile foliage 61, 63, minerals 17, 48 persimmon see Diospyros 108–9, 118, 146, 155
growth rate 16, 88, 89 92, 117, 172, 177, 219 miyajima white pine pesticides 48, 49, 219 to create foliage pads
guy wires 176, 198–9 pests 43, 44, 45, 48, 85, 91, 97
K see Pinus parviflora deciduous trees 44,
H ‘Miyajima’ 49, 52, 114 45, 119
keshiki style 23, 164–7 see also birds foliage 67, 85, 95
half-dead tree, rescuing keto 41, 146, 150 mochikomi 65, 83, 218 photosynthesis 16, 17, 219 new growth 64, 66, 67,
168–71 keto and moss mix 41, moisture retention 16, physiology of trees 16–17 70, 73, 76, 83, 92
Picea (spruce) 49, 211 newly planted trees 137
hawthorn see Crataegus 150–1, 156, 157–8, 166 41, 42, 75, 132, 143, P. engelmannii 13, 211 roots see root pruning
height 140, 141, 150 kokedama (moss balls) 23, 150, 190 P. glehnii 211 secondary branches
hemlock see Tsuga moss 63, 83, 88, 152, 153, pinching off 43, 67, 128, 169
Hinoki cypress see 41, 164, 166–7 158, 165, 166–7 terminal growth
Korean hornbeam see see also sphagnum 74, 85, 219 82, 117, 194
Chamaecyparis obtusa moss Pinus (pine) 12, 16, 45, 47, timing 45, 119, 190
hollow trunks 60, 72, 86, Carpinus turczaninowii moss balls (kokedama) too little 18
23, 41, 164, 166–7 62, 211–13, 218, 219 too much 16, 18, 92, 219
87, 183, 218 L mountain pine see P. mugo 95, 212 see also clip and
holly see Ilex Pinus mugo P. parviflora 148–53, 212 grow method
hornbeam see Carpinus Lagerstroemia indica 209 movement 30, 58, 115, P. p. ‘Miyajima’ 52 Prunus 80, 164, 213–14
humidity 48, 64, 72 Larix (larch) 45, 144–7, 127, 144, 154, 160, P. p. ‘Zui-sho’ 182–5, 212 P. spinosa 9, 80, 214
hygiene 45, 46, 48 164, 199, 219 P. ponderosa 13, 93, 212
209–10 cascades 56, 62, 96 P. sylvestris 10, 65,
I, J L. decidua 13, 96, 210 introducing 109, 143,
L. kaempferi 9, 70, 195 194–5, 196–9, 197, 212
Ilex (holly) trunk 19, 34, 52, 53, 54, P. thunbergii 10, 66,
I. crenata 12 96, 210 65, 69, 93, 114, 140,
I. serrata 78, 208 lava 41, 75, 174 142, 143, 182, 194, 154, 156–9, 212–13
leaves 17, 82, 89, 106 195, 196
indoor bonsai 59, 64, mycorrhizae 16, 18,
72, 164–7, 167 reducing size 43, 74, 41, 42, 219
76, 77, 78, 87, 89, Myrtus communis
inverse taper 53, 54, 120 106, 219 (myrtle) 210
jade tree see Crassula ovata
Japanese black pine small 55, 58, 59, 67, 72,
75, 86, 88, 97, 126,
see Pinus thunbergii 127, 144, 182

