Cars - Facts at Your Fingertips

ALL ABOUT CARS | 149

forMula 1 • An F1 car is made up of 80,000 parts.

• While standard car engines can last for • racing tires last for only 56–75 miles
more than 10 years, F1 car engines (90–120 km), while standard car tires
last for only about two hours of racing. can last for 37,300–62,140 miles
(60,000–100,000 km).
• An F1 car can accelerate from
0–160 mph (0–258 kph) and decelerate • The tires of most F1 cars are filled
back to zero within just four seconds. with nitrogen, as it has a more consistent
pressure than normal air.
• F1 drivers lose up to 9 lb (4 kg) of their
body weight in just two hours of racing. • An F1 driver changes gears
2,500–4,000 times during a race.
• The force an F1 driver feels when they
brake their car is comparable to how • Pit stop crews in F1 races take
it would feel to drive through a brick wall an average of three seconds to refuel
at a speed of 186 mph (300 kph). and change tires.

around The world ▶ One of the longest recorded traffic
jams, in france in 1980, stretched
▶ One hong Kong businessman recently 110 miles (177 km).
placed an order for 30 Rolls-Royce cars, the
single largest order for this car ever made. ▶ In the us, a driver spends an average
of 38 hours a year waiting at red lights.
▶ In Japan, drivers above 75 years of age
have to mark the rear of their cars with the ▶ The Kea, a bird native to new Zealand,
“Koreisha” symbol (elderly car mark). is notorious for eating the strips of rubber
from around car windows.
▶ In china, you can pay to have someone
drive your car through a traffic jam, while ▶ In cyprus, it is illegal to eat or drink
you are whisked away on a motorcycle. anything while driving.

▶ In albania, 80 percent of registered cars ▶ In 1898, police in new York city used
are Mercedes-Benz. bicycles to pursue speeding drivers.

150 | CARS

Glossary Crumple zone The area Four-stroke cycle
on a vehicle that absorbs The most common
Accelerate To speed cc (cubic centimeters) force during a collision, type of engine. Each
up and go faster. This is a measurement of helping to protect the piston in the engine
Aerodynamics The the capacity, or space, occupants from injury. works in four stages, or
science of designing inside all the cylinders of Dashboard A panel strokes: intake (taking in
something to have a an engine. A larger cc inside the vehicle, a mixture of air and gas),
lower air resistance so usually means a more below the windshield, compression (squeezing
it can move smoothly powerful engine. that contains indicator the mixture), explosion
through the air. This Chassis The basic frame dials (i.e., a speedometer), (a spark ignites the
makes it more efficient of a vehicle, upon which storage compartments, mixture, which explodes
because it uses less the engine and main body and controls. and pushes the piston
energy and saves fuel. are mounted. Diesel A type of liquid down), and exhaust (the
Airbag A safety device Clutch A device operated fuel, made from oil. Diesel spent mixture leaves
usually packed in the by a pedal that allows the is used to power many the piston).
center of the steering driver to change gears. trucks and some cars. Four-wheel drive
wheel and in the The clutch is operated by Disk brake A brake that A system in which
dashboard in front of the driver’s left foot. reduces the speed of a power from a vehicle’s
the passenger seat. Concept car A vehicle car by using friction to engine is sent to all
An airbag quickly that is built to show new slow down the wheels. four wheels.
inflates with air during designs or technologies. Drag racing A type of car Front-wheel drive
a crash, cushioning a Convertible A car with race where two or more A system in which
car’s occupants from a roof that can be folded cars accelerate from a power from a vehicle’s
the impact. back or removed. standing start and race engine is sent to the
Amphibious car A car Coupe A two-door car for a fixed distance in front wheels only.
that can operate on with a fixed roof that a straight line. Gasoline A liquid
land and on water. slopes down to the rear. Electric car A car with fuel used to power
Axle The shaft (or rod) Crankshaft In an engine, an engine powered solely most of the cars on our
that car wheels turn the crankshaft is a rod by electricity. roads. Gasoline is made
on. The axle transmits that is turned by the Force A push or a pull from crude oil or gaseum,
power to the wheels power of the pistons action that can make which is found deep
and makes them turn. pumping up and down. things change direction, under the Earth.
Battery A store of The crankshaft changes speed up, slow down, Gearbox The part of
chemicals that produce this up-and-down motion and even change shape. a vehicle that contains
electricity when into a rotating motion that Formula 1 (F1) A the gears.
connected to a circuit. turns the car’s wheels. worldwide racing Gears Toothed wheels
Bumper A bar of metal, Crash test dummy championship that that lock together. Gears
plastic, or rubber that is A full-scale model of a uses extremely fast, are used to change the
attached to the back person, used to test the single-seat racing speed or force with which
and front of a car to safety of road vehicles in cars built to strict rules a car’s wheels turn.
protect it in the event simulated collisions. (the “formula”). Races Gear stick A rod located
of a collision. take place on tracks by the driver’s seat that is
over many laps. used in conjunction with
the clutch to change gears.

GLOSSARY | 151

Go-kart A small, Limousine A long, luxury Running board A narrow Sunroof A panel in a
low-slung motor vehicle car, often with a partition platform attached to the car’s roof that can
with an exposed frame, that separates the driver sides of a vehicle that is be opened.
often used for racing. from the passenger used to climb in or out. Supercar An expensive,
Grand tourer (GT) A compartment. Running boards were high-performance car.
high-performance, luxury Microcar The smallest common on early cars, Supercars have
car, able to make long type of car. A microcar but are no longer used. powerful engines.
journeys at high speeds has little internal space, Sedan A four-door car for Suspension A system
in style and comfort. a weak engine, and four or more people that of springs and shock
Hatchback A car with sometimes only has an enclosed trunk. absorbers that help a
a rear door that opens three wheels. Solar car A car powered vehicle travel more
upward, revealing the Moose test A test that by the Sun’s energy. smoothly over bumps
trunk area. measures how well a car Speedometer A dial on in a road’s surface.
Horsepower (hp) A is able to avoid a sudden the dashboard that shows SUV (sport utility
unit of power. It is used obstacle. the driver how fast the vehicle) A rugged
to measure the power Minivan An minivan is a vehicle is moving. vehicle designed for
of a vehicle’s engine. large vehicle able to carry Spoiler A small wing off-road use, but often
The term was invented up to eight passengers. mounted on the back of used on normal roads
more than 200 years They are also known as a car to reduce lift at high in urban areas.
ago to compare the multipurpose vehicles. speeds, which helps the Trunk A small,
amount of work a Pickup truck A small car to grip the road better. self-contained space,
steam engine could do truck with one bank of Standing start Some usually at the rear of
compared to a horse. seats and a large, flat motorsports have a a car, used for carrying
Hybrid A vehicle that cargo area at the back. standing start, where goods such as luggage.
uses two or more Pit stop When a car cars are stationary at the Turbocharged
different power sources, leaves the track for beginning of the race. A turbocharged
such as gas and repairs and refueling Station wagon A car car is equipped
electricity. during a car race. with an extended roofline. with a turbocharger,
Internal combustion Production car It has a floor to roof which increases the
engine An engine that A car that is mass- trunk space. engine’s power.
burns fuel inside one or produced and sold Steering wheel A wheel VIN (vehicle
more cylinders, rather to the general public. that the driver turns to identification
than in an exterior Rallying A type change the direction of number)
furnace. Most vehicles of motorsport in the front wheels. It is A VIN is a unique
are powered by internal which adapted mounted on the code used to identify
combustion engines. production cars dashboard. every individual vehicle.
Jet propelled car are driven over Stock car racing Wind tunnel
A car that is powered public roads or across A type of motorsport A large, tubelike
by a jet engine. rough terrain against in which production passage with a huge
LED (light emitting a set time. cars are driven around fan at one end that
diode) An LED is a small Roadster A sporty, an oval racetrack for is used to test the
but bright light that open-topped car. a set number of laps. aerodynamics of cars
is very energy efficient. and other objects.

