MRSM KEPALA BATAS
MAnufactured substances
in industry
Teacher : Azrin Yahaya
CLASS 406
by : Ain Tihani (MENTOR), Amira Najiha , Dania Insyirah ,
Dhaniya Amira , Ainul Kamilah
CONTENT
APPRECIATION
introduction and objectives
8.1 Alloy and its importance
8.2 COMPOSITION OF GLASS and its uses
8.3 COMPOSITION OF CERAMICS and its uses
8.4 COMPOSITE MATERIAL and its uses
discussion
estimated budget/cost
reference sources
APPRECIATION
Our gratitude to Teacher Azrin for all you
have done, which we will never forget. We
truly appreciate you and your time you
spent helping us in many occasions. Thank
you very much for the course. We enjoyed
every minute of your lecture as well as
your marvelous sense of humor.
I thank every one of you for the constant
hard work and dedication. The
management is glad to inform the team
that they are happy with the effort you all
have put in.
INTRODUCTION
All the object that exist around us are made up of
chemical substances. These objects exist an element
compound or mixture. All these objects contribute
benefit humankind. As time goes on, humanh as done
many researches to ensure all these chemical
sunstances will be enough for the use of
themselves.Chapter 8 of form 4 syllabus introduces
the students with manufactured substances in
industry . This is important for the students to
appreciate the knowledge of chemistry that is still new
for themselves. Personally, this chapter is an
interesting chapter as it revealed the way of scientist
produces the materials around us. It also gives new
knowledge of the uses of chemical substances that we
usually found in the laboratories . By learning this
chapter , hopefully we will be more interested in
learning chemistry as it will help us in the future.
OBJECTIVE
Understand importance of alloys and composite
materials besides appreciate the composition and
uses of glass and ceramics
8.1
ALLOY AND ITS IMPORTANCE
Alloy and Its Importance
What is alloy?
An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements where
the main element is a metal
Comparison of properties between alloy and pure metal
Shiny Surface Dull
Resistant to Resistance Easily
corrosion to corrosion corroded
Hard Hardness Less
hard
Higher Strength Lower
strength strength
Pure metal
- made up of one type of atom that is of the aame
size and arranged in an orderly arrangement.
- the layer of atoms in the metal easily slide over
each other when force is applied.
- this causes pure metal to be ductile and easily
pulled into fine wires.
- malleable and its shape can be easily
changed.
- the layer of atoms in the metal will
slide to fill the empty spaces and form
a new structure whe force is applied.
Alloy
- formed when foreign atoms are mixed
with the pure metal.
- orderly arrangement of atoms in a pure
metal is disrupted.
- this make it difficult for the layer of
atoms in an alloy slide over each other
when force is applied.
Duralumin Uses:
- body of aeroplanes
- 93% Aluminium, 3%
Copper, 3% Magnesium & 1% - electric cables
- racing bicycles
Manganese.
- stronger than pure Bronze
aluminium, low density,
doesn't rust.
Uses: - 90% Copper & 10%
- medals Tin
- monuments
- trophies - stronger than pure
copper, shiny, doesn't
rust.
Brass Uses:
- musical instruments
- 70% Copper, 30%
Zinc. - doorknobs
- keys
- stronger than pure
copper, shiny, Steel
doesn't rust.
Uses: - 98% Iron & 0.2% - 2% Carbon
- structure of buildings - also known as carbon steel,
stronger and harder, malleable
- railway tracks
- body of cars - there are 3 types of steel, which
are low-carbon steel, average-
carbon steel and high-carbon
steel
Stainless steel
- 73% Iron, 18% Uses:
Chromium, 8% Nickel, - cutlery
-sinks
1% Carbon - surgical instruments
- stronger than pure
iron, resistant to
corrosion
Pewter
Uses: - 95% Tin, 3.5%
- decorative ornaments Antimony, 1.5% Copper
- stronger than pure tin,
- trophies
- souvenirs shiny, doesn't rust
COMPOSITION OF GLASS
8.2
AND ITS USES
Composition of glass
Heat insulator Electrical
insulator
Basic properties Hard but
of glass brittle
Chemically
inert
Waterproof
Transparent
Notes !
