Heads Up Psychology

Directory 149

Albert Ellis (1913–2007) Donald Hebb (1904–1985)
Albert Ellis was born into a Jewish family in Pennsylvania. Donald Hebb was born in Nova Scotia, Canada. While working as
He had a difficult childhood because his mother suffered from a teacher, he encountered the works of Sigmund Freud, William
bipolar disorder. He worked as an author before studying clinical James, and John B. Watson, which led him to become a part-time
psychology at Columbia University. There, he was influenced by psychology student at McGill University. He earned his doctorate
Sigmund Freud, but later broke away from psychoanalysis and led under Karl Lashley at both the University of Chicago and Harvard.
the shift toward cognitive behavioral therapy. He continued to Hebb was a pioneer in biological psychology, noted for his work on
publish articles and books up until his death at the age of 93. how the function of neurons relates to learning. He was the
president of the American Psychological Association for 1960.
Erik Erikson (1902–1994)
Erik Erikson coined the term “identity crisis” after struggling William James (1842–1910)
with his own identity issues. Born in Frankfurt, Germany, he never Born into a wealthy and influential New York family, William
knew his biological father, and was brought up by his mother James initially pursued a career as a painter before developing
and stepfather. He worked as an art teacher, then trained under an interest in science. After qualifying as a doctor at Harvard,
Anna Freud as a psychoanalyst. He won a Pulitzer Prize and a he taught there for nearly his entire career, and established the
National Book Award for his writings, and although he lacked even first psychology courses in the United States, as well as founding a
a bachelor’s degree, he served as a professor at Harvard, Yale, psychology laboratory. He is remembered for the central role he
and the University of California, Berkeley. played in establishing psychology as a truly scientific discipline.

Hans Eysenck (1916–1997) Carl Jung (1875–1961)
Hans Eysenck was born in Berlin, Germany. His parents Carl Jung was born in a small Swiss village and studied medicine
separated soon after his birth and he was raised by his maternal at the University of Basel. He famously collaborated with Sigmund
grandmother. He moved to England to study and received his PhD Freud for years, but the pair eventually grew apart over theoretical
from University College, London, where he later founded and differences. Jung traveled widely across Africa, America, and
headed the Institute of Psychiatry. Eysenck was a strong critic of India, studying native people. He proposed and developed the
psychoanalysis as a form of therapy, preferring behavior therapy, concepts of the extroverted and introverted personality types and
and he is best known for his work on intelligence and personality. the collective unconscious.

Leon Festinger (1919–1989) Daniel Kahneman (1934– )
Leon Festinger was born in New York to Russian immigrant Daniel Kahneman was born into a Lithuanian Jewish family
parents. He graduated from the City College of New York, then and was brought up in France. While working toward a science
studied for his doctorate under Kurt Lewin at the University degree, he was introduced to the work of Kurt Lewin, which led
of Iowa. He is noted for his cognitive dissonance theory, which him to earn a PhD in psychology at the University of California.
he proposed after infiltrating a cult. He is also credited with Noted for his work on the psychology of human judgment and
advancing the use of laboratory experiments in social psychology. decision-making, he has received a number of awards, including
the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2013.
Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) See 102–103
Daniel Katz (1903–1998)
Nico Frijda (1927– ) Daniel Katz was a social psychologist best known for his
Nico Frijda was born in Amsterdam into a Jewish family. He lived studies on racial stereotyping, prejudice, and attitude
in hiding during his childhood to avoid the Nazi persecution of the change. Born in New Jersey, he earned his master’s degree
Jews during World War II. Frijda was awarded a PhD from from the University at Buffalo and his PhD from Syracuse
Gemeente Universiteit, Amsterdam, for his thesis on facial University. He was a professor of psychology at the University
expressions. He has devoted his career to human emotions, and of Michigan and received numerous awards, including the
said that he was inspired to study the topic as a student, after Lewin Award and the Gold Medal of the American
being in love with “a very expressive girl.” Psychological Association.

J. J. Gibson (1904–1979) Lawrence Kohlberg (1927–1987)
James Jerome Gibson was born in Ohio. He received his PhD Lawrence Kohlberg was born in Bronxville, New York. He
from Princeton University and taught for many years at Smith worked as a sailor after leaving high school, before enrolling
College in Massachusetts. From 1942 to 1945, Gibson served in at the University of Chicago and earning a bachelor’s degree
World War II, directing the US Air Force Research Unit in Aviation in just one year. He expanded upon Jean Piaget’s work to form
Psychology. He returned to Smith College to research visual a theory that explained the development of moral reasoning,
perception, and is considered one of the most important 20th- and he taught at both Yale and Harvard Universities after
century psychologists in this field. receiving his doctorate.

150 Directory

Wolfgang Köhler (1887–1967) PhD in psychology at Harvard. He worked at Harvard, the
Wolfgang Köhler was a key figure in the development of Gestalt Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Rockefeller University
psychology. He studied at various colleges in Germany before before settling at Princeton. In 1969, he was the president of the
completing a PhD in Berlin. He served as director of the American Psychological Society, and in 1991 he received
Psychological Institute there until 1935, when, as an outspoken the National Medal of Science.
critic of Hitler’s Nazi government, he emigrated to the United
States. He taught at several American universities and was the Fritz Perls (1893–1970)
president of the American Psychological Association for 1959. Frederick “Fritz” Perls was born in Berlin, Germany. After serving
in the German army during World War I, he studied medicine and
Kurt Lewin (1890–1947) then psychiatry. He emigrated to South Africa where, with his wife,
Kurt Lewin was born into a middle-class Jewish family in Prussia psychologist Laura Posner, he started a psychoanalytic training
(present-day Poland) and grew up in Berlin, Germany. He studied institute. After moving to the United States, they established the New
medicine and biology before serving in the German army during York Institute for Gestalt Therapy, before moving again to California.
World War I. After suffering injuries, he returned to Berlin to
complete his PhD and was influenced by Gestalt psychology. Jean Piaget (1896–1980)
Known as the father of modern social psychology, especially for Born in Switzerland, Jean Piaget was always interested in the
his work on group dynamics, he taught at several American natural world and published his first scientific paper at the age
universities before dying at the age of 57 of a heart attack. of 11. After earning a PhD in zoology, he began lecturing and
publishing papers in psychology and philosophy. Recognized
Elizabeth Loftus (1944– ) See 62–63 for his research on children’s cognitive development, he received
the Erasmus Prize in 1972, the Balzan Prize in 1978, and
Eleanor E. Maccoby (1917– ) honorary degrees from all over the world.
Best known for her work on the psychology of sex differences,
developmental psychologist Eleanor Emmons Maccoby is from Laura Posner (1905–1990) See Fritz Perls, above
Tacoma, Washington, and earned her PhD from the University of
Michigan. She taught at Harvard before moving to Stanford Vilayanur Ramachandran (1951– ) See 44–45
University, where she became the first woman to serve as chair
of the psychology department. The American Psychological Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934) See 48–49
Association annually delivers an award in her name.
Carl Rogers (1902–1987)
Abraham Maslow (1908–1970) Born into a strict Protestant family in Illinois, Carl Rogers’s
Abraham Maslow was born to Jewish parents who emigrated theories were based on his belief that people can realize their
from Russia to the United States. His parents forced him to study full potential and achieve mental well-being. He worked at the
law, but Maslow later switched to psychology and earned his PhD Universities of Ohio, Chicago, and Wisconsin, and was the
at the University of Wisconsin, where the behaviorist Harry Harlow president of the American Psychological Association for 1947.
served as his doctoral adviser. Maslow’s work focused on human Rogers’s last years were devoted to applying his theories in places
needs and the ability to reach one’s full potential. He was elected of social conflict, such as Northern Ireland and South Africa,
president of the American Psychological Association for 1968. and he was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1987.

Rollo May (1909–1994) Dorothy Rowe (1930– )
Born in Ohio, Rollo May had a difficult childhood after his parents Dorothy Rowe is a clinical psychologist and writer whose area
divorced and his sister was diagnosed with schizophrenia. He of interest is depression. She was born in New South Wales,
earned a degree in English and worked as a teacher in Greece Australia, and studied psychology at Sydney University. She later
before serving briefly as a church minister back in the United emigrated to Britain, completed her PhD, and established and
States. He left the ministry to pursue a career in psychology, and headed the Lincolnshire Department of Clinical Psychology. Now
went on to receive the first PhD in clinical psychology ever based in London, she has contributed regularly to newspapers
awarded by Columbia University. He is noted for his work on and magazines and is the author of 16 books.
anxiety and depression.
Daniel Schacter (1952– )
Stanley Milgram (1933–1984) See 134–135 Best known for his work on human memory, Daniel Schacter
was born in New York. His PhD thesis at the University of Toronto
George Armitage Miller (1920–2012) was supervised by Endel Tulving, and in 1981 the pair set up
George Armitage Miller was one of the founders of cognitive a unit for memory disorders at Toronto. Ten years later, Schacter
psychology, known for his work on human memory. Born in South became a professor of psychology at Harvard, where he
Carolina, he first studied speech pathology and then earned a established the Schacter Memory Laboratory.