222 Index

Pseudocydonia strong 53, 70, 76, 82, 95, southern beech see frequency 42, 62, winter flowering jasmine
sinensis 214 32, 135, 145, 151, 163, Nothofagus 76, 82, 160, 163 see Jasminum
178, 179 nudiflorum
pumice 41, 194 sphagnum moss 40, 133, keshiki 164, 166, 167
Punica granatum 214 surface roots 54, 64, 80, 143, 147, 188–9, 190 see also repotting winter hazel see Corylopsis
Pyracantha (firethorn) 214 85, 87, 147, 178, 179 tree of a thousand stars winter image 28, 45,
keto and moss mix 41,
Q, R see also nebari; root 150–1, 156, 157–8, 166 see Serissa japonica 74, 75, 76, 82, 83
system; root-over-rock Trident maple see winter protection 44,
Quercus (oak) 214–15 spindle see Euonymus
Q. robur 49, 87, 215 Rosmarinus officinalis spraying 45, 48, 49, 85 Acer buergerianum 47, 69, 77, 91, 190
(rosemary) 215 spruce see Picea trunk 30, 31, 52, 65, see also frost
rain 34, 55, 71 staples 152, 158, 166 winter wash 45
ramification 18, 19, 43, rotten wood 46, 47, 72, Stewartia monadelpha 68, 82, 87, 107, 140 wire 39, 47, 131, 180,
90, 98, 170 aged 11, 28, 64, 66, 69,
53, 58, 59, 87, 92, 93, 106–13, 144, 216 189, 198
218, 219 S styles of bonsai 20–5 71, 76, 79, 83, 89, 97 aluminum 39, 110, 125,
refining an azalea 122–5 suckers 75, 81 character 83, 94, 97
replanting 153, 158 sabina juniper see suiban (tray) 23, 25, 154, movement 19, 52, 53, 54, 128, 131, 146, 162, 195
repotting 37, 40, 44, 45, 46, Juniperus sabina copper 37, 39, 110, 115,
47, 93, 129–33, 184, 185 158, 159 65, 69, 93, 107, 114,
see also transplanting Sageretia thea 72, 215–16 sumac 68, 164 134, 140, 142, 143, 149, 156, 158, 176
Rhododendron indicum Salix (willow) sunlight 16, 17, 18, 47, 182, 194, 195, 196 wiring 39, 44, 53, 78, 84,
41, 71, 122–5, 215 taper 54, 78, 85, 88, 93
R. i. `Hoshi-no- S. babylonica 216 55, 58, 64, 66, 69, 72, thickening 42, 43, 54, 85, 103, 110–11, 128,
kagayaki’ 122–5, 215 Satsuki azalea see 93, 103, 189 72, 75, 78, 81, 183, 165, 180
rock plantings 23, 25, 35, foliage burn 48, 70, 74, 194 avoiding damage 45, 46,
41, 58, 148–59 Rhododendron indicum 76, 77, 91 wiring 110, 114, 48, 77, 110, 121
rocks 23, 63, 148, 154, 160 scars 53, 54, 78, 106, lack of 34, 45, 82, 87 115, 143, 176, 195 branches 19, 75, 80, 90,
Rocky Mountain juniper Tsuga (hemlock) 217 98, 110–11, 169
see Juniperus 108–9, 119, 124 T twin trunks 76, 114, 115, coniferous trees 62,
from wiring 49, 52 117, 118–19, 134–9 67, 110
scopulorum Scots pine see Pinus Tamarix chinensis twisted deadwood deciduous trees 45,
root ball 75, 88, 155, (tamarix) 99, 216 juniper 178–81 76, 110–13, 121
sylvestris two trees from one 186–91 double wiring 110, 111,
165, 196 seasonal tasks 44–5 taper 106, 107, 121, 125, 195, 198
root flare see nebari secondary branches 108–9, 118, 120, U juniper 61, 115,
root hormone 188 127, 140, 219 116, 174–6
root pruning 19, 44, 65, 72, 73, 80, 108, Ulmus (elm) 83, 106, literati design 195
115, 184, 198, 218 branches 53, 54, 126, 140, 217 Satsuki azalea 125
59, 70, 82, 96, 132, pruning 128, 169 81, 120, 219 scars from 49, 52
151, 155 wiring 37, 111, 116, U. parvifolia 12, 59, secondary branches
to create nebari 18, 169, 174–5, 198 inverse 53, 54, 120 102–5, 126, 154–6, 37, 111, 116, 169,
59, 73, 82 seed, raising trees from trunks 54, 78, 85, 158–9, 160–3, 217 174–5, 198
moss ball 165 192–5 trunks 110, 143, 176, 195
seedlings 192, 193 semi-cascade style 88, 93, 219 U. procera 11, 83, 217 twin-trunk bonsai 138
strong roots 76, 82, 132, 20, 32, 57, 96 Taxodium distichum unwiring 46 unwiring 46
135, 145, 151, 163 semi-styled material uro features 86, 218 windswept pine 184, 185
tools 40, 130, 132 182 13, 216 yamadori 198–9
root system 16, 17, 18, 52, Sequoia sempervirens Taxus (yew) 91, 97, V, W Wisteria 217
74, 132, 151, 193 13, 91 wounds 37, 104, 108–9,
air layers 189, 190 Serissa japonica 216 217, 216–17 ventilation 48, 87 115, 124, 155, 163, 190
collected trees 95, 96 shade 63, 67, 76, 91 T. baccata 67, 217 vigor 52, 65, 66, 72, 92,
developing 59, 62, 79, shari 60, 61, 97, 173, temperatures 42, 44, Y
135, 151 178, 180, 183, 218 96, 114, 168, 196
fused 136, 141, 146, 147 shohin trees 75, 77, 148, 47, 55, 91, 93, 153, 158 water 16, 17, 18, 27, 42, 55, yamadori (wild collected
root-over-rock bonsai 150, 186, 194, 218 tenjin 96, 97, 218 trees) 13, 29, 55, 60,
23, 160–3 size of trees 154, 218 tertiary branches 72, 79, 83, 57, 71, 78, 90, 103, 219 65, 67, 93, 94, 98,
roots 16, 17, 18, 48, 57, sloe see Prunus spinosa watering 19, 34, 42, 43, 196–9, 218
82, 168 snow 47 116, 184, 198, 218, 219
aerial 54, 64, 89 soil 18, 41, 42, 44, 47, 93, encouraging 65, 73, 82 44, 45, 48, 132, 167 deadwood features
development 41, 118, 161, 194, 219 wiring 111, 198 air layers 189, 190 86, 90, 91, 97, 98, 99
130, 136, 137, 143, aeration 18, 41, 75, 131, thinning out 83, 95, 96, newly planted trees
147, 161, 190 152, 194 yew see Taxus
drying out 141, 145 drying out 77, 80, 83 103, 163, 169, 197, 198 143, 152
fine 16, 19, 71, 76 pH 18, 55, 71 branches 119, 124, 146 waterlogging 18, 48, 83 Z
frost damage 45, 47, 58, removing 13, 141, 145, cones 70 weeding 37, 43, 44
63, 67, 83 151, 155, 162, 165 congested nodes 74, 120, whips, shaping 194–5 Zelkova serrata 45, 68, 73
pruning see root pruning waterlogging 18, 48, 83 wild collected trees 126, 126–33, 140, 217
restricting 65, 87, 89 see also keto soil 127, 150, 184
soil mixes 41, 42, 129, junipers 173, 174–5 see yamadori Zuisho white pine see
131, 135, 136, 141, tools 36–40, 46, 47, 108, willow see Salix Pinus parviflora
145, 151, 161, 166, 190, wind 34, 42, 63, 93, 99 ‘Zui-sho’
194, 219 170, 179, 187, 193
training pots 141, 145, damage by 44, 48, 74
windswept styles 21, 24,
162–3, 173, 190, 194
moving from 77, 27, 29, 76, 148, 182–5
winged spindle see
79, 160, 163
transplanting 37, 40, 75, Euonymus alatus

