Animal Life : Secrets of the Animal World Revealed

Falco fishes 40–43 flying 89, 96–7 frogs cont. Furcifer 499 INDEX
peregrinus 224 anatomy 40 feathers 106 Asian leaf frog 47 pardalis 357
rusticolus 430 bony fishes 40, 41–3 in flocks 315 blue poison frog 48 verrucosus 53
tinnunculus 60, 228 breathing 110 nonstop flying 156 Bornean lungless frog 110
camouflage 275 Borneo horned frog 306 furniture beetle 182
Falconiformes 60 cartilaginous fishes 40 flying fishes Brazilian tree frog 197
falcons classification 22, 36, 38–9 Atlantic 282 Cape ghost frog 47 G
communication 456 California 97 classification 44
Eleonora’s 148 courtship 352 four-winged 282 coqui frog 336 gaboon viper 55
peregrine 202, 224 defenses 276, 277 courtship 352 Gadus morhua 42
fallow deer 311 electroreception 130, 462 flying fox, Rodrigues 74 dainty green tree frog 456 gaits 90
false clown anemonefish 283 evolution 16–19 flying frog, Wallace’s 97 Darwin’s frog 306 galago, Garnett’s 146
families, classification 21 fertilization of eggs 366 flying gurnard 282 European common frog 48, Galago senegalensis 73
fangs, defenses 276 fins 40, 98 flying lemurs 74, 97 372, 390 Galapagos giant tortoise 189,
fangtooth fish 137 gills 111 European tree frog 47
fat-tailed lemur 115 hearing 126 Malaysian 74 eyes 219 344
fat-tailed scorpion 204, 280 home ranges 138 flying lizard 53, 97, 287 four-eyed frog 286 Galapagos penguin 267
favosites coral 16 jawless fishes 40 flying possum 97 glass frogs 112, 307 Galbula ruficauda 63
feather duster worms 278 lateral line 40, 120 flying squirrels 89, 97 golden poison frog 285 Galeocerdo cuvier 253
giant 473 migration 149 gray tree frog 306 Galliformes 58
feather star 101 respiration 40 spotted giant 293 green poison frog 48 Gallinula chloropus 60
feather-tailed possum 70 scales 104, 105, 277 foam grasshopper, African 281 green tree frog 47 Gallirallus philippensis 60
featherfin cichlid 163 schools 120 foam-nest frog, gray 168 grey foam-nest frog 168 galls, aphid 139
feathers 58, 101, 106 skeletons 86, 87 foliage-gleaner, buff-fronted 64 harlequin poison frog 141 Gambusia holbrooki 475
flight 96 swimming 98–9 food see feeding hearing 126 gamebirds 58
preening 106, 465 vision 124, 125 food chains and webs 179, 202, Kassina frog 48 gametes 325
feeding magnificent tree frog 446 Ganges river dolphin 77
caching food 180, 183 fish eagle 225 250 metamorphosis 380 gannets
decomposers 250 fishing, longline 155 foot-drumming 465 mountain marsupial frog 47
digestion 113 fishing bat 242–3 foraging strategies 180–81 Panamanian golden frog 48, Cape 228, 271, 420
energy 109 fishing spider 208–9 Forcipiger flavissimus 305 450 northern 60, 138, 451
feeding partnerships 269–71 flamingos 59 forest dormouse 72 parsley frog 47 ganoid scales 104
food chains and webs 179, forest elephant 146–7 Perez’s frog 219 gar 105
greater 59 Forficula auricularia 34, 397 poison frogs 277, 285, 306, longnose 41
202, 250 lesser 432–3 formic acid 313 443 garden eel 219
foraging 180–81 flashlight fish, splitfin 314 Formica red-eyed tree frog 47, 124 garden snail 382, 473
hunting 179–82 flat-backed millipedes 33, 251 Seychelles frog 47 garden spider 138
omnivores 194–201 flatfishes, eyes 389 fusca 426 Solomon Island horned frog garibaldi damselfish 105, 140
partnerships 260–71 flatworms 26 rufa 35, 313 48 Garnett’s galago 146
predation 202–49 circulatory system 110 Formica sanguinea 426 Solomon Island leaf frog 306 garpike 104
scavenging 250–59 excretory system 114 Formosia moneta 35 strawberry poison frog 49, 345 garter snakes
social behavior 421 marine flatworms 26, 110 fossils 16–17 Surinam horned frog 47 common 373
see also carnivores; movement 95 insects 299 swimming 99 red-sided 446
purple flatworm 473 four-eyed frog 286 tailed frog 47 gas exchange 13
herbivores reproduction 328 four-toed jerboa 72 tinker reed frog 48 Gasteropelecus sternicla 41
feet terrestrial flatworms 26 four-toed salamander 401 tomato frog 48 Gasterosteus aculeatus 42
fleas 35, 93 four-winged flying fish 282 treehole frog 458 gastropods
birds 58 flehmen response 123, 446 fowl, classification 56 Verreaux’s tree frog 352 movement 95
blue-footed booby 358 flicker, northern red-shafted fox sparrow 148 Wallace’s flying frog 97 shells 85
climbing 92 foxes 250, 462 water-holding frog 114 Gastrotheca monticola 47
moles 175 163 Arctic 137, 235, 308–9 water lily frog 332 Gavia arctica 59
primates 92 flies 96, 113, 205, 387 bat-eared 127 White’s tree frog 47 Gavialis gangeticus 55
webbed 90, 99 fennec 137 wood frog 475 Gavliformes 59
Felis Bibio March 19 red 147 yellow-headed poison frog Gazella thomsoni 320
caracal 75 blow 250 sand 75 48 gazelles 93, 235, 443
serval 294 common fruit 457 franciscana 77 Thomson’s 320, 414–15
fennec fox 137 dance 354 francolin, grey 58 Fromia 278 Gecardoidea natalis 150
fertilization diopsid 343 Francolinus pondicerianus 58 frugivores 182 geckos 92
eggs 325, 353, 379 fruit 443 Fratercula arctica 61, 229, 434 fruit bats giant leaf-tailed 307
external fertilization 353, 366 goat 346 free-tailed bat, Mexican 320, Kuhl’s flying 54
internal fertilization 366 horse 35 Egyptian 128 Madagascan day 92, 104
Ficedula strophiata 66 house 35, 116 406 straw-colored 160 mossy leaf-tailed 306–7
fiddler crabs 127 moose 346 Fregata minor 60 fruit dove, pink-spotted 61 mourning 331
porcelain 449 phorid 381 French grunt 475 fruit-eating bat, great 192 northern leaf-tailed 54
field grasshopper, common 457 stag 346–7 freshwater butterflyfish 41 fruit flies 443 tokay 54, 458
field mouse 89 tachinid 35 frigatebirds 396 common 457 geese
fig wasps 343 tsetse 388 fulmar, northern 59 bar-headed 148, 155
fighting, sexual rivalry 340–41 flight see flying great 60, 360–61 Fulmarus glacialis 59 barnacle 149
file snake, Arafura 55 flightless dung beetle 388 frill shark 40 Fundulopanchax amieti 43 brent 183
filefishes 297 flocks, flying in 315 frilled lizard 53, 86, 450 fungi red-breasted 58
edible mimic 297 flounder, Mediterranean 305 fringe-lipped bat 129, 244 decomposers 250 Gekko gecko 54, 458
tasseled 43 flowers, nectar guides 125 fringed jumping spider 474 in termite mounds 166 gelada 73, 454
filter feeding, sharks 197 fluid balance 114 Frisch, Karl von 463 fungus gnat 213 gemsbok 332
finch, woodpecker 15 flukes frog-eating bat 244 funnel web weavers 32, 210 genetics 14–15
fins 40, 98 Leuchochloridium paradoxum frogfish, hairy 215 Sydney 280 courtship and 352
fire ants 368 froghopper bug 101 fur 107 gene flow 14–15
fire-bellied newt 102 382 froglet, sign-bearing 47 fur trade 107 gene shuffling 15
fire salamander 46, 284, 372 flycatchers frogmouths 62 fur seal 110–11
fire shrimp 33
fireflies 340 royal 452 tawny 62
Genji 449 rufous-gorgetted 66 frogs 47–9, 93
spotted 230
African bullfrog 48, 400
African clawed frog 47
agile frog 48
American bullfrog 48, 458

INDEX 500 genetics cont. goat fly 346 greater flamingo 59 gymnotiforms 462 Hemidactylium scutatum 401
genes 13, 15 goats 149 greater glider 70 Gyps fulvus 254–5 Hennig, Willi 22
genetic drift 14 goby fish 280 greater honeyguide 63 gyrfalcon 430 Henricia oculata 27
phylogenetic classification 22 godwits 229 greater horseshoe bat 241 herbivores
sexual reproduction 325 greater kudu 236–7 H
bar-tailed 148, 156 greater rhea 58 defenses 276
Genji firefly 449 golden bamboo lemur 113 greater siren 46 habitats 137 feeding 179, 180, 182–93
gentoo penguin 410–11 golden frog, Panamanian 48, grebes 59 habituation, learning 408, 471 food chains 202
Geochelone Haemadispa picta 262 Hercules beetle 343
450 eared 403 Haematopus ostralegus 61, 229 Hermann’s tortoise 52
elegans 52 golden lion tamarin 73 great crested 59, 359 hemolymph 112 hermaphrodites 26, 325, 328,
nigra 189, 344 golden mantella 48 western 359 Haemopsis sanguisuga 27
pardalis 52 golden mole, Grant’s 234 green anolis 53 Haemulon flavolineatum 475 330, 331, 332, 366, 367
gerenuk 13, 182–3 golden mole rat 462 green ants 167 hagfishes 22, 38, 40, 102 hermit crabs 163
German wasp 35 golden poison frog 285 green-blue sea slug 28
Gerrhosaurus major 54 golden sea horse 297 green broadbill 64 Japanese 252 common 33
Gerris lacustris 212 Goliath beetle 35 green crested lizard 297 hair 107 Leach’s 280
gestation periods 379, 381 Goliath grouper 316–17 green darner dragonfly 150 herons 59
gestures 448 Goliathus meleagris 35 green heron 476 irritant hairs 276 black 229
gharial 55 Gonatus onyx 397 green honeycreeper 66 touch receptors 120 green 476
ghost fish 304 goosander 396 green iguana 53, 100, 430 hairy frogfish 215 grey 59, 178, 268, 452
ghost frog, Cape 47 goose see geese green lacewing 388 Haliaeetus night 59
ghost knifefishes 464 gopher tortoise 168 green leaf insect 34 albicilla 224–5 Herrerasaurus 18
giant African snail 28 Gopherus polyphemus 168 green mantella 48 leucocephalus 430 Heterocephalus glaber 72, 435
giant anteater 71, 234 Gorgasia maculata 219 green poison frog 48 leucogaster 60 Heterodontus francisci 40, 355
giant antlion 212 Gorilla green stink bug, southern 463 halibut, Atlantic 43 Heteronemidae 299
giant centipede 211 green toad 48 Haliclona compressa 329 Hexagenia limbata 342
giant clam 27, 330 beringei beringei 293 green tree frog 47 hamerkop 168 hexapods 31
giant cuttlefish 206, 342 gorilla 73 green tree python 221 hammerhead 168 hibernation 115, 137
giant feather duster worms 473 gorillas 102, 174, 443 green turtle 52, 337, 381, 392 hammerhead shark, scalloped hierarchies 422
giant hornets, Asian 313 mountain 293 greenlet, tawny-crowned 64 Hierophis viridiflavus 373
giant leaf-tailed gecko 307 western 73 grey foam-nest frog 168 215 hillstar, Andean 62
giant mayfly 342 goshawk, northern 374 grey francolin 58 hands, primates 92 Himalayan newt 46
giant millipedes 368 gourami, blue 464 grey heron 59, 178, 268, 452 Hapalochlaena 279 Himalayas, flying over 155
giant Pacific octopus 367, 397 Graeophonus “spider” 17 grey kangaroo 89 Himantopus mexicanus 61
giant panda 113, 192, 363, 408 Grallina cyanoleuca 65 grey nurse shark 215 lunulata 28 Hippocampus 399
giant petrel, southern 122 granivores 182 grey owl, great 62, 297 Haplophryne mollis 369 abdominalis 355
giant river otter 407 Grant’s golden mole 234 grey parrot 477 harbor porpoise 77 bargibanti 305
giant sphinx moth 35 Grant’s zebra 351 grey plover 229 hard coral 333 guttulatus 42
giant stick insect 298 Graphosoma italicum 34 grey shrike, lesser 64 hares 72, 93 Hippoglossus hippoglossus 43
giant water bug 212, 398 Grapsus grapsus 342 griffon vulture 254–5 hippopotamus 76, 312
gibbons 93 grass snake 284, 290, 357 grizzly bear 153 Arctic 109 feeding 192
lar 73 grasshoppers 93, 126, 386–7 grooming 107, 436, 465 brown 117 skin 102
siamang 364 African foam 281 ground anole 345 hispid 72 visual signals 453
gifts, courtship 353 common field 457 ground dove, croaking 61 harlequin poison frog 141 Hippopotamus amphibius 76,
gila monster, black-and-pink mountain 34 ground squirrel, California 293 harlequin tuskfish 43
gravity group and cooperative hunting harp, imperial 28 192, 453
striped 54 gravitational detectors 120 Harpa costata 28 Hirudo medicinalis 27
gills 40, 101 movement and 89 180, 204, 228, 237, 245, 247 harrier-hawk, African 198 Hirundo rustica 157
gray angelfish 355 group defenses 312–21 Harris’s hawk 60, 228 hispid hare 72
breathing 111 gray reef shark 449 group living 421 harvest mouse, Eurasian 174 history 16–19
filter feeding sharks 197 gray squirrel 72 groupers hatchetfishes Histrio histrio 42
Giraffa gray tree frog 306 marine 42 hoatzin 62, 393
camelopardalis 193, 395 gray whale 77, 148, 259 coral 261 silver 41 Holacanthus ciliaris 43
camelopardalis giraffa 76 gray wolf 75 Goliath 316–17 Haustellum haustellum 28 holometabola 31
camelopardalis reticulata 351 body language 455 polka-dot 43 Hawaiian monk seal 98 Homarus
giraffes 193 feeding partnerships 270–71 grouse hawk-owl, northern 62
birth and development 395 pack hierarchy 437, 455 black 327 hawk wasp, tarantula 263 americanus 195
feeding 183 prey 159, 320 red 310 hawker dragonfly, southern 34 gammarus 33
flehmen response 123 gray woolly monkey 73 willow 310 hawkmoths 89 home ranges 137, 138
poaching 395 grazers 182 grubs 387 hawks see also territories
reticulated giraffe 351 Great Barrier Reef 164 Gruiformes 60 Harris’s 60, 228 Homo sapiens, evolution 19
South African giraffe 76 great bittern 459 grunion, California 335 red-backed 204 Honduran white bat 175
gizzard 113 great black-backed gull 430 grunts, French 475 hawksbill turtle 197 honey bees
glands, endocrine system 117 great bustard 60, 199 Grus health benefits, social Asiatic honeybee 313
glass catfish 304 great cormorant 60 americana 157 colonies 185, 424–5
glass frogs 112, 307 great crested grebe 59, 359 grus 60, 290 behavior 421 communication 463
glass lizard, European 54 great crested newt 46, 450 guanaco 76 hearing see ears and hearing feeding 185
Glaucidium passerinum 62 great frigatebird 60, 360–61 Guilfordia triumphans 27 heart 112 fertilization of plants 261
glider, greater 70 great fruit-eating bat 192 gulls 61, 97 hedgehog 203, 260 honeycomb 167
gliding 89, 97 great gray owl 62, 230, 297 great black-backed 430 Japanese honey bee 213
Glomeris marginata 33 great hornbill 63 mew 61 European 74, 294 magnetoreception 131
Glossina morsitans 388 Great Plains toad 336 gulper eel, sea 41 Heleophryne purcelli 47 pheromones 444
glow worms 213, 334 great pond snail 28 Gunnison’s prairie dog 460 Heliconius charitonius 334 predators 213
common 334 great reed warbler 459 guppy 369 Heliobatis 19 honey possum 70
Douglas fir 334 great skua 269 gurnards Helix aspersa 28, 382, 473 honeybadger 443
glucose 13 great white pelican 228 flying 282 hellbender 46 honeycomb 167
Glyphorhynchus spirurus 64 great white shark 40, 214 tub 43 helmet shells, horned 207 honeycreeper, green 66
Gnathonemus petersii 41, 218 greater bird-of-paradise 65 Gymnophiona 46 Helodema suspectum 54 honeyeaters
gnats, fungus 213 Helogale parvula 320, 447 blue-faced 64
Hemiargus isola 35 New Holland 143

honeyguides 63 hydroskeletons 82 insects cont. jet propulsion 99 kudu, greater 236–7 501 INDEX
greater 63 Hydrurga leptonyx 232–3 navigation 474 jewel anemone 329 Kuhl’s flying gecko 54
hyenas 204, 444 sound production 127 jewel box, Lazarus 27
honeypot ant 186–7 stridulation 127, 457 jewel moray eel 41 L
hooded seal 455 brown 122, 447 vibration receptors 121 jewel wasp 35
hooded warbler 66 spotted 256–7, 258, 438 vision 125 John Dory 42 Labroides dimidiatus 267
hoofed mammals 90 Hyla joints 81 Lacerta
arborea 47 instars 386, 387 Juliformia 368
classification 68–9 cinerea 47 instinct 379, 471 jumping bristletail 34 lepida 54
defenses 276 Hylobates intelligence 470–83 jumping spiders 32, 83, 210, vivipara 391
hoopoe, common 63 lar 73 intermittent signals 448 lacewings
Hoploteryx 19 syndactylus 73 internal fertilization 366 449 green 388
hormones 117 hyloides 44 invertebrates 26–9 fringed 474 spoonwing 35
horn shark 40, 355 Hylophilus ochraceiceps 64 kerengga ant-like 342 Lactophrys triqueter 43
hornbills 63 Hyperolius tuberilinguis 48 body systems 109 ornate 333 ladybugs 96
great 63 Hyperoodon ampullatus 77 breathing 110 jungle crow 253 eyed 35
southern ground 124 Hypogeomys antimena 72 burrowing 95 junonia 28 Lagenorhynchus obscurus 416
southern yellow 63 Hypsypops rubicundus 140 classification 24 Jurassic period 18 Lagomorpha 72
horned frogs Hyracoidea 71 communication 444 Jynx torquilla 63 Lagopus lagopus 310
Borneo 306 hyraxes 71 evolution 16–19 Lama glama 76
Solomon Island 48 rock 71 legs 90 K lampern 40
Surinam 47 Hystrix africaeaustralis 72, muscles 81 Lampetra fluviatilis 40
horned helmet shell 207 nervous systems 116 kagu 60 lampreys 22, 38, 40
horned lizards 292–3 number of species 13 kangaroo rats 89 sea 266
desert 53 scales 104 Lampyridae 334
Texas 286 I water skeletons 81, 82 banner-tailed 114, 465 Lampyris noctiluca 334
horned viper 105 Ips 445 kangaroos 93 land snail, African 124
hornets 421 ibex 340–41 Irena puella 65 language
Asian giant 213, 280, 313 ibises 59 Iriatherina werneri 42 grey 89 mammals 480
European 280 irritant hairs, defenses 276 red 70 parrots 477
horns, rhinoceroses 276–7 scarlet 59 Isistius brasiliensis 266 Kassina frog 48 Lanius
horny skeletons 83 Ichthyophis glutinosus 46 Istiophorus albicans 219 Kassina senegalensis 48 collurio 230
horse conch, trapezium 28 Ichthyosaurus communis 18 Ixodes ricinus 263 katydids 298 minor 64
horse fly 35 Icterus bullockii 66 creosote bush 113 Lapland owl 297
horse leech 27 Idotea 296 J lichen mimic 298 lapwing, masked 61
horses 76 Iguana iguana 53, 430 kea 61, 199 lar gibbon 73
mustang 182, 438–9 iguanas 50 jacamar, rufous-tailed 63 keratin large blue butterfly 398
horseshoe bats jacana, wattled 61 feathers 106 large tiger butterfly 297
greater 241 desert 446 Jacana jacana 61 hair 107 larks
lesser 74, 128 green 53, 100, 430 jackal, black-backed 119 scales 104 Eurasian skylark 65
horseshoe crab 32, 251 marine 53, 105, 181, 188–9, jackass penguin 59 skin 102, 103 magpie-lark 65
hosts, parasites 381 Jackson’s chameleon 53 kerengga ant-like jumper 342 Larosterna inca 61
house fly 35, 116 264–5, 270 Jacobson’s organ 123 kestrel, common 60, 228 Larus
house martin 172 imagos 387 jaguar 203 kidneys 114 canus 61
house sparrow 14, 66 immune system 112 Jamaican tody 63 killer whale 77, 233, 244–5, 416 marinus 430
house spider 32, 210 impala 93, 240 Janthina janthina 28 killifishes larvae
hover flies 124–5 imperial harp 28 Japanese crane 443 Amiet’s 43 amphibians 46
marmalade 354 imprinting 408 Japanese hagfish 252 mangrove 331 fungus gnat 213
howler monkeys, Venezuelan Inca tern 61 Japanese honey bee 213 killing techniques 205 giant antlion 212
incomplete metamorphosis Japanese macaque 412, 478–9 king baboon spider 457 metamorphosis 380, 387
red 73, 460 Java sparrow 66 king crab 32 parasites 381
humans 386–7 Javan rhinoceros 22, 23 king penguin 59, 431, 459 lateral line 40, 120, 462
Indian leafwing butterfly 296 jawed vertebrates, classification kingbird, eastern 64 Latimeria chalumnae 41
brains 471 Indian mackerel 428–9 kingdoms, classification 13, 21 laughing kookaburra 63
and elephants 295 Indian peafowl 362 36 kingfishers 56, 63 laurasiatherians 68
evolution 19 Indian rhinoceros 22, 23, 294 jawfishes 399 common 63, 230–31 Lazarus jewel box 27
human-assisted migration 149 Indicator indicator 63 jawless fishes 17–19, 40 pied 63 Leach’s hermit crab 280
nervous system 117 Indri lemur 92 jaws kinkajou 192 leaf beetles 35
shark attacks 214 infanticide 341 Kinostemon flavescens 52 leaf-cutter ant 457, 474
Humboldt penguin 59 infrared light 221 dislocating 224 kittiwake, black-legged 430 leaf frog, Solomon Island 306
hummingbirds 15, 62, 182 infrasound 119 leopard seals 233 kiwis 58 leaf insects 299
blue-chested 190 Inia geoffrensis 244, 365 lions 237 brown 58 green 34
long-tailed sylph 157 inland bearded dragon 53 moray eels 218 Stewart Island brown 224 leaf-tailed geckos
sparkling violet-ear 97 inland taipan 221 as weapons 204 knifefishes 130 giant 307
humpback whale 77, 160–61, insectivores 74 jays clown 41, 462 mossy 306–7
insects 32, 34–5 blue 65 ghost 464 northern 54
246 European 183 koala 70 leaf weevil 35
hunger 179 breathing 110 western scrub 472 feeding 182, 191 leafvent anglerfish 369
hunting see predation classification 31 jellyfish 26 home ranges 143 leafwing butterfly, Indian 296
Huxley, Julian 359 communication 444, 462 box jellyfish 206 raising young 396 leafy seadragon 305
Hyaena brunnea 447 compound eyes 124–5 hydroskeleton 82 Kogia breviceps 77 leaping 93
Hyalinobatrachium 307 evolution 16–19 jet propulsion 99 Komodo dragon 54, 220, 328, learned behavior 379, 471
Hydra 26, 116, 328, 329 flight 96 life cycle 380, 382 learning and play 408–17
fossils 299 lion’s mane jellyfish 26 373 lobtailing 246
vulgaris 329 hearing 126 moon jellyfish 382 kookaburra, laughing 63 spatial learning 138
Hydrobates pelagicus 59 legs 90 sea-nettle jellyfish 89, 108 krill 33, 205, 431
Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris 72 mating 366 upside-down jellyfish 26 Kryptolebias marmoratus 331
hydroids metamorphosis 380, 383, jerboa, four-toed 72 Kryptopterus bicirrhis 304

freshwater 26 386–7, 388
tubularian 26 mimicry 297
Hydrolagus colliei 40 movement 89
Hydrosaurus 288–9 muscles 81

INDEX 502 least weasel 75 lichen-mimic katydid 298 Lobophyllia 333 Macropus Mantella
leatherback turtle 154 life, kingdoms 13 lobsters rufogriseus 70, 394, 412 aurantiaca 48
Lebistes reticulatus 369 ligaments 93 rufus 70 viridis 48
lechwe, red 240 light common 33
leeches 262 northern 195 Macroscelidea 71 mantellas
bioluminescence 218, 314, slipper 382 Macrotermes 166 golden 48
Asian tiger 262 448 spiny 18, 150 Maculinea arion 398 green 48
horse 27 squat 33 Madagascan day gecko 92, 104
medicinal 27 and color changes 310 lobtailing, bubble-nets 246 Madagascan short-horned mantis, praying 34, 202,
Legothrix canaatall 73 vision 124–5 locomotion 89 210–11, 353
legs Limax maximus 367 Locusta migratoria 184 chameleon 340
climbing and leaping 92–3 limbs see legs locust, desert 148, 184 Madagascar rainbowfish 42 Mantis religiosa 34, 210–11
number of 90 Limosa lapponica 156 lodges, beavers 173 Maevia inclemens 449 mantis shrimps 125, 276
swimming 99 limpets 95, 277 Loligo pealeii 28 maggots 250, 387
walking and running 90–91 common 27, 139 Lonchopisthus 399 Magicicada 388 peacock 342
leiothrix, red-billed 65 limpkin 60 Lonchura oryzivora 66 magnetoreception 119, 131 maps, mental 149, 472
Leiothrix lutea 65 Limulus polyphemus 32, 251 long-beaked common dolphin magnificent bolas spider 207 Marabou stork 250
Leipoa ocellata 393 Linnaeus, Carl 20 magnificent tree frog 446 marauder ant 213
leks 332 lion 75, 292–3 244, 271 magpie-lark 65 marbled chiton 28
dugong 339 cannibalism 202 long-eared bat, brown 74 Maja squinado 33, 313 marginated tortoise 381
gemsbok 332 coalitions 437 long-tailed bushtit 435 Majidae 298 marine flatworms 26
ruff 349 communication 462 long-tailed manakin 478 mako sharks 131 marine hatchetfish 42
western capercaillie 338 hunting 236–7, 321 long-tailed skua 61 marine iguana 53
lemming, Norway 157 infanticide 341 long-tailed sylph 157 shortfin 202
Lemmus lemmus 157 learning 413 long-tailed tit 172 Malacosteus niger 218 feeding 181, 188–9
Lemniscomys striatus 72 sense of smell 446 longitudinal fission 329 malacostracans 30 feeding partnerships 264–5,
lemon shark 379 speed 202 longnose butterflyfish 305 Malagasy giant rat 72
lemon sole 389 territory 114 longnose gar 41 Malaysian flying lemur 74 270
Lemur catta 73, 412, 436, 446 lionfishes longnosed elephant fish 41 Malaysian giant ant 140–41 scales 105
lemurs common 282 Lontra canadensis 416 malleefowl 393 marine toad 48
fat-tailed 115 talibar 42 loons 59 Mallorcan midwife toad 47, 391 marine turbellarians 110
flying 74, 97 lion’s mane jellyfish 26 Malurus marking territories 138, 145
golden bamboo 113 Lithobates catesbeianus 48 black-throated 59 marlin 253
Indri 92 lithobiid centipede 33 loosejaw, stoplight 218 leucopterus 338 marmalade hover fly 354
ring-tailed 73, 412, 436, 444, Lithobius fortificatus 33 lophotrochozoa 25 melanocephalus 64 marmosets, pygmy 443
Litoria lorikeet, red-fronted 61 mamba, black 202 marmot, Alpine 72
446 caerulea 47 loris Mammalia 70–77 Marmota marmota 72
lenses, eyes 125 splendida 446 mammals 70–77 maroon clownfish 43
Leontopithicus rosalia 73 little brown bat 160 slender 73 armor 86 marsh tit 191
leopard 180–81, 235 little bustard 60 slow 293 breathing 111 marsupial frog, mountain 47
leopard catshark 281 little ringed plover 61 Loris tardigradus 73 classification 23, 36, 68–9 Marsupialia 70–71
leopard sea cucumber 278 little tern 358 lory communication 456, 462 marsupials 70–71
leopard seal 232–3 little weaver 171 black-winged 61 courtship 352, 353, 448 classification 68
leopard shark 40 live-bearing mammals 68 brown 61 defenses 276 gestation periods 381
leopard slug 367 live sharksucker 266 Loxia curvirostra 191 echolocation 128–9 martins 162
leopard tortoise 52 lizards 52, 53–4, 90 Loxodonta evolution 15, 18–19 house 172
Lepidochelys kempii 471 anolis lizard 448 africana 71, 295, 417, 439, excretion 114 purple 163, 172
Lepidodactylus lugubris 331 armadillo lizard 54, 286 fur 107 sand 65, 172
Lepidophyma flavimaculatum classification 50, 51 466–7, 483 gestation periods 381 masked lapwing 61
climbing 92 cyclotis 146–7 grooming 107 mates, attracting 332
54 Cnemidophorus lizard 327 Lucida cruciata 449 hearing 126 mating 352, 366–75
lepidosaurs 37, 50 collared lizard 53 lugworm 113 hibernation 115 Mawsonites 16
Lepidotus 18 common side-blotched lizard Lumbricus terrestris 27, 251, hoofed mammals 68–9, 90, mayflies 111
Lepisosteus osseus 41 giant 342
Lepomis macrochirus 344 141 368, 445 276 siphlonurid 34
Leptasterias hexactis 397 desert horned lizard 53 lungs 111 Jacobson’s organ 123 mealybugs 260
Leptodeira septentrionalis 221 eggs 327 lures, predation 203 mating 332 medicine
Leptophyes punctatissima 34 European glass lizard 54 Lutra lutra 447 movement 90 blood clotting compounds 271
Leptotyphlops dulcis 54 flying lizard 53, 97, 287 Lybia tesselata 262 muscles 81 Chinese 305
Lespisma saccharina 34 frilled lizard 53, 86, 450 Lycaon pictus 240 placental 68, 379, 381 leeches 27, 262
Lessepsian migration 149 green crested lizard 297 Lymnaea stagnalis 28 sense of smell 122 meerkat 75, 318–19, 438
lesser flamingo 432–3 Jacobson’s organ 123 lymph system 112 skin 102 Megacardita incrassata 27
lesser grey shrike 64 molting 104 lyrebird, superb 64, 478 swimming 98 Megachasma pelagios 197
lesser horseshoe bat 74, 128 monitor lizard 290, 402 Lyrurus tetrix 327 temperature regulation 52, 70, Megalops atlanticus 41
lesser mouse-tailed bat 74 Nicobar blind lizard 54 Lysmata debelius 33 megamouth shark 197
lesser panda 75 ocellated lizard 54 101 Megaptera novaeangliae 77,
lesser red-eyed damselfly plumed basilisk lizard 288 M tool using 479–83
rough-scaled plated lizard 54 touch receptors 120 160–61, 246
368–9 sailfin lizards 288–9 Macaca vision 125 Megophrys
lesser tree shrew 74 scales 104 fuscata 412, 478–9 manakins
lesser white-toothed shrew 406 sleepy lizard 332 sylvanus 436 blue 64 montana 47
Lethocerus grandis 34 spiny dab lizard 53 long-tailed 478 nasuta 306
Leuchochloridium paradoxum tegu lizard 54 macaques red-capped 358 meiosis 325
temperature control 115 Barbary 436 manatees 71 Meissner’s corpuscles 120
382 Texas horned lizard 286 Celebes crested 472 West Indian 71, 447 Melanerpes formicivorus 190
Leucorchestris arenicola 139 viviparous lizard 391 Japanese 412, 478–9 mandarin fish 43, 124 Melanochromis chipokae 43
Leuresthes tenuis 335 yellow spotted night lizard 54 mandrill 73, 125, 448 Meles meles 75, 395
Libellula lydia 139 walking 90 macaw, red-and-green 199, 465 Mandrillus sphinx 73 memory 422, 471
lice 260 lobe-finned fishes 22, 36, 38 mackerel, Indian 428–9 mangrove killifish 331 mental maps 149, 472
Macroclemys temminckii 52, 221 Manis Menura novaehollandiae 64, 478
bird 34, 263 macroevolution 14 temminckii 74, 292 Mephitis mephitis 294
sea 153 Macroperipatus acacioi 206 tricuspis 406 Merops
apiaster 63, 230
nubicus 168

Merostomata 32 Moloch horridus 53 mourning gecko 331 narwhal 77 Norops humilis 345 503 INDEX
Mesozoic era 18–19 molting 101 mouse see mice Nasalis larvatus 73 North American pika 72
metabolism, and movement 89 Momotus momota 63 mouse-tailed bat, lesser 74 Nasua North American porcupine 72
metamorphosis 379, 380 monarch butterfly 35, 148, 151, mousebirds 62 North American river otter 416
nasua 439 North American ruddy duck 458
amphibians 46, 390–91 182 blue-naped 62 navica 200 northern bobwhite 58
cicadas 386–7 mongooses speckled 62 Natrix northern bottlenose whale 77
insects 383, 388 mouth-brooding fishes 399 maura 391 northern brittlestar 27
Metaphrynella sundana 458 banded 75, 271, 407 movement 13, 89–99 natrix 290, 357 northern cardinal 66
Metopaster 19 dwarf 320, 447 burrowing, slithering and natterjack toad 372 northern cat-eyed snake 221
mew gull 61 monitor lizards 51, 290, 402 natural selection 14 northern elephant seal 350, 407
Mexican burrowing snake 55 black tree 92 sliding 94–5 nautilus 85, 98, 99, 164 northern red-shafted flicker 163
Mexican burrowing toad 47 savanna 54, 402 climbing and leaping 92–3 estonioceras 16 northern fulmar 59
Mexican free-tailed bat 320, monk seal, Hawaiian 98 flying and gliding 96–7 paper 164 northern gannet 60, 138, 451
monkey-tailed skink 189 hydroskeletons 82 navigation northern goshawk 374
406 monkeys jet propulsion 99 fishes 471 northern hawk-owl 62
Mexican red-kneed tarantula black and white colobus muscles 81 insects 474 northern leaf-tailed gecko 54
sidewinding 227 magnetoreception 131 northern lobster 195
32, 92 monkey 73 social behavior 421 mental maps 472 northern mockingbird 66
mice 122, 352 Bolivian squirrel monkey 73 swimming 98–9 migration 149 northern pike 42
brains 471 walking and running 90–91 Naxia tumida 33 northern right whale 77
Eurasian harvest 174 communication 448 Mozambique spitting cobra 287 nectar guides 125 northern wryneck 63
field 89 De Brazza’s monkey 73 mud, wading birds 229 Necturus maculosus 46 Norway lemming 157
spiny 72 gray woolly monkey 73 mudpuppy 46 needlefish, silver 42 Notophthalmus viridescens 372
striped grass 72 patas monkey 73 mudskipper 89 Negro ant 426 Notopterus chitala 41
microevolution 14 proboscis monkey 73 mullet, red 252 Nematoda 26 Nudaurelia cytherea 35
micrognathozoans 24 red howler monkey 73 Mullus surmuletus 252 nematodes 82, 328 nudibranch 367
Micromys minutus 174 red-necked night monkey 436 multicellular animals 13 Nembrotha 29 Numenius arquata 61
Microstomus kitt 389 sun-tailed monkey 454 Mungos mungo 75, 407 purpureolineata 367 numeracy, mammals 480
Micrurus fulvius 55 tufted capuchin monkey 479 Munida quadrispina 33 Nemoptera sinuata 35 nutcracker, Clark’s 472
middle spotted woodpecker 63 Venezuelan red howler Muraena lentiginosa 41 neoaves 57 nuthatch, Eurasian 66
midshipman, plainfin 335 murex 85 Neogene period 19 nutrients, recycling 250
midwife toads 47, 366 monkey 73, 460 snipe’s bill 28 neognaths 56 nutrition see feeding
Mallorcan 47, 391 vision 125 venus comb 279 Neolamprologus callipterus 168 Nyctalus noctula 74
migration 137, 148–61 monocular vision 124 Murex pecten 279 Neomys fodiens 247 Nyctibius griseus 62, 311
birds 155–7 Monodon monoceros 77 Muricella 305 neon sea slug 29 Nycticebus coucang 293
butterflies 151 monogamy 332, 364 Musca domestica 35 Neophron percnopterus 60 Nycticorax nycticorax 59
eels 152 Monotremata 70 Muscicapa striata 230 neoptera 31 nymphs
gene flow 14–15 monotremes 70 muscles 81, 82 Nereis virens 27
whales 160 moon jellyfish 382 mushroom coral 423 nerves 116–17 dragonfly 211
milk, mammals 70 moon moth, American 104 musk deer, Alpine 76 senses 119 giant water bugs 212
milkfish 41 moon snail 205 musk ox 204, 320 Nestor notabilis 61, 199
millions fish 369 moorhen 60, 341 muskrat 395 net-casting spider, rufous 207 O
millipedes 33, 89, 90 moose 339, 407 mussels 181, 390 neurons 116
flat-backed 33, 251 moose fly 346 mustang 182, 438–9 neuropterida 31 oak trees, food chains 180
giant 368 moray eels 102 Mustela New Caledonian crow 478 observational learning 408, 471
pill 33 jewel 41 nivalis 75 New Guinea berrypeckers 57 ocean sunfish 43
mimic filefish 297 mosaic 218 vison 394 New Holland honeyeater 143 ocean surgeonfish 188
mimic octopus 473 Morelia viridis 221 mutations, evolution 15 newts 45, 46, 90, 366 Oceanites gracilis 224
mimicry 297, 298–9, 306, 477 mormyrid fish 462 mute swan 58, 163, 348 Alpine 356, 366, 401 oceans, sound in 456
Mimus Morus mutualism 15, 261 Californian 46 ocellated lizard 54
macdonaldi 270 bassanus 60, 451 Myotis eastern 306 ocelot 421
polyglottos 66 capensis 228, 420 daubentoni 74 fire-bellied 102 Ochotona princeps 72
mine detection, by dogs 483 mosaic moray eel 218 lucifugus 160 great crested 46, 450 Ochrogaster lunifer 152
minivet, grey-chinned 64 Moschus chrysogaster 76 mystacinus 74 Himalayan 46 Octopus
mink, American 394 mosquitofish 475 Myriapoda 33 red-spotted 372
Mirounga angustirostris 350, mosquitos 126, 260 myriapods 30, 32 smooth 353 cyanea 279
mossy leaf-tailed gecko 306–7 Myrichthys colubrinus 41, 304 Nezara viridula 463 marginatus 473
407 mother of pearl 85 Myripristis murdjan 42 Nicobar blind lizard 54 vulgaris 28, 473
mites, dust 251 moths 104, 126 Myrmarachne plataleoides 342 Nicrophorus 252 octopuses 82, 99, 473
mockingbirds basker 35 Myrmecophaga tridactyla 71, night blue-ringed 28, 276, 279
boree 152 bird song 460 common 28, 473
Española 270 calleta silkmoth 163 234 nocturnal predators 202 day 279, 301
northern 66 ceanothus 444 Myrmica sabuleti 398 night heron 59 giant Pacific 367, 397
Mola mola 43 clearwing 304 Myxine glutinosa 40 night lizard, yellow spotted 54 mimic 473
mole cricket 332 emperor 122, 444 Myxini 40 night monkeys, red-necked 436 paper nautilus 164
mole lizards 53 hawkmoths 89 Myzus persicae 150 nightjars 62 veined 473
mole-rats 127 peppered 14 European 62, 310 Odobenus rosmarus 75
Cape 121 saturniid 302–3 N Nile crocodile 55, 291 Odocoileus virginianus 455
golden 462 motion detectors 120 hunting 220, 476 Odontodactylus scyllarus 342
naked 72, 94, 435 motmots 63 Naja young 378, 400–401 Oecophylla 167
molehills 175 blue-crowned 63 haje 55 Niphates digitalis 26 longinoda 445
moles 89 mouflon 76 mossambica 287 Nippostrongylus brasiliensis 26 ogre-faced spider 207
European 74, 94–5, 175 feathers 106 nitrogen 250 oilbird 129
Grant’s golden 234 metamorphosis 383, 386, 388 naked mole-rat 72, 94, 435 noctule bat 74 okapi 76
star-nosed 120, 247 mountain coyote 461 names 20 nocturnal predators 202 Okapia johnstoni 76
Mollusca 27–8 mountain gorilla 293 Namib desert sidewinding nomenclature 20
mollusks 27–8 mountain grasshopper 34
classification 25 mountain marsupial frog 47 adder 227
movement 95 mourning dove 61
shells 84, 85, 101, 277
molly, silver sailfin 43

