Inventions - Facts at Your Fingertips

FASCINATING FACTS | 149

never give up product. WD-40 stands for “Water
Displacement 40th Attempt.” It gained
• Thomas edison tried many materials for fame for having multiple and unusual
the filament in his lightbulb, including cork, uses, such as preventing guitar strings
wood, rubber, grass, and even human hair. from rusting and removing crayon marks.

• Thomas Edison invented his lightbulb • One of the most unusual inventors is
after thousands of failed attempts. an American named Ron Popeil. He has
He famously said: “Genius is one percent invented all kinds of household and leisure
inspiration and 99 percent perspiration.” gadgets, including a chop-o-matic that
chops vegetables and a pocket fisherman
• When iRobot launched a robotic vacuum (a fishing rod that folds to fit into a pocket).
cleaner in 2002, some people thought it
was a silly idea that wouldn’t last, but the • The inventor of bubble gum said his
Roomba continues to sell. invention was “an accident.” He sold his
first batch in one afternoon.
• An oil-based spray called WD-40 failed
39 times before its inventors hit on a final

Who SaiD ThaT? WhaT’S in a name?

“Invent something that will be used once • The name Lego® comes from
and then thrown away. Then the customer the Danish words “leg godt” meaning
will come back for more.” William Painter, “play well.”
inventor of the crown cork bottle cap
• Zippers were named for the sound they
“To invent, you need a good imagination made as they opened and closed.
and a pile of junk.” Thomas Edison
• Duct tape is also widely known as
“If I have seen further than others, it is by “duck” tape because of its ability to
standing upon the shoulders of giants.” repel water.
Isaac Newton
• Coca-Cola was named after the coca
“If birds can glide for long periods of time, leaves and kola berries from which it was
then... why can’t I?” Orville Wright originally made.

150 | INVENTIONS

Glossary Generator A machine than in an exterior
that produces (or furnace. Most vehicles
Alloy A material Fiber optics A means generates) electricity. are powered by internal
made of two or more of sending information Global Positioning combustion engines.
metals, or from a metal in the form of light System (GPS) Internet The global
combined with another impulses along glass A navigation system network that links
material. Bronze is an or plastic fibers. that relies on information millions of computers.
alloy, made from a Filament The part of from satellites to provide Joystick A means of
mixture of copper a lightbulb that glows precise location details. controlling the cursor
and tin. when an electric GPS depends on the for a computer game
Artificial Intelligence current passes through satellites linking with to make the game
(AI) Robots that are it. Thomas Edison ground-based receivers. seem more realistic.
developed to learn famously experimented Many cars are fitted Lens A curved piece
are described as having with thousands of with GPS receivers. of glass. Lenses can
artificial intelligence substances to try and find Industrial Revolution be found in telescopes,
(as opposed to the asuitable filament. A period of rapid industrial glasses, and cameras,
natural intelligence Force A push or pull that expansion in Britain and, among other things.
that people enjoy). can make something later, in rest of Europe and Lever A rigid bar,
Braille A system of move, prevent something the US. It started in the pivoted at one point
reading and writing that from moving, or change late 1700s and saw a huge along its length. This
uses raised dots. There an object’s motion. amount of innovation and means it can be used
is now a braille code for Four-stroke cycle invention. This is the time to transmit and change
every widely spoken engine The most that factories began to force. An oar is an
language in the world, common type of emerge and people moved example of a simple lever.
as well as one for music engine. Each piston in away from the countryside Maglev This is short
and for mathematics. the engine works in four to form towns around for “magnetic levitation.”
There is even a stages, or strokes: intake these factories. Maglev trains depend on
braille system for (taking in a mixture of air Information Age magnets to lift the train
use with computers. and petrol), compression Also referred to as the and move it forward.
Browser (web) An (squeezing the mixture), Computer or Digital Age, Mesopotamia An
application that is used combustion (a spark this defines the time we ancient region that
to find information on ignites the mixture, are living in, whereby stretched through
the World Wide Web. which burns rapidly we are reliant on modern-day Iraq and
Codex The earliest and pushes the piston information technology Kuwait, as well as parts
form of a book, made down), and exhaust with economies that of modern-day Turkey
from manuscripts (the spent mixture depend on computers. and Iran. Mesopotamia
stitched together leaves the cylinder). Innovation The means has been widely termed
along one side. Gears Toothed wheels by which an idea or the “cradle of civilization.”
Compound machine that mesh together as invention is developed Microprocessor The
A machine, such as a they turn. Gears are used and improved in a complicated circuits at
bicycle or wheelbarrow, to change the speed or new way. the heart of a computer
that uses two or more force with which wheels Internal combustion that perform instructions
simple machines. turn, allowing the efficient engine An engine that and calculations, and
use of power. burns fuel inside one
or more cylinders, rather

GLOSSARY | 151

communicate with other Patent A legal document previously done by by large organizations
parts of the computer. that grants sole rights to people. Car factories, for handling huge
The microprocessor is a an individual or company for example, use robot amounts of data.
computer’s brain. to make, use, and sell an assembly lines to Weather forecasting
Monorail A railroad with invention. Patents have build cars as well depends on the
a single rail track. Many a set time period and as to paint them. operation of
monorails operate with they do expire. Patent Satellite An object in supercomputers.
the train suspended applications are given orbit around a body Technology The means
from the rail but others a number if successful in space. Thousands by which knowledge
run on it. Monorails are and a year of issue. of artificial satellites and inventions are
widely used at airports. Pendulum A hanging orbit Earth, aiding put to practical use.
Monowheel A vehicle weight that swings to communication and Telecommunication
with a single wheel. regulate the workings navigation, taking part Communication over a
The rider sits next of a clock such as a in research, providing distance by electronic
to the wheel, or within Grandfather clock. weather forecasts, as well means such as a
it (unlike a unicycle). Piston A round metal as being used in spying. telephone or television.
Movable type A system part that fits snugly in Sextant Sailors have Transistor A tiny
of printing in which letters a cylinder and moves used sextants for electronic component
or words are created up and down. Car hundreds of years. that is used to switch
on individual blocks, so engines usually have These tools measure or amplify electric
they can be moved into four pistons, each one the angle between the signals. It is a means
position to form a word in its own cylinder. horizon and objects of controlling an
or sentence. Power line A cable that in the sky, helping electrical current.
Nanotechnology carries electrical power. determine a boat’s World Wide Web
The science of creating It is usually supported position. (WWW) The part of the
materials and machines by a tower. Simple machine The Internet that contains
that are too small to Projector A device for simplest ways in which websites, which are
see—far smaller than projecting an image a force can be applied. A navigated by a web
the period at the end onto a screen. lever, wedge, and screw browser and are made
of this sentence. They Radar A system used to are all simple machines. up of documents that
can only be seen under detect aircraft, ships, and Smartphone A cell are linked together.
powerful microscopes. other objects. It works phone that can perform
Nanotechnology is being by emitting pulses of many of the functions of
applied to an increasingly radio waves, which are a computer, in addition
wide range of items. reflected off the object. to its use as a telephone.
Papyrus A fragile Radio waves Most smartphones have
material made from the A type of energy that is a touch-screen interface.
stem of the papyrus plant invisible, travels in Steam engine An engine
and used to write on in waves, and can be used that uses steam, created
ancient Egypt before the to send information. by heating water to
invention of paper. It was Robot A machine that is boiling point. It is used
also used to make controlled by a computer, to drive machinery.
objects such as baskets, and that can do work Supercomputer
ropes, and sandals, A computer that is used
among other things.

152 | INVENTIONS bread communications 120–1
leavened 74 compact discs (CDs) 71
Index sliced 146 compasses, magnetic 34
computers 13, 118–19, 132–7
A bridges 109 condensed milk 75
Bronze Age 13 cornflakes 7
abacus 58 bronze casting 13 cotton
accidental inventions 7 browsers 136–7
adhesive tape 45 bubble gum 149 gins 98
aerosol cans 114–15 wrinkle free 52–3
agile robots 142 C cotton candy machines 146
airplanes 15, 28–9, 105, counting 58
calculators 58 cranes, lifting 97
149 calendars 48 credit cards 38
air transport 15, 28–9, 149 camcorders 73 CT scanners 87
aloe 85 camera obscura 128 culture 60–81
ammunition 110–11 cameras 128–31 cups, no-spill 148
amphibious vehicles 20–1 cutting edge technology 140–3
animals, carved 63 digital 131
antiseptics 84 medical 117 D
Apgar newborn tests 89 canal locks 97
Apple watch 143 canning 74 Daguerre, Louis 129, 146
arms 110–11 can openers 5 Daguerreotype 129
artificial intelligence cars 23 dams 109
driverless 141 dandy horses 24
(AI) 142 engines 17 data storage 132–3
artificial limbs 88 cell phones, debit cards 38
atomic clocks 48–9 diapers, disposable 148
augmented reality 141 handheld 127 Digital Age 13
automated teller machines celluloid 55 digital audio players 70–1
cement 54 digital cameras 131
(ATMs) 59 chariots, two-wheeled 22 discoveries 4
automatic telephone chess 79 disease, cause of 84
chisels 113 dishwashers 42
exchanges 127 chocolate 76–7, 146 dolls, talking 11
axes 112 chocolate chip cookies 146 draglines 101
cinema 72–3 drills 113
B cinemascope 73 drink pouches 147
cinématographe 72 driverless cars 141
ballpoint pens 45 clinker-built boats 19 drones (UAV) 140
balls 63 clocks 46–9 drugs 86
banknotes 59, 148 clothes 36, 38, 50–3 drums 64
bar codes 59, 146 duct tape 149
bicycles 95 nanotechnology 117 dynamite 111
biometrics 140 Coca-Cola 75, 149 Dyson, Sir James 6, 149
blood pressure monitors 89 codes 126
books 123 coins 58
bottle caps, metal 148, 149 Colossus 132
bowling 61
bows and arrows 110
Braille 124–5
brass instruments 64