Directory 151

Martin Seligman (1942– ) Lev Vygotsky (1896–1934)
Martin Seligman is regarded as one of the founding fathers of Lev Vygotsky was born in the town of Orsha in the Russian Empire
positive psychology. Born in New York, he studied philosophy at (present-day Belarus). He studied law at Moscow State University,
Princeton University, and earned his PhD in psychology at the where he was influenced by Gestalt psychology. He is best known
University of Pennsylvania. Inspired by the work of Aaron Beck, as a developmental psychologist for his theory that children learn
Seligman developed an interest in depression and the search for through their social environment. Though not widely recognized
happiness. He is the director of the Penn Positive Psychology during his lifetime, his work has become the basis of much
Center, and was elected president of the American Psychological research and theory in the field of cognitive development.
Association for 1998.
John B. Watson (1878–1958)
B. F. Skinner (1904–1990) John Broadus Watson, founder of the school of behaviorism, was
Born in Pennsylvania, Burrhus Frederic Skinner studied born into a poor family in South Carolina. Although he was a
English at Hamilton College in Clinton, New York, and initially rebellious teenager, he left college with a master’s degree at the
wanted to be a writer. Influenced by the work of Ivan Pavlov and age of 21. After earning his PhD at the University of Chicago, he
John B. Watson, he earned his doctorate in psychology at became chair of the psychology department at Johns Hopkins
Harvard and became a pioneer of behaviorism. He received a University. He is known for his research on animal behavior and
lifetime achievement award from the American Psychological child rearing, as well as for his controversial Little Albert experiment.
Association a few days before he died. In 1915, he was the president of the American Psychological Society.

Thomas Szasz (1920–2012) Max Wertheimer (1880–1943)
Thomas Szasz, author of The Myth of Mental Illness, was a well- One of the founders of Gestalt psychology, Max Wertheimer was
known critic of the moral and scientific foundations of psychiatry. born in Prague into a well-educated family. A talented violinist and
Born in Budapest, Hungary, he moved to the United States in 1938 composer, he seemed destined to become a musician, but studied
and studied medicine at the University of Cincinnati. He later law, philosophy, and then psychology. He taught at universities in
taught at New York State University, and was honored with Berlin and Frankfurt, Germany, before emigrating to New York
more than 50 prestigious awards. City in 1933. Wertheimer is best known for his work on how the
mind looks for patterns when processing visual information.
Edward Thorndike (1874–1949)
Born in Massachusetts, Edward Thorndike is known for his Robert Zajonc (1923–2008)
work on animal behavior and the learning process. He studied Robert Zajonc was a Polish social psychologist known for his work
at Harvard under William James and completed his doctoral on judgment and decision-making. When he was 16, his family
thesis at Columbia University, where he spent nearly his entire fled from Łódź to Warsaw to escape the Nazi invasion. His parents
career. He helped lay the scientific foundations for modern were killed in an air raid and he was sent to a German labor camp,
educational psychology, and was the president of the American from which he escaped. He earned his bachelor’s, master’s, and
Psychological Society for 1912. doctoral degrees at the University of Michigan, and worked as a
professor there for nearly four decades.
Edward Tolman (1886–1959)
Edward Tolman was a behaviorist who is known for his Bluma Zeigarnik (1901–1988)
experiments with rats in mazes. He studied electrochemistry Bluma Zeigarnik was born in Lithuania, then part of the
at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, but, after reading Russian Empire, and was one of the first women in Russia to
works by William James, opted for a graduate degree in attend college. She earned her PhD at the University of Berlin,
psychology at Harvard. He taught at the University of California, where she was influenced by Gestalt psychologists Wolfgang
Berkeley, for most of his life and made significant contributions to Köhler, Max Wertheimer, and Kurt Lewin. She received the Lewin
the studies of learning and motivation. He was the president of the Memorial Award in 1983 and is noted for her work on the
American Psychological Society for 1937. tendency of people to remember incomplete tasks.

Endel Tulving (1927– ) Philip Zimbardo (1933– )
Born the son of a judge in Estonia, Endel Tulving is an Born in New York to a family of Sicilian immigrants, Philip
experimental psychologist and neuroscientist. He received Zimbardo attended Brooklyn College, where he completed a
his bachelor’s and master’s degrees from the University of bachelor’s degree in psychology, sociology, and anthropology.
Toronto, and his doctorate from Harvard, before returning He earned his PhD from Yale, and taught at several universities
to Toronto as a professor. He is recognized for his theories on before moving to Stanford University, where he created the famous
the organization of memory and in 2005 won a Gairdner Stanford prison experiment. He has authored many books,
Foundation International Award—Canada’s leading prize in received numerous awards, and was elected president of the
biology and medicine. American Psychological Association for 2002.