79, 86, 104, 128,
163, 181

Resources 223

Resources US bonsai artists

Clubs and societies Bonsai Art (German) Jim Gremel www.jimgremel.com
www.bonsai-art.com
Good places to find out about local Colin Lewis Bonsai Art
clubs and bonsai shows. Esprit Bonsai (French) www.colinlewisbonsai.com
www.esprit-bonsai.com
Bonsai Clubs International (BCI) Boon Manakitivipart
www.bonsai-bci.com US nurseries www.bonsaiboon.com

US and Canada Ryan Neil, International Kathy Shaner
American Bonsai Society (ABS) Bonsai Mirai, Portland, Oregon gardensatlakemerritt.org
www.absbonsai.org www.bonsaimirai.com
Suthin Sukosolvisit,
Bonsai Societies of Florida (BSF) Michael Hagedorn, Cratageus Suthin Bonsai Studio
bonsai-bsf.com Bonsai, Portland, Oregon www.suthinbonsaistudio.com
crataegus.com
Golden State Bonsai Federation European bonsai artists
www.gsbf-bonsai.org International Bonsai Arboretum
William N. Valavanis, David Benavente, Spain
Mid Atlantic Bonsai Rochester, New York www.davidbenavente.com
midatlanticbonsai.freeservers.com www.internationalbonsai.com
Valentin Brose, Germany
World Bonsai Friendship Jim Doyle, Nature’s Way Nursery www.brosebonsai.com
Federation (WBFF) Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
www. www.natureswaybonsai.com Marco Invernizzi, Italy
northamericanbonsaifederation.com www.marcoinvernizzi.com
Zack and Bob Shimon
UK and Europe Mendocino Coast Bonsai Marc Noelanders, Belgium
European Bonsai Association (EBA) Point Arena, California
www.ebabonsai.com mcbonsai.com Steve Tolley Bonsai, UK
www.stevetolleybonsai.com
Federation of British Bonsai Brussel Martin, Brussel’s Bonsai
Societies (FOBBS) Olive Branch, Mississippi Peter Warren, Saruyama Bonsai, UK
www.fobbsbonsai.co.uk www.brusselsbonsai.com www.saruyama.co.uk