152 | CARS

Index Benz fact file 146–9
Patent Motor Car 6 history of 6–9
A Velo 7 luxury 76–89
manufacture 12–13, 14, 147
accessories 77, 79, 146 Benz, Karl 6 modern 34–75
accidents 16, 17, 146 BioFiber 136 parts of 4–5, 147
aerodynamics 19, 95 Bloodhound SSC 118, 125 racing and sports 90–115
air-conditioning 146 Blue Flame 124 safety and testing 16–19
airbags 9, 16, 17, 35, 146, BMW Castrol GTX High Mileage Ford
Mustang 98
147, 150 335i 41 Chasseloup-Laubat, Count Gaston
Alfa Romeo 530d Gran Turismo 48 de 124
i3 118 chassis 4, 12, 13, 15, 150
8C Competizione 112 i8 Concept 138 Chevrolet
Spider 107 Mini Clubman 60 Bel Air 31
Alonso, Fernando 96 X5 xDrive50i 74–5 Camaro 2SS 89
American Dream (limousine) Z1 106 Corvette Stingray Convertible
148 Z4 95 C7 53
amphibious cars 119, 126–7, boats, amphibious 126 Impala 101, 148
144–5, 150 box design 37 Orlando 66
Amphicar 126 brake lights, rear 146 Tahoe 73
Apollo missions 128 brakes, formula 1 149 Volt 122
Arrol-Johnston 10 hp Dogcart 24 British Touring Car Championship Chrysler LHS 39
asphalt roads 147 101 Citroën
assembly lines 13, 22 Brooklands racetrack 146 C4 Picasso 67
Aston Martin Brütsch Mopetta 28–9 SM 33
DB9 Volante 51 buffer zone 147 closed-wheel racing cars 94
V8 Zagato 110 Bugatti clutch 150
“Attention Assist” system 49 Type 35B 26 coffee-powered cars 148
Audi Veyron 16.4 Grand Sport 113 compressed air motors 136
A3 42–3 Veyron Super Sport 114–5 computers, onboard 147
A6 Avant 61 Buick Skylark 9 concept cars 117, 119, 134–41, 150
Q5 74 bumpers 5, 150 convertibles 36, 50–3, 146, 150
R8 86–7 buses, amphibious 126 Cooper, John 32
Sport Quattro Concept 141 butterfly doors 138 coupes 56–7, 140, 150
TT RS Roadster 109 BYD F3DM 9 see also grand tourers
TTS 56 crankshafts 10, 150
Urban Concept 139 C crash test dummies 16, 150
Austin Mini 7 crashes 16, 17, 146
avatars 140 Cadillac crumple zone 16, 17, 150
axles 5, 10, 11, 150 Urban Luxury Concept 136 crushed cars 15
US presidential limousine 82–3 Cugnot, Nicolas 6, 22
B Curiosity (Mars rover) 119, 130–1
car carriers 14 cylinders, engine 10
batteries 4, 15, 150 car towers 54–5
recharging 118, 121 car transporters 14 D
solar-powered 132 cars
wind-powered 143 Daimler, Gottlieb 7, 22
amazing 116–45 dashboards 4, 35, 147, 150
Bentley early 20–33 De Dion, Count 148
Arnage 39 engines 10–11
Continental GT Speed 57