silica - silicon dioxide
soda - sodium carbonate
limestone - calcium carbonate
Types of glass
Fused silica glass Soda-lime glass
made from silica made from silica,
soda and limestone
- has high melting point
- not expand nor contract much - has a low melting point
when there is a large change in - easily moulded
temperature - used to make glass containers
- suitable in making telescope lens such as jugs and bottles
- cannot withstand high
Borosilicate glass temperatures and easily crack
Lead crystal glass
made from silica, soda, made from silica, soda and
limestone, boron oxide lead(II) oxide
and aluminum oxide - Lead replaces Calcium,
produce softer and denser glass
- resistance to heat - heavier
- do not crack easily - high refractive index
- laboratory glassware - suitable in making prisms
such as beakers and flasks
COMPOSITION OF CERAMICS
8.3
AND ITS USES
Composition of ceramics
A ceramic is a solid made up of inorganic and non-
metallic substances. Ceramic is produced through
the process of shaping and hardening by using
heating technique at a high temperature.
High thermal Break easily
resistant
Electrical
Heat Basic insulator
insulator properties
Hard and of
strong ceramics
Chemically
inert
Example : Titanium carbide Silicon carbide
Aluminium oxide
Types of ceramics
Ceramics
Traditional Advanced
• made from clay such as • made from inorganic
kaolin compounds such as oxides,
carbides and nitrides.
Uses
- cutting discs
- brake discs
- tungsten carbide rings
Ceramic Uses Application
Medicine • Zirconia ceramic is used in dental implants.
• Alumina ceramic is used to make knee bone.
Transportation • Engine components in jet planes are made
from ceramics.
Energy Production • Ceramic is used to make electrical
insulators in high voltage areas such as
power stations.
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
8.4
ITS IMPORTANCE
COMPOSITE
MATERIALS
& THEIR USES
Matrix substance
A composite material is a
LIGNIN WOOD
material made from combining
CELLULOSE composite material
two or more non-
FIBRE
homogeneous substances,
that is mayrix substance and
strengthening substance.
strengthening
substance
REINFORCED CONCRETE
steels bar/wire
concrete
mesh
strengthening Matrix substance
substance
>>widely used in the construction
of buildings, bridges and dams
FIBRE GLASS
plastic glass fibre
strengthened with
Matrix substance strengthening
substance
>>used to make helmets,
car bumpers and printed
circuit boards
innermost layer(core) OPTICAL FIBRE outermost layer
(protective jacket)
silica glass
second layer(cladding)
fibre plastic
plastic/
glass
strengthening Matrix substance
substance
>>used to transmitted data and
information in th form of light
>>lightmoves through the optical
fibre in he serie of total internal
reflection
PHOTOCROMIC GLASS
glass silver chloride copper(I)
chloride
Matrix substance strengthening
substance
>>when exposed to
>>in dim light, copper
>>photochromic glass
sunlight, photochromic
chloride catalyses the
protect the user from uv
glass darkens. reverse process so that
rays
>>due to the formation
glass become transparent
>>use in car windows,
of sipver atoms that
again. building windows and
prevent the passage of
camera lenses
light
SUPERCONDUCTORS
>>used to make electromagnets that are
superconductor magnets or supermagnets.
>>used in particle acceleratorsand >>superconductor magnets are
involved in Nuclear Magnetic light and have rong magnetic
Resonance machines nd Magnetic force
Resonance Imaging machines
Comparison and Difference of
Composite Materials
Combination of concrete and steel bars or wire mesh
can increase the ability of the concrete to withstand
compression forces
Concrete Steel bars or wire mesh
Properties Properties
> High compression strength > High stretching strength
> Low stretching strength > Corrodes easily
> Resistant to corrosion
Reinforced concrete
Properties
> High compression strength
> High stretching strength
> Resistant to corrosion
Plastic matrix consists of plastic that is weak, soft
and easily burned. The properties of plastic
are reinforced by adding glass fibre
Plastic Glass fibre
Properties Properties
> Low stretching strength > High stretching strength
> Low heat and electrical conductivity > Low heat and electrical
> Resistant to corrosion
conductivity
> Durable
Fibre glass
Properties
> High stretching strength
> Heat and electrical insulator
> Resistant to corrosion
> Durable
Optical fibre has high compression strength although
the original component that is glass fibre, is brittle
Plastic Glass fibre
Properties Properties
> High compression strength > Low compression strength
> Flexible > Hard
Optical fibre
Properties
> High compression strength
> Flexible
Glass is transparent and does not absorb UV rays. Silver halide
salt crystals such as silver chloride, AgCl is transparent to
visible light and absorbs UV rays at the same time
Glass Silver chloride
Properties Properties
> Transparent > Transparent to visible light
> Does not absorb UV rays
> Not sensitive to light > Absorbs UV rays
> Sensitive to light intensity
Photochromic Glass
Properties
> Transparent
> Absorbs UV rays
> The absorption of UV rays
depends on light intensity
Superconductors can conduct electrical current without any
resistance at very low temperature whereas its original
components cannot
Properties
> High electrical resistance
at room temperature
Yttrium(III) carbonate
Copper(II) carbonate Superconductor (YBCO)
Barium carbonate
Oxygen Properties
> No electrical resistance
at very low temperature
test
yourself
ANSWER :
. (a) When a force is applied, the layers of atoms slide over
each other. Pure metal is soft, that is ductile
and malleable.