152
Glossary

Glossary

Aggression Cognitive behavioral Conformity
Behavior that causes therapy (CBT) The tendency for people to adopt
harm to another individual. A type of talk therapy that the behaviors, attitudes, and values
encourages patients to manage of other members of a group or an
Altruism their problems by changing the authority figure.
The unselfish concern for the way that they think and behave.
well-being of other people. Consciousness
Cognitive bias The awareness people have of
Attachment An illogical assumption that themselves and their environment.
An important emotional bond influences decision-making,
between a child and an adult often leading to bad judgments. Context-dependent memory
caregiver, formed in the early A memory that is associated with
years of the child’s life. Cognitive dissonance the place where it was recorded,
A feeling of unease that arises and can be recalled when a
Attention when someone holds two person revisits that place.
The process of focusing our conflicting beliefs.
perception on one element in Control group
our environment. Cognitive psychology A group of participants in a study
The psychological approach that who are not exposed to the
Attitudes focuses on mental processes, conditions of that experiment.
The evaluations people make including learning, memory,
about objects, ideas, events, perception, and attention. Crystallized intelligence
or other people. The ability to use knowledge and
Computerized tomography skills acquired through education
Behaviorism (CT) scanning and experience.
A psychological approach that A type of brain-scanning
studies observable behavior, technology that uses X-rays and Dependence
rather than internal processes a computer to create detailed The inability to stop using a
such as thinking or emotion. images of the inside of the body. substance such as alcohol.

Bystander effect Collective unconscious Depression
A phenomenon in which the In Carl Jung’s theory, the part A mood disorder characterized
more people who are present, the of the unconscious that is shared by feelings of hopelessness and
less likely one of them is to help with other people, and is passed low self-esteem.
a person in distress. on from generation to generation.
Drive
Classical conditioning Conditioned response A trigger that motivates people to
A type of learning in which a In classical conditioning, a response satisfy physiological needs. For
stimulus provokes an involuntary that is learned or becomes example, the drive of hunger
or automatic response. associated with a specific stimulus. encourages people to eat.

Glossary 153

Ego Fluid intelligence Groupthink
In psychoanalysis, the conscious The capacity to solve problems A phenomenon that occurs in a
and rational part of the mind. through reasoning, independent group of people when the desire
of acquired knowledge. to conform overrides independent
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) critical thinking, often leading to
A treatment for mental disorders, Free association bad decision-making.
in which an electric current is A technique used in psychotherapy,
passed through the brain to in which patients say the first thing Hemisphere
induce a fit. that comes to mind after any given Either of the halves of the brain.
word—used to reveal their Human brains are divided into the
Electroencephalography (EEG) unconscious thoughts. left and right hemispheres.
A type of brain-scanning
technology that measures Freudian slip Hypnosis
electrical signals in the brain. An act or word that is close to but The induction of a temporary,
different from the one intended, and trancelike state of consciousness, in
Epilepsy reflects unconscious thoughts. which a person is more susceptible
A disorder marked by sudden to suggestions.
seizures, associated with abnormal Frontal lobe
electrical activity in the brain. One of the four areas or lobes of Hypothesis
the brain. Located at the front of A prediction or statement tested
Episodic memory each hemisphere, it is associated by experimentation.
The memory store that records with short-term memory.
events and experiences. Id
Functional magnetic In psychoanalysis, the unconsious
Extrovert resonance imaging (fMRI) part of the mind that is associated
A personality type that directs its A type of brain-scanning technology with our instinctive drives and
energy toward the outside world. that measures blood flow to areas physical needs.
Extroverts are often outgoing and of the brain.
talkative, and enjoy the company Imprinting
of other people. General intelligence An instinctive phenomenon in which
An ability that underlies all a newborn animal will bond with
False memory intelligent behavior, proposed any individual or object it identifies
A recovered memory of an event by Charles Spearman. as its parent.
that did not take place.
Gestalt psychology Inferiority complex
Flashbulb memory A psychological approach that A condition that develops when
A vivid memory associated with emphasizes the “whole” above a person feels inferior to other
an emotional event. its individual parts, in mental people. It can lead to hostile
processes such as perception. or antisocial behavior.
Flow
Mihály Csíkszentmihályi’s term for Gestalt therapy In-group
the trancelike state people enter A form of psychotherapy that A group to which one belongs.
when they are totally absorbed focuses on an individual’s present Members will often view their
in a task, leading to feelings of experiences, and emphasizes group more favorably than other
satisfaction and happiness. personal responsibility. groups, or out-groups.

