(Source: www.infogram.com) An infographic can also be in the form of hortatory text. It consists of three generic structures, namely: thesis, arguments and recommendations. A thesis introduces the issue and the writer’s point of view about the issue of the topic. While the arguments elaborate and provide several reasons to the reader about the writer’s arguments in order to support the writer’s viewpoint about the issue of the thesis element. Finally, recommendation presents the writer’s point of view and recommendation regarding the topic of the text. See the figure below: Picture 3.14 Infogram DATA SHAREABILITY VIRALITY, SEO, LOCATION, SOCIAL DESIGN STORY PROBLEM, CLEVER, MESSAGE, SOLUTION THEME, COLOR, FONTS, READABLE RELIABLE, TIMELY, CONTENT Unit 3 | Hortatory Exposition: Netiquette 131
(Source: https://educatorpages.com/site/ED505group02/pages/what-is-netiquette) 132 Bahasa Inggris: Life Today untuk SMA/MA Kelas XII
Activity 4 Read the infographic again in activity 1. Identify its elements. Write your answers in the column provided. NO ELEMENTS YOUR ANSWERS 1 What is the title of the infographic? 2 Who are the possible target readers of the infographic? 3 Is there any data presented in the infographic? 4 Which data show about the cyber bullying experienced by young people? 5 Which data show about the time when cyber bullying stops? 6 What is included in the design of the infographic? 7 How is the story presented in the infographic? 8 How is the shareability of the infographic? Unit 3 | Hortatory Exposition: Netiquette 133
Writing In this section, you will do a writing project. You will write a hortatory exposition in written text. From the previous activities, you have learned about all information related to netiquette (the correct or acceptable way of communicating on the internet). Now, share your hortatory exposition on netiquette. Activity 1 : Plan Make a group of 2-4 students. Brainstorm and write ideas on the table. Consider the schematic structures of hortatory exposition which you have learned. Topic/Title Thesis What issue do you want to expose? What is your point of view concerning the exposed issue? Arguments What are the reasons you want to elaborate to support your point? What are the arguments you want to provide to support your thesis? Recommendation The point of view you want to present Recommendation regarding the topic of the text 134 Bahasa Inggris: Life Today untuk SMA/MA Kelas XII
Activity 2: Writing Plan With your group, write the ideas in the table above into paragraphs and fill in the table below. Title Thesis (issue and point of view you want to expose) Arguments (the reasons and arguments to support your point and thesis) Recommendation (your point and recommendation) Schematic Structures Yes/No Linguistic Features Yes/No Title Present tense Thesis Emotive phrase Arguments Recommendation Activity 3: Review text Swap the text with another group. Proofread the text by checklisting (V) the element of schematic structures and linguistic features found in the text. Unit 3 | Hortatory Exposition: Netiquette 135
Activity 4: Redraft the text Revise the text which has been reviewed by another group and submit your final text to your teacher. Final writing draft Presenting Present your group’s writing about Netiquette in front of the class. Consider the following steps: 1. Planning presentation (Asking yourself about 5W+1H questions such as what, who, why, where, when and how)) 2. Preparing presentation (Personal notes, Visual, Handout (optional) 3. Practicing presentation 4. Delivering presentation 5. Dealing with questions (TRACT Techniques: Thank the questioner, Repeat the question, Answer the question, Check with the questioner if they are satisfied, Thank them again) Source: https://student-learning.tcd.ie/assets/PDF/Giving_Presentations.pdf 136 Bahasa Inggris: Life Today untuk SMA/MA Kelas XII
Assessment A. Read the text carefully. Why You Shouldn’t Overshare Personal Information on Social Media Sites You must have posted things online as teenagers who own social media, from random stuff to informative publications. However, recently, the idea of posting and having a large number of people see it has become somewhat frightening. Many people are unaware that they are oversharing and have difficulty reading their audience. Oversharers are frequently unaware that they have revealed too much until after the act, or they may simply not see it as a problem. If you suspect you’re providing TMI (Too Much Information), consider the following important reasons to avoid sharing too much on social media. You are more likely to be found if you are active on the Internet. Although people say and post things they later forget, these tidbits remain in cyberspace, where they can be seen and shared by everyone. When you post something online, it can stay there indefinitely because people may snap screenshots, record it, or save it. I don’t believe anyone realizes it will be there indefinitely. I believe they are simply unconcerned. Many people hold the mindset that “what I’m doing is insignificant.” ‘Why should anyone care about this?’ I think you should ask someone who has lost a lucrative career opportunity due to a mistakenly posted photo from five years ago. Contrary to popular belief, everything about you on the Internet comes together to create a portrait of your personality. Even if you believe this image does not accurately represent you, the more absurd and scandalous the digital tidbits are, the greater the risk of future shame. Unit 3 | Hortatory Exposition: Netiquette 137
Oversharing is a scary thing. As a result, you should take a moment to think before posting something to prevent the consequences. A lot of oversharing is done in ‘the spur of the moment’ situation. You can avoid having too much information about yourself broadcast on the web entirely if you’re more cautious about what you say and do online. If you’re still tempted, consider using an alias instead of your real identity on social m dia platforms. It’s also important to keep in mind that online information will always be “out there” in some form or another. As a result, be cautious about the information you choose to reveal about yourself with the rest of the world. Source: https://www.fredericknewspost.com/blogs/blogs_collection/eye_on_social_media/ why-you-shouldnt-overshare-information-on-social-media-sites/article_2a971a3c-e271- 11e2-941d-0019bb30f31a.html https://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/study-break/video-zone/oversharing-yourdigital-footprintc B. Answer the questions based on the text Why You Shouldn’t Overshare Personal Information on Social Media Sites Question 1 What is the communicative purpose of the text? A. To tell readers that oversharing personal information online is terrifying B. To inform readers about the danger of oversharing personal information online C. To explain that posting online can result in bad consequences for mental health D. To persuade readers that oversharing information on social media is dangerous E. To discuss some arguments on social media about oversharing things 138 Bahasa Inggris: Life Today untuk SMA/MA Kelas XII
Question 2 The phrase ‘Oversharers are frequently unaware that they have revealed too much until after the act,...’ in the first paragraph means…. A. people often share too much personal information without knowing the risk on social media B. oversharers do not realize they have disclosed about themselves until after they finish sharing C. people share too much personal information and they do not realize what they do D. oversharers are people who share to much personal information on social media in purpose E. overshares often shares personal information on social media to prove everyone about their existence Question 3 Mention the writer’s recