Super Human Encyclopedia

glossary

Abdomen bActerium (plurAl cArtilAge settling of an embryo in the FAt
The lower part of the main bActeriA) A tough, flexible type of lining of the womb. A substance found in many
body (the trunk), below A small type of microorganism. connective tissue that helps foods that provides energy and
your chest. Bacteria live everywhere. support your body and covers dendrite important ingredients for cells.
Some types cause disease the ends of bones in joints. A short fiber that extends The layer of cells just under the
Absorption in humans, but some are from a nerve cell (neuron). skin is full of fat.
The process by which beneficial and help keep your cell It carries incoming electrical
nutrients from digested food body functioning properly. The smallest living unit of signals from other nerve cells. Feces
are taken in through the wall your body. Solid waste that is made up of
of your small intestine and blood dnA undigested food, dead cells,
passed into your blood. A liquid tissue containing centrAl nervous system A long molecule found inside and bacteria that are left after
several types of cell. Blood Your brain and spinal cord the nucleus of body cells. digestion and eliminated from
Allergy carries oxygen, salts, nutrients, together make up your DNA contains coded your anus.
An illness caused by minerals, and hormones central nervous system. One instructions that control
overreaction of the body’s around your body. It also of the two main parts of the how cells work and how your FertilizAtion
immune system to a normally collects waste for disposal, nervous system. body grows and develops. The joining of a female egg
harmless substance. such as carbon dioxide that is (ovum) and male sperm to
breathed out by your lungs. cerebellum digestion make a new individual.
Antibody A small, cauliflower-shaped The process that breaks
A substance made by the blood vessel structure at the base of the down food into tiny particles genes
body that sticks to germs and Any tube that carries blood back of your brain that helps that your body can absorb Instructions that control
marks them for destruction through your body. coordinate body movements and use. the way your body develops
by white blood cells. and balance. and works. Genes are passed
bone digestive enzyme on from parents to their
Antigen A strong, hard body part cerebrAl cortex A substance that speeds up the children.
A foreign substance, usually made chiefly of calcium The deeply folded, outer layer breakdown of food molecules.
found on the surface of germs minerals. There are 206 of your brain. It is used for genome
such as bacteria, which bones in an adult skeleton. thinking, memory, movement, endocrine glAnd The deoxyribonucleic acid
triggers the immune system language, attention, and A type of gland, such as the (DNA) contained in a set of
to respond. brAin stem processing sensory pituitary gland, that releases chromosomes. In humans
The part of the base of your information. hormones into your there are 46 chromosomes.
Artery brain that connects to your bloodstream.
A blood vessel that carries spinal cord. This controls cerebrAl hemisphere germ
blood away from your functions such as breathing One of the two symmetrical enzyme A tiny living thing that can get
heart to your body’s and heart rate. halves into which the main A substance that speeds up a into your body and make you
tissues and organs. part of your brain (the particular chemical reaction ill. Bacteria and viruses are
cAlcium cerebrum) is split. in the body. types of germ.
Autonomic nervous A mineral used by your
system (Ans) body to build bones and cerebrum epiglottis glAnd
The part of the nervous teeth. Calcium also helps The largest part of the brain, A flap of tissue that closes your A group of specialized cells
system that controls muscles move. which is involved in conscious windpipe when you swallow that make and release a
unconscious functions thought, feelings, and food to stop the food entering particular substance, such
such as heart rate and cApillAry movement. your windpipe. as an enzyme or a hormone.
the size of the pupils in The smallest type of blood
your eyes. vessel. Your body contains chromosome epinephrine glucose
thousands of miles One of 46 threadlike (AdrenAline) A simple type of sugar
Axon of capillaries. packages of deoxyribonucleic A hormone that prepares that circulates in the
A long fiber that extends acid (DNA) found in the your body for sudden action bloodstream and is the
from a nerve cell (neuron). cArbohydrAte nucleus of body cells. in times of danger or main energy source for
It carries electrical signals A food group that includes excitement. Epinephrine is the body’s cells.
away from the cell. sugars and starches that conception produced by glands on
provide your body’s main The time between fertilization top of the kidneys. grAy mAtter
energy supply. of an egg cell by a sperm and Brain tissue that consists

largely of the cell bodies of Keratin or iron, that you need to eat to nutrients vital for life. oxygen is
neurons. The outer layer a tough, waterproof protein stay healthy. The basic chemicals that breathed in, absorbed by
of the brain is gray matter. found in hair, nails, and the make up food. your body the blood, and used by
upper layer of your skin. mitochondrion (plural uses nutrients for fuel, cells to release energy from
hemoglobin mitochondria) growth, and repair. glucose (a simple sugar).
a substance in red blood cells Kilohertz a tiny structure found inside
that carries oxygen around see hertz. cells that releases energy organ peristalsis
the body. from sugar. a group of tissues that form a The wave of muscular
ligament body part designed for a specific squeezes (contractions) in
hertz a tough band of tissue that molecule job. your heart is an organ. the wall of a hollow organ
a unit used to measure the connects bones where they a single particle of a particular that, for example, pushes
frequency of sound waves. meet at joints. chemical compound. a osteon food down the esophagus
The higher the frequency, the molecule is a cluster of Tubular structures that make during swallowing.
higher the pitch of the sound. limbic system atoms—the smallest particles up compact bone. also known
a cluster of structures found of an element—bonded as Haversian system. proteins
hippocampus inside the brain and vital in together permanently. Vital nutrients that help your
a part of the brain that creating emotions, memory, ovum body build new cells. Food
helps us lay down long-term and the sense of smell. motor neuron also called an egg, this is such as meat, eggs, fish, and
memories. a type of nerve cell that the female sex cell, which is cheese are rich in proteins.
lymphatic system carries nerve impulses produced by, and released
hormone a network of vessels that from your central nervous from, a woman’s ovary. protist
a chemical produced by collect fluid from body tissues system to your muscles. a single cell organism—some
glands in order to change the and filter it for germs, before oxygen cause diseases in humans.
way a different part of the returning the fluid to the mucus a gas, found in air, that is
body works. Hormones are bloodstream. slippery liquid found on the
carried by the blood. inside of your nose, throat, abbreviations used in this booK
lymphocyte and intestines.
hypothalamus a white blood cell specialized °c degrees Celsius glossary
a small structure in the base of to attack a specific kind of muscle cal Calories—equal to 1 kcal
your brain that controls many germ. some lymphocytes a body part that contracts cm centimeter
body activities, including make antibodies. (gets shorter) to move your db decibel
temperature and thirst. bones or internal organs. °f degrees Fahrenheit
macrophage fl oz fluid ounce
immune system a white blood cell that muscle fiber ft foot
a collection of cells and swallows and destroys germs a muscle cell. g gram or gravity
tissues that protect the body such as bacteria, cancer cells, hz hertz—see glossary for definition
from disease by searching out or debris in damaged tissue. nerve cell in inch
and destroying germs and see neuron. kg kilogram
cancer cells. melanin khz kilohertz—equal to 1,000 Hz
a brown-black pigment that nerve impulse km kilometer
infection is found in your skin, hair, a tiny electrical signal that is km/h kilometers per hour
If germs invade your body and eyes and gives them transmitted along a nerve cell lb pound
and begin to multiply, they their color. (neuron) at high speed. m meter
cause an infection. some min minute
diseases are caused by metabolism neuron ml milliliter
infections. a term used to describe all the a term for a nerve cell. Neurons mm millimeter
chemical reactions going on carry information around your mph miles per hour
Joint inside your body, especially body as electrical signals. oz ounce
a connection between two within cells. s or sec second
bones. The knee is the biggest nucleus sq square
joint in the human body. The mineral The control center of a cell.
bones are usually connected a naturally occurring solid It contains DNa-carrying 201
by ligaments. chemical, such as salt, calcium, chromosomes.

Red blood cell backbone and connects your viRuS A and C, needed in small white blood cell
A disc-shaped cell that brain to the rest of your body. A kind of germ that invades amounts in your diet to keep Any of the colorless blood cells
contains haemoglobin (a cells and multiplies inside your body healthy. that play various roles in your
protein that carries oxygen Spinal neRve them. Diseases caused immune system.
and makes your blood red). One of the 31 pairs of nerves by viruses include the vocal coRdS
that branch out from your common cold, measles, The small folds of tissue in white matteR
Reflex spinal cord. and influenza. your voice box that vibrate to Brain tissue made up mainly
A rapid, automatic reaction create the sounds of speech. of the axons (long fibers) of
that is out of your control, such Sweat vitaminS nerve cells. The inner part of
as blinking when something A watery liquid produced by One of a number of voice box (laRynx) the brain consists largely of
moves toward your eyes. glands in the skin. Sweat cools substances, including vitamins A structure at the top of the white matter.
the body as it evaporates. windpipe that generates sound
Retina as you speak. The sound is windpipe (tRachea)
A layer of light-sensitive SynapSe created by folds of tissue that The main airway leading
neurons lining the back of The junction where two nerve vibrate as you breathe out. from the back of your throat to
each eye. The retina captures cells (neurons) meet but do your lungs, where it branches
images and relays them to the not touch. into bronchi.
brain as electrical signals.
SyStem
Rod cell A group of organs that
A light sensitive cell in the work together. Your mouth,
back of the eye. They work stomach, and intestines make
in dim light but do not detect up your digestive system.
color (see also cones).
tendon
Saliva A cord of tough connective
The liquid in your mouth. tissue that links muscle
Saliva helps you taste, to bone.
swallow, and digest food.
tiSSue
Sebum A group of cells that look
An oily liquid that keeps and act the same. Muscle
your hair and skin soft, is a type of tissue.
flexible, and waterproof.
toxin
SenSoRy neuRon A poisonous substance
A type of nerve cell (neuron) released into
that carries impulses from your the body by a
sense organs to the central disease-
nervous system. causing
bacterium.
SenSoRy ReceptoR
A specialized nerve cell ultRaSound
or the end of a sensory An imaging technique
neuron that detects a that uses inaudible,
stimulus, such as light, high-frequency sound
scent, touch, or sound. waves to produce pictures of a
developing baby in the womb
SpeRm or of body tissues.
The male sex cells, which
are made in, and released vein
from, a man’s testes. A blood vessel that carries
blood toward your heart.
SphincteR
A ring of muscle around a velluS haiR
passageway or opening that One of the millions of fine,
opens and closes to control soft hairs that grow all over
the flow of material, such as your body.
urine or food, through it.
venule
Spinal coRd A small blood vessel (smaller
A column of nerve cells than a vein) that returns
(neurons) that runs down your blood to the heart.