(b) Foreign atoms (carbon atom) disturb the orderly
arrangement of atoms in pure iron. The layers
of atoms are harder to move or slide over each other. Thus the
addition of carbon strengthens the
structure of iron and makes iron stronger and harder.
2. (a) To make gold harder and stronger
(b) % gold = 18
24 × 100 = 75%; % copper = 6
24 × 100 = 25%
3. (a) Washing machines are in contact with water. Water and
oxygen cause metals to rust. Stainless steel
is resistant to corrosion.
(b) Electrical cables are hung on tall poles. Aluminium alloy
has low density.
(c) Pure gold is soft. Gold alloy is harder and stronger.
ANSWER :
1. (a) Fused silica glass (b) Sodium ion
2. Mass of silica, SiO2
= 80
100 × 1000 g
= 800 g
Mass of boron oxide, B2
O3
= 15
100 × 1000 g
= 150 g
Mass of alumina, Al2
O3
= 5
100 × 1000 g
= 50 g
3. Advantages:
• The transparent property enables the food in the container to be
visible
• Can be easily cleaned and does not leave any traces
• High heat resistance
Disadvantages:
• Heavy because lead glass has high density
• Risk of lead poisoning, as lead can dissolve and diffuse into food
ANSWER :
1. (a) metal; organic
(b) Carbon, titanium carbide, silicon carbide
2. Can
• Hard and strong, that is, not easily broken
• Chemically inert, that is, safe to be used
• Has low expansion coefficient or resistant
to heat, that is resistant to thermal shock
Cannot
• Expensive to produce
• Not transparent
3. Iron(II) oxide. Iron(II) compound contains
Fe2+ ions that give it a green colour.
ANSWER :
1. (a) Combination of two or more non-homogeneous substances
(b) Not suitable. Concrete is resistant to compression but is brittle due to its weak
stretching strength
(c) The stretching weakness of concrete can be strengthened by inserting steel rods in
concrete. The
steel rods are not brittle because it can withstand stretching.
(d) To build bridges and buildings
2. (a) Matrix substance: plastic; Strengthening substance: fibre glass
(b) • Has high strength-weight ratio
• Strong and durable (resistant towards compression and stretching forces)
• Does not pollute the water that it stores (chemically inert)
• Low building cost
3. (a) • Protective jacket
• Sheath layer
• Core
(b) To transmit information and data in the form of light reflection
(c) Transmission of high definition cable TV needs
• High capacity
• High speed
• High band width
Fibre optics use light that can send information faster than copper wire. Fibre optics have
wider
band with compared to copper wire.
4. (a) Glass, silver chloride and copper(I) chloride
(b) Silver chloride
(c) • to make building windows
• to make camera lenses
BUDGET / COST
Internet connection: RM 10
Overhead: RM 20
TOTAL : RM 30
REFERENCE SOURCES
> TEXTBOOK > REFERENCE BOOK
> INTERNET
• https://question.pandai.org/note/list/kssm-f4/kssm-ch
• https://www.slideshare.net/fariss03/chapter-8-5066537
•https://www.studypool.com/documents/10985540/chemistry
-form-4-kssm-chapter-8-alloy-4-
• https://www.docsity.com/en/chemistry-spm-form-4-short-
notes-chapter-8-salts/8885247/