INDEX 504 Olenellus 16 Ovibos moschatus 320 Papilio penguins cont. Phyllopteryx taeniolatus 42
Oliva porphyria 28 oviparity 379 troilus 299 emperor penguin 137, 392–3 Phyllurus cornutus 54
olive, tent 28 Ovis musimon 76 zagreus 297 Galapagos penguin 267 phylogenetic classification 14,
olive baboon oviviparity 379 gentoo penguin 410–11
owls 62, 113 Papio anubis 332, 436, 454 Humboldt penguin 59 22–3
communication 443 Parabuteo unicinctus 60, 228 jackass penguin 59 phylum, classification 21
facial expressions 454 barn 62, 96–7, 127 Paradisaea king penguin 59, 431, 459 Phymus 32
play 408 eagle 62 rockhopper penguin 59, 312, Physeter catodon 77
troops 332, 436 elf 163 apoda 65 403, 408 Physignathus cocincinus 53
ommatidia, compound eyes Eurasian pygmy 62 raggiana 362 swimming 99 physiology see body systems
great grey 62, 230, 297 Paraluteres prionurus 297 temperature regulation 115 Phytalmia
124–5 hearing 127 parasites 260
omnivores 179, 194–201 Lapland 297 flukes 382 penis 366, 369 alcicornis 346
Oncorhynchus northern hawk-owl 62 and host’s behavior 275 Pepperburg, Dr Irene 477 cervicornis 346–7
spectacled 62 life cycles 381 peppered moth 14 mouldsi 346
keta 153 tawny 62 parasitoids 381 Pepsis 263 picathartes, white-necked 65
mykiss 42, 475 Ural 62 reproduction 332 Perca fluviatilis 43 Picathartes gymnocephalus 65
nerka 42, 153 ox, musk 204, 320 tapeworms 382 perch 104 Piciformes 63
Ondatra zibethicus 395 oxpecker, yellow-billed 269 parchment worm 27 Picoides borealis 291
Onychorhynchus coronatus 452 oxygen 13, 110–11 parent bug 398 European 43 Pictodentalium formosum 28
Oophaga pumilio 49, 345 Oxyruncus cristatus 64 parental care 381, 396 perching birds 57 piddock 94
operant conditioning, learning Oxyura jamaicensis 458 Parnopes carnea 35 perchlike fishes 39 pied avocet 61
Oxyuranus microlepidotus 221 parrotfishes percomorphs 39 pied kingfisher 63
408, 471 oyster, cat’s tongue 27 Bleeker’s 283 peregrine falcon 202, 224 Pieris brassicae 184
Ophiocomina nigra 27 oyster toadfish 457 bullethead 196 perennibranchians 45 pigeons 61, 131, 332
Ophiothrix fragilis 27 oystercatchers 408 parrots 61, 332 Perez’s frog 219 common 477
Ophisaurus apodus 54 American 205 grey 477 Pericrocotus solaris 64 speckled 61
Opisthocomus hoazin 62, 393 Eurasian 61, 229 St. Vincent 61 Peringuey’s desert adder 137, pigs 483
Opistognathus 399 yellow-headed Amazon 349 pikas 72, 312
opossum, Virginia 70, 200 P parsley frog 47 2 2 6 –7 North American 72
opportunism 203 Parson’s chameleon 296 periodical cicadas 388 pike 98
Opsanus tau 457 Pacific giant salamander 46 part-colored bat 74 Peripatus 206 northern 42
orangutan 73 paddlefish, American 41 parthenogenesis 13, 325, 327, Periplaneta americana 34, 252 piked dogfish 389
Pagarus Perissodactyla 76 pileated woodpecker 169
nests 174, 482 328 permanent camouflage 296 pill millipede 33
tool-using 472, 482 prideauxi 280 partnerships, feeding 260–71 Permian period 17 Pilosa 71
young 404–5, 412 bernhardus 33 Partula 28 Permian–Triassic extinction 16, pin-tailed sandgrouse 61
orapel 307 painted lady butterfly 152, Parus pine emperor moth 35
orb-web spiders 165, 463 18 pine engraver beetle 445
orca 77, 233, 244–5, 416 3 8 0 – 81 caeruleus 65, 452 Petaurista elegans 293 pineapple fish 105
orchid bees 445 paintings palustris 191 Petauroides volans 70 pink-spotted fruit dove 61
Orcinus orca 77, 244–5, 416 Passer domesticus 66 petrels 59 Pipa pipa 391
orders, classification 21 by sea lions 483 passerids 57 pipe snake, South American 54
Ordgarius magnificus 207 pigeons recognize 477 Passeriformes 64 European storm 59 pipefish, banded 355
Ordovician period 16 pair bonds 332 passerines 64–6 southern giant 122 pipistrelle, western 241
Ordovician–Silurian extinction Paleogene period 19 patas monkey 73 Petrochelidon pyrrhonota 434 Pipistrellus hesperus 241
Paleozoic era 16–18 Patella vulgata 27, 139 Petroica boodang 65 pipit, Richard’s 66
16 pallid swift 62 patterns Petromyzon marinus 266 Pipra mentalis 358
Oreotrochilius estella 62 palm cockatoo 452 camouflage 296 Petrotus obscuripennis 334 piranhas 196
oriental fire-bellied toad 47 palmchat 65 recognition 477 Phacochoerus africanus 76 red-bellied 41
orioles Palpares immensus 212 visual signals 448 Phalacrocorax carbo 60 Pisaster ochraceus 179
Pamphobeteus 280 pavement ant 426 phalarope, red-necked 374 Pisaura mirabilis 397
Bullock’s 66 Pan Pavo cristatus 362 Phalaropus lobatus 374 pitta, African 64
eastern black-headed 64 paniscus 375, 470, 480 peach-potato aphid 150 Pharnacia 34 Pitta angolensis 64
Oriolus larvatus 64 troglodytes 73, 174, 247, 437, peacock mantis shrimp 342 Pharomachrus mocinno 63 placental mammals 68, 379,
ornate jumping spider 333 peacock worm 27, 195 Phascolarctos cinereus 70, 143,
Ornithorhynchus anatinus 70, 454, 460, 465, 480–81 peafowl, Indian 362 381
Panamanian golden frog 48, pearlfishes 260 191 placoid scales 104
234 dwarf Argentine 43 Phasianus colchicus 392 plaice 305
oropendolas 171 450 peccary, collared 76 Phasma gigas 298
Orycteropus afer 71 panarthropodia 24 pecking order 422 pheasant, common 392 European 43
Oryctes nasicornis 343 pandas Pedetes capensis 72 Pheidologeton affinis 213 plainfin midshipman 335
Oryctolagus cuniculus 72, 320, Pedostibes hosii 48 pheromones 123, 352, 444–7 plankton 138, 429
giant 113, 192, 363, 408 Pelecaniformes 60 Philetairus socius 172 plants
338 lesser 75 Pelecanus Philomachus pugnax 349
oryx, scimitar-horned 76 Pandion haliaetus 225 occidentalis 60 Philopteridae 263 feeding on 182–93
Oryx pangolins 74, 104 onocrotalus 228 Philydor rufum 64 mutualism 261
Cape 292 pelicans 57, 60, 267 Phoca hispida 175 photosynthesis 13
dammah 76 Temminck’s 74, 104 brown 60 Phocoena phocoena 77 toxins in 182, 183
gazella 332 tree 406 white 228 Phocoenoides dalli 77 Platalea leucorodia 59
osprey 225 pant hooting, chimpanzees 460 Pelodiscus sinensis 52 Phoenicopteriformes 59 Platanista gangetica 77
Osteichthyes 41–3 panther chameleon 222–3, 357 Pelodytes punctatus 47 Phoenicopterus ruber 59 plated lizard, rough-scaled 54
ostracods 449 Panthera Pelophylax perezi 219 phorid fly 381 Platyhelminthes 26
ostrich 58 leo 75, 236–7, 413, 437, 446 Pemphigus populitransversus phosphorus 250 platypus, duck-billed 70, 130,
breeding 409, 430 pardus 235 photosynthesis 13
kicking 276, 290 tigris 75, 144–5, 375 139 Phrynosoma 234
running 90 Pantodon buchholzi 41 penguins 15, 59, 232 Platystemon megacephalum 52
speed 90, 290 Panulirus argus 150 cornutum 286 play and learning 408–17
temperature control 109 Panurus biarmicus 65, 67 Adelie penguin 59 platyrhinos 53 Plecotus auritus 74
Otis tarda 60, 199 paper nautilus 164 blubber 102 Phylidonyris novaehollandia 143 Plectrophenax nivalis 66
Otolemur garnettii 146 paper wasp 163 chinstrap penguin 136 phyllid leaf insects 299 Plethodon shermani 356
otters 107 colonies 421 Phyllium 299 Pleuronectes platessa 43, 305
European 447 bioculatum 34
giant river 407
North American river 416
sea 205, 482

Ploceus Portia fimbriata 474 Pterois volitans 282 Rangifer tarandus 158–9 red-winged blackbird 358 505 INDEX
cucullatus 171 possums Pteronura brasiliensis 407 ranoides 45 red-winged tinamou 58
luteolus 171 Pteropus rodricensis 74 ratel 443 redshank 229
velatus 170–71 common brush-tailed 70 pterosaurs 18, 52 ratfish, spotted 40 reed frog, tinker 48
feather-tailed 70 Ptilinopus perlatus 61 ratites 56 reed warblers 406
Plotosus lineatus 314 flying 97 Ptychozoon kuhli 54 rats 194, 379
ploughnose chimaera 369 honey 70 puff adder 55, 320 great 459
plovers posture, courtship 448 puffbirds 63 banner-tailed kangaroo 114, reef sharks
pot-belly sea horse 355 pufferfish, black-saddled 297 465
double banded 310 potoo, common 62, 311 puffin, Atlantic 61, 229, 434 grey 449
grey 229 Potos flavus 192 Pulsatrix perspicillata 62 black 149 white-tipped 369
little ringed 61 potter wasps 398 puma 421 brown 72 reef squid, bigfin 99
semipalmated 310 pouched mammals 70–71 purple emperor butterfly 334 kangaroo 89 reef stonefish 43, 304
Plueroploca trapezium 28 powder blue surgeonfish 188 purple flatworm 473 Malagasy giant 72 reefs, coral 164
plumed basilisk lizard 53, 288 prairie dogs purple martin 163, 172 rattlesnakes 105, 443 reindeer 158–9
plumed whistling duck 58 black-tailed 174 purple sea urchin 333 rattles 127, 287 remora 266
poaching Gunnison’s 460 purple swamphen 60 speckled 348 reproduction see sex and
elephants 295 prawn, common 33 Pycnogonida 32 timber 403
giraffes 395 praying mantis 34, 202, 210–11, Pycnonotus jocosus 65 western diamondback 55, reproduction
Podargus strigoides 62 pygmy marmoset 443 reptiles 52–5
Podiceps 353 pygmy owl, Eurasian 62 287
cristatus 59, 359 Precambrian period 16 pygmy right whale 77 Rattus norvegicus 72 classification 23, 36, 37,
nigricollis 403 precious turban 27 pygmy sea horse 296, 305 raven 181 50–51, 52
Podicipediformes 59 precious wentletrap 27 pygmy sperm whale 77
Poecilia latipinna 43 predation 178–81, 202–49 Pygoscelis adeliae 59 common 270–71, 409 communication 456
Pogona vitticeps 53 Pyrophorus noctilucus 334 Ray, John 20 eggs 327
poison frogs 277, 285, 306, 443 bubble-nets 246 Pyrrhula pyrrhula 66 ray-finned fishes 22, 36, 38 evolution 14, 16–19
blue 48 communication 443 Python molurus 55 rays 17–19, 22, 104 habitats 52
green 48 cooperative and group hunting pythons hearing 126
harlequin 141 blonde 40 parental care 396
strawberry 49, 345 180, 204, 228, 237, 245, Burmese 55, 95 electric 40, 130, 462 scales 104, 105, 277
yellow-headed 48 247 green tree 221 electroreception 130 skeletons 86
poisons effects on tadpoles 391 Pyxicephalus adspersus 48, 400 spotted eagle 426 skin 102
stinging cells 206 electrogenesis 130 razor shell 95 temperature control 52
titan triggerfish 140 killing techniques 205 Q razorfish 304 vision 125
venomous spines 276 social behavior 421 Reakirt’s blue butterfly 35 respiration 13
polar bear 75, 233, 311 wave-hunting 245 quail, California 58 Recurvirostra avosetta 61 breathing 110–11
breeding 353, 406 weapons 204 queen angelfish 43 recycling fishes 40
dens 162 see also defenses queen butterfly 445 dung beetles 252 through body coverings 101
feeding 194, 205, 258–9 preening feathers 106, 465 queen scallop 27, 278 scavengers 250–59 resplendent quetzal 63
home ranges 138 Premnas biaculeatus 43 quelea, red-billed 421, 435 red-and-green macaw 199, 465 reticulated giraffe 351
hunting 175 prey species Quelea quelea 435 red-backed fairy-wren 64 retina 119, 125
polarized light 125, 463 communication 443 quetzal, resplendent 63 red-backed hawk 204 Rhea americana 58
polka-dot grouper 43 see also predation quills, porcupine 293 red-backed shrike 205, 230 rheas 58
polyandry 341 primates 73 quokka 70 red-bellied piranha 41 greater 58
Polyboroides typus 198 brachiation 93 red-billed leiothrix 65 Rheiformes 58
Polydesmida 251 classification 69 R red-billed quelea 421, 435 Rhincodon typus 197
Polydesmus 33 communication 448, 462 red blood cells 109 Rhinella marina 48
Polymixia berndti 42 hands and feet 92 rabbits 72, 381 red-breasted goose 58 rhinoceros beetle, European 83,
Polynesian tree snails 28 vision 125 European 320, 338 red-capped manakin 358
Polyodon spathula 41 Prionace glauca 152 red cichlid 344 343
polyps, coral 82, 113, 164 Pristiophorus japonicus 40 raccoon 75, 258, 363 red-cockaded woodpecker 291 Rhinoceros
Polypterus delhezi 41 problem solving 472 radial symmetry 26 red crab 150
Polysticta stelleri 430 Proboscidea 71 raft spider 121, 326–7 red-crested turaco 62 sondaicus 22, 23
Pomacanthus Probosciger aterrimus 452 ragged-tooth shark 215 red crossbill 191 unicornis 22, 23, 294
arcuatus 355 proboscis monkey 73 raggiana bird-of-paradise 362 red cushion star 27 rhinoceroses 23, 76, 90
imperator 390 Procavia capensis 71 ragworm 27 red deer 76, 351 black 276–7, 363
Pompeii worm 137 Procellariiformes 59 rails 60 red-eared turtle 52 Indian 22, 23, 294
pond snail, great 28 Procnias tricarunculatus 64 red-eyed damselfly, lesser Javan 22, 23
pondskaters 288 Procyon lotor 75, 258, 363 buff-banded 60 Sumatran 22, 23
common 212 projectiles, defenses 276 water 60 368–9 white 76, 447
Pongo pygmaeus 73, 412, 482 pronghorn 111 rainbow lizard 356–7 red-eyed tree frog 47, 124 Rhinolophus
Pontoporia blainvillei 77 pronking 93 rainbow trout 42, 475 red fox 147 ferrumequinum 241
poplar petiole gall aphid 139 Prosqualodon 19 rainbowfishes red-fronted lorikeet 61 hipposideros 74
Porania pulvillus 27 protection, body coverings 101 eastern 104 red-headed rock agama 356–7 Rhinomuraena quaesita 41
porcelain fiddler crab 449 protists 13 Madagascar 42 red howler monkey 73 Rhinopoma hardwickei 74
porcupinefishes 105, 283 Prunella modularis 66, 349 threadfin 42 red kangaroo 70 Rhodeus ocellatus 390
black-spotted 283 Pseudephidalea viridis 48 Raja brachyura 40 red-kneed tarantula 32, 92 Rhynchocephalia 52
porcupines Pseudobiceros zebra 26 Rallus aquaticus 60 red lechwe 240 Rhynchotus rufescens 58
Cape 72, 292–3 Pseudoceros ferrugineus 473 Ramphastos toco 63, 190 red-legged salamander 356 Rhynochetos jubatus 60
North American 72 Pseudociccidae rhizoecinae 260 Rana red light, bioluminescence 218 ribbon eel, blue 41
Porichthys notatus 335 Pseudocolochirus tricolor 27 catesbeiana 458 red mullet 252 Richard’s pipit 66
Porifera 26 Pseudotriton ruber 306 dalmatina 48 red-necked night monkey 436 Ridley turtle 471
Poroderma pantherinum 281 Psittaciformes 61 sylvatica 475 red-necked phalarope 374 rifleman 64
Porphyrio porphyrio 60 Psittacus erithacus 477 temporaria 48, 372, 390 red-necked wallaby 70, 394, 412 right whales
porpoises 128 ptarmigan, willow 310 red salamander 306 northern 77
Dall’s 77 Pteraspis rostrata 17 red-shafted flicker, northern 163 pygmy 77
harbor 77 Pterocles alchata 61 red-sided garter snake 446 ring-necked dove 332
Pteroclidiformes 61 red-spotted newt 372 ring-tailed coati 439
Pterodactylus 18 red tree sponge 329 ring-tailed lemur 73, 412, 436,
red vole 72
red-whiskered bulbul 65 444, 446
ringed seal 175
ringed snake eel 41