INDEX

Page numbers in bold indicate main blood continued bones continued breathing continued
treatment of a topic. circulatory system 14, 120–1 hormones 164 muscles 44
digestive system 137, 144 joints 39, 41, 162 sleep 74, 75
A fetus 174 leg 35 space living 8, 189
heart 122, 123 muscle groups 48 stress 167
achilles tendon 45 kidneys 152 pain 108 vagus nerve 54
adaptable humans 8–9 liver 150 tendons 45 voice 118
adenoids 156
adrenal glands 165, 166, 167 blood cells boys 19, 180, 181, 182 bronchi (airways) 113
adrenaline 166, 167 aging 186 brain 12, 14, 54, 61, 62–3 bronchioles 113
bone marrow 37
see also epinephrine bones 32 aging 183, 186 C
aging 90, 183, 186–7 human adaptability 9 arteries 120 cecum 144
airways 112–3, 114, 118 repair 162 balance 94, 95, 96
allergies 159 see also red blood cells, white blood binocular vision 86, 87 calf bone (fibula) 33, 182
altitude sickness 130 cells bionic bodies 193
alveoli 113 blood gas levels 116 capillaries 113, 120, 124, 125, 133, 144
amniotic fluid 175 blood clotting 36, 129, 151, 163 body temperature 24, 25, 26
antibodies 157, 158, 159, 160 blood sugar (glucose) 124, 128, 151, 152, circulation 125 carbohydrates 136, 137, 147, 148
anus 145 coordination 56–7
aorta 120, 122, 123 165, 166, 168 cranial nerves 55 carbon dioxide 112, 113, 114, 115, 116,
appendix 144 blood transfusion 191 development 64–5, 179
arteries 23, 120, 122, 124, 128, 152 blood vessels 14, 120, 124–5, 128, 129 embryo 174 128, 132
arterioles 124 gravity 127
axons 55, 58, 59 blood cells 133, 160 hearing 90 cardiac (heart) muscle 123
body temperature 24, 26 links to computers 196, 197
B bone 36 memories 72, 73, 182 carotid artery 14, 120
fetus 174 movement control 44, 66, 67
babies 18, 174–7, 178, 194 gravity 126–7 olfactory system 102, 103 cartilage 32, 39, 42–3, 90, 139, 162, 182
baby teeth 138 nanobots 191 pain 108
bacteria (germs) pain 108 puberty 180 cell division 16, 18, 173
skin 23 reaction times 68
defense 79, 112, 129, 150, 156, 157, 158, body temperature 24–5, 26, 164 reflex actions 71 cells 16–7
159, 160, 161 blood 128 retina 82, 83, 84
brain 62 sleep 74, 75 apoptosis 162
intestines 144, 145 human adaptability 8, 9 smell 102
medicines 190 reflex actions 70 stress 166, 167 blood 9, 32, 37, 128, 162
balance 33, 44, 50, 90, 91, 94–7, 146, 147 space living 189 taste 98, 99, 100
bile 137, 150, 151 touch receptors 105 touch 104, 105 bone 36, 37
binocular vision 86–7 bone 36–7 brain cells 163, 191
bionic bodies 192–3 bone marrow 36, 37, 157 brain stem 62, 63, 115 cartilage 42, 43, 182
bladder 75, 152, 153 bones 13, 14, 32, 34 breastbone (sternum) 32
blastocyst 172, 173 aging 183, 187 breathing 112–7 cone 17, 82, 83, 84, 89
blinking reflex 68, 70 cartilage 43 energy 146
blood 128–9, 164 ear 32, 90, 91 high altitude 9, 130 DNA 18
artificial 191 finger 28 movement 66
breathing 112, 113, 115, 116 gravity 33 egg 17, 172, 173
growth 182
energy 146, 147