Noelanders Trophy (Belgium) Michael Feduccia, Feduccia’s Kevin Willson, UK
www.bonsaiassociation.be/en/ Bonsai, Plant City, Florida www.kevinwillsonbonsai.com
trophy.php feducciasbonsai.com
Pots
Unione Bonsaisti Italiani (Italy) Canadian nurseries
www.ubibonsai.it Ron Lang, US www.langbonsai.com
Gerald Rainville, Shikoku Bonsai,
Magazines and blogs British Columbia Sara Rayner, US
www.shikoku.ca www.redwing.net/~daalms
Bonsai eejit blog
bonsaieejit.com/blog/ Takaaki Yamaura, Japan Bonsai Taiko Earth, US taikoearth.com
Garden Art, British Columbia
Bonsai Focus www.japanbonsai.com John Pitt Bonsai Ceramics, UK
www.bonsaifocus.com www.johnpittbonsaiceramics.co.uk

International Bonsai Walsall Studio Ceramics, UK
www.internationalbonsai.com www.walsall-studio-ceramics.com

Stone Monkey Ceramics, UK
stonemonkey1968.wordpress.com

About the author

Peter Warren is an internationally renowned bonsai best of Japanese bonsai techniques and ideas and
artist based in London who spent six years training combine them with western trees and aesthetics.
in the traditional manner as an apprentice to the His works are exhibited at the highest level in
Japanese bonsai master, Kunio Kobayashi. Since Japan, North America, and Europe. Peter regularly
completing his studies, Peter has traveled far and writes and translates articles for online and
wide teaching and working with bonsai collectors and print publications, including Bonsai Focus and
enthusiasts across the globe on a mission to take the International Bonsai magazines.

Acknowledgments

Author’s acknowledgments Gavin Shreeve for the image of bonsai on display in
a London garden (p.34, bl), and for suggestions for
I would like to pay tribute to the late Harry locations. Debbie Roberts and Ian Smith of Acres Wild
Tomlinson, the DK author who inspired a generation Ltd.—award-winning designers of country gardens in
of bonsai enthusiasts. I would also like to thank all southeast England—also helped to source suitable
who helped in the making of this book—providing locations for photography; see www.acreswild.co.uk.
trees, inspiration, education, and encouragement— Thanks to the Feature Wall and Floor Company for
including: Minoru Akiyama, Gavin Allen, John the Panespol concrete-effect background (www.
Armitage, Thorhammer Beowulf, John Brocklehurst, featurewallandfloor.co.uk). Thanks to Lizzie Harper
Peter Chan, Ian Cuppleditch, Zac Dziumak (Zacs for her illustrations; Hilary Mandleberg and May
Bonsai Ltd.), Michael Feduccia, Carole and Phillip Corfield for editorial assistance and proofreading;
Jones, Kunio Kobayashi, Ken Leaver, Ryan Neil, John Jane Coulter for the index; Stephen Crozier for
Pitt, David Prescott, Mike Rose, Peter Snart, Satomi retouching; and Sarah Hopper for picture research.
Uchida, Willam N. Valavanis, and Lee Verhorevoort.

Publisher’s acknowledgments Photographic credits
(Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-center; f-far; l-left;
The publisher would like to thank the professionals r-right; t-top)
and enthusiasts named above who generously allowed
their trees to be photographed for this book. Special The publisher would like to thank the following for additional
thanks are due to all who hosted photographic shoots: commissioned photography:
Ian Cuppleditch, of British Bonsai, and his family; Suhas Aslikar: 5, 64 (all), 68–69 (all), 84–85 (all), 88 (all), 89
Peter and Dawn Chan of Herons Bonsai; Will Heap (all), 144 (tr).
and Kate Turner; John Pitt of John Pitt Ceramics; Chris Hornbecker: spine, 6–7, 11 (bc), 13 (br), 30, 47 (tr), 90
Ryan Neil of International Bonsai Mirai; Mangala (all), 91 (all), 92 (all), 93 (all).
Rao; Thorhammer and Melissa Beowulf; and Peter Debbie Patterson: 73 (c); 86 (cl)
Warren. Thanks to Chris Hornbecker and Suchas Tim Priest M.Photog.,CR: front cover, 12 (br), 50–51
Aslikar for photoshoots in the US and India; to Willam N. Valavanis: 75 (cr)
Tim Priest for the images of his Rocky Mountain
juniper; and especially to Will Heap for the stunning The publisher would like to thank the Library of Congress,
photography that appears throughout the book. Washington, D.C. for their kind permission to reproduce their
photograph: Torii, Kiyonaga on page 10 (tl).
The publisher would like to thank Andrew Fenney
of Design Eden (www.designeden.co.uk) and his client All other images © Dorling Kindersley
For further information see:
www.dkimages.com