diesel 150 Flyer, Thomas 146 INDEX | 153
DiesOtto engines 135 foot pedals 4
diners 26 Force, John 98 H
disc brakes 150 Ford
Dodge Habermann Top Methanol Dragster
1932 Hot Rod 142 98–9
Avenger 99 Escape Hybrid 74
Challenger 88–9 Escort 148 hand-built cars 78, 106
Coronet 30 Evos 119 hard tops 50–1
doors 5 Focus ST Wagon 60 Harvick, Kevin 101
butterfly 138 Fusion 100 hatchbacks 38, 44–9, 150
design 36 GT 148 headlights 4
gull-wing 119, 134, 143 Model T 8, 22, 23, 148
drag racing 93, 96, 98–9, 150 Model Y 27 laser 138
drive shaft 11 Mondeo Mk IV 59 Hennessey Venom GT 115
dual-hinge boot lids 58 Mustang 98 Honda
Duesenberg Model J 27 Mustang GT 85
Duryea 148 Windstar 62 Amaze 42
Dusty Dave the Dolphin 142 Ford, Henry 22 Civic 101
Formula 1 96–7, 104–5, Fit Sport 47
E 149, 150 Insight 120
formula racing 93, 94, 96–7 S2000 AP1 108
eco cars 118, 138, 143 four-stroke cycle 150 hoods 4
electric cars 117, 118, 120–1, 150 four-wheel drive 70, 150 Hummer
front-wheel drive 10, 11, H2 71
concept 135, 136–8, 141 150 H2 Limousine 80–1
fun 143 fuel 120–1 hybrid cars 9, 119, 120–3,
solar-powered 132–3 consumption 147 135, 136, 138, 150
engines 4, 10–11 meter/gauge 21, 146 hydrogen-powered cars 120–1, 35
formula 1 149 fun cars 142–3 Hyundai
recycling 15 Funny Car 98 i20 48
turbocharged 101, 102, 151 i30 Wagon 61
types of 10 G
exhaust ports 10 IJK
Gabelich, Gary 124
F gas 151 Infiniti G37 Convertible 52
infotainment systems 79
factories 12–13 gauges 21 intake ports 10
fastback sedans 38 stations 26 interiors, luxury 78
fenders 4, 94, 150 turbines 137 internal combustion engines 10,
Ferrari gear sticks 4, 150
gearboxes 10, 150 151
125 Sport 7 gears 11, 150 Jaguar
288 GTO 110 formula 1 149
Enzo 86 General Motors 8 C-X16 138
F1 104–5 Gibbs Aquada 127 C-X75 137
F138 96 go-karts 94, 150 X-type Sportwagon 59
LaFerrari 122–3 grand tourers 84–9, 150 XJ 41
Fiat Uno 44 grilles 4 XJ6 33
films, cars in 68–9 gull-wing doors 119, 134, XJS V12 84
flags, F1 96 143 Jeep Patriot 73
flat four engines 10 jet-propelled cars 118, 124–5,
Flatmobile (lowest street-legal car) 126, 151
148 joysticks 135
Kang Shoe Company 143
Kennedy, Tom 142