epithelial 17

fat 17

hair 91, 92, 93, 95

keratin 28

light-sensitive 17

muscle 49

nerve 17, 58–9, 60, 61

olfactory receptor 102

pancreas 191 INDEX

red blood 17, 18, 132–3, 186,

190, 191

retina 82, 84

skin 22, 23 203

cells continued digestive system 12, 15, 74, 165 eyes continued gut (intestines) 15, 136, 137, 144–5
smell receptor 103 diseases 158, 194, 195 binocular vision 86 liver 150
smooth muscle 17 DNA 18–9 bionic bodies 192, 193 pain 108
space travel 188 dreaming 75 cranial nerves 55 repair 162
sperm 17 duodenum 144 focusing 87, 88–9 sleep 74
stomach 142 genetic engineering 195 stress 167
taste receptor 98, 99 E muscles 45, 89
see also white blood cells reflex actions 70, 71 H
ear bones (ossicles) 32, 38, 91 sleep 74, 75
central nervous system 54 ears 90–1 stress 167 hemoglobin 128, 129, 132
cerebellum 62, 63, 66, 67, 94 hair 10, 12, 28–9
cerebrum 62, 63 balance 94, 95, 96 F
chemosenses, bionic bodies 193 aging 183
body temperature 24 face 10, 49, 55, 105, 175 body temperature 25
smell 102 cochlea 93 fallopian tubes 173 color 19
taste 98 nervous system 14 fat fetus 174
chewing 98, 138–9 sleep 74 genetic engineering 195
childhood 178–9 touch receptors 105 aging 183 puberty 180
chromosomes 18, 19, 186 egg cells 17, 172, 173 digestion 136, 137 replacement 162
circulation 120–1 fertilized 16, 172–3, 176 fetus 174 skin 22, 23
clavicle (collarbone) 32 frozen 188 skin 23, 26 hair cells 91, 92, 93, 95
cloning 195 genes 18 father 18, 19, 172 hearing 63, 66, 67, 73, 90–3, 183
clotting 36, 129, 151, 163 multiple births 176 females 172 heart 12, 122–3
cochlea 90, 91, 93, 193 puberty 181 chromosomes 19 aging 186
cocyx (tailbone) 33 embryo 173, 174, 182, 188 growth 182 blood 128
cold detectors 70, 100 emotions 61 ligaments 41 circulation 14, 120, 124, 125
cold survival 26–7 endocrine gland system 15, 164 puberty 180, 181 energy 146
collagen 41, 42 energy 148 vocal cords 119 epinephrine 168
colon 144, 145, 145 circulatory system 120 femur (thighbone) 37, 39, 182 fetus 174, 175
color vision 12, 82, 83 food 146–7 fertilized egg 16, 172–3, 176 gravity 126–7
compact bone 36, 37, 182 heart 123 fibula (calf bone) 33, 182 growth 182
computers 196, 197, 198–9 hormones 165 fingernail 28, 174 hormones 164, 165
cone cells 17, 82, 83, 84, 89 nutrients 137 fingerprints 10, 22–3, 106, 175 sleep 74
conjunctiva 78 enzymes fingertips 105, 106–7 stress 167
consciousness 74 chewing 138 fetus 174 vagus nerve 54
cornea 78, 79, 82, 191 digestion 136, 137 food 136, 142, 144, 145, 146–7, 148 heart transplant 190
coronary artery 122, 123 hormones 165 heartbeat
cough reflex 70, 118 sleep 74 G bionic bodies 192, 193
cranial nerves 55 stomach 140, 142, 157 energy 146
cytoplasm 16 white blood cells 160 gall bladder 150 fetus 174
epidermis 22, 23, 104 gene therapy 194 movement 66
D epiglottis 98, 139 genes 16, 17, 18–9, 29, 172, 173, 176, 183 pulse 121
epinephrine 168–9 genetic engineering 194–5 sleep 74
dendrites 17, 58, 59, 61, 163, 179 exercise germs (bacteria) vagus nerve 54
dermis 22, 23 breathing rates 114 heat detectors 100
diabetes 191 circulation 125 defense 79, 116, 129, 150, 156, 157, 158, hips 14, 32, 33, 35,
diaphragm 54, 114, 117, 118 muscles 45, 48 159, 160, 161
diet 12, 136, 147 range of movement 40 38, 39, 66
digestion 136–7 eye color 10, 19 intestines 144, 145 muscles 44, 45, 48,
eyebrows 29, 49, 174 medicines 190
chewing 138 eyes 12, 14, 68, 78–85, 191 girls 19, 180, 181, 182 49, 49
hormones 165 aging 186 glucose (sugar), blood 124, 128, 150, 151, puberty 181
sleep 74 arteries 120 Homo sapiens 12
stomach 142 baby 174, 175 152, 166, 168 hormones 15, 164–5
stress 167 balance 94 gluteus maximus muscle 44, 47 blood 124, 128
digestive juices 136, 138, 140, 144, gravity 33, 126–7 brain 62
growth 147, 178, 180, 181, 182–3 hair 29
157, 165 gullet (esophagus) 136, 139