INDEX 506 Riparia riparia 65 salamanders cont. scrub jay, western 472 Sepioteuthis australis 384–5 shield bugs 34, 277
Rissa tridactyla 430 red-legged 356 scutes 104, 105 sergeant major damselfish 400 shipworm 94
rivalry, sexual 340–51 tiger 90, 336 Scyllaridae 382 Serrasalmus 196 shoebill 60
river dolphins yellow-spotted 154 sea anemones see anemones serval 294 shore crab 205
sea cow see dugong Setonix brachyurus 70 short-beaked echidna 70, 130,
Amazon 244, 365 Salamandra salamandra 46, sea cucumbers 27, 82, 85 sex and reproduction 13,
Ganges 77 284, 372 394
river otters leopard 278 322–75 short-horned chameleon,
giant 407 salema, white 120 sea eagles asexual reproduction 26, 325,
North American 416 saliva, vampire bats 271 Madagascan 340
robber crab 111 Sally-lightfoot crab 264–5, 342 Steller’s 119 328 short-tail stingray 335
robins Salmo white-bellied 60 birth and development shortfin mako shark 202
American 20, 381 sea fans 296, 305 shoveller 106
European 20, 143, 148, 456, salar 426 sea gulper eel 41 376 – 417 shrews 129
trutta 219 sea lamprey 266 courtship 352–65, 443, 448
460 salmon 201, 266, 471 sea lice 153 diversity 327 common 74
scarlet 65 Atlantic 148, 426 sea lions and evolution 327, 362 Eurasian water 122, 247
rock agamas chum 153 California 75, 365, 483 finding a mate 332–9 lesser white-toothed 406
red-headed 356–7 sockeye 42, 153 Steller’s 437 longitudinal fission 329 tree shrews 74
southern 115 salt balance 114 sea mouse 101 mating 352, 366–75 see also elephant shrews
rock cock 43 Salticidae 210 sea-nettle jellyfish 89, 108 raising young 381, 396–407 shrikes
rock hyrax 71 Salticus 32 sea otter 205, 482 sexual dimorphism 327, 352 lesser grey 64
rockhopper penguin 59, 312, saltwater crocodile 476 sea slugs 111, 325 sexual reproduction 26, 325, red-backed 205, 230
sand adder 227 green-blue 28 shrimps
403, 408 sand bubbler crab 251 neon 29 327 brine 33, 137
rod cells, vision 125 sand fox 75 sea snakes 277, 304 sexual rivalry 340–51 cleaner 261
Rodentia 72 sand martin 65, 172 sea-spiders 32 social behavior 421 common 33
rodents 72 sand tiger shark 215 sea squirts 103 temperature and 327 fire 33
sandfish 94 colonial 423 Seychelles frog 47 mantis 125, 276
classification 69 sandgrouse 61 sea urchins 27, 85, 207 sharks peacock mantis 342
sense of smell 122 pin-tailed 61 Antarctic 184 basking shark 197 snapping 280
Rodrigues flying fox 74 sandwich tern, black-beaked edible 27 blotchy swell shark 389 siamang 73, 92–3, 364
rollers 63 purple 333 blue shark 152 side-blotched lizard, common
European 63 434 sea whips 296 bonnethead shark 331
Roman snail 116 Sanopus splendidus 42 seadragons bronze whaler shark 216–17 141
rook 434 sapsucker, yellow-bellied 459 leafy 305 classification 22 sidewinders 227
rose-snapper, spotted 260 Sarcophilus harrisii 70, 258 weedy 42 cookie-cutter shark 266 sidewinding adder, Namib
roseate spoonbill 106 Sarcophyton trocheliphorum sea horses 42, 86, 119, 399 defenses against 312
rosy boa 55 golden 297 electroreception 130 desert 227
rotifers, bdelloid 331 423 pot-belly 355 evolution 17–19 sifakas
rough-scaled plated lizard 54 sardine 228, 271 pygmy 296, 305 filter feeding 197
round scad 316–17 Sargasso Sea 152 seals frill shark 40 diademed 107
roundworms 26, 82 Sargassum fish 42, 297 blubber 102 great white shark 40, 214 Verreaux’s 93
royal albatross 59, 338 Sargassum seaweed 297 elephant seal 112 grey reef shark 449 sight see eyes and vision
royal flycatcher 452 satellite tracking 152, 154 evolution 15 horn shark 40, 355 sign-bearing froglet 47
royal tern, yellow-beaked 434 satin bowerbird 340 fur seal 107, 110–11 lemon shark 379 signals
rudd, rust-colored 42 saturniid moths 302–3 Hawaiian monk seal 98 leopard shark 40 communication 443
ruddy duck, North American 458 savanna monitor 54, 402 hooded seal 455 mako shark 131 courtship 352
ruff 349 sawshark 40 leopard seal 232–3 megamouth shark 197 intermittent 448
rufous elephant shrew 71 sawtooth barracuda 427 northern elephant seal 350, nervous system 116 visual 448–55
rufous-gorgetted flycatcher 66 scad, round 316–17 sand tiger shark 215 see also sounds
rufous net-casting spider 207 scale insect, cottony cushion 407 sawshark shark 40 silkmoth, calleta 163
rufous-tailed jacamar 63 ringed seal 175 scales 104, 105 silky anteater 71
rufus bettong 70 328 swimming 99 scalloped hammerhead shark Silurian period 16
ruminants, digestive system 193 scales 102, 104–5, 277 wave-hunting by orca 245 silver hatchetfish 41
running 90–91 scaleworms 104 seaweed, Sargassum 297 215 silver needlefish 42
Rupicola peruvianus 349 scalloped hammerhead shark Seba’s short-tailed bat 74 shortfin mako shark 202 silver sailfin molly 43
rust-colored rudd 42 Sechellophryne gardineri 47 swimming 98 silverfish 34, 386
215 secretary bird 60, 224 teeth 253 silversides 312
S scallops 120 segmented worms 27 tiger shark 202, 253 Simmons, K.E.L. 359
self-awareness 472 tracking 152 Siphlonurus lacustris 34
Sabella pavonina 27, 195 queen 27, 278 semipalmated plover 310 whale shark 102, 197, 266 siphlonurid mayfly 34
safari ants 213 Scandentia 74 Senegal bushbaby 73 white shark 40, 214 Siphonops annulatus 46
Sagittarius serpentarius 60, 224 Scaphella junonia 28 Senegal kassina 48 white-spotted bambooshark siren, greater 46
Sagra 35 Scaphiopus couchii 47 sengis 71 Siren lacertina 46
sailfin lizards 288–9 Scarabaeus 252 senses 13, 118–31 40 Sirenia 71
sailfin molly, silver 43 Scardinius erythrophthalmus 42 detecting prey 202 white-tipped reef shark 369 Sitta europaea 66
sailfishes 202 scarlet-chested sunbird 66 echolocation 128–9 sharksucker, live 266 six-rayed starfish 397
scarlet ibis 59 electroreception 130 sharpbill 64 skeletons 80–87
Atlantic 219 scarlet robin 65 hearing 126–7 shearwaters 59 bony skeletons 86–7
Saimiri boliviensis 73 scavengers 179, 250–59 invertebrates 26 Cory’s 59 chalky skeletons 84–5
St. Vincent parrot 61 scent, marking territories 138, magnetoreception 131 sooty 148 horny skeletons 83
salamanders 44, 45, 46, 366 taste and smell 122–3 sheep 471 invertebrates 26
145 touch and vibration 120–21 sheep tick 263 joints 81
axolotl 391 Schmidt, Johannes 152 vision 124–5 shell-brooding cichlid 168 mammals 70
crocodile 284 schools, fishes 120 Sepia shells muscles 81
fire 46, 284, 372 scimitar-horned oryx 76 apama 206, 342 crustaceans 83 water skeletons 81, 82
four-toed 401 Sciurus carolinensis 72 latimanus 300–301 defenses 277 skin 101
Pacific giant 46 scleroglossans 51 officinalis 28 evolution of shelled eggs 14 amphibians 46
red 306 Scolopendra gigantea 211 mollusks 84, 85, 101 breathable skin 110
Scopimera inflata 251 tortoises 101 defenses 103
Scopus umbretta 168 turtles 87 scales 104–5
scorpions 32

fat-tailed 204, 280
yellow 355

skin cont. snakes cont. southern tamandua 71 spiders cont. statocysts 120 507 INDEX
touch receptors 120 Mexican burrowing snake 55 southern yellow hornbill 63 rufous net-casting spider 207 status
molting 104 spadefoot toad, Couch’s 47 sexual dimorphism 352
skinks movement 89, 95 sparkling violet-ear social spider 423 social behavior 422
blue tailed 286 Mozambique spitting cobra solifuge 89 visual signals 448
eyed 54 287 hummingbird 97 Sydney funnel-web spider 280 stealth, predators 203
monkey-tailed 189 northern cat-eyed snake 221 sparrowhawk, European 97 tarantula spiders 276, 280, Steller’s eider duck 430
puff adder 55, 320 sparrows 448 285 Steller’s sea eagle 119
skuas rattlesnakes 105, 443 vibration receptors 121 Steller’s sea lion 437
great 269 red-sided garter snake 446 fox 148 water spider 164 Stenaptinus insignis 281
long-tailed 61 scales 104, 105 house 14, 66 webs 203 Stenella longirostris longirostris
sea snakes 277, 304 Java 66 white crab spider 207
skulls sidewinding 227 spatial learning 138 439
giraffes 351 skeleton 87 spawning grounds, eels 152 spindle cowrie 296 stepped venus 27
jaws 204 skulls 204 species spines 276, 294 Stercorarius
South American pipe snake classification 20–21 spinner dolphin 439
skunk 294 54 communication 443 spiny dab lizard 53 longicaudus 61
skylark, Eurasian 65 speckled rattlesnake 348 evolution 15 spiny dogfish 389, 426 skua 269
slave-making ant 426 sunbeam snake 55 numbers of 13 spiny lobster 18, 150 Sterechinus neumayeri 184
sleepy lizard 332 Texas thread snake 54 speciation 15 spiny mouse 72 Sterna 434
slender loris 73 timber rattlesnake 403 speckled bush cricket 34 spiny-rayed fishes 39 albifrons 358
slipper lobster 382 vibration receptors 121 speckled mousebird 62 spiny spider crab 313 maxima 434
sloths viperine snake 391 speckled pigeon 61 spiracles 110 sandvicensis 434
western diamondback speckled rattlesnake 348 Spirobranchus Stewart Island brown kiwi 224
brown-throated three-toed rattlesnake 287 speckled wood butterfly 340 stick insects 34
146, 311 western whip snake 373 spectacled caiman 55, 430 gardineri 278 giant 298
spectacled owl 62 giganteus 278 sticklebacks 366
two-toed 71 snapping shrimp 280 speed splendid toadfish 42 three-spined 42, 352
slow loris 293 snapping turtles predators 202 splitfin flashlight fish 314 stilt, black-necked 61
slow-worm 348 primates 92 Spondylus linguaefekis 27 stinging cells, jellyfish 206
slugs 95, 366 alligator 52, 221 speed to energy ratio 89 sponges 26 stingrays 19
common 357 sperm red tree 329 short-tail 335
black 28 snipe’s bill murex 28 cells 13 spontaneous learning 471 stink bug, southern green 463
leopard 367 snow bunting 66 courtship 352 spoonbills stomach
smell, sense of 119, 122, 202 snow monkey 412 external fertilization 366 European 59 porcupinefish 283
pheromones 352, 444–7 soaring 97 internal fertilization 366 roseate 106 ruminants 193
scent-marking territories 138, sociable weaver 172 mating 366 spoonwing lacewing 35 stonefishes 276
social spider 423 sexual reproduction 325, 327 spotted eagle rays 426 reef 43, 304
145 society 418–39 sperm whale 77, 128, 253, 471 spotted flycatcher 230 stonefly, common 34
smooth newt 353 sockeye salmon 42, 153 pygmy 77 spotted giant flying squirrel 293 stoplight loosejaw 218
snails 117, 366 soft-shelled turtle, Chinese 52 Spermophilus beecheyi 293 spotted hyena 256–7, 258, 438 storks
soft tick 32 Sphenisciformes 59 spotted ratfish 40 European white 59
African land snail 124 soldier beetles 195 Spheniscus spotted rose-snapper 260 Marabou 250
amber snail 382 soldierfish, crimson 42 demersus 59 spotted trunkfish 43 white 59, 169
common snail 28 sole, lemon 389 humboldtii 59 springbok 93, 443 storm-petrels
European striped snail 28 Solenopsis 368 mendiculus 267 springhare 72 European 59
garden snail 382, 473 solifuge 89 Sphenodon punctatus 52 spurdog 389 white-vented 224
giant African snail 28 solitary living 421 sphinx moths 110 Squalicorax 19 straw-colored fruit bat 160
great pond snail 28 Solomon Island horned frog 48 giant 35 Squalus acanthias 389, 426 strawberry poison frog 49, 345
moon snail 205 Solomon Island leaf frog 306 Sphyraena putnamae 427 Squamata 53–5 streaked tenrec 129
movement 89, 95 song thrush 66, 456 Sphyrapicus varius 459 squamates 52 Streptopelia capicola 332
Polynesian tree snails 28 songbirds Sphyrna squat lobster 33 stress, in baboons 436
reproduction 328 classification 57 lewini 215 squid 28, 85, 98, 99 stridulation 127, 457
Roman snail 116 dueting 364 tiburo 331 bigfin reef 99 Strigiformes 62
shells 84, 85 sooty shearwater 148 spicebush swallowtail butterfly bobtail 301 striped catfish 314
violet snail 28 Sorex araneus 74 Gonatus onyx 397 striped grass mouse 72
snake eels sounds 299 southern calamari 384–5 striped snail, European 28
banded 304 alarm calls 443, 456 spider crabs 33, 83, 298 squirrel monkey, Bolivian 73 Strix
ringed 41 communication 456–61, 465 squirrels aluco 62
snake-necked turtle, common courtship 352 spiny 313 California ground 293 nebulosa 62, 230
echolocation 119, 128–9 spiders 32, 92, 110 gray 72 uralensis 62
52 hearing 126–7 see also flying squirrels Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
snake starfish 84 infrasound 119 bird-eating spider 280 Sri Lankan caecilian 46
snakefly 35 mimicry 477 black and yellow garden stag fly 346–7 333
snakelocks anemone, Atlantic production 127 Stalix 399 Struthio camelus 58, 290, 409,
South African giraffe 76 spider 165 star-nosed mole 120, 247
26 South American caecilian 46 black widow spider 352 starfish 27 430
snakes 52, 53, 54–5 South American pipe snake 54 decoy spider 210 common starfish 205 Struthioniformes 58
southern calamari squid 384–5 fishing spider 208–9 crown-of-thorns starfish 84 sturgeon 104
adder 336 southern caracara 60 fringed jumping spider 474 embryo development 379
Arafura filesnake 55 southern cassowary 58, 198 funnel-web weavers 32, 210 feeding 179 European sea 152
black mamba 202 southern giant petrel 122 garden spider 138 limb regeneration 278 Sturnus vulgaris 66, 315
bush viper 101 southern green stink bug 463 house spider 32, 210 movement 90 Styllopalene longicauda 32
classification 50, 51 southern ground hornbill 124 jumping spiders 32, 83, 210, six-rayed starfish 397 suboscines 57
common egg-eater snake 224 southern hawker dragonfly 34 snake starfish 84 subterranean predators 202
common garter snake 373 southern masked weaver 449 starlings 194 Suez Canal, Lessepsian
cornsnake 55, 475 kerengga ant-like jumper 342 common 66, 315
Cuban woodsnake 55 170 –71 king baboon spider 457 starred tortoise 52 migration 149
eyelash viper 307 southern rock agama 115 magnificent bolas spider 207 Sula
eyes 105 nursery web spider 397
fangs 276 orb-web spiders 165, 463 dactylatra 409
feeding 205 ornate jumping spider 333 nebouxii 358
gaboon viper 55 raft spider 121, 326–7 Sumatran rhinoceros 22, 23
grass snake 284, 290, 357 sun-tailed monkey 454
green tree python 221
horned viper 105
inland taipan 221
Jacobson’s organ 123

