IND 3103 DESIGN TECHNOLOGY STUDIO PEDESTAL DRINKING WATER FOUNTAIN PREPARED BY: NAME MATRICS NUMBER Nurharrisa Hasyhra Binti Husainy 205932 Amir Syahmi Bin Umar 205281 COORDINATOR Prof. Madya. Dr. Ahmad Rizal Bin Abdul Rahman Dr. Mohd Faiz Bin Yahya
TABLE OF CONTENT CONTENTS PAGE ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ I CHAPTER 1 1.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Type of Drinking Fountain ....................................................................... 2 1.2 Pedestal Drinking Fountain ....................................................................... 3 1.3 Research Problem/Problem Statement ...................................................... 4 1.4 Research Aims/Design Statement ............................................................. 5 1.5 Research Objectives .................................................................................. 5 1.6 Target User/ Focus Group Location ......................................................... 6 CHAPTER 2 2.0 Technology Based on Drinking Water Fountain .................................................. 7 2.1 Current Technologies For Pedestal Drinking Fountain ............................ 7 2.2 New Technologies For Pedestal Drinking Fountain ................................. 9 ( Advantages, Disadvantages, Appropriateness Technologies) CHAPTER 3 3.0 Conclusion............................................................................................................ 22 CHAPTER 8 8.0 References............................................................................................................. 23
I Abstract This report provides a comprehensive overview of current and emerging technologies used in pedestal drinking water fountains, exploring their benefits and highlighting their potential to revolutionize public drinking water systems. Firstly, the report examines current technologies, including filtration systems, bottle filling stations, and touchless sensors, and explores their benefits in terms of providing clean and safe drinking water, reducing plastic waste, and minimizing the spread of germs and bacteria, while also considering their impact on reducing maintenance costs and improving user experience. Secondly, the report explores emerging technologies such as UV-C sterilization, advanced filtration systems, and smart sensors, which can provide even cleaner and safer drinking water, reduce contamination risks, and promote sustainability. Finally, the report highlights the potential of advanced technologies to revolutionize public drinking water systems, by reducing plastic waste, improving public health, and promoting sustainability. The report aims to provide valuable insights into the use of advanced technologies in pedestal drinking water fountains and their potential for enhancing the quality, safety, and sustainability of public drinking water systems.
1 CHAPTER 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION A drinking fountain, also known as a water fountain, is a device that dispenses water for people to drink from. It typically consists of a basin with a tap that can be turned on to release a stream of water. Drinking fountains can be found in a variety of settings, such as public parks, schools, office buildings, and airports. The modern drinking fountain was invented in the early 20th century by Halsey Willard Taylor and Luther Haws, who were concerned about the spread of diseases through shared drinking cups. They designed a device that could provide a stream of clean, fresh water for people to drink without the need for a cup. Today, drinking fountains come in a range of styles and designs. Some are wall- mounted, while others are free-standing. Some are designed for indoor use, while others are suitable for outdoor settings. Some drinking fountains also include additional features, such as water filters or bottle filling stations. Drinking fountains have been praised for their role in promoting public health and reducing the use of disposable cups. However, they can also be a source of germs and bacteria if they are not cleaned and maintained properly. As such, it's important to use caution when using a public drinking fountain and to follow any posted guidelines or recommendations for use.
2 1.1 TYPE OF DRINKING FOUNTAIN Name Picture Description Wall-mounted drinking fountains These are the most common type of drinking fountain and are typically found in schools, office buildings, and public spaces. They are mounted on a wall and can be operated using a push- button or a lever. Pedestal drinking fountains These are free-standing drinking fountains that are typically found in parks and other outdoor areas. They are designed to withstand harsh weather conditions and can be made from materials such as concrete, stainless steel, or cast iron.