INDEX | 153

E germs, killing 85 failed 10–11
glass how they happen 6–7
earthquake detectors 104 non-material 8–9
Edison, Thomas 4, 11, 147, 149 nonreflecting 106 through time 12–13
electric lighting 39 plated 56–7 what is an invention? 4–5
electric trains 26–7 glasses, eye 38–9 invisibility cloaks 143
electricity 108–9 Glulam 57 Iron Age 13
emails 120 Go (game) 79 iron lungs 84
energy 96 government 8
engineering 92–117 GPS (Global Positioning JK
engines 16–17, 99
ENIAC 133 Systems) 35 jeans 51
entertainment 60–81 gramophones 67 jet engines 17
everyday inventions 36–59 guns 111 jet packs 29
exoskeletons 143 jigsaw puzzles 148
eye control 145 H joysticks 80
Kevlar 56
F hammerstones 112 kick scooters 25
hand axes 112 kinetoscopes 73
factories 13 hang gliding 28 knapping 112
failures 6, 10–11, 149 headphones 67 knives 39
Falkirk wheel 92–3 heating 39
fastenings 50–2 helicopters 29 L
fiber optics 121 High Wheelers 24–5
fiber-optic endoscopes 87 home video games 80 land transportation 22–7
film 128–31 hot-air balloons 28 Large Hadron Collider
hour glasses 47
developing methods 131 Hubble Space Telescope 107 (LHC) 102–3
roll 129 hygiene 40 laser surgery 90–1
technology 72–3 hyperloop 144–5 laws 8
fingerprints, biometric 140 Lego® 63, 149
fish, robotic 147 I lenses 106, 117
flight recorders 105 levers 95
floppy disks 133 ice pops 146 life-support machines 84
flutes 64 inclined planes 95 lifts, passenger 147
food and drink 74–7, 146 Industrial Revolution 13 lightbulbs 4–5, 41, 147, 149
four-stroke engines 17 Information Age 13 liquid-crystal display
front engine cars 23 information technology 13,
future technologies 144–5 (LCD) TV 130
118–39 locks, canal 97
G infrastructure 108–9 lodestone 4
ink 44 log boats 18
games 78–81 innovations 5 long-playing records (LPs) 70
gas-powered cars 23 instant messaging 120 Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) 30
gears 95 instant noodles 75
generators 108 intensive care units 84
Internet 136–7
inventions