INDEX 508 sunbeam snake 55 tamandua, southern 71 Thamnophilus doliatus 64 toads cont. Tridacna gigas 27, 330
sunbird, scarlet-chested 66 Tamandua tetradactyla 71 Thamnophis Surinam 101, 391 triggerfish, titan 140, 400
sunbittern 291 tamarin, golden lion 73 western 314 trilobites, olenellus 16
sunfishes tapeworms 103, 262, 382 sirtalis 373 yellow-bellied 284 tripod fish 90
tapirs 23, 76 sirtalis infernalis 446 triton trumpet 84
bluegill 344 Thaumoctopus mimicus 473 Tockus leucomelas 63 Triturus
ocean 43 Brazilian 76 Thelyphonus 32 toco toucan 63, 190
sunstar 27 Tapirus terrestris 76 thermals, soaring on 97 Todus todus 63 alpestris 356, 401
superb lyrebird 64, 478 tarantula hawk wasp 263 thermoreceptors (temperature tody, Jamaican 63 cristatus 46
supermales, wrasses 335 tarantula spiders 276, 280, 285 toes, birds 58 triumphant star turban 27
surgeonfishes 276 sensors) 119, 202 tokay gecko 54, 458 Troglodytes troglodytes 65
ocean 188 red-kneed 32, 92 Theropithecus gelada 73, 454 Tolypeutes tricinctus 292 Trogon violaceus 63
powder blue 188 Taricha torosa 46 thickened cardita 27 tomato frog 48 Trogoniformes 63
Suricata suricatta 75, 318–19, tarpon 41, 312 Thomisus spectabilis 207 tongues trogons 63
Tarsipe rostratus 70 Thomson’s gazelle 320, 414–15 violaceous 63
438 Tasmanian devil 70, 258 thorn bug 34, 299, 462 Jacobson’s organ 123 Tropidophis melanurus 55
Surinam horned frog 47 tasselled filefish 43 thornbill, brown 64 taste buds 122 trout 105, 131
Surinam toad 101, 391 taste, sense of 119, 122–3 thorny devil 53, 274 tools, use of 472, 478–83 brown 219
Surnia ulula 62 Tauraco erythrolophus 62 threadfin butterflyfish 43 tooth spirals, heliocoprion 17 rainbow 42, 475
survival strategies 277 tawny-crowned greenlet 64 threadfin rainbowfish 42 toothed whales 128 trumpet, triton 84
Sus scrofa 200, 483 tawny frogmouth 62 three-banded armadillo 292 torpor 115 trunkfish, spotted 43
swallowing, with eyes 219 tawny owl 62 three-spined stickleback 42, tortoises 52, 87, 101, 277 trypanosomes 332
swallows 97 taxonomy 20–21, 22 Galapagos giant 189, 344 tsetse fly 388
Tayassu tajacu 76 352 gopher 168 tuatara 52
American cliff 434 teeth three-wattled bellbird 64 Hermann’s 52 tub gurnard 43
barn 89, 148, 157, 172 thrush, song 66, 456 leopard 52 tubastrea coral 278
cliff 172 carnivores 204 Thysanostoma loriferum 448 marginated 381 Tubastrea faulkneri 278
tree 172 defenses 276 ticks 260, 271 starred 52 Tubularia 26
swallowtail butterfly, spicebush elephants 182 toucans 63 tubularian hydroids 26
leopard seal 233 sheep 263 toco 63, 190 Tubulidentata 71
299 lions 237 soft 32 touch, sense of 119, 120, 202 tufted capuchin 479
swamphen, purple 60 sea lamprey 266 tiger butterfly, large 297 communication 443, 462, tuna 98
swans sharks 214, 253 tiger leech, Asian 262 bluefin 155
Tegenaria gigantea 32 tiger salamander 90, 336 465–7 tunneling 94
mute 58, 163, 348 tegu lizard 54 tiger shark 202, 253 hair and 107 Tupaia minor 74
whooper 101, 431 Teleopsis dalmanni 343 tigers 75 toxins, in plants 182, 183 Tupinambis teguixin 54
swarming 184, 425 teleosts 38 Amur tiger 145, 375 Toxotes jaculatrix 215 turacos 62
sweat bee 422 Temminck’s pangolin 74, 104 Bengal tiger 145, 296 Trachemys scripta elegans 52 red-crested 62
swell shark, blotchy 389 Temminck’s tragopan 58 claws 276 Trachops cirrhosus 244 turbans
swiftlet, white-rumped 129 Temnothorax albipennis 464 eyes 124 Trachylepis quinquetaeniata 286 precious 27
swifts 62, 97 temperature hunting 205 Trachyphonus darnaudii 63 triumphant star 27
common 374 control of 52, 70, 101, 114–15 mating 375 tracking turbellarians 110
pallid 62 sensors 119, 202 play 408 sharks 152 Turbo petholatus 27
swim bladder 98, 126 tendons 93 raising young 396 turtles 154, 337 Turdus
swimming 98–9 Tenrec ecaudatus 71 skeleton 86–7 tragopan, Temminck’s 58 migratorius 20
swordfish 89 tenrecs territories 144–5 Tragopan temminckii 58 philomelos 66
Sydney funnel-web spider 280 common 71 Tiliqua rugosa 332 trapezium horse conch 28 turkey vulture 60, 255
sylph, long-tailed 157 streaked 129 timber rattlesnake 403 tree ants 167 turnstone 229
Sylvia undata 65 tent olive 28 Tinamiformes 58 tree boa, emerald 55 Tursiops truncatus 351, 461,
symbiosis 260 termite mounds 131, 166, 402 tinamous 58 tree frogs
symmetry, invertebrates 26 termites 163, 261, 481 red-winged 58 Brazilian 197 483
Symphalangus syndactylus 364 African mound-building 166 Tinbergen, Niko 138 dainty green 456 turtles 52
Symphodus melops 344 terns 434 tinker reed frog 48 European 47
Synanceia verrucosa 43, 304 Arctic 137, 148 titan triggerfish 140, 400 green 47 alligator snapping turtles 52,
Synanthedon 304 black-beaked sandwich 434 Titea tamerlan 302–3 gray 306 221
Syncerus caffer 193, 321 Inca 61 tits magnificent 446
Synchiropus splendidus 43 little 358 bearded 65, 67 red-eyed 47, 124 big-headed turtle 52
Synodontis angelicus 41 yellow-beaked royal 434 blue 65, 137, 191, 452 Verreaux’s 352 Chinese soft-shelled turtle 52
synovial fluid 81 Terrapene carolina 286 coal 137 White’s 47 classification 50
syrinx, birds 127 terrestrial flatworms 26 long-tailed 172 tree pangolin 406 common snake-necked turtle
territories 137, 138–47 marsh 191 tree shrews 74
T aggression 144–5 Titurus cistatus 450 lesser 74 52
boundaries 140 toadfishes tree snail, Polynesian 28 common snapping turtle 357
Tabanus sudeticus 35 overlapping 146 oyster 457 tree swallow 172 eastern box turtle 286
tachinid fly 35 scent-marking 138, 145 splendid 42 tree toad, Boulenger’s Asian 48 eggs 327
Tachyglossus aculeatus 70, 394 seasonal variation 143 toads 44, 47–8, 380 treecreeper, Eurasian 66 evolution 14, 18
Tadarida brasiliensis 320, 406 see also colonies African clawed 47 treehole frog 458 green turtle 52, 337, 381, 392
tadpoles 111, 380, 390–91 Testudo hermanni 52 Boulenger’s Asian tree 48 trees hawksbill turtle 197
Taenia saginata 262 Tetramorium caespitum 426 cane 103, 149, 284 drumming on 460 leatherback turtle 154
tailed frog 47 Tetrao urogallus 58, 338 Couch’s spadefoot 47 in food chains 180 red-eared turtle 52
tailorbird 162 tetrapods 14, 36, 37, 38 European common 48, 154, treotobranchians 45 Ridley turtle 471
tails Tetrax tetrax 60 Triaenodon obesus 369 shells 87
Tettigonidae 298 284, 370–71 Triakis semifasciata 40 swimming 99
shedding 286 Texas horned lizard 286 Great Plains 336 trial and error, learning 471 tracking 337
swimming 98 Texas thread snake 54 green 48 Triassic–Jurassic extinction 18 yellow mud turtle 52
taipan, inland 221 Thai water dragon 53 Mallorcan midwife 47, 391 Triassic period 18 tusk shells 28
Tairadae 23 Thalassarche melanophrys marine 48 Trichechus manatus 71, 447 tuskfish, harlequin 43
talibar lionfish 42 Mexican burrowing 47 Trichogaster trichopterus 464 tusks, elephants 276
talons 204 142–3, 253 midwife 47, 366 Trichosurus vulpecula 70 two-toed sloth 71
Talpa europaea 74, 175 Thalassoma bifasciatum 335 natterjack 372 Tylototriton verrucosus 46
oriental fire-bellied 47 tympanic ears 126

Tyrannosaurus rex 19 vinegaroon 32 water cont. whales cont. shock absorbers 169 509 INDEX
Tyrannus tyrannus 64 violaceous trogon 63 walking on 288–9 sperm whale 77, 128, 253, woodpeckers cont.
Tyto alba 62 violet snail 28 water balance 114 471
Vipera berus 336 yellow-bellied sapsucker 459
U viperine snake 391 water bugs 34 wheel animalcules 331 woodsnake, Cuban 55
vipers giant 212, 398 whip snake, western 373 woolly monkey, gray 73
Uca annulipes 449 whip-spiders 32 worm casts 113
ultraviolet vision 119, 125 bush 101 water dikkop 275, 290–91 whiskered bat 74, 115 worm-lizards 53, 54
Umbonia crassicornis 34, 299 eyelash 205, 307 water dragon, Thai 53 whiskers 107, 120, 121, 122 worms
umbrella bird 229 gaboon 55 water-flea 112 whistling duck, plumed 58
ungulates 76 horned 105 water-holding frog 114 white-backed vulture, African anatomy 81, 82
upside-down jellyfish 26 virgin birth 328 water lily frog 332 Christmas-tree worm 278,
Upupa epops 63 Virginia opossum 70, 200 water rail 60 255
Ural owl 62 vision see eyes water scorpion 398 white-bellied sea eagle 60 366
urine 114 visual signals, communication water shrew, Eurasian 122, 247 white cockatoo 61 excretion 103, 114
water skeletons 81, 82 white crab spider 207 feather duster worm 278
marking territories 145 443, 448–55 water spider 164 white-eye, Cape 65 giant feather duster worm 473
Urocolius macrourus 62 viviparity 379 water strider 462 white-necked picathartes 65 parchment worm 27
Uromastyx acanthinurus 53 viviparous lizard 391 waterfowl 56, 58 white-nosed coati 200 peacock worm 27, 195
Uroplatus sikorae 306–7 vocalizations 127 waterproofing feathers 106 white pelican, great 228 Pompeii worm 137
Ursus Vogelkop bowerbird 172 wattled jacana 61 white rhinoceros 76, 447 respiration 101
voles wave-hunting, orca 245 white-rumped swiftlet 129 roundworms 26
arctos 75, 201, 413 waxwings 106 white salema 120 segmented worms 27
maritimus 75, 258–9, 406 bank 72 white shark 40, 214 velvet worm 206
red 72 Bohemian 65, 191 white-spotted bambooshark 40 see also earthworms
V Vombatus ursinus 70 weapons white stork 59, 169 wrasses 448
vomeronasal organ 123, 444 white-tailed deer 455 bluehead 335
vampire bat, common 74, 271 Vulpes defenses 276 white-tailed eagle 224–5 bluestreak cleaner 267
Vandellia cirrhosa 267 rueppellii 75 predators 204 white-tipped reef shark 369 corkwing 344
Vanellus miles 61 vulpes 147 weasel, least 75 white-toothed shrew, lesser 406 wren, winter 65, 127
Vanessa cardui 152 Vultur gryphus 60, 142 weaver ants 162, 167, 342, 445 white-vented storm-petrel 224 wryneck, northern 63
Varanus 402 vultures weaver birds white-winged chough 452
African white-backed 255 little 171 white-winged fairy-wren 338 X
exanthematicus 54 Egyptian 60, 102, 179 red-billed quelea 435 White’s tree frog 47
komodoensis 54, 220, 328, griffon 254–5 sociable 172 whitetail dragonfly, common 139 Xanthostigma xanthostigma 35
turkey 60, 255 southern masked 170–71 whooper swan 101, 431 Xenohyla truncata 197
373 village 162, 171 whooping crane 157 Xenopeltis unicolor 55
veined octopus 473 W webbed feet 90, 99 wigeon, Eurasian 58 Xenopus laevis 47
velvet worms 206 webs, spiders 165, 203 wild ass, African 76 Xestobium rufovillosum 35, 463
Venezuelan red howler monkey waders 61 wedge-billed woodcreeper 64 wild boar 200, 483
bills 229 weedy seadragon 42 wild dog, African 204, 238–9, Y
73, 460 classification 57 weever fish 276, 305
venom see poisons weevils 35, 275 240, 462 yak 137
venus, stepped 27 “waggle dance,” bees 463 cabbage seed 444 wildebeest 312, 381, 476 yellow-beaked royal tern 434
venus comb murex 279 walking 90–91 leaf 35 yellow-bellied sapsucker 459
Verreaux’s sifaka 93 walking catfish 41 wentletrap, precious 27 blue 148, 161 yellow-bellied toad 284
Verreaux’s tree frog 352 wallaby, red-necked 70, 394, West Indian manatee 71, 447 willow ptarmigan 310 yellow-billed oxpecker 269
vertebrae 87 western capercaillie 58, 338 Wilsonia citrina 66 yellow-headed Amazon parrot
vertebrates 412 western diamondback wings
Wallace’s flying frog 97 349
body systems 109 walrus 75, 101, 248–9 rattlesnake 55, 287 birds 96–7 yellow-headed poison frog 48
burrowing 95 wandering albatross 155 western gorilla 73 butterflies and moths 104 yellow mud turtle 52
classification 15, 22–3, 24, warblers western grebe 359 feathers 106 yellow scorpion 355
western pipistrelle 241 insects 96 yellow spotted night lizard 54
3 6 –7 aquatic 374 western scrub jay 472 winter wren 65, 127 yellow-spotted salamander 154
communication 444, 456 Dartford 65 western toad 314 wolves yolk sac 381, 389
evolution 14, 16–19 great reed 459 western whip snake 373 Arctic wolf 204
eyes 125 hooded 66 Westlothiana lizzae 17 body language 455 Z
Jacobson’s organ 123 reed 406 whale shark 102, 197, 266 brains 471
joints 81 warfare 422 whales 77, 312 feeding partnerships 270–71 Zalophus californianus 75, 365,
muscles 81 “warm-blooded” animals 89, gray wolf 75, 159, 270–71, 483
nervous systems 117 baleen 194, 205
number of species 13 101 barnacles 260 320, 437, 455 zebra wing butterfly 334
scales 104 warning colors 46, 277 beluga whale 311, 407 howling 127, 442 zebras 91
sense of smell 122 warthog 76, 238–9, 271 blubber 102 pack hierarchy 437, 455
skeletons 86–7 warty chameleon 53 blue whale 200 prey 159, 320 Burchell’s zebra 148, 465
touch receptors 120 washing food 479 Bryde’s whale 77 wombat 70, 103 camouflage 296
Vespa wasps 83 classification 22, 68 wood ant 313 defenses 312
crabro 280 communication 127, 443 wood duck 409 flehmen response 123
mandarina 213 braconid 388 Cuvier’s beaked whale 77, 111 wood frog 475 Grant’s zebra 351
vulgaris 167 common 167 echolocation 128 wood-owl, dark 297 predators 476
Vespertilio murinus 74 digger 138 evolution 15, 19 woodcreeper, wedge-billed 64 Zenaida macroura 61
Vespula germanica 35 fig 343 gray 77, 148, 259 wood lice 83, 89, 180, 250 Zeus faber 42
vibrations German 35 humpback whale 77, 160–61, woodpecker finch 15 Ziphius cavirostris 77
communication 443, 462, 463, jewel 35 woodpeckers 63 Zosterops pallidus 65
paper 163 246 acorn woodpecker 190 zygote 13, 325
464, 465, 467 parasitic 381 migration 160 classification 56
hearing 126 potter 398 northern bottlenose whale 77 middle spotted woodpecker
receptors 121 tarantula hawk 263 northern right whale 77
village weaver 162, 171 water pygmy right whale 77 63
movement in 89 pygmy sperm whale 77 pileated woodpecker 169
sound in 456 skeletons 87 red-cockaded woodpecker
skin 102
291