hormones continued liver continued muscles continued nose, INDEX
ligaments 41 hormones 164, 165 face 49 arteries 120
liver 150, 151 intestines 144 finger 28 bionic bodies 192 205
puberty 180, 181 stress 166 fetus 175 breathing 116
reproduction 172 freediving 112 cartilage 43
stress 166, 167 lumbar vertebrae 32 glycogen 148 protection 156
lungs 12, 15 gravity 33 sleep 74
human adaptability 8–9, 188 groups of 48–9 smell 103
human genome 194 blood 128 growth 182, 183 sneezing 70, 118
humerus 32 breathing 112, 113, 114, 115 gymnast 50–1 touch receptors 105
hypothalamus 62, 164 cold survival 26 intestines 145 voice 119
embryo 174 joints 39
I energy 146 pain 108, 109 nutrients,
growth 182 puberty 180 blood 14, 128, 129
iliac artery 121 heart 122 reaction times 68 circulation 120, 124
iliac vein 121 human adaptability 9 sleep 74, 75 digestion 15, 136, 137, 144
immune system 15, 156–9 sleep 74 sprinter 46–7 fetus 174
inferior vena cava 120, 122 sprinter 47 stomach 140, 141 hormones 165
insulin 150, 151, 191 stress 167 stress 167 liver 150, 151
intelligence 12, 195 lymph 15, 137, 156–7 tendons 45 lymph 156
intestines (gut) 15, 136, 137, 144–5 tongue 98 repair 162
M vocal cords 119
aging 187 O
liver 150 males 19, 119, 172, 180, 181, 182 N
pain 108 medicines 190 esophagus (gullet) 136, 139
repair 162 melanin 22 nails 28–30, 104, 174 estrogen 165
sleep 74 memories 8, 10, 62, 72–3, 163, 182, 183, nanobots 190, 191
stress 167 nerve cells (neurons) 17, 58–61, 67 ligaments 41
192 puberty 181
JK olfactory system 102 brain 63, 64, 163, 179 olfactory system 102–3
sleep 74 computer links 196, 197 omnivorous diet 12
jawbone 14, 138 meninges 54, 62 memories 72 optic nerve 79, 82
joints 13, 34, 35, 38–9 mitochondria 17, 147 muscle control 66, 67 optical illusion 87
mother 18, 19, 172, 174, 175, 177 reflex actions 70, 71 organ of corti 91
aging 183 mouth, repair 162 organelles 16
balance 94, 96 breathing 114 retina 82 organs 14
cartilage 43 chewing 138 stress 166 embryo 174
ligaments 45 digestion 136 nerve signals (impulses, messages) 17, 54, replacement 191
movement control 66 facial muscles 49 ossicles (ear bones) 32,
pain 108 sleep 74 55, 58, 59, 61
range of movement 40–1 stress 167 arteries 125 38, 91
skeleton 14, 32 taste 98 balance 95 ovaries 172
wear and tear 162 voice 119 brain 62
jugular vein 120 muscles 13, 14, 34, 44–5 ear 90, 91 hormones 165
keratin 23, 28–9 aging 183, 187 memories 72 puberty 181
kidneys 75, 152–3, 165, 175 arteries 124 movement control 66 oxygen,
balance 94, 96 muscles 44 blood 14, 128, 129
L body temperature 24, 25 pain 108, 166 breathing 15, 112, 113, 114,
breathing 114, 115 reaction times 68
large intestine 137, 144–5 circulatory system 120 reflex actions 70 115, 116
larynx (voice box) 113, 118, 119, 139 control 57, 66, 67 retina 82, 84 circulation 120, 124
lifespan 11, 187 cranial nerves 55 smell 102, 103 cold survival 26
ligaments 39, 40, 41, 45 ear 90 taste 98, 99 energy 146
light-sensitive cells 17 embryo 174 touch 105 fetus 174
liver 150–1 energy 146, 147 nervous system 14, 54–5, high altitude 130
exercise 40, 125 human adaptability 9
digestion 137 eye 45, 80, 81, 89 166, 167 red blood cells 132
glycogen 148 sprinting 47
stress 167