3 Bottle filling stations These are a newer type of drinking fountain that are designed to fill water bottles. They typically have a higher flow rate than traditional drinking fountains. Pet drinking fountains These are drinking fountains designed for pets, such as dogs and cats. They typically have a lower basin and a spout that is positioned closer to the ground, making it easier for pets to drink from. 1.2 PEDESTAL DRINKING FOUNTAINS Pedestal drinking fountains are sturdy and weather-resistant free-standing fountains commonly found in public outdoor spaces such as parks and playgrounds. They are typically made from materials like stainless steel, concrete, or stone and feature a large basin for dispensing water to multiple users at once. Some models may have additional features such as a water filter or pet fountain attachment, and a bottle-filling station.
4 Installation of pedestal drinking fountains involves creating a foundation for the pedestal and a water supply and drainage system. They are practical and encourage healthy hydration habits among users. As part of our project to improve pedestal drinking fountains, we have undertaken a comprehensive analysis of the current state of these fountains in public outdoor spaces. Our focus is on enhancing the overall user experience and ensuring that the fountains are durable, functional, and user-friendly. To accomplish this, we conducted detailed observations of pedestal drinking fountains in various locations, identifying areas for improvement across a range of factors. One of the primary areas we have identified is the design of the fountain itself, as we believe that there are opportunities to improve the aesthetics and visual appeal of the fountains while also enhancing their functionality. 1.3 Research Problem/Problem Statement After conducting an observation of the drinking fountain located in Suria KLCC, several problems have been identified with its technologies, which are worth highlighting in this report. From the observation, it was determined that the type of fountain present is a pedestal drinking fountain with a designated wall mount. Figure 1.1: not suitable for users of all heights and individuals with mobility impairments. Figure 2.2: push pipe technology to activate the water flow
5 The drinking fountain located in Suria KLCC has several issues, including non- adjustable height and an uncomfortable user interface, which can make it challenging for individuals of varying heights and those with mobility impairments to use. Additionally, while the push pipe technology used in the fountain's design is a hygienic feature, it can lead to water waste when users accidentally leave the water running after use. These issues highlight the need for modifications and improvements to increase the fountain's accessibility and efficiency while also reducing water waste. 1.4 Research Aims/Design Statement The aim of this research is to design a pedestal drinking water fountain with alternative technologies that can enhance its design, improve its accessibility, efficiency, and water-saving features. Additionally, the feasibility of retrofitting existing drinking fountains and promoting user education and awareness programs for responsible use. 1.5 Research Objective The main objective of the research is to identify the issues with the public drinking fountain at Suria KLCC and determine the factors that cause the fountain to be inaccessible and inefficient. It is important to design effective drinking water fountain to improve the overall experience of users and ensure the safety, accessibility, and satisfaction of all individuals who use the drinking fountain The following objectives were established to accomplish the aim: ● To analyze the current design of drinking fountains and identify areas for improvement in terms of accessibility, efficiency, and water-saving features.
6 ● To research and evaluate alternative technologies that can enhance the design of the drinking fountain, such as touchless sensors, adjustable height mechanisms, and water-saving features. ● To design a pedestal drinking water fountain that incorporates the identified alternative technologies and meets the criteria for accessibility, efficiency, and water-saving features. 1.6 Target User/ Focus Group, Location ● Target User : Public User ● Location : Public Park
7 CHAPTER 2 2.0 Technology Based On Drinking Water Fountain Drinking fountains have come a long way from their traditional designs and have evolved with various technological advancements. Some of the general technologies used in modern drinking fountains include touchless sensors, filtration systems, bottle fillers, and self-cleaning mechanisms. Touchless sensors are used to activate the fountain's water flow, eliminating the need for push buttons or levers that can harbor germs and bacteria. Filtration systems are installed to remove impurities, such as chlorine and lead, from the water, ensuring safe and clean drinking water for users. Bottle fillers are also a popular feature in modern drinking fountains, allowing users to refill their reusable water bottles quickly and easily. Self-cleaning mechanisms, such as UV-C light technology and antimicrobial coatings, are used to kill germs and bacteria on the fountain's surface and keep it clean and hygienic for users. These technologies have improved the efficiency, accessibility, and overall user experience of drinking fountains. 2.1 Current Technologies For Pedestal Drinking Fountain 1) Filtration Systems Filtration systems are an important feature of pedestal drinking fountains that help to improve the quality and taste of the water by removing various impurities and contaminants, such as sediment, chlorine, lead, bacteria, viruses, and organic compounds. The specific types of filters used can vary, with activated carbon and reverse osmosis filters being two common options. In addition to improving water quality, filtration systems can also help to prolong the life of the fountain by reducing scale and mineral buildup. However, filtration systems also have potential disadvantages such as cost, maintenance, limited effectiveness, energy usage, and environmental impact.
8 2) UV-C Light Sanitization UV-C light sanitization is a technology used in some pedestal drinking fountains to kill bacteria and other microorganisms that may be present in the water. This technology works by exposing the water to ultraviolet (UV) light with a wavelength of 254 nanometers, which damages the DNA and RNA of microorganisms, preventing them from reproducing and effectively killing them. UV-C light sanitizing is effective and does not affect the taste or odor of the water, making it a desirable option for drinking water fountains. However, it may not be effective at removing sediment, chemicals, or other impurities from the water, and is often used in combination with other filtration technologies to ensure the water is safe and healthy for drinking. 3) Bottle Filling Stations Bottle filling stations are a popular feature in many pedestal drinking fountains today. They allow users to fill up their reusable water bottles quickly and easily, while also promoting sustainability by reducing the amount of plastic waste generated from disposable water bottles. Bottle filling stations are typically located on the top of the pedestal drinking fountain and come equipped with a sensor or button that activates the water flow. They promote hydration, reduce the need for users to touch the fountain's spout or mouthpiece, and some models are equipped with advanced features such as filters or UV-C light sanitization to ensure that the water is clean, safe, and healthy for drinking. Bottle filling stations are a convenient and sustainable addition to many public spaces such as schools, offices, and airports.
9 2.2 New Technologies For Pedestal Drinking Fountain The drinking fountain located in Suria KLCC has been observed and several noteworthy technologies have been identified that are worth highlighting in this report. 1. Adjustable pedestal drinking fountains Figure 1.3 : Current Drinking Water Fountain Adjustable function in pedestal drinking water fountains is a technology that allows users to adjust the height of the drinking fountain to their individual needs. This technology can be particularly beneficial for individuals with disabilities, older adults, or children, who may have difficulty accessing a standard height drinking fountain. There are various types of adjustable functions that can be incorporated into a pedestal drinking water fountain. For example, some models may feature a lever or knob that allows users to adjust the height of the water spout manually. Others may utilize an electronic control system that can be activated with a touchless sensor or button, allowing users to adjust the height of the fountain without physically touching any surfaces.
10 In addition to improving accessibility for all users, adjustable function technology can also enhance the overall user experience and promote the responsible use of water resources. By providing a customizable drinking experience, users can better control the flow of water, reducing the risk of water waste and increasing the efficiency of the fountain. Overall, the inclusion of adjustable function technology in pedestal drinking water fountains can significantly improve the accessibility, efficiency, and user experience of these important public facilities. Advantages of Technology ● Increased accessibility By allowing for adjustable heights, the fountain can be used by individuals of different ages, heights, and abilities, including those with disabilities or mobility impairments. ● Improved user comfort Users can adjust the fountain's height to their preferred level, reducing the need to bend down or stretch up to reach the water, which can be uncomfortable and strain the body. ● Enhanced user experience Adjustable fountains can provide a better overall experience for users, leading to increased satisfaction and usage. ● Customizable settings Some adjustable fountains may also include customizable settings, such as temperature control or water flow rate, allowing users to further personalize their experience.
11 ● Versatility Adjustable fountains can be used in a variety of settings, including public spaces, schools, and healthcare facilities, making them a versatile solution for improving access to clean drinking water. Disadvantages of Technology ● Increased Cost Adjustable height drinking fountains can be more expensive than fixed- height fountains due to the additional components required to allow for height adjustment. This can make them less feasible for organizations or facilities with limited budgets. ● Maintenance Adjustable height drinking fountains can require more maintenance than fixed-height fountains, as the additional components and mechanisms may need to be regularly checked, lubricated, and repaired if necessary. ● Complexity The mechanisms that allow for height adjustment can also make the drinking fountain more complex, which can lead to more user confusion or difficulty in operation. This can be especially problematic for individuals with cognitive or physical disabilities. ● Reduced Durability The additional moving parts required for height adjustment can also make the drinking fountain less durable and more prone to wear and tear over time. This may result in the need for more frequent repairs or replacement of parts.