154 Glossary

Innate Nervous system Perception
When a characteristic is present The body’s control center, The way that people organize,
from birth, rather than acquired consisting of the brain, spinal identify, and interpret information
through experience. It may or may cord, and nerves. from the senses in order to
not be inherited. understand their environment.
Neurodegenerative disease
Intelligence quotient (IQ) A disease that impairs the Personality
A numerical representation of a nervous system. A person’s unique combination of
person’s intelligence, which shows traits or characteristics that incline
how much more or less intelligent Neuron him or her to behave and think in a
he or she is than the average, A nerve cell that carries signals to certain way.
an IQ of 100. and from all parts of the body, and
forms networks in the brain. Phobia
Introspection An anxiety disorder characterized
The examination of one’s own Neuroplasticity by an intense, irrational fear of an
inner state and thoughts. The way that the connections object or situation.
in the brain adapt to changes
Introvert in an individual’s behavior Prejudice
A personality type that directs its or environment, or change as Preconceived, usually unfavorable
energy toward itself. Introverts are a result of brain injury. judgments toward people
often shy and quiet. because of gender, social class,
Neuroscience age, religion, race, or other
Long-term memory The biological study of the brain personal characteristics.
The memory store that holds and how it works.
information for a long time. Procedural memory
Neurosis The memory store that records
Mind A mental disorder that has no methods and how to do things.
The element of a person apparent physical cause, such
that controls consciousness as anxiety or depression. Psychiatry
and thought. The medical field dedicated to the
Non-rapid-eye-movement study, diagnosis, and treatment of
Modeling (NREM) sleep mental disorders.
A type of learning in which A stage of sleep when the muscles
individuals decide how to act by relax and brain activity, breathing, Psychoactive drugs
observing the behavior of others. and heart rate slow down. Substances that affect our
consciousness by changing the
Mood-dependent memory Operant conditioning way signals are passed around
A memory that is related to a A type of learning in which a our brains and nervous systems.
particular mood, and is recalled voluntary response is reinforced
when a person feels that way again. by a reward or punishment. Psychoanalysis
The theories and therapeutic
Morality Out-group methods, developed by Sigmund
The set of values and beliefs held A group to which one does not Freud, that aim to treat mental
by a community about what is belong, and may, therefore, be disorders by unlocking
right and wrong. viewed unfavorably. unconscious thoughts.

Glossary 155

Psychopathy Self-transcendence Stimulus
A personality disorder, The human need to do things for Any object, event, situation, or
characterized by a distinct lack a higher cause than oneself. factor in an environment that
of empathy or remorse, and triggers a specific response.
antisocial behavior. Semantic memory
The memory store that records Superego
Psychotherapy facts and knowledge. In psychoanalysis, the term
Therapeutic treatments that for our inner “conscience,”
use psychological rather than Senses or what we have been told
medical means. The faculties we use to perceive is right and wrong.
changes in our internal and
Rapid-eye-movement external environments. The Synesthesia
(REM) sleep five senses are hearing, smell, A condition in which sufferers
The stage of sleep when we sight, taste, and touch. perceive letters, numbers, or days
dream, characterized by rapid of the week as having different
movements of the eyes and Short-term memory colors, or even personalities.
immobilization of the muscles. The memory store that holds
information that people need for Synaptic transmission
Reinforcement doing things now. The information The process of communicating
In classical conditioning, the will be lost if it is not moved into information between neurons,
procedure that increases long-term memory. in which one neuron fires a signal
the likelihood of a response. at a neighboring neuron.
Social learning
Repression Albert Bandura’s theory of Trait
A defense mechanism in which learning based on individuals A specific personal characteristic
painful thoughts, feelings, or observing and copying (modeling) that occurs consistently and
memories are excluded from the behavior of others. influences behavior across
conscious thought. a range of situations.
Social loafing
Response The phenomenon in which Unconditioned response
A reaction to an object, event, people deliberately exert less In classical conditioning, a reflexive
or situation. effort to achieve a goal when or natural response elicited in
they work in a group than reaction to a particular stimulus.
Schizophrenia when they work alone.
A severe mental disorder Unconscious
characterized by a distorted vision Social norms According to Sigmund Freud, the
of reality, with symptoms including The unwritten rules that govern level of consciousness that cannot
hallucinations, erratic behavior, the behavior or attitudes of be accessed easily and stores our
and lack of emotion. a community. deepest ideas, desires, memories,
and emotions.
Self-actualization Split brain
The human need to achieve one’s The result when the two Values
unique, full potential—one of the hemispheres of the brain A set of principles, standards of
most advanced human needs, are surgically separated, behavior, or things people judge
according to Abraham Maslow. originally used to treat epilepsy. to be important in life.