P pressure receptors 104 robots 193, 198–9 aging 183, 187
balance 94 surgery 190 artificial 190
pacemaker 192, 193 reflex actions 70 balance 94, 95, 96
pain 108–9 tongue 100 rod cells 17, 82, 84, 89 body temperature 24, 25
fingertip 107
reflex actions 70 primates 12 S keratin 28–9
stress 166 proteins 136, 137 pain 108
pain receptors 100, 104 protists 158 sacral plexus 54 protection 156, 158
palate 98, 138, 139 puberty 180–1 sacrum 33 reflex actions 70
pancreas 15 saliva 139 repair 162
cell transplants 191 growth 182 touch receptors 104, 105
digestion 137 pulmonary artery 120, 122, 123 chewing 138 skin color 10, 19
hormones 165 pulmonary vein 120, 122, 123 digestion 136 skull 33
intestines 144 pulse 121, 124 protection 156 arteries 120
papillae 98, 99, 100 pupil 71, 78 stress 167 brain 62
parallax 87 taste 98 joints 38
parathyroid glands 164 QR salivary glands 138 sleep 74–5
patella (knee cap) 33 salts 129, 136, 144 child 179
pelvis (hipbone) 14, quadriceps muscles 45, 48, 49 saphenous vein 121 hormones 164
quadruplets 176 sartorius muscle 14 reaction times 68
32, 39 radial artery 121 scapula (shoulder blade) 32 small intestine 15, 137, 140, 144–5
joints 38 radius 32 muscles 45 smell 102–3
penis 181 reaction times 68–9 sciatic nerve 55 memories 72, 73
peripheral nervous receptor cells 98, 99 sebum 156 sleep 74
rectum 137, 145 semicircular canals 91, 95 sneezing 70, 118
system 54 red blood cells 17, 132–3 sense organs 14 snoring 74
peristalsis cranial nerves 55 sounds,
aging 186 senses 8, 57 hearing 32, 61, 90, 91
intestines 145 blood 128, 129 balance 94–7 memories 72
stomach 141 bone marrow 37, 157 hearing 90–3 voice 118–9
swallowing 139 circulation 124 pain 108–9 space station living 189
ureter 153 clotting 163 sight 78–89 spacesuits 189
peroneal nerve 55 DNA 18 sleep 74 speach 63, 119
perspective vision 87 high altitude 130 smell 102–3 sperm 17, 172, 173
phalanxes 33 hormones 165 taste 98–101 frozen 189
pharynx (throat) 139 liver 150 touch 104–7 genes 18
reflex actions 70 nanobots 190 sensory area of brain 63 multiple births 176
swallowing 138, 139 transplant 191 sensory homunculus 105 puberty 181
taste 98 reflex actions 70–1 sensory nerves, sphincters, stomach 140
voice 119 baby 178 pain 108 spinal column 32
phrenic nerve 54 fetus 174 reflex actions 71 spinal cord 54, 55
pineal gland 164 pain 108, 109 sex chromosomes 19 brain 62
pinna 90 REM sleep 74, 75 shinbone (tibia) 33 pain 108, 109
“pins and needles” 55 renal artery 120, 152 growth 182 reflex actions 70
pituitary gland 62, 164 renal vein 120, 152 joints 39 spinal nerves 54
placenta 174 repair and replacement 162–3 shivering 25 spine 33, 38
plasma 128, 129, 132 sleep 74 shoulder blade (scapula) 32 spleen 156
platelets 128, 129 replacement body parts 190 muscles 45 spongy bone 36, 37, 182
bone marrow 37 reproduction 172–3 sickness 190 stem cells 16, 195
clotting 163 puberty 180 sight 78–89 sternum (breastbone) 32
poisons 150 respiratory system 115 brain 61, 63 stomach 15, 140–3
posture 50 high altitude 130 memories 72, 73 digestion 136, 137,
practice 67 voice 118 singing 118
pregnancy, see also breathing skeleton 14, 32–5, 36 144, 145
baby brain size 179 retina 78, 79, 82, 84 growth 182 fetus 174
fetus 175 bionic bodies 192 skin 22–3
multiple births 176 ribs 32, 114, 115
premolar teeth 138