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researchers at the main contributing agencies naturepl.com: Nick Garbutt (crb). Photolibrary: Rufus bettong). DK Images: Jerry Young (cra). Dr C Science Photo Library: British Antarctic Survey (tl).
who helped turn over every stone to find the Phototake Inc (tr). Alex Wild/myrmecos.net: (cra). Andrew Henley / Larus: (clb). naturepl.com: Tom 108 Science Photo Library: Gilbert S. Grant. 109
very best pictures for this title. 14 DK Images: Jerry Young (bl) (bc). 15 Alamy Vezo (c). Dave Watts: (ca). Martin B. Withers: (cr) Alamy Images: Visual & Written SL (cb). FLPA:
Images: Rolf Nussbaumer (br). Ardea: D. Parer & E. (br). P. A. Woolley and D. Walsh: (cb). 71 Ardea: Reinhard Dirscherl (br). Still Pictures: Jean-Jacques
Sources for the illustrations listed below are as Parer-Cook (cr). 18 DK Images: Colin Keates (c) Kenneth W. Fink (cb/tamandua); Peter Steyn (tl). Alcalay/Biosphoto (cl). 110 Alamy Images: Scott
follows: p.111 Cuvier’s beaked whale diving graph: Dorling Kindersley, Courtesy of the Natural History BIOS Photo: Jany Sauvanet (crb). Nigel Dennis: (tr). Camazine (cb). David Bickford: (c). naturepl.com:
Peter Tyack et al, Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol. Museum, London (cra) (crb). 19 DK Images: Colin DK Images: Jerry Young (cb/armadillo). Getty Jurgen Freund (tr). Science Photo Library:
209, p.4238; p.121 Seismic signalling in mole rats: Keates (c) Dorling Kindersley, Courtesy of the Natural Images: Theo Allofs/Photonica (br). naturepl.com: Microfield Scientific Ltd (bl). 110-1 Corbis: Paul
“Seismic signal transmission between burrows of the History Museum, London (crb). 20 Alamy Images: Doug Perrine (cr). Galen B. Rathbun: (tc). 72 Corbis: Souders. 111 Ardea: B. Moose Peterson (br). FLPA:
Cape mole-rat,” P. M. Narins, O. J. Reichman, J. U. Nordic Photos (cb). Shutterstock: Michael J Frans Lanting (bl). Peter Cross: (cr). DK Images: Chris Newbert/Minden Pictures (tr); Ariadne Van
M. Jarvis, and E. R. Lewis, Journal of Comparative Thompson (bl). 21 Alamy Images: Terry Whittaker Frank Blackburn (c) Dorling Kindersley, Courtesy of Zandbergen (cb). 112 Thomas Marent: (clb).
Physiology, 170:13-21, 1992; p.127 Timelags (br/tworhino). Photolibrary: Mary Plage/OSF (br). the Marwell Zoological Park, Winchester (cra); naturepl.com: Peter Bassett (br). Photolibrary:
in sound reception: www.nature.com/nature/ Shutterstock: Stephane Angue (cb); John Carleton Exmoor Zoo (ca/striped grass mouse); Rollin Verlinde Phototake Inc/OSF (cla). Science Photo Library:
journalv417/n6886/images/417322a-f1.2jp; p.128 (cra); EcoPrint (crb/black rhino); Jan Gottwald (crb); (cl); Jerry Young (ca/spiny mouse). FLPA: Frank W. Professors PM Motta & S Correr (tr); Dr Linda
Echolocation in sperm whales: http://palaeo.gly. Volker Kirchberg (tr); Snowleopard1 (crb/indian Lane (cla). Mike Jordan: (c). Martin B. Withers: (br). Stannard, UCT (cra). 113 FLPA: Frans Lanting (bl);
bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles/whales/odontoceti.htm; p.129 rhino); Elena Talberg (br/rhinos); Chris Turner (cr). 22 73 André Bärtschi/wildtropix.com: (ca). DK Mark Moffett/Minden Pictures (cb). Photolibrary:
Echolocation by Australian cave swiftlets: “Hearing Alamy Images: blickwinkel (cla). Science Photo Images: Jerry Young (c) (cb) (crb). Fotomedia: E. Satoshi Kuribayashi/OSF (tr). 114 Alamy Images:
and echolocation in the Australian grey swiftlet”, Library: Peter Scoones (cr); Sinclair Stammers (br). Hanumantha Rao (tc). Imagestate: (clb). Images of Africa Photobank (bc); Michael J. Kronmal
Roger B. Coles, Masakazu Konishi, and John D. SeaPics.com: (tl). Shutterstock: Ian Scott (ca) (cra). Photolibrary: Michael Dick/OSF (cl). Dave Watts: (cb). Ardea: D. Parer & E. Parer-Cook (cra). naturepl.
Pettigrew, Journal of Experimental Biology 129, 23 Klaus Lang & WWF Indonesia: (bl). naturepl. (cr). 74 Bruce Coleman Inc: Bill Wood (tc). Nigel com: Mary McDonald (c). 114-5 FLPA: Ariadne Van
365-371, 1987; p.140 Territorial boundaries of the com: Rod Williams (clb). Shutterstock: Ziga Dennis: (br). DK Images: Frank Greenaway (c) Zandbergen. 115 Alamy Images: Steve Bloom
Malaysian giant ant: “Territoriality in the Malaysian Camernik (cl); Luis Louro (fcl); Victor Soares (c). 26 Dorling Kindersley, Courtesy of the Natural History Images (tr). FLPA: Frans Lanting (crb). naturepl.com:
giant ant Camponotus gigas,” Martin Pfeiffer and Andrew Martinez: (cl). Photolibrary: N. M. Collins/ Museum, London (cr) (clb); Gary Ombler (C) Dorling Hans Christoph Kappel (br). Photolibrary: Juniors
Karl E. Linsenmair, Journal of Ethology Volume 19, OSF (fclb); Micromacro (bl). Linda Pitkin/lindapitkin. Kindersley, Courtesy of Drusillas Zoo, Alfriston, West Bildarchiv (cra). 116 Alamy Images: Phototake Inc
Number 2, 75-85, December 2001; p.149 Body fat net: (cr) (clb). 27 Paul Kay: (br). Sue Scott: (cr). 29 Sussex (tl); Rollin Verlinde (tr); Jerry Young (c). (ca). Science Photo Library: Dr John Zajicek (cra).
and migration in birds: The Complete Encyclopedia FLPA: R. Dirscherl. 32 Oceanwide Images: Gary NHPA/Photoshot: Daniel Heuclin (cl). 75 William 116-7 Science Photo Library: D. Roberts. 117
of Birds and Bird Migration, Christopher M. Perrins Bell/oceanwideimages.com (bc). SeaPics.com: (cl). Bernard Photography: (ca). DK Images: Jerry Alamy Images: Phototake Inc (ca). naturepl.com:
and Jonathan Elphick, 2003, p.26; p.194 Intenstine 34 Warren Photographic: Kim Taylor (clb/mantis). Young (c) (cr). 76 DK Images: Frank Greenaway (c) Gary K. Smith (br). Science Photo Library: Thierry
length in starlings: F. Harvey Pough, Christine M. 35 DK Images: Frank Greenaway (c) Dorling Dorling Kindersley, Courtesy of the Marwell Berrod, Mona Lisa Production (tl); H. Raguet/Eurelios
Janis, and John B. Heiser, Vertebrate Life, p.461; Kindersley, Courtesy of the Natural History Museum, Zoological Park, Winchester (tl) (bc) (cb); Jerry Young (bl). 118 stevebloom.com. 119 Ardea: M. Watson
p.214 Attacks by great whites: “Graphs of white London (crb). 40 Ardea: Becca Saunders (cr). (tr). Fotomedia: Joanna Van Gruisen (clb). 78-131 (tr). FLPA: Fred Bavendam/Minden Pictures (clb).
shark attacks and percentage of fatal attacks by Corbis: Brandon D. Cole (br). imagequestmarine. Corbis: Martin Harvey. 78-9 Corbis: Martin Harvey. naturepl.com: Philippe Clement (bc); Andy Sands
decade” (web publication), International Shark com: Kelvin Aiken/V & W (bc). naturepl.com: 80 National Geographic Image Collection: David (c); Peter Scoones (fclb); David Shale (cl). Science
Attack File, Florida Museum of Natural History, Brandon Cole (ca); Naturbild (cra). 41 Doubilet. 81 naturepl.com: Nick Garbutt (br). Photo Library: D. Roberts (crb). Still Pictures: David
University of Florida; p.218 Stoplight loosejaw, red imagequestmarine.com: Peter Herring (clb); Masa Science Photo Library: Eye of Science (cl). 82 Cavanaro (fcl). 120 naturepl.com: Brandon Cole (bl).
emission and sensitivity: “Dragon fish see using Ushioda (cra) (ca). naturepl.com: Solvin Zankl (tl). naturepl.com: AFLO (bc); Jurgen Freund (cl) (bl); Jeff Photolibrary: Rodger Jackman/OSF (crb). Science
chlorophyll,” R. H. Douglas, J. C. Partridge, K. Dulai, Photolibrary: Rudie H Kuitel/OSF (tr). John E Rotman (fbl) (br); Sinclair Stammers (tr). 83 FLPA: Photo Library: Steve Gschmeissner (cr); Susumu
D. Hunt, C. W. Mullineaux, A. Y. Tauber and P. H. Randall: (cb). Science Photo Library: Peter Reinhard Dirscherl (c). Science Photo Library: Nishinaga (ca); Rod Planck (cla). 121 naturepl.com:
Hynninen, Nature 393, 423-424, 4 June 1998; p.218 Scoones (tc). 42 Alamy Images: Stephen Frink Susumu Nishinaga (tr). 84 Photolibrary: Tobias Geoff Dore (cla); Anup Shah (cb). NHPA/Photoshot:
Pharyngeal jaws in moray eels: “Raptoral jaws in the Collection (ca). John E Randall: (cra). SeaPics.com: Berhard/OSF (tr); Howard Hall/OSF (ca). 84-85 Peter & Beverly Pickford (cra). 122 Corbis: Fritz
throat help moray eels swallow large prey,” Rita S. (tr). 43 Photolibrary: Richard Herrman/OSF (crb). 46 naturepl.com: Jeff Rotman (bl). 85 DK Images: Polking (crb). naturepl.com: Dave Bevan (tr); Andy
Mehta and Peter C. Wainwright, Nature 449, 79–82, Bruce Coleman Inc: Jack Dermid (cb). David M. Steve Gorton/Oxford University of Natural History Sands (cb). NHPA/Photoshot: Anthony Bannister
6 September 2007; p.234 Electro-sensitivity in the Dennis: (crb). Chris Mattison Nature (tc). Photolibrary: David Fleetham/OSF (br). Science (cl). Photolibrary: Owen Newman/OSF (br);
bill of the duck-billed platypus: “Electroreception and Photographics: (cr). NHPA/Photoshot: Robert Photo Library: Eye of Science (cl); M. I. Walker (tr). Phototake Inc/OSF (c). 122-3 FLPA: Derek
the feeding behaviour of platypus,” Paul R. Manger Erwin (clb); Pavel German (c). 47 Ardea: Hans & 86 naturepl.com: Dave Watts (cra). Science Photo Middleton. 123 naturepl.com: Christophe Courteau
and John D. Pettigrew, Philosophical Transactions: Judy Besle (cb). Dr W.R. Branch: (cr). Bruce Library: Steve Gschmeissner (bc) (br); Susumu (ca); Tony Heald (tr). 124 Alamy Images: Martin
Biological Sciences 347(1322):359–381; p.241 Coleman Inc: S. C. Bisserot (clb); Dr M. P. Kahl (c). Nishinaga (bl). 87 naturepl.com: Mark Payne-Gill Harvey (clb); Mike Veitch (cl). naturepl.com: Mark
Western pipistrelle attack sequence: “Echolocation R.W. Van Devender: (tc). Chris Mattison Nature (tc); Jose B. Ruiz (tl); Dave Watts (tr). 88 NHPA/ Carwardine (ca); Nick Garbutt (fclb); Alan James (fcl);
by insect-eating bats,” Hans-Ulrich Schnitzler and Photographics: (crb). NHPA/Photoshot: Daniel Photoshot: Martin Harvey. 89 Ardea: Bill Coster (fcl); Toby Sinclair (cb). Christian Ziegler: (c). 124-5
Elizabeth K.V. Kalko, BioScience July 2001/Vol.51 Heuclin (cl). 48 fogdenphotos.com: M & P Fogden Ken Lucas (c). fogdenphotos.com: M & P Fogden Corbis: Visuals Unlimited. 125 Alamy Images:
No.7; p.241 Echo recognition in greater horseshoe (cl). Chris Mattison Nature Photographics: (bc); (tr). naturepl.com: Staffan Widstrand (cr). blickwinkel (cr); imagebroker (ca). Science Photo
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greater horseshoe bats,” G. von der Emde and Thomas Marent. 52 Photolibrary: Randy Morse Fredrick/OSF (cb). SeaPics.com: (crb). 90 Alamy Alamy Images: Marrin Dembinsky Photo Associates
H-U. Schnitzler, Journal of Comparative Physiology, (br). 53 Ardea: Jean Paul Ferrero (cl). fogdenphotos. Images: imagebroker/Alamy (c). Ardea: Gavin (cl). Science Photo Library: J. C. Revy (cb). 126-7
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humpback whales: “Culture in whales and dolphins,” Wilkes (ca). 54 Dr Indraneil Das: (ca). Chris (bl). Getty Images: Piotr Naskrecki/Minden Pictures Pictures (fbr). naturepl.com: Premaphotos (bc);
L. Rendell and H. Whitehead, Behavioural and Brain Mattison Nature Photographics: (bc). NHPA/ (cl). Sharon Heald: (cb). naturepl.com: Ingo Arndt Shattil & Rozinski (br). 128 Ardea: Augusto Stanzani
Sciences 24 (2); p.310 Plumage change in the willow Photoshot: Daniel Heuclin (br). Photolibrary: Zig (crb). 91 shahimages.com: Anup and Manoj Shah. (bl). naturepl.com: Doc White (cl). 128-9 Ardea:
ptarmigan: “Cryptic behaviour in moulting hen willow Leszczynski/OSF (cra). 55 DK Images: Chris 92 FLPA: Mark Moffett/Minden Pictures (clb). Jean Paul Ferrero. 129 Alamy Images: Danita
ptarmigan lagopus l. lagopus during snow melt,” Mattison Photographics (crb). Chris Mattison Science Photo Library: Claude Nuridsany & Marie Delimont (bc). NHPA/Photoshot: A. N. T. Photo
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1992), pp.101–104; p.465 Kangaroo rat sonogram: Alamy Images: Genevieve Vallee (cla). Peter Cross Philippe Clement (br). NHPA/Photoshot: Stephen Dave Watts (tl). 130-1 Photolibrary: Chris & Monique