156
Index

Index

Note: Bold page numbers audience effect 140–141, 147 body clock 50, 51, 52 character see personality
are used to indicate key authority figures 28–29, Bower, Gordon H 61 Charcot, Jean-Martin 102,
information on the topic. Bowlby, John 14, 144
122–123, 134, 135, 138–139 brain 36–53 110
A aversion therapy 113 Cherry, Colin 68–69
areas of 43 childhood 14–17, 30–31,
abnormal behavior B consciousness states 47
104–107 damage 32, 39, 42–43, 34–35, 52, 91, 132
babies 14–15, 30, 34, 35, and language 73
academic psychologists 8–9 77, 143 53, 105 moral development 28–29
addiction 53, 100–101, 117 see also childhood development 34 Chomsky, Noam 72–73
Adler, Alfred 111 electroconvulsive therapy Clark, Kenneth and Mamie
advertisements 117, bad behavior 108–109, 27
122–123 112 cockroaches 140
130–131, 147 and language 72–73 cognitive behavioral
aggression 132–133 Baddeley, Alan 61 left and right hemispheres therapy (CBT) 113, 131
Ainsworth, Mary 14–15, Bandura, Albert 26, 27, 28, cognitive biases 59
43 cognitive dissonance 74–75
30–31 72, 132, 142 male and female 143 cognitive psychology 8, 61,
Allport, Gordon 86, 88–89, Baron-Cohen, Simon 143 neurons 40–41, 44, 52, 53 80–81, 113
Bartlett, Frederic 65 pattern perception 76–77 collective unconscious 111
96, 140 Batson, Daniel 124, 125 scans 39, 41, 42 competition 140–141
altruism 124–125, 134–135 Beauvoir, Simone de 142 size 91 conditioning
Ames, Adelbert, Jr. 78 Beck, Aaron 98, 99, 113 surgery 112 classical 18–19, 22–23,
amputation 48 behavior 6–7, 26–27 visual processing 48
anger 132–133 brainwashing 131 26, 28
animal behavior 14, 15, abnormal 104–107 Breuer, Josef 102, 110 operant 26–27
animal 14, 15, 18–19, 22, Broadbent, Donald 68, 69, as therapy 113
18–19, 22, 26, 58, 140 70–71 conformity 120–123, 126,
antidepressants 112, 116 26, 58, 140 Broca, Paul 42, 72 128–129, 136, 147
antipsychiatry movement antisocial 35 Brown, James A. C. 131 conscience 108, 110
good and bad 28–29, 108– Brown, Roger 61 consciousness 46–47, 50, 110
107 Bruner, Jerome 21, 25, Crick, Francis 47
antisocial personality 109, 122–125, 134–135 57, 78 crime 108–109, 124
motives and drives 89, 94 bullying 146 criminal profiling 108
disorder (APD) 108–109 researching 11 bystander effect 124–125, crowds 121, 125
applause, crowd 121 behavior therapy 113 146 Csíkszentmihályi, Mihály 115
applied psychologists 8–9, behaviorists 18–19, 20, 26,
28, 58, 72, 85, 94, 130 C D
71 beliefs 74–75, 129
Aronson, Elliot 75, 107 Bentall, Richard 107 camouflage 81 Darley, John M. 124–125
Asch, Solomon 120–121, Berkowitz, Leonard 133 Candid Camera 126 Darwin, Charles 84, 85, 92
Bettelheim, Bruno 15 Capgras delusion 49 decision-making 34, 58–59,
126–127 Binet, Alfred 90 career choice 117
assemblies (brain) 40 biological psychology 8, 39, Cattell, Raymond 86, 91 125
asylums 112 52–53, 85
attachment 14–15, 31, 144 Blakemore, Colin 41
attention 68–69, 70 blood-brain barrier 53
attitudes 128–129
attraction 145