154 | CARS

L C220 CDI AMG Sport Edition 43 O
CLS Shooting Brake 60–1
Lamborghini E-Class W124 58 off-road vehicles 35
Aventador LP 700-4 112–13 F-Cell Roadster 135 Oldsmobile Curved Dash 8
Diablo VT Roadster 111 F700 135 OM 665 Superba 23
Murcièlago Roadster 108–9 GL Class 71, 72 open-wheel racing cars 94
Marco Polo 64 Opportunity (Mars rover) 130
land speed records 124–5 SLS AMG 88 Oscar Mayer Company 143
laser technology 138 Viano 64 Otto, Nikolaus August 6
LED 151 W 126-series S-Class sedan 9 Otto cycle engine 6
LED-screen exteriors 140 methanol-fuelled cars 98 oxygen, emissions 136
Leonardo da Vinci 147 microcars 28–9, 151
Levassor, Émile 7 Midnight Rider (limousine) 148 P
Leverette, Harry 142 Mini Cooper 32, 68–9
Lexus minibars 79 paintwork 12
mirrors stay-clean 134
GX J120 70 door 5
LF-LC 140 rearview 146 Panhard, René 7
lightning strikes 147 Mitsubishi Space Wagon 62 people carriers 62–7, 151
lights monster trucks 103, 148 personalization 79
headlights 4, 138 Moon rovers 128 Peugeot
rear 5 moose test 17, 151
traffic 146 motels 26 107 46
lightweight cars 136, 139 motor racing 92–105 205 GTi 45
limousines 80–3, 148, 151 Mountain View Tire Dodge Avenger 5008 65
Locomotives on Highways Act 6 99 Type 5 24
Lotus Elise 50 MPVs (multi-purpose vehicles) pickup trucks 151
low emissions 120, 135, 136 62–7, 151 pistons 10
luggage 77 Myers, Harry 146 pit stops 104–5, 149, 151
Lunar Roving Vehicle 128 Pontiac GTO 9, 86
Lunokhod 1 128 N Porsche
luxury cars 76–89 911 Carrera Cabriolet 85
NASA 911 Carrera S Cabriolet 52
M Curiosity 119, 130–1 Pro Stock 99
Lunar Roving Vehicle 128 production cars 151
McLaren Opportunity 130
F1 111 Sojourner 129 R
Mercedes MP4-28 97 Spirit 130
racing cars 90–105, 146
Marcos Mantula Spyder 107 NASCAR 94, 100, 101 radios, car 146
Mars rovers 119, 128–31 National Hot Rod Association rallying 92, 151
Maruti Suzuki Swift 46 Range Rover Limousine 81
Maserati Biturbo 38 (NHRA) 99 rear design 38
Maybach, Wilhelm 8 navigation systems 35 rear lights 5
Mazda MX-5 50 Nissan rearview mirrors 146
Mercedes record breakers 124–5, 148
Armada 72 recycling 14, 15, 147
35 hp racing car 8 Cima 123 Red Bull Racing RB9 97
60 hp 25 GT-R SpecV 87 refuelling 120–1
AMG Petronas F1W05 97 Juke 71 Renault
Mercedes-Benz 149 Nobel, Richard 124
260D 7 Nobile, Vincent 99 Dauphine 31
A 250 49 notchback sedans 38 Kangoo 1 63
Biome 136–7

INDEX | 155

Sport Spider 108–9 stunts 68–9 UV
Rinspeed sQuba 144–5 Subaru Impreza WRC 102
roadside services 26 sunroofs 151 underwater cars 144–5
roadsters 95, 106–9, 151 supercars 95, 110–15, 137 US presidential limousine 82–3
robots 12, 13 Superkart 250 cc 102 V6 engines 10
rocket-powered cars 118, 124–5 supersonic cars 118–19, 125 vehicle identification numbers (VIN)
Rolls-Royce 149 suspension 151
SUVs (sport utility vehicles) 35, 12, 151
Avon turbojet engine 124 Venturi Fétish 117
Phantom Coupé 56–7 70–5, 151 Vettel, Sebastian 97
Silver Ghost 40/50 hp 25 Swamp Thing 103 Veyron, Pierre 115
roof design 36–7, 50–1 Sylvester, Joe 148 voice recognition systems 136
rovers 119, 128–9 Volkswagen
running boards 151 T
Beetle 7, 142, 148
S Tang Zhenping 143 Bora 148
tanks, amphibious 126 car towers 54–5
safety measures 16–17 Tata Nano 9, 47 Golf Cabriolet MK6 52–3
Saturn Vue Green Line 120 testing New Beetle 45
Schiavone, Patrick 85 Passat 148
scrapyards 14, 15 extreme weather conditions 5 Polo 148
seat belts 16, 17, 146 quality 12, 13 Sharan 63
SEAT Léon 100 safety 16–17 Touran 65
sedans 38–43, 151 wind tunnels 1 8–19 Volvo
senior citizens 149 three-wheeled cars 141 Air Motion Concept 136
showrooms 12, 13, 14 Thrust2 124 S60 40
side-hinge boot lids 58 ThrustSSC 125 S80 Limousine 80
Sloan, Alfred 8 tires YCC 134
Smith, Penny 142 early 146
soft tops 50–1 racing 91, 149 W
Sojourner (Mars rover) 129 run-flat 134
solar-powered cars 132–3, 143, safety 17 Top Methanol 98–9 WaterCar
touchscreens 136, 140 Panther 119, 127
151 Toyota Python 127
sound barrier 125 Camry 40
space cars 119, 128–31 Corolla Altis 42 Watkins, Perry 148
spark plugs 10 Fun-Vii Concept 140 Wenzhou shoe car 143
speeding tickets/fines 146, 148 Highlander 122 wheels 5, 10–11
speedsters 94–5 i-Road 141
Spirit (Mars rover) 130 Prius 9, 121 upmarket designs 79
split-gate boot lids 58 Prius V 66–7 Wienermobile 143
spoilers 95 RAV4 71 Willys MB Jeep 30
sports cars 23, 91, 94, 95, 106–15 track tests 17 wind tunnels 18–19, 151
traffic jams 149 Wind Up (smallest roadworthy car)
concept 141 traffic lights 146, 149
electric 117 Triple-E (car carrier) 14 148
station wagons 37, 58–61, 150 Truth, Sojourner 129 wind-powered cars 143
steam power 6, 21, 22, 148 trunks 5, 150 window pillars 5
steering wheels 4, 21, 35, 68–9, lids 58 windows, electric 146
146, 151 space 37 windshield wipers 4, 21, 146
stock car racing 92, 94, 151 turbocharged engines 101, 102, 151 Wire, Lester 146
straight-four engines 10 World Rally Racing 102
Studebaker 21 World Touring Car Championship