12 ● Potential for Malfunction Like any mechanical component, the mechanisms that allow for height adjustment can malfunction or break down, rendering the drinking fountain unusable until repairs are made. Appropriateness of Technology 1. The adjustable function technology incorporated in a pedestal drinking water fountain not only improves accessibility for users of different heights and abilities but also promotes inclusivity by ensuring that all individuals have equal access to clean drinking water. 2. This technology can be especially helpful for elderly individuals, pregnant women, and people with disabilities or injuries, who may have difficulty bending down or reaching the standard height of a drinking fountain. 3. This feature can encourage more frequent and longer use of the fountain, as users are less likely to experience discomfort or inconvenience while accessing it.
13 2. Sensor-activated Figure 1.4 : Traditional Push Head Drinking Water Fountain A sensor-activated pedestal drinking water fountain is a popular choice for public spaces due to its many benefits. It provides users with a convenient and hygienic way to access drinking water without having to touch any buttons or levers, which can help reduce the spread of germs and promote better health. These fountains are designed to be easy to use, with a sensor that detects the presence of a user and automatically activates the flow of water. This makes them ideal for high-traffic areas such as parks, schools, and office buildings where many people may need to use the fountain throughout the day. In addition to their hands-free operation, sensor-activated pedestal drinking water fountains also come in a range of designs and styles to suit different needs and preferences. For example, some fountains are designed to be ADA-compliant, meaning they are accessible to people with disabilities. Others feature water filtration systems that can help improve the taste and quality of the water. One popular feature of many modern sensor-activated drinking fountains is a bottle filling station. This allows users to fill up their own reusable water bottles with filtered water, reducing the need for single-use plastic bottles and helping to promote sustainability.
14 When it comes to materials, sensor-activated pedestal drinking water fountains can be made from a variety of options. Stainless steel is a popular choice for its durability and sleek, modern look. Bronze is another option that can add a touch of elegance to a space, while concrete fountains are durable and low-maintenance. Overall, a sensor-activated pedestal drinking water fountain is an excellent choice for providing easy and hygienic access to drinking water in public spaces. With a range of designs, features, and materials to choose from, there is sure to be a fountain that meets the needs of any space or community. Advantages of Technology ● Hygiene The hands-free operation of sensor-activated drinking fountains helps to reduce the spread of germs and bacteria that can be transmitted through touching surfaces. This promotes better hygiene and reduces the risk of illnesses. ● Convenience The automatic activation of water flow when a user is detected makes these fountains easy to use and convenient. Users do not need to touch any buttons or levers to access the water, which can be particularly helpful for people who may have limited mobility. ● Cost-effective Sensor-activated pedestal drinking water fountains are cost-effective because they do not require the installation of electrical or plumbing lines. This means that they can be installed in a wide range of locations, including outdoor spaces, without the need for extensive infrastructure.
15 ● Sustainability Many modern sensor-activated drinking fountains feature bottle filling stations, which encourage users to bring their own reusable water bottles. This helps to reduce the amount of plastic waste generated by single-use water bottles and promotes sustainability. ● Accessibility Sensor-activated drinking fountains can be designed to be ADA-compliant, making them accessible to people with disabilities. This ensures that everyone has equal access to drinking water in public spaces. ● Durability Sensor-activated pedestal drinking water fountains are typically made from durable materials such as stainless steel or concrete, which can withstand heavy use and harsh outdoor conditions. Disadvantages of Technology ● Maintenance While sensor-activated drinking fountains are designed to be low- maintenance, they still require regular cleaning and maintenance to ensure that they function properly and remain hygienic. This can be time- consuming and require specialized cleaning solutions and equipment. ● Malfunctions The sensors in sensor-activated drinking fountains can sometimes malfunction, resulting in the fountain not turning on or turning on and off unexpectedly. This can be frustrating for users and require repairs or replacements.