154 | INVENTIONS

M notes, bank 59, 148 pulleys 95
nuclear power plants 96 punched paper tape 133
machines 94–105 number systems 9 puppets 63
Maglev (magnetic levitation) 27 nystatin 86
magnetic recording 70 QR
magnetism 4, 34 OP
Manned Maneuvering Unit 31 quartz clocks 47
margarine 146 octants 34 quinine 86
marine chronometers 35 off-road vehicles 146 radar 105
Mars exploration rover 31 oil wells 101 radiators 39
matches 7 operations 85 radio 68–9, 146
materials 54–7 pacemakers 88–9 raincoats 50
measuring instruments 46–9 Painter, William 149 refinements 7
measuring tapes 49 paper 123 refrigerators 74
medical inventions 82–91 paper bags, square-bottomed Reitwagen 25
relaxation 62–3
nanotechnology 117 148 roads 108
medicines 85, 86 paper clips 44 robots
merry-go-rounds 94 PaPeRo robots 142
microchips 133 papyrus 122 agile 142
microphones 66 parachute jumps 29 micro 116
microprocessors 13, 134–5 Paralympics 82–3 PaPeRo 142
microwave ovens 7, 146 paraplegic aids 143 robotic arms 85
mint 85 patents 5 robotic fish 147
mirrors 40 pencils 44 robotic vacuum cleaners 149
money 38, 58–9 pendulum clocks 47 soft 147
monorails 27 penicillin 86 rockets 30
monowheel vehicles 10–11 Penny Farthings 24–5 roll film 129
Morse code 126 percussion instruments 64 roller coasters 62
mouse, computer 119 personal computers (PCs) Roomba 149
movable type 123 rubber 54
MP3 players 7 134 Rubik’s cube 79
MRI scanners 87 phonographs 66 rudders 19
music 63, 64–5 photographs 129, 131, 146
pianos 65 S
N plants, medicinal 85
plasters, sticking 83 safety pins 51
nanobots 116 plastics 55 sage 85
nanotechnology 116–17 plate glass 56–7 sails 18
Napier’s bones 58 PlayStations 81 sand glasses 47
navigational tools 34–5, 147 playtime 78–81 satellites 30, 121, 138–9
needles 38 ploughs 13, 96 scissors 41
Newcomen, Thomas 16, 99 Polaroid cameras 129 screwdrivers 93
Newton, Isaac 149 polythene 55 screws 95
Nintendo Wii 81 Popeil, Ron 149 search engines 137
no-spill cups 148 Portland cement 54 seed drills 98
nonreflecting glass 106 power 108 seismographs 104
noodles, instant 75 power drills 113 seismoscopes 104
power lines 108 Semaphore 126
presses, printing 123 Senet (game) 79
printing 122–3 sensors, wearable 7
prosthetics 88 sewing machines 42

sewing patterns, graded 51 T INDEX | 155
sextants 35
shampoo 40 tablets 135 Voyager I and 2 32–3
ships 18–19 tea bags 75 vulcanized rubber 54
shoes 50 Teddy bears 148
shopping bags, square-bottomed telegrams 126 W
telephones 126–7
paper 148 telescopes 106–7 Walkmans 71
sickles 113 television 130 washing machines 43
silly putty 148 textiles 52–3, 56 watches, Apple smart 143
Siri 141 texting 120 water
skyscrapers 109, 147 theme parks 62
sleds 22 thermometers, storage in tie 147
sliced bread 146 walking on 147
slinky 79 clinical 88 water clocks 46
smartphones 127 toasters 43 water transportation 18–19
smoke detectors 105, 146 toilets, flushing 40 WD-40 149
soap 40 tools 12, 13, 112–13 weapons 12, 13
soccer balls 148 wedges 95
social media 120 medical 86–9 weighing scales 48
soft robots 147 toothpaste, tubes of 41 wheelbarrows 146
solar panels 96 toys 63, 78 wheels 16, 94, 147
sound technology 66–71 tractors (gas-powered) Wi-Fi technology 137
space elevators 145 wind turbines 96
Space Shuttle 31 101 windmills 97
space telescopes 107 trains 26–7 windshield wipers 6
space transport 30–3 trampolines 78 woodwind instruments 64
spears 110–11 transformers 108 World Wide Web (www) 136
spinning jennies 98 transistors 133 Wright, Orville 149
spirit levels 48–9 transportation 14–35 writing 8–9
sports 9
stainless steel 56 future 144–5 XYZ
steam engines 16, 99 trucks, walking 10
steam locomotives 26 trumpets 64 Xbox 81
steamships 99 tunnel boring machines yeast 74
steel, stainless 56 yo yos 78
stethoscopes 88 (TBMs) 100 zero 9
sticky notes 45 typewriters 37 zippers 51, 149
Stone Age 12
storage, data 132–3 UV
string instruments 65
submarines 19 ultrasound scanners 86
sundials 46 universal translators 145
sunscreen 117 USB flash drives 133
supercomputers 134 vacuum cleaners 42–3
surgery 85, 90–1
Swan, Joseph 4 bagless 6, 149
swimming suits, robotic 149
vacuum tubes (valves) 132
wooden 11 Velcro 51
swords 111 velocipedes 24
video calling 120
View-masters 80
violins 65

156 | INVENTIONS

Acknowledgments

Dorling Kindersley would like to thank: (t). Getty Images: SSPL (b). 49 Getty Images: Kolett John Smith (r). 110-111 Alamy Images: gary warnimont
Annabel Blackledge for proofreading (tr). 50 Dreamstime.com: Alexander Shalamov (br). (t). 110 Getty Images: De Agostini / C. Marchelli (br).
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