J.A. Randall, Acoustic Society of America; p.449 (c) Dorling Kindersley, Courtesy of Twycross Zoo, Dalton (cr). 94 Alamy Images: blickwinkel (tc) (cra). Fallows/Apex Predators/OSF. 131 Alamy Images:
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Kim Taylor (br). FLPA: Panda Photo (cb). Andre van 95 naturepl.com: Philippe Clement (tr). NHPA/ Pouedras (clb). 132-3 Corbis: Charles O’Rear. 134-
Huizen: (tc). rspb-images.com: Bill Paton (cr). Photoshot: Roy Walker (cla) (ca). 96 FLPA: Michael 175 Alamy Images: Roger Munns. 134-5 Alamy
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Tom Hugh-Jones (cra). Photolibrary: Mark Jones/ Alamy Images: Roger Bamber (cl). Ardea: Stefan Massie (br). FLPA: Nigel Cattlin (tl); Frans Lanting (tr). naturepl.com: E. A. Kuttapan (tr). SeaPics.com: (cl).
OSF (bl). Mark Trabue: (tl). 158-9 FLPA: Michio Meyers (crb). Corbis: Joe McDonald (cla). FLPA: M & NHPA/Photoshot: Ken Griffiths (bl). Science Photo 296-7 National Geographic Image Collection: Tim
Hoshino/Minden Pictures. 159 National Geographic P Fogden/Minden Pictures (ca). naturepl.com: Doc Library: Eye of Science (cl). 252 Alamy Images: Laman. 297 FLPA: Michael Quinton/Minden Pictures
Image Collection: Paul Nicklen (cr); Maria Stenzel White (br). 201 Alamy Images: Stock Connection Robert Fried (cra). Kurt Jay Bertels: (tc). FLPA: Mark (tl). naturepl.com: Georgette Douwma (cra); David
(br). naturepl.com: Asgeir Helgestad (ca); Jeff Turner Distribution (ca). Corbis: Joe McDonald (cla). Still Moffett/Minden Pictures (cr); André Skonieczny/ Shale (ca). José Roberto Peruca: (bc). Still
(cb). 160 Kieran Dodds/kierandodds.com: (tr) (cra). Pictures: Klein J.- L & Hubert M.-L/Biosphoto (b); Imagebroker (fcl). naturepl.com: Neil Bromhall (cl) Pictures: Francois Gilson/Biosphoto (br). 298 FLPA:
NHPA/Photoshot: A.N.T. Photo Library (clb). Bruce Lichtenberger (cra). 202 Alamy Images: Steve (c); Brent Hedges (cb); Nature Production (bl); Jose Frans Lanting (c); Chris Newbert/Minden Pictures
Science Photo Library: Edward Kinsman (cl). Bloom Images (bl). FLPA: M & P Fogden/Minden B. Ruiz (br). Science Photo Library: Barbara (tc); Norbert Wu/Minden Pictures (cla). Getty
SeaPics.com: (bl). 160-1 FLPA: Reinhard Dirscherl Pictures (c). 203 FLPA: Gerry Ellis/Minden Pictures Strnadova (tl). 253 naturepl.com: Bernard Castelein Images: Patricio Robles Gil/Minden Pictures (crb).
(b). 161 naturepl.com: Anup Shah (cra). NHPA/ (cl). naturepl.com: Meul/ARCO (tc); Rod Williams (bl); Pete Oxford (br). SeaPics.com: (cl) (cr). 254-5 naturepl.com: Pete Oxford (bl). 299 Getty Images:
Photoshot: Jonathan & Angela Scott (tl). 162 Alamy (tr). 204 FLPA: Martin B Withers (crb). NHPA/ Juan Manuel Hernández. 255 naturepl.com: Ron Jeff Lepore (br). Thomas Marent: (tc) (c). NHPA/
Images: Peter Arnold, Inc (cla). FLPA: Gerry Ellis/ Photoshot: Daniel Heuclin (br). 204-5 FLPA: Jim O’Connor (crb); Lynn M. Stone (br). Still Pictures: Photoshot: James Carmichael Jr (bl). Senckenberg,
Minden Pictures (bl). naturepl.com: Gertrud & Brandenburg/Minden Pictures (t). 205 Alamy Sylvain Cordier/Biosphoto (cra). 256-7 naturepl. Messel Research Department, Frankfurt a. M.
Helmut Denzau (bc). 162-3 National Geographic Images: WildPictures (tr). FLPA: Pete Oxford/Minden com: Christophe Courteau. 258 naturepl.com: (Germany): (cra). 300 NHPA/Photoshot: Trevor
Image Collection: Michael S. Quinton. 163 Alamy Pictures (cr). naturepl.com: Alan James (bl); Steven Michael Durham (cl); Anup Shah (cb); Dave Watts (tl). McDonald (clb) (bc) (bl) (cb). 300-1 NHPA/
Images: blickwinkel (cr). Ardea: Pascal Goetgheluck Kazlowski (crb); Constantinos Petrinos (fclb); Mike 258-9 Howie Garber/WanderlustImages.com. 260 Photoshot: Trevor McDonald. 301 Lydia Mäthger
(cb). FLPA: Mitsuhiko Imamori/Minden Pictures (tr). Read (cb); Lynn M. Stone (bc); Dave Watts (br); Doug FLPA: Frans Lanting (tr); Colin Marshall (clb); Mark (permission from Biology Letters): (bl) (bc).
naturepl.com: Jane Burton (crb); John Cancalosi Wechsler (cra). NHPA/Photoshot: Mark Bowler (cl). Newman (ca). Photolibrary: Les Stocker/OSF (bc). SeaPics.com: (ca) (cr). 302-3 Art Wolfe. 304 FLPA:
(cra); Georgette Douwma (ca); Tom Vezo (bc). NHPA/ 206 FLPA: Fred Bavendam/Minden Pictures (br). Still Pictures: Darlyne A. Murawski (bl). 260-1 Reinhard Dirscherl (cb). naturepl.com: Dave Bevan
Photoshot: T. Kitchin & V. Hurst (br). 164 FLPA: Fred National Geographic Image Collection: David SeaPics.com. 261 NHPA/Photoshot: N A Callow Photography (cra). Photolibrary: Waina Cheng (cla).
Bavendam/Minden Pictures (clb). NASA: NASA/ Doubilet (tl). naturepl.com: Rod Clarke/John Downer (tr). 262 Alamy Images: Martin Harvey (ca); Medical- SeaPics.com: (tc) (br). 305 Alamy Images: Visuals &
visibleearth.nasa.gov (cr). naturepl.com: Michael Productions (cl). 207 David Bygott: (bc). on-Line (tl). Oceanwide Images: Gary Bell/ Written SL (cla). FLPA: Fred Bavendam/Minden
Pitts (cl). Photolibrary: Neil Bromhall/OSF (cb); OSF imagequestmarine.com: Peter Parks (c). oceanwideimages.com (bl). Photoshot: Newscom Pictures (tr). naturepl.com: Sue Daly (cb).
(br). 165 Alamy Images: Lawrence Stepanowicz (t). Photolibrary: Densey Clyne/OSF (cr) (bl). SeaPics. (cra). 263 Alamy Images: blickwinkel (tc). Gerry Photolibrary: David Fleetham/OSF (c). SeaPics.
166 Corbis: Anthony Bannister (cla); Frans Lanting. com: (tl) (ftr) (tc) (tr). seashell-collector.com: David Bishop: (br). Corbis: Anthony Bannister (cla). FLPA: com: (bl). 306 FLPA: Gerry Ellis/Minden Pictures (tr).
167 FLPA: Mark Moffett/Minden Pictures (clb); Pete Touitou (cl). 208-9 naturepl.com: Ingo Arndt. 210 Mark Moffett/Minden Pictures (cl) (cb). NHPA/ fogdenphotos.com: M & P Fogden (c). Nick
Oxford/Minden Pictures (cr); Krystyna Szulecka (crb). naturepl.com: Premaphotos (ca). Photolibrary: Photoshot: Stephen Dalton (tr). 264-5 FLPA: Minden Garbutt: (cra). naturepl.com: Doug Wechsler (cla)
David Maitland: (tc). Photolibrary: Densey Clyne/ Satoshi Kuribayashi/OSF (tr); Phototake Inc/OSF (tl). Pictures/Tui De Roy. 266 Alamy Images: blickwinkel (cl). NHPA/Photoshot: Chris Mattison (tc). 306-7
OSF (bc). 168 Ardea: Clem Haagner (crb). 211 FLPA: Mitsuhiko Imamori/Minden Pictures (c) (cla) (ca) (crb); David Fleetham (tr); Jeff Rotman (bl). Thomas Marent: (b). 307 Alamy Images: Martin
fogdenphotos.com: M & P Fogden (tr) (cra). (cr) (fcr). Tim Green: (tl). Science Photo Library: Getty Images: Bill Curtsinger/National Geographic Harvey (cra). Corbis: M & P Fogden (tr). Thomas
naturepl.com: Steven David Miller (clb). NHPA/ Christian Laforsch (tr). 212 naturepl.com: Kim Taylor (cr). iStockphoto.com: Anne de Haas (cl). 267 Marent: (br). naturepl.com: Pete Oxford (cla). 308-9
Photoshot: Martin Harvey (bc). Photolibrary: Mark (clb). NHPA/Photoshot: Anthony Bannister (bc) (crb). Alamy Images: blickwinkel (cb). Photolibrary: Max Anna Henly Photography. 310 Ardea: Tom & Pat
Deeble & Victoria Stone/OSF (cla) (cl). 169 naturepl. Still Pictures: Thierry Montford BIOS (t). 213 Natural Gibbs (Goldfish Bowl)/OSF (cla). Still Pictures: Klein/ Leeson (ca). FLPA: Thomas Mangelson/Minden
com: Jose B. Ruiz (tr) (c). Photolibrary: Ifa- Visions: Andrew Henley (cla). naturepl.com: Martin WaterFrame (cra). 268 Photoshot: Bence Mate. 269 Pictures (tl); Derek Middleton (br); Chris Schenk/Foto
Bilderteam Gmbh/OSF (bl). 170-1 FLPA: Jim Dohrn (br). Jerome Orivel, CNRS: (cl) (c) (cr) (fcr). Alamy Images: Danita Delimont (cr); Imagestate Natura (clb). naturepl.com: Peter Reese (bc). 311
Brandenburg/Minden Pictures. 171 naturepl.com: Photolibrary: Satoshi Kuribayashi/OSF (tr). Alex (cra); Mike Lane (tl). Getty Images: Beverly Joubert/ naturepl.com: Sue Flood (crb); Paul Johnson (cra);
Dietmar Nill (cb); Dave Watts (cl) (c) (cr). Wild/myrmecos.net: (bl) (bc). 214 Chris & Monique National Geographic (br). 270 Ardea: D. Parer & E. Pete Oxford (tl); Philippe Clement (clb). Photolibrary:
Photolibrary: Juniors Bildarchiv/OSF (br). 172 FLPA: Fallows/Apexpredators.com: (cla) (ca) (cra) (r). 215 Parer-Cook (tc). FLPA: Jim Brandenburg/Minden David Fleetham/OSF (br). 312 Alamy Images: Steve
David Hosking (bl); Winfried Wisniewski (br); Konrad FLPA: Fred Bavendam/Minden Pictures (fcra). Pictures (b). 271 naturepl.com: Nick Gordon (c); Bloom Images (b). Corbis: D. Robert & Lorri Franz
Wothe/Minden Pictures (cla). naturepl.com: Terry National Geographic Image Collection: David Anup Shah (br). NHPA/Photoshot: Daniel Heuclin (tr). Getty Images: Mike Kelly (tc); Peter Lilja (cla).
Andrewartha (cr); William Osborn (tc); Philippe Doubilet (tl). naturepl.com: Doug Perrine (cra). (crb). SeaPics.com: (tl) (ca). 272-3 Getty Images: 313 Alamy Images: Andrew Darrington (bl). FLPA:
Clement (c). 173 Ardea: Tom & Pat Leeson (tc). NHPA/Photoshot: Stephen Dalton (br). Art Wolfe. 272-321 Getty Images: Art Wolfe. 273 D. P. Wilson (cla); Konrad Wothe/Minden Pictures
FLPA: Jim Brandenburg/Minden Pictures (b). NHPA/ Photolibrary: Kathie Atkinson/OSF (bl). SeaPics. FLPA: Gerry Ellis/Minden Pictures (c); Fred (br). Getty Images: Mark Moffett/Minden Pictures
Photoshot: Rich Kirchner (cla). 174 Ardea: M. com: (c). 216-7 Thomas P Peschak/ Bavendam/Minden Pictures (b). National (cl). A.Stabentheiner/H.Kovac/S.Schmaranzer:
Watson (cl). FLPA: Jim Brandenburg/Minden Pictures thomaspeschak.com. 218 Ardea: Jean Michel Geographic Image Collection: Joel Sartore (t). 274 (cra) (cr) (fcr) (fcra). Wikipedia, The Free
(tc); Cyril Ruoso/JH Editorial (br). M. C. McGrew/ Labat (crb). imagequestmarine.com: Peter Herring Getty Images: John & Lisa Merrill. 275 Alamy Encyclopedia: (tr). 314 Alamy Images: Duncan
savethechimps.org: (cb). 175 Thomas Marent: (clb). Photolibrary: Tobias Bernhard/OSF (tl). 219 Images: Matthew Doggett (cl). Getty Images: Usher (crb). Ardea: Valerie Taylor (cra) (cr). FLPA:
(cla). National Geographic Image Collection: Paul naturepl.com: Doug Perrine (cr); Kim Taylor (clb). Norbert Wu/National Geographic (tr). naturepl.com: Fred Bavendam/Minden Pictures (cla) (tc). Joyce
Nicklen (tr). Photolibrary: Juniors Bildarchiv/OSF NHPA/Photoshot: B Jones & M Shimlock (tr). Premaphotos (bl); Anup Shah (br). 276 Alamy Gross: (bl). 315 José Luis Gómez de Francisco:
(clb); OSF (br). 176-271 FLPA: Andrew Forsyth. 176- Photolibrary: Paulo De Oliveira/OSF (bc). 220 FLPA: Images: E. R. Degginger (bl). FLPA: Mitsuaki Iwago/ (b). Manual Presti: (cla) (ca) (cra). 316-7 Douglas
7 FLPA: Andrew Forsyth. 177 Gerry Bishop: (br). Cyril Ruoso/JH Editorial (cra). naturepl.com: Suzi Minden Pictures (tl); Mike Lane (cla). NHPA/ David Seifert. 317 Alamy Images: Hornbill Images
FLPA: S & D & K Maslowski (tr). NHPA/Photoshot: Eszterhas (cr). Photolibrary: Mauritius Die Photoshot: Roger Tidman (clb). SeaPics.com: (cl). (c). 318-9 National Geographic Image Collection:
Martin Harvey (cr). Science Photo Library: Eye of Bildagentur Gmbh/OSF (tl). Winfried Wisniewski: 276-7 Alamy Images: Danita Delimont. 277 FLPA: Mattias Klum. 319 Getty Images: Mattias Klum/
Science (crb). Still Pictures: Reinhard Dirscherl/ (b). 221 Getty Images: Christian Ziegler/Minden Simon Litten (br). Thomas Marent: (t). naturepl. National Geographic (ca) (br). NHPA/Photoshot:
WaterFrame (cra). 178 naturepl.com: Bence Mate. Pictures (bl). naturepl.com: Michael D. Kern (tr). com: Martin Gabriel (cb); Pete Oxford (bc); Phil Nigel Dennis (cr). 320 Alamy Images: Stockbyte (br).
179 FLPA: Yossi Eshbol (bl). Shutterstock: NHPA/Photoshot: Ken Griffiths (c); Daniel Heuclin Savoie (crb); Claudio Velasquez (cra). 278 Getty Corbis: Steve Kaufman (tr); Jacques Langevin/
Oksanaperkins (cl). 180 Alamy Images: Lambie (tl). Photolibrary: Brian P. Kenney (br). David Wright: Images: Fred Bavendam/Minden Pictures (cr). Corbis Sygma (crb). naturepl.com: Bruce Davidson
Brothers (bc). Ardea: Mary Clay (cr). 180-1 Denver (cr). 222-3 NHPA/Photoshot: Stephen Dalton. 224 naturepl.com: Constantinos Petrinos (cl). (bl); Rolf Nussbaumer (ca). Still Pictures: S. E. Arndt/