16 ● Water Pressure Depending on the design and plumbing of the fountain, sensor-activated drinking fountains may not have the same water pressure as traditional fountains. This can make it more difficult to drink from the fountain, especially for children or people with disabilities. ● Limited customization While there are many different designs and materials available for sensor- activated drinking fountains, some communities may find that they are limited in terms of customizability. This can make it difficult to find a fountain that matches the aesthetic of a particular space or meets the specific needs of a community. ● Initial Cost While sensor-activated drinking fountains are generally considered cost- effective in the long term, the initial cost of installation can be higher than traditional drinking fountains. This can make them less accessible to communities with limited budgets. Appropriateness of Technology 1. Sensor-activated technology is highly appropriate for pedestal drinking water fountains in public spaces as it eliminates the need for users to touch any buttons or levers, reducing the spread of germs and bacteria. 2. These fountains are easy to use and convenient, making them accessible to people with limited mobility, ensuring equal access to drinking water. 3. They are also cost-effective as they do not require electrical or plumbing lines and can be installed in a wide range of locations. 4. Sensor-activated technology is an ideal choice for providing drinking water in public spaces due to its benefits of improved hygiene, convenience, accessibility, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability.
17 3. Solar-powered Figure 1.5 : Example of Solar-powered A solar-powered pedestal drinking water fountain is an innovative and eco-friendly solution to providing clean drinking water in outdoor spaces. It is designed with a pedestal base and a bowl or basin on top, where water is dispensed. The fountain is powered by solar energy, which is captured by solar panels and converted into electricity to power the fountain's operation. One of the key advantages of a solar-powered pedestal drinking water fountain is its environmentally friendly nature. By using solar power, the fountain significantly reduces reliance on traditional electricity sources, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental impacts. The pedestal design of the fountain is also a key feature, making it a versatile option for a wide range of outdoor settings, including parks, schools, community spaces, and more. It can be bolted down to ensure stability and prevent theft, and its built-in filtration system ensures the water is clean and safe for drinking. In terms of maintenance, solar-powered pedestal drinking water fountains are relatively low-maintenance. The solar panels may require occasional cleaning to maintain
18 efficiency, but the fountain itself only needs to be cleaned periodically to prevent the buildup of algae or other contaminants. While the initial cost of a solar-powered pedestal drinking water fountain may be higher than traditional fountains that require electricity or plumbing, over time, it can provide significant cost savings due to the reduced energy costs and maintenance requirements. Moreover, in addition to being cost-effective and environmentally friendly, a solar- powered pedestal drinking water fountain provides a valuable service to the community. It offers clean and accessible drinking water in outdoor spaces, promoting healthy and active lifestyles. Overall, a solar-powered pedestal drinking water fountain is a sustainable, convenient, and cost-effective option for providing clean drinking water in outdoor spaces. It not only reduces environmental impacts but also provides a valuable resource to the community. Advantages of Technology ● Environmentally friendly It reduces reliance on traditional electricity sources, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental impacts. ● Cost-effective While the initial cost may be higher than traditional fountains, over time, it can provide significant cost savings due to reduced energy costs and maintenance requirements.
19 ● Versatile The pedestal design makes it a versatile option for a wide range of outdoor settings, including parks, schools, community spaces, and more. ● Low maintenance The fountain is relatively low-maintenance, with only periodic cleaning needed to prevent the buildup of algae or other contaminants. ● Clean drinking water The fountain offers clean and accessible drinking water in outdoor spaces, promoting healthy and active lifestyles. ● Valuable resource It provides a valuable resource to the community, offering clean and accessible drinking water in outdoor spaces, particularly in areas where access to drinking water may be limited. ● Easy installation As it doesn't require traditional electricity or plumbing, installation is relatively easy, requiring minimal construction or groundwork. ● Energy independence The fountain operates independently of the power grid, making it an ideal solution for remote or off-grid locations. ● Aesthetically pleasing Solar-powered pedestal drinking water fountains come in a variety of designs, with some offering a visually appealing addition to outdoor spaces.