Index 157

depression 98–99 evolution 85, 132 Gardner, Howard 91 I
Descartes, René 38 exercise 25, 116 gender 73, 93, 142–143
desensitization 113 genetics 84–85 id 110
developmental psychology in old age 33 Gesell, Arnold 85 impression-forming 126,
experts 131 Gestalt psychology 76–77,
9, 16–17, 21, 28–29, extroversion 86, 87 127
34–35, 72, 142 eyewitness accounts 62, 78, 126, 136 imprinting 14
Gestalt therapy 111 indoctrination 131
difference, psychology of 63, 81 Gibson, J. J. 79 inferiority complex 111
116–117 Eysenck, Hans 86–87, Golgi, Camillo 40 information processing
good behavior 28–29,
dogs, Pavlov’s 18–19, 22 96, 111 68–69, 71
Dollard, John 132–133 124–125, 134–135 insanity 106–107
dreams 50–51, 61 F good life 114–115 intelligence 90–91
Good Samaritan
interpretation of 103, 111 facial expressions 93, 116 multiple types of 117
drives 89, 94 fathers 15, 31 experiment 125 interviews 10
drugs fear 130, 131 Goodman, Paul 111 introspection 46, 47
feminism 142 grammar 73 introversion 86, 87
addiction to 53, 100–101 Festinger, Leon 74–75 groups 120–121, 124–125, investigative psychology 108
effect on brain 40 fight-or-flight response 51 IQ (intelligence quotient)
therapeutic 112 first impressions 87 128–129, 131, 136–139
flashbulb memories 60, groupthink 136–137 90–91
E Guilford, J P 91
61 Guthrie, Edwin 19 J
Eagly, Alice 142 flow 115
Ebbinghaus, Hermann Fodor, Jerry 38 H James, William 46–47, 93
Foster, Russell 50 Janis, Irving 136–137
20–21, 57, 60 Franklin, George 62 habits, bad 117 Jenness, A. 120
education see learning free association 103 handshakes 147 Jung, Carl 111
ego 110 Freud, Anna 110 happiness 107, 114–115
Einstein, Albert 91 Freud, Sigmund 47, 50, 94, Hare, Robert D. 108–109 K
Ekman, Paul 92–93 Harlow, Harry 15
electric shock experiments 102–103, 110–111, 112, Hebb, Donald 40 Kahneman, Daniel 58–59
114, 132 hedonism 94 karate 33
122–123, 132, 134 helping behavior 124–125, Kastenbaum, Robert 33
electroconvulsive therapy Freudian slip 111 Katz, Daniel 128
friendship 144, 146 134–135 Kelly, George 87
(ECT) 112 Frijda, Nico 92 Hitler, Adolf 103, 131 kindness, acts of 115
Ellis, Albert 98–99, 113 Fromm, Erich 114 HM (case study) 42 knowledge 56–57
embarrassment 75 frustration 132–133 hobbies 95
emotional stability 86, 87 home life 35 see also learning
emotions 92–93 G Hull, Clark 94 Kohlberg, Lawrence 28–29
hypnosis 45, 62, 102, Köhler, Wolfgang 21, 58, 76
detecting 99 Gage, Phineas 42 Kraepelin, Emil 105
empathy 124, 125, 143 Galton, Francis 85 110
endorphins 116 “hysteria” 110
Erikson, Erik 17, 32
essence 76
evil 108–109, 122–123

158 Index

L long-term 42, 61, 64 neural pathways 40–41 phobias 113
old age and 32–33 neurodegenerative diseases phrenology 38
laboratory conditions 10–11 poor recall 66–67 Piaget, Jean 16–17, 21,
Laing, R. D. 107 repressed 110 32
Lange, Carl 93 short-term 64, 69 neurons 40–41, 44, 52 24–25, 28, 57, 72
language 34, 42, 43, 72–73, storing 64–65, 66 Pinker, Steven 73
techniques 81 mirror 53 play 21, 24, 28, 94
127, 131 types of 64, 65 neuroplasticity 41 politics 128, 131, 146
Lashley, Karl 42–43 unwanted 67 neuroscience 38–39, 41, 42, positive psychology 114–115
Latané, Bibb 124–125, 141 men 93, 142–143 positive reinforcement
Lazarus, Richard 93 Mendel, Gregor 84, 85 44–45, 47, 48–49, 112
leadership 137, 138–139 mental disorders 104–107 neurosis 110, 112 26–27
learning 20–21, 24–25, therapies 112–113 neuroticism 86, 87 positivity 17, 114, 128
mental health 114 normality 104–105 post-traumatic stress
56–57 metaphors 127 norms, social 27, 29, 128–129
gender and 143 movies 35, 132 disorder (PTSD) 67,
hands-on 21, 34 Milgram, Stanley 122–123, O 112–113
in old age 33 134–135
social 27 Miller, George Armitage 69 obedience 122–123, prejudice 27, 129
see also memory Miller, Neal E. 132 134, 136 prison experiment 123
Lewin, Kurt 136, 138 Mills, Judson 75 problem-solving 58
Little Albert 19 mimicry 34, 53, 132 old age 32–33, 144 propaganda 126, 131
Loftus, Elizabeth 62–63, 67 mind 38–39 open-mindedness 116 psychiatry 104–105,
Lorenz, Konrad 14, 132 see also brain opinions 126, 128–129,
love 144–145 Mischel, Walter 97 106, 112
lying 28, 116 moods 61, 92–93 130–131 psychoanalysis 102–103,
morality 28–29 optical illusions 78–79
M mothers 14–15, 30–31 110–111, 112–113, 114
motivation 89, 94–95 P psychologists, types of 8–9
Maccoby, Eleanor E. 143 multitasking 69, 80 psychology explained 6–7
madness see insanity music 115 parents 14–15, 25, 35, 52, 72 psychopaths 108–109
magnetic fields 52 see also fathers; mothers psychotherapy 112–113, 114
management style 138–139 N psychoticism 86
Maslow, Abraham 95, 96, patterns 76–77 punishment 22, 26–27, 28
nature versus nurture Pavlov, Ivan 18–19, 22–23
114 debate 84–85 perception 76–79 Q
maturation 85 Perls, Fritz and Laura 111
May, Rollo 99 Nazis 103, 122, 131 personality 84–89 questionnaires 10
Mayo, Elton 138, 139 needs, hierarchy of 95
McGregor, Douglas 139 negative reinforcement changes in 96–97 R
medical psychologists 8–9 disorders 108–109
memory 20–21, 60–61 26–27 tests 117 racism 27, 129
negativity 17, 113, 128 type theory versus trait Ramachandran, Vilayanur
early 35
false 62, 63, 67 theory 86, 96, 97 48–49
perspective 77, 79 Ramón y Cajal, Santiago 40,
persuasion 130–131
phantom limbs 48 44–45