stomach continued thoughts 12, 61, 62, 72 urine 152, 153, 166 water continued INDEX
hormones 164, 165 sleep 74 uterus (womb) 172, 173, 174 kidneys 152, 153
protection 157 sweat 149
sleep 74 throat (pharynx) 139 fetus 175
stress 167 reflex actions 70 wax, ear 90
swallowing 138, 139 V whispering 118
strength 51 taste 98 white blood cells 128, 129, 160–1
stress 166–7 voice 119 vagus nerve 48
valves bone marrow 37
dreaming 75 thumb 38, 45 broken bones 36
stretch sensors 94, 95 thymus gland 15 heart 122, 123 hormones 164
sugar (glucose), blood 124, 128, 150, 151, veins 125 immune system 158, 159
hormones 164 veins 120, 125, 128 liver 150
152, 166, 168 protection 156 heart 122 lymph 156, 157
sugars 146, 147, 148 thyroid gland 164, 165 kidneys 152 repair 162
superior vena cava 120, 122 tibia (shinbone) 33 skin 23 windpipe (trachea) 112, 113, 114, 115
suspended animation 189 growth 182 vena cava 120, 122 coughing 118
swallowing 138–9 joints 39 ventricle 122, 123 womb (uterus) 172, 173, 174
sweat 149, 156 tibial artery 121 venules 125 fetus 175
sweat glands 22, 23, 24 tibial nerve 55 vernix 174 women 180
sweat pores 107 tibial vein 121 vertebrae 32, 33 wrist joints 32, 38
synapses 59 ticklishness 55 vestibular nerve 91 muscles 45
toddlers 178 villi 144
memories 72 toes 33 viruses 158 XYZ
reflex actions 71 fetus 174, 175 vision 12, 86–7
systems of the body 14–5 joints 35, 39 movement control 66 X chromosomes 19
touch receptors 105 vitamins 137, 150, 151 xenotransplantation 191
T tongue 100–1 vitreous humour 78, 79 Y chromosomes 19
chewing 138 vocal cords 118, 119 yawn reflex 70
tailbone (cocyx) 33 genes 19 puberty 180 zona pellucida 172
talking 118 muscles 48 voice 118–9
swallowing 139 voicebox (larynx) 113, 207
baby 178 taste 98, 99
tarsals 33 touch receptors 105 118, 119
taste 98–101 toothache 54 chewing 139
touch sense 22, 23, 104–5 puberty 180
aging 186 balance 95 voluntary movement 66
memories 72, 73 fingertips 106 vomiting 141
taste buds 98, 99, 100, 101, 105 memories 72
tears 79 pain 108, 109 W
teeth 12, 138 toxins 150
temperature 24–5, 26, 164 trachea (windpipe) 112, 113, 114, 115 walking,
blood 128 coughing 118 baby 178
brain 62 triceps muscle 47 bionic bodies 192
human adaptability 8, 9 triplets 176
reflex actions 70 twins 10, 176 wastes,
space living 189 tympanic membrane 91 blood 128
touch receptors 105 breathing 112, 114
temperature receptors 104 U circulation 120, 124
tendons 45 hormones 165
exercise 40 ulna 32 kidneys 152, 153
facial muscles 49 ulnar nerve 54 liver 150
testes 165, 172 ultrasound scan 175 lymph 156
puberty 181 umbilical cord 174, 175
testosterone 165 urea 128 water,
puberty 181 ureters 152, 153 bones 32
thalamus 66, 67 urethra 153 digestion 137
thighbone (femur) 37, hormones 165
intestines 144, 145
39, 182
thigh muscles 44, 48, 49

ACKNOWLEDGMENTs

Dorling Kindersley would like to thank Science Photo Library: Tony Mcconnell Unlimited / Dr. David Phillips (cra). 189 NASA: Rick Guidice (bl). Science
Jane Parker for the index; Katie John and (cra). 25 Dreamstime.com: Alxyago (c); 118-119 Science Photo Library: Dr. Photo Library: Volker Steger (bc). 190
Steve Setford for proofreading; Samina Tyler Olson (cr). 26-27 Getty Images: Gary Settle (t). 119 Dreamstime.com: Corbis: Cornell / Lindsay France (bl).
Ali and Ethen Carlin for design assistance; Stone / David Trood. 29 Dreamstime. Martinmark. 120 Science Photo Library: Science Photo Library: Klaus
Natasha Rees for additional design; Adam com: Drx. 30-31 Getty Images: AFP. 32 Zephyr (tl). 123 Science Photo Library: Guldbrandsen (c). 192 Getty Images:
Brackenbury for creative retouching; Gill Photoshot: Picture Alliance / Rolf (tl, ca). 124 Getty Images: Visuals (cla). 192-193 Dorling Kindersley:
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