100
Wouk, Victor 9

156 | CARS

Acknowledgments

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India Today Group (br). Toyota (GB) PLC: (cl). Coleman Yuen. Pearson Education Asia Ltd. cl; Jaguar Cars Limited: cra, cb/ (Jaguar XJ), bl/
42-43 Audi AG: (t). 43 Courtesy Mercedes-Benz (t/Background). 96 Corbis: Urbanandsport / (Jaguar C-X16); Lexus: bc; Courtesy
Cars, Daimler AG: (b). 44 Giles Chapman Cordon Press (br). 97 Dreamstime.com: Bigknell Mercedes-Benz Cars, Daimler AG: clb, clb/
Library: (b). 45 Alamy Images: Motoring Picture (ca); Natursports (bl). Getty Images: Paul Gilham (Mercedes-Benz F700), ca/ (Motorized carriage),
Library (t). Giles Chapman Library: (b). 46 Alamy (br). 98-99 Corbis: Leo Mason (t). 98 Getty cr, cla, cra/ (Mercedes-Benz F700); Toyota (GB)
Images: Hans Dieter Seufert / culture-images Images: Rusty Jarrett (b). 99 Corbis: Juan PLC: clb/ (Toyota RAV4), bc/ (Toyota i-Road), ca;
GmbH (t); Motoring Picture Library (b). 47 DeLeon / Icon SMI (b). 100 Dreamstime.com: Volvo Car Group: crb; Back: Audi AG: cl; Dorling
Photoshot: Drive Images (t). 48 Alamy Images: Bmaksym (t). Getty Images: John Harrelson (b). Kindersley: Tata Motors cla; Courtesy
National Motor Museum / Motoring Picture Library 101 Dreamstime.com: Christa Leigh Thomas (t). Mercedes-Benz Cars, Daimler AG: cla/
(t). BMW Group: (b). 49 Courtesy Mercedes- Getty Images: Darrell Ingham (b). 102 Alamy (Mercedes-Benz GL Class); Spine: Dorling
Benz Cars, Daimler AG. 50 Alamy Images: Images: Joe Fox Motorsport / Radharc Images (t). Kindersley: Anthony Pozner Hendon Way Motors t
National Motor Museum / Motoring Picture Library Corbis: Jo Lillini / Sport Concept Diffusion (b). All other images © Dorling Kindersley
(br). 51 BMW Group: (tl, tr). Photoshot: (b). 52 103 Alamy Images: ps1 / picturesbyrob. 104-105 For further information see:
Corbis: Car Culture (cl). Dreamstime.com: Photoshot: Imago. 106 Getty Images: Rainer W. www.dkimages.com
Schlegelmilch (b). 109 Audi AG: (br). 110 Alamy
Images: Tom Wood (cr). 111 Alamy Images: Phil