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 512 Wildlife (cla). 321 FLPA: Pete Oxford/Minden Tom Brakefield (tl). FLPA: Gerry Ellis/Minden Pictures International: Merlin D. Tuttle (cr). naturepl.com: FLPA: John Hawkins (cla); SA Team/Foto Natura/
Pictures (cla) (ca) (cra). National Geographic Image (ca); David Hosking (cr). Sharon Heald: (b). 364 David Kjaer (tl); Tom Mangelson (bl). NHPA/ Minden Pictures (crb). Photolibrary: Kathie
Collection: Beverly Joubert (b). 322-3 Getty FLPA: Mark Newman (l); Terry Whittaker (cr). Photoshot: Daniel Heuclin (cl). 407 Ardea: Tom & Atkinson/OSF (bl). 453 naturepl.com: Pete Oxford
Images: Winfried Wisniewski/Image Bank. 322-375 naturepl.com: Wegner/ARCO (cra). 365 National Pat Leeson (tr). FLPA: Flip Nicklin/Minden Pictures (tr). stevebloom.com. 454 Alamy Images: Jeff
Getty Images: Winfried Wisniewski/Image Bank. 323 Geographic Image Collection: Joel Sartore (tr). (cl); Michio Hoshino/Minden Pictures (br). naturepl. Minter (cl). naturepl.com: Christophe Courteau (bl);
Ardea: D. Parer & E. Parer-Cook (tr). FLPA: Michio naturepl.com: Mark Carwardine (crb). NHPA/ com: Pete Oxford (tc); Anup Shah (bl). 408 Ardea: Anup Shah (br). NHPA/Photoshot: David Higgs (tr);
Hoshino/Minden Pictures (cra). Chris Mattison Photoshot: Ernie James (c). Photolibrary: Tony Jagdeep Rajput (bc). FLPA: Gerry Ellis/Minden Martin Harvey (tl). Photolibrary: Clive Bromhall/OSF
Nature Photographics: (crb). naturepl.com: Terry Martin/OSF (bl) (bc) (br). Still Pictures: A. Buchheim Pictures (br). naturepl.com: Doug Perrine (bl); Anup (c) (cr). 455 Alamy Images: Enrique R. Aguirre Aves
Andrewartha (cr); Anup Shah (br). 324 Still Pictures: (ca). 366 FLPA: Silvestris Fotoservice (c). naturepl. Shah (tr); Tom Vezo (cl); Carol Walker (cb). NHPA/ (bl). Ardea: Duncan Usher (t). FLPA: Mark Raycroft/
Manfred Danegger. 325 Alamy Images: cbimages com: Premaphotos (crb). Photolibrary: Martyn Photoshot: Joe Blossom (crb). 409 Alamy Images: Minden Pictures (br). naturepl.com: Doug Allan (bc).
(cla). Science Photo Library: D. Phillips (cra). 326-7 Colbeck/OSF (bl). Science Photo Library: Dr imagebroker (br). FLPA: Neil Bowman (cr); Andrew Still Pictures: BIOS Bios (c). 456 Alamy Images:
Photoshot: Andy Newman/Woodfall Wild Images. George Beccaloni (ca). Scubazoo.com: Roger Forsyth (bc). Getty Images: T. Kitchin & V. Hurst Steve Bloom Images (cla). FLPA: M & P Fogden/
327 Alamy Images: blickwinkel (cr). naturepl.com: Munns (tr). 367 FLPA: Fred Bavendam/Minden (cla). Photolibrary: Aldo Brando/OSF (tr). 410-1 Minden Pictures (ca). Gastone Pivatelli: (r). 457
Michael Pitts (cra). 328 Alamy Images: Holt Studios Pictures (ftr). naturepl.com: Nigel Bean (cl); NHPA/Photoshot: Andy Rouse. 412 FLPA: R P Ardea: Pat Morris (crb). Corbis: Anthony Bannister/
International Ltd (cr). Ardea: Steve Hopkin (b). Constantinos Petrinos (br); Premaphotos (c). David Lawrence (tc); Pete Oxford/Minden Pictures (cra); Gallo Images (tl). fogdenphotos.com: M & P Fogden
Corbis: Visuals Unlimited (fcl). imagequestmarine. Nelson: (ftl) (tc) (tl) (tr). 368 FLPA: Robin Chittenden Fritz Polking/Foto Natura (crb); Inga Spence (cl). (bc). naturepl.com: Meul/ARCO (cra); Kim Taylor (c).
com: Valdimar Butterworth (cl). Reuters: Phil Noble (tl). naturepl.com: Meul/ARCO (c). NHPA/ naturepl.com: Anup Shah (bl). 413 Ardea: Jean Photolibrary: Animals Animals/Earth Sciences/OSF
(tr). Science Photo Library: Sinclair Stammers (c). Photoshot: Anthony Bannister (ca). Photolibrary: Michel Labat (clb); Tom & Pat Leeson (t). Suzi (clb). 458 Getty Images: Tom Hopkins/Aurora (tl).
329 FLPA: Fritz Siedel (cla); D. P. Wilson (bl). OSF (tr). 368-9 Thomas Endlein: (b). 369 Ardea: Eszterhas Photography: (br). 414-5 naturepl.com: Björn Lardner: (bl). naturepl.com: Gary K. Smith
SeaPics.com: (crb). Still Pictures: Joel Bricout/ Jean Michel Labat (cr). Photolibrary: Clive Bromhall Anup Shah. 416 Ardea: Francois Gohier (crb). (bc). Photolibrary: Sojourns in Nature/OSF (cla). 459
Biosphoto (tc). Grahame Teague Photography: (tr). (br). Science Photo Library: Andrew Syred (cl). brandoncole.com: Brandon Cole (bc). FLPA: Alamy Images: f1 online (bc). Ardea: Chris Knights
330 Ardea: D. Parer & E. Parer-Cook. SeaPics.com: SeaPics.com: (fcla) (cla) (tc). 370-1 Ruben Smit. Michael Quinton/Minden Pictures (cr). Cathy & (tr); Sid Roberts (bl). Corbis: Theo Allofs (cla). NHPA/
(bl). 331 Ardea: Auscape (br). Ben Chapman: (cr). 372 Ardea: M. Watson (cla). FLPA: B. Borrell Casals Gordon ILLG/advenphoto.com: (tr). Mark Wallner: Photoshot: Tony Crocetta (cr). Photolibrary: Konrad
naturepl.com: Willem Kolvoort (tl); Kim Taylor (tc) (cr); Derek Middleton (cb). National Geographic (cl/otter). 417 Alamy Images: Robert W. Ginn (br). Wothe/OSF (ca). 460 Alamy Images: Amazon
(tr). SeaPics.com: (bl). D. Scott Taylor: (c). 332 Image Collection: George Grall (tr). naturepl.com: Suzi Eszterhas Photography: (bl). FLPA: Gerry Ellis/ Images (c); Arco Images GmbH (clb); Rick & Nora
FLPA: M & P Fogden/Minden Pictures (ca); Frans Willem Kolvoort (br). 373 Alamy Images: Reinhard Minden Pictures (t); Frants Hartmann (c). 418-439 Bowers (cra). Courtesy of Jane Goodall Institute:
Lanting (b); Albert Visage (cla). naturepl.com: Hanne Dirscherl (cr). Ardea: Steve Downer (t). National Corbis: Gary Bell/zefa. 418-9 Corbis: Gary Bell/zefa. (bl) (bc) (br). naturepl.com: Anup Shah (crb). NHPA/
& Jens Eriksen (tc); Mike Wilkes (cra). 333 FLPA: Geographic Image Collection: Bianca Lavies (br); 421 Alamy Images: Ryan Ayre (crb); blickwinkel (br); Photoshot: Ernie James (cl). Photolibrary: Juniors
Norbert Wu/Minden Pictures (tr). Getty Images: Piotr Norbert Rosing (bc). NHPA/Photoshot: Alberto Holt Studios International Ltd (cr); Michael Patrick Bildarchiv/OSF (tl). 461 Alamy Images: Alaska Stock
Naskrecki/Minden Pictures (bl). naturepl.com: Kim Nardi (bl). 374 Auscape: C. Andrew Henly (bc) (br). O’Neill (cra/fish); Top-Pics TBK (cra/lions). FLPA: Flip LLC (tl). FLPA: Flip Nicklin/Minden Pictures (b). 462
Taylor (crb). PA Photos: Matthew L. M. Lim & Daiqin Graham Catley: (fcl) (c) (cl) (cr). FLPA: Neil Bowman De Nooyer/Foto Natura (clb); Mark Hosking (cl); Pete Ardea: Pat Morris (c). FLPA: Tim Fitzharris/Minden
Li (c). Scubazoo.com: Matthew Oldfield (cla) (ca) (ca). naturepl.com: Jorma Luhta (tr). NHPA/ Oxford/Minden Pictures (fcl). Getty Images: Tohuku Pictures (cl); Pete Oxford/Minden Pictures (tr/thorn
(cra). 334 FLPA: Michael Durham/Minden Pictures (t). Photoshot: Alan Williams (tl). 375 Alamy Images: Color Agency (crb/birds). naturepl.com: Christophe bug). fogdenphotos.com: M & P Fogden (tr/golden
Brian Kenney: (br). naturepl.com: Kim Taylor (ca). Terry Whittaker (br). Corbis: Tom Brakefield (cr). Courteau (fclb); Nature Production (c). Photolibrary: mole). naturepl.com: Anup Shah (b); Kim Taylor
Photolibrary: OSF (c). 335 Ardea: Ken Lucas (cr). FLPA: Cyril Ruoso/JH Editorial (tr). naturepl.com: Survival Anglia/OSF (cb). Shutterstock: Craig (cra). 463 Alamy Images: Simon de Glanville (tc).
Anthoni Floor / seafriends.org: (br). 336 Alamy Anup Shah (cl). 376-417 FLPA: Frans Lanting. 376-7 Hosterman (tr). 422 Alamy Images: Penny Boyd Ardea: John Mason (ca). FLPA: Richard Becker (tl).
Images: Peter Arnold Inc (bl). FLPA: Paul Hobson FLPA: Frans Lanting. 377 Suzi Eszterhas (cla); dbimages (cra). Getty Images: Mitch Reardon/ Getty Images: Time & Life Pictures (crb). naturepl.
(crb). fogdenphotos.com: M & P Fogden (cr). Photography: (b). naturepl.com: Tom Mangelson Riser (b). 423 Alamy Images: WaterFrame (cr). com: Kim Taylor (br). 464 Ardea: Brian Bevan (tr).
naturepl.com: Rolf Nussbaumer (tl); Todd Pusser (c). 378 Getty Images: Anup Shah/Image Bank. 379 FLPA: J. W. Alker/Imagebroker (cla); Colin Marshall Getty Images: Wil Meinderts/Foto Natura (ca).
(bc). NHPA/Photoshot: James Carmichael Jr (tr). naturepl.com: Peter Blackwell (br); Georgette (bl). Pauline Montecot: (cb) (crb). 424-5 FLPA: Pete naturepl.com: Niall Benvie (crb); Steven David Miller
337 Tasha L. Metz/seaturtle.org: (crb). Douwma (tr); Doug Perrine (bc). Science Photo Oxford/Minden Pictures. 425 FLPA: Fritz Polking (br). (b). Tom Richardson/Nigel Franks: (tl). 465 FLPA:
Photolibrary: David Fleetham/OSF (t). SeaPics. Library: Science Source (fcla) (c) (ca) (cl) (cla) (cr) Hugh Schermuly: (ca). 426 naturepl.com: Willem Jurgen & Christine Sohns (tl). fogdenphotos.com:
com: (bc). 338 Ardea: John Cancalosi (bl); M. (cra) (fcl). 380 FLPA: Michael Durham/Minden Kolvoort (bl); Kim Taylor (cl). SeaPics.com: (cr) (crb). M & P Fogden (cra). shahimages.com: Anup and
Watson (bc). Chris Gomersall Photography: (tr). Pictures (cl) (c). 380-1 FLPA: Michael Durham/ Alex Wild/myrmecos.net: Alex Wild (tc) (cra). 427 Manoj Shah (bl) (bc). Still Pictures: H. Brehm (br);
FLPA: Neil Bowman (cr) (cra); Konrad Wothe/Minden Minden Pictures. 381 Alamy Images: ARCO Images Photolibrary: Tobias Bernhard/OSF. 428-9 Béla Cyril Ruoso/Biosphoto (cl). 466-7 FLPA: Gerry
Pictures (cl). naturepl.com: Jorma Luhta (tl). GmbH (bl). FLPA: Sumio Harada/Minden Pictures Násfay. 430 Alamy Images: Danita Delimont (c). Ellis/Minden Pictures. 467 Alamy Images: Images
SeaPics.com: (clb). 339 Ardea: D. Parer & E. Parer- (ca). naturepl.com: Ingo Arndt (clb); Anup Shah (bc) Getty Images: Roy Toft/National Geographic (cra). of Africa Photobank (cra). naturepl.com: Anup
Cook (br). FLPA: Michio Hoshino/Minden Pictures (br). NHPA/Photoshot: George Bernard (cla); naturepl.com: Anup Shah (cl). NHPA/Photoshot: Shah (cr) (br) (crb). 468 stevebloom.com. 468-485
(tc) (c) (tr). SeaPics.com: (bc). 340 FLPA: Mitsuaki Stephen Dalton (tr). 382 Anthoni Floor / seafriends. Jari Peltomaki (bc). Photolibrary: Konrad Wothe/ stevebloom.com. 470 stevebloom.com. 471
Iwago/Minden Pictures (cl); Frans Lanting (cla). org: (br). FLPA: Norbert Wu / Minden Pictures (cr). OSF (tl). 430-1 FLPA: Suzi Eszterhas/Minden Alamy Images: Wayne Hutchinson (crb). Corbis:
Photolibrary: Satoshi Kuribayashi/OSF (bc). 340-1 Christian Fuchs: (tl). naturepl.com: Kim Taylor (clb). Pictures (b). 431 Corbis: Keren Su (tr). Getty R. P. G./Corbis Sygma (fcrb). Getty Images: Bill
naturepl.com: John Cancalosi. 341 naturepl.com: Photolibrary: Phototake Inc / OSF (tc). SeaPics. Images: Harald Sund/Photographers Choice (crb). Curtsinger/National Geographic (bl). naturepl.com:
Nature Production (c). NHPA/Photoshot: Jonathan & com: (cra). 383 Alamy Images: Guy Huntington 432-3 naturepl.com: Jose B. Ruiz. 434 Alamy Tony Heald (tr). Science Photo Library: Thierry
Angela Scott (crb); Alan Williams (cra). Photolibrary: (cra); NaturePics (tr). naturepl.com: Ross Hoddinott Images: Tom Uhlman (crb). FLPA: Frans Lanting (bl); Berrod, Mona Lisa Production (clb) (cb); CNRI (fcl);
Clive Bromhall/OSF (bc). 342 FLPA: Mark Moffett/ (b). NHPA/Photoshot: Stephen Dalton (tc). 384-5 Mark Newman (tr); Tom Vezo/Minden Pictures (br). Philippe Psaila (fclb). 472 FLPA: Jurgen & Christine
Minden Pictures (c) (cr); Chris Newbert/Minden FLPA: Reinhard Dirscherl. 386 Thomas Marent: (l) naturepl.com: Chris Gomersall (cl). 435 Ardea: Sohns (c). naturepl.com: George McCarthy (br);
Pictures (cl). National Geographic Image (cb) (crb). 387 Thomas Marent: (clb) (cb) (r). 388 Dennis Avon (cra). Arto Juvonen/Birdfoto.fi: (cl). Solvin Zankl (t). 473 Ardea: Becca Saunders (cla).
Collection: Jozsef Szentpeteri (bl). naturepl.com: FLPA: Nigel Cattlin (tr). fogdenphotos.com: M & P naturepl.com: Neil Bromhall (crb) (br); Bruce FLPA: Maurice Nimmo (cra). imagequestmarine.
Georgette Douwma (tl). NHPA/Photoshot: Karl Fogden (b). Getty Images: National Geographic (tc). Davidson (tl). 436 Corbis: Kevin Schafer (tc). FLPA: com: Michael Aw (cr). National Geographic Image
Switak (cra). 343 FLPA: B. Borrell Casals (c); Mark National Geographic Image Collection: Darlyne A. Andrew Forsyth (tr); David Hosking (b). NHPA/ Collection: Robert Sisson (br). naturepl.com:
Moffett/Minden Pictures (br). naturepl.com: Nick Murawski (tl). naturepl.com: Andrew Parkinson (cl); Photoshot: David Higgs (br). Still Pictures: A & J Constantinos Petrinos (bl). SeaPics.com: (tc). 474
Garbutt (cl). NHPA/Photoshot: Anthony Bannister Kim Taylor (cr). 389 Jose Castro: (cl). National Visage (cla). 437 Alamy Images: Worldfoto (cb). FLPA: Mark Moffett/Minden Pictures (tl) (c). naturepl.
(bl). Photolibrary: M & P Fogden/OSF (t). 345 FLPA: Geographic Image Collection: David Doubilet (tr). FLPA: Tim Fitzharris/Minden Pictures (br); Mark com: Premaphotos (b). Matthias Wittlinger: (cr).
Mark Moffett/Minden Pictures (ca) (bl) (cl). 345-6 SeaPics.com: (cb). 390 FLPA: Reinhard Dirscherl Newman (cr). Getty Images: Manoj Shah/Stone (cl). 475 naturepl.com: Doug Perrine (c); Michel Roggo
FLPA: Mark Moffett/Minden Pictures. 346 FLPA: (ca); Foto Natura Stock (cl) (cr); Jean Hall (c). naturepl.com: Karl Ammann (tl). NHPA/Photoshot: (tr); Doug Wechsler (bl). Photolibrary: Animals
Mark Newman (bl). NHPA/Photoshot: T. Kitchin & V. Thomas Marent: (clb) (bl). naturepl.com: George David Higgs (ca). 438 FLPA: Jurgen & Christine Animals/Earth Sciences/OSF (br); Brian P. Kenney/
Hurst (ca); Linda Pitkin (tl). SeaPics.com: (cra). 346- McCarthy (crb); Kim Taylor (tl); Doug Wechsler (tr). Sohns (tl). NHPA/Photoshot: Martin Harvey (cra). OSF (tl). 476 FLPA: Suzi Eszterhas/Minden Pictures
7 fogdenphotos.com: M & P Fogden (b). 347 Papiliophotos: Robert Pickett (cb). 391 Still Pictures: MCPHOTO (ca). 438-9 FLPA: Yva (cla). National Geographic Image Collection:
fogdenphotos.com: M & P Fogden (tl). Conservation International: Robin Moore (cb). Momatiuk & John Eastcott/Minden Pictures (b). 439 Robert Sisson (bl) (bc) (br). NHPA/Photoshot: Martin
Photolibrary: M & P Fogden/OSF (cra). 348 FLPA: Corbis: David A. Northcott (cr). Thomas Marent: Alamy Images: blickwinkel (tl). FLPA: Frans Lanting Harvey (cl). 476-7 FLPA: Suzi Eszterhas/Minden
Jim Brandenburg/Minden Pictures (b). naturepl. (clb). naturepl.com: Jane Burton (tl). NHPA/ (tr). naturepl.com: Huw Cordey (c); Doug Perrine Pictures. 477 Ardea: Steve Hopkin (bc). Corbis:
com: Rupert Barrington (tc); Kim Taylor (tr). NHPA/ Photoshot: Laurie Campbell (br); Daniel Heuclin (br). 440-1 FLPA: Martin B Withers. 440-467 FLPA: Rick Friedman (cr). naturepl.com: Lynn M. Stone
Photoshot: Eric Soder (cr). 349 Ardea: M. Watson (cra). 392 Ardea: Duncan Usher (tr). naturepl.com: Martin B Withers. 441 Alamy Images: Amazon (cra). 478 naturepl.com: Miles Barton (cla) (cl).
(tl) (bc). naturepl.com: Barrie Britton (c); Pete Oxford Doug Allan (clb); Matthew Maran (tl). Photolibrary: Images (crb). fogdenphotos.com: M & P Fogden Photolibrary: Picture Press/OSF (tl). Photoshot:
(clb). Science Photo Library: Kenneth W. Fink (br). David Tipling (bc). 392-3 naturepl.com: Doug Allan. (tr). naturepl.com: Kim Taylor (br). SeaPics.com: Marie Read/Woodfall Wild Images (bc). 478-9 FLPA:
350 Alamy Images: blickwinkel (bc). FLPA: Tim 393 Ardea: Hans & Judy Beste (ca). FLPA: Foto (cra). 442 Corbis: Daniel J. Cox. 443 fogdenphotos. Pete Oxford/Minden Pictures (b). naturepl.com: Ingo
Fitzharris/Minden Pictures (t); Frans Lanting (cb); Natura Stock (tl). Getty Images: Pete Oxford/Minden com: M & P Fogden (bc). naturepl.com: John Arndt (c). 479 FLPA: Pete Oxford/Minden Pictures
Mark Newman (br). 351 FLPA: Cyril Ruoso/JH Pictures (crb). Photolibrary: Kathie Atkinson/OSF Cancalosi (br); Jose B. Ruiz (bl); Francois Savigny (bl) (bc) (br). Yukihiro Fukuda: (tc). naturepl.com:
Editorial (tc); Jan Vermeer/Foto Natura (tr). naturepl. (cra). 394 Ardea: D. Parer & E. Parer-Cook (bl) (cb). (fbr); Anup Shah (cra). 444 Alamy Images: Michael Miles Barton (cr). 480 FLPA: Cyril Ruoso/JH Editorial
com: Terry Andrewartha (cr). SeaPics.com: (bl) (bc). FLPA: S & D & K Maslowski (br). NHPA/Photoshot: Patrick O’Neill (tr). FLPA: Nigel Cattlin (cr). naturepl. (c). National Geographic Image Collection:
www.skullsunlimited.com: (br). Still Pictures: Kevin Schafer (tr). Still Pictures: Regis Cavignaux/ com: Mark Brownlow (br); Pete Oxford (cb). Michael K. Nichols (bl). stevebloom.com: (tr).
Michel & Christine Denis-Huot/Biosphot (cl). 352 Biosphoto (tc). 395 Christophe Couteau: (clb). Photolibrary: Keith Porter/OSF (ca). Science Photo Still Pictures: Cyril Ruoso/Biosphoto (clb). 480-1
Lydia Fucsko/lydiafucsko.com: (clb). naturepl. naturepl.com: Andrew Cooper (ca); Anup Shah (br). Library: Stuart Wilson (bl). 445 Alamy Images: naturepl.com: Anup Shah. 481 Photolibrary: Stan
com: Bengt Lundberg (crb). Photolibrary: OSF (bc). NHPA/Photoshot: Yves Lanceau (cra). 396 Corbis: Maximillian Weinzierl (tl). Ardea: Chris Martin Bahr Osolinski/OSF (bl) (bc) (br). 482 Ardea: Tom & Pat
Science Photo Library: James H. Robinson (tr). M & P Fogden (cl); Christophe Karaba/epa (tr). FLPA: (clb). FLPA: Mark Moffett/Minden Pictures (br). Leeson (b). FLPA: Norbert Wu/Minden Pictures
352-3 Ardea: Duncan Usher. 353 naturepl.com: Michael Gore (bl); Winfried Wisniewski/Foto Natura fogdenphotos.com: M & P Fogden (tr). (cr). naturepl.com: Andrew Murray (tr); Anup Shah
Jose B. Ruiz (bc) (br). Photolibrary: Mark Hamblin/ (cr). Sharon Heald: (br). naturepl.com: John Photolibrary: Juniors Bildarchiv/OSF (bc). (cla). 483 Alamy Images: Paul Glendell (cb). FLPA:
OSF (tc). 354 FLPA: Richard Becker (bl). naturepl. Cancalosi (cb). 397 FLPA: Phil McLean (c). 2002 Premaphotos Wildlife: Ken Preston-Mafham (cl). Reinhard Dirscherl (tl). Getty Images: APF (c); David
com: Meul/ARCO (tr). Premaphotos Wildlife: Ken MBARI: (bl). naturepl.com: Kim Taylor (br). SeaPics. 446 Ardea: Francois Gohier (bl); M. Watson (cl). Silverman (bc). naturepl.com: Richard du Toit (br);
Preston-Mafham (br). 355 Oceanwide Images: com: (cla) (tr). 398 Ardea: Alan Weaving (tc). FLPA: fogdenphotos.com: M & P Fogden (tl). naturepl. Hugh Pearson (cr). 484-5 stevebloom.com. 486-7
Rudie Kuiter/oceanwideimages.com (cb). Heinz Schrempp (br). Natural Visions: Jeremy com: Hermann Brehm (tr). NHPA/Photoshot: naturepl.com: Yuri Shibnev (b)
Photolibrary: Joaquin Gutierrez Acha/OSF (tl). Thomas (clb). naturepl.com: Nature Production (c). Christophe Ratier (br). 447 Alamy Images: Nick
SeaPics.com: (tr) (bl) (br) (cr). 356 naturepl.com: 399 FLPA: Norbert Wu/Minden Pictures (tl). Greaves (tr). FLPA: Gerald Lacz (clb). naturepl.com: Jacket images: Front: naturepl.com: Anup Shah.
Kim Taylor (cra); Solvin Zankl (tr). Photolibrary: Photolibrary: Pacific Stock/OSF (b). SeaPics.com: Solvin Zankl (cl). NHPA/Photoshot: Jonathan & Back: naturepl.com: Anup Shah. Spine: naturepl.
David M Dennis/OSF (cla). 356-7 Ulrich Doering. (tr). 400 naturepl.com: Mark Payne-Gill (clb); Angela Scott (tl). Still Pictures: Reinhard Dirscherl/ com: Anup Shah ; Front Endpapers: Ben Osborne/
357 FLPA: Ingo Arndt/Foto Natura (tl). naturepl. Constantinos Petrinos (tr). SeaPics.com: (tl). 400-1 WaterFrame (br). Ingrid Wiesel/Brown Hyena benosbornephotography.co.uk; Back Endpapers:
com: Anup Shah (cl); Solvin Zankl (ca). Fred Siskind: naturepl.com: Anup Shah. 401 Alamy Images: Research Project: (cr). 448 Alamy Images: Arco Ben Osborne/benosbornephotography.co.uk
(tr). 358 FLPA: Frans Lanting (c). Nick Garbutt: (cra). Digital Vision (cr). Ardea: M. Watson (clb). FLPA: Images GmbH (bl); Isita Image service (r); Peter
naturepl.com: Pete Oxford (tc); Phil Savoie (bc); Silvestris Fotoservice (tr). naturepl.com: Anup Shah Llewellyn (L) (bc). Science Photo Library: Tim & All other images © Dorling Kindersley
Artur Tabor (bl); Tom Vezo (cr). 359 Photolibrary: (cb). photographersdirect.com: AfriPics Images Alistair Lionel (c). SeaPics.com: (cla). 449 Ardea: For further information see: www.dkimages.com
Eliott Neep/OSF (bl) (bc) (br). rspb-images.com: (crb). Photolibrary: Animals Animals/Earth Sciences/ Peter Steyn. FLPA: Mark Moffett/Minden Pictures (tl).
Chris Knights (r). 360-1 FLPA: Tui De Roy/Minden OSF (cla). 402 Photolibrary: Alan Root/OSF. 403 Natural Visions: Peter David (cl). naturepl.com:
Pictures. 362 Auscape: David Parer & Elizabeth FLPA: Tui De Roy/Minden Pictures (cl); Adri Nature Production (cr); Doug Perrine (b). 450 Ardea:
Parer-Cook (cb). Chris Mattison Nature Hoogendijk/Foto Natura (bl); Mitsuaki Iwago/Minden Jean Paul Ferrero (br). fogdenphotos.com: M & P
Photographics: (tl). National Geographic Image Pictures (crb). naturepl.com: John Cancalosi (cla); Fogden (bl). SeaPics.com: (tr). 451 Ardea: John
Collection: Jason Edwards (clb). naturepl.com: Phil Dave Watts (tr). 404-5 FLPA: Frans Lanting. 406 Daniels (tc). Getty Images: Norbert Rosing/National
Savoie (br). 363 Ardea: Stefan Meyers (cra). Corbis: Ardea: Nick Gordon (cra). Bat Conservation Geographic (ca). Still Pictures: S. Weber (r). 452