20 Disadvantages Of Technology ● Initial cost The initial cost of a solar-powered pedestal drinking water fountain may be higher than traditional fountains that require electricity or plumbing. ● Weather-dependent The fountain's performance is dependent on the availability of sunlight, meaning it may not operate optimally on cloudy days or in areas with limited sunlight. ● Maintenance While the fountain is relatively low-maintenance, solar panels may require occasional cleaning to maintain efficiency. ● Vandalism/theft As the fountain is located in public spaces, it may be vulnerable to vandalism or theft, requiring additional measures to ensure security and stability. ● Location-dependent The fountain's location may be limited to areas with ample sunlight exposure and suitable for installation. ● Potential performance issues In some cases, performance issues may arise due to incorrect installation, faulty equipment, or other technical issues.
21 Appropriateness of Technology 1. The solar-powered pedestal drinking water fountain is an environmentally friendly technology that reduces reliance on traditional electricity sources, making it ideal for outdoor spaces where electrical wiring may not be feasible or desirable. It harnesses solar energy, which reduces greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental impacts associated with traditional electricity sources. 2. The pedestal design of the fountain is versatile, making it suitable for various outdoor settings such as parks, schools, and community spaces. Since it doesn't require traditional electricity or plumbing, installation is relatively easy, requiring minimal construction or groundwork. 3. Solar-powered pedestal drinking water fountains can be cost-effective over time, with reduced energy costs and maintenance requirements compared to traditional fountains that require electricity or plumbing. 4. The solar-powered pedestal drinking water fountain is a sustainable, convenient, and cost-effective technology for providing clean drinking water in outdoor spaces. It not only reduces environmental impacts but also promotes health and well-being by providing a valuable resource to the community.
22 CHAPTER 3 3.0 Conclusion In conclusion, the use of new technologies in pedestal drinking water fountains, such as adjustable height, solar power, and sensor activation, has improved their functionality, efficiency, and sustainability. The adjustable height feature ensures that the fountain is accessible to all individuals, regardless of height or mobility restrictions. Solar power has significantly reduced the environmental impact of the fountain by reducing its carbon footprint and making it easier to install in outdoor spaces. Sensor activation technology promotes hygiene and reduces water waste, making it a practical and sustainable solution for public spaces. Overall, the integration of these technologies has transformed the traditional drinking fountain into a modern, convenient, and sustainable source of hydration. By promoting inclusivity, accessibility, and sustainability, pedestal drinking water fountains have become a crucial feature of public spaces. As society continues to prioritize environmental conservation and public health, the use of these advanced technologies in public amenities is likely to increase, further contributing to a better and more sustainable future for all.
23 CHAPTER 4 4.0 References 1. PM Engineer. (2013, February 11). A brief history of drinking fountains and water coolers. PM Engineer RSS. Retrieved April 19, 2023, from https://www.pmengineer.com/articles/86605-a-brief-history-of-drinking-fountains- and-water-coolers 2. Julius Ballanco P.E., C. P. D. (2018, May 24). Drinking fountains and the building code. Plumbing Mechanical RSS. Retrieved April 19, 2023, from https://www.pmmag.com/articles/92162-drinking-fountains-and-the-building-code 3. Indoor water bottle filling stations. Drinking Water Fountains UK. (n.d.). Retrieved April 19, 2023, from https://www.drinkingwaterfountains.co.uk/indoorfountains/water-bottle-filling-stations/ 4. The best drinking fountains for schools & universities. The Water People. (n.d.). Retrieved April 19, 2023, from https://www.waterpeople.com.au/resource- centre/the-best-drinking-fountains-for-schools-and-universities 5. Touchless Hydration Solutions. Haws Co. (2023, January 6). Retrieved April 19, 2023, from https://www.hawsco.com/hydration/touchless-hydration-solutions/ 6. Harding, J. (2022, April 29). The best solar birdbath fountains of 2023. Bob Vila. Retrieved April 19, 2023, from https://www.bobvila.com/articles/best-solar- birdbath-fountains/