uploaded by [stormrg] Index 159

Rational Emotive Behavior Simon, Théodore 90 Thatcher, Margaret 142 Wertheimer, Max 76, 126
Therapy 113 situationism 97 therapy 112–113 Whyte, William H. 136
Skinner, B. F. 20, 26–27, 56, Thorndike, Edward 19, 20, Wolpe, Joseph 112–113
reading 80 women 93, 142–143
reasoning 58–59 72, 94 26, 32–33, 56 working conditions 71
reinforcement sleep 50–51, 52, 59 three-dimensional World War II 122, 126
sleepwalking 53 Wundt, William 46
accidental 34 smoking 74, 117, 120, 131 perception 77
positive and negative social learning theory 27 Three Faces of Eve, The 97 Y
social loafing 141 Tolman, Edward 21, 58
26–27 social networking 146 Tononi, Giulio 46, 47 yawning 50
relationships 144–145 social norms 27, 29, trait theory 86 , 96, 97
religious cults 131 trepanning 113 Z
repression 110 128–129 Triplett, Norman 140
research methods 10–11 social psychology 85, Tulving, Endel 61, 64–65 Zajonc, Robert 93, 130,
Revonsuo, Antti 51 Tversky, Amos 58–59 140–141, 144
reward 26–27, 28, 94 120–123, 128–129 twins, identical 85
rhyming 81 Spearman, Charles 91 type theory 86, 96, 97 Zeigarnik, Bluma 61
right and wrong 28–29 Sperry, Roger 43 Zimbardo, Philip 123, 124,
Rogers, Carl 96, 114 sports 95, 106, 128, 140–141 U
Rowe, Dorothy 99 stage fright 147 135
rules 29 Stanford prison experiment unconscious, the 47, 50,
Rutter, Michael 15 102–103, 110–111
123
S statistics 11 unknown, fear of 130
Sternberg, Robert 91,
sadness 98–99 V
scans 39, 42 144–145
scapegoat 132 Strange Situation values 89
Schacter, Daniel 66 video games 35, 132
schema 65 experiment 14–15, 31 violence 132–133
schizophrenia 105, 106–107 stream of consciousness
seasonal affective disorder in movies and games 35,
46–47 132
(SAD) 116 strokes 32
self-actualization 95 superfoods 65 vision 48, 77, 78–79
self-awareness 17 superstition 34 Vygotsky, Lev 25, 57
self-destruction 132 synapses 40
selfishness 124–125, 132 synaptic transmission 40–41
Seligman, Martin 99, synesthesia 49
Szasz, Thomas 101, 105, 107
114–115
senses 76–77 T W
Shepard, Roger 78
Sherif, Muzafer 137 talking cure 103, 110, 111 Watson, John B. 18–19,
Siffre, Michel 51 team spirit 136–139, 141 26, 56, 85, 130–131
teenagers 50, 52
television 27, 135 Weisberg, Deena 39
Wernicke, Carl 42, 72

160 Acknowledgments

Acknowledgments

The publisher would like to thank Jeongeun
Yule Park for design assistance, John Searcy for
proofreading, and Jackie Brind for the index.

The publisher would like to thank the following for
their kind permission to reproduce their photographs:

(Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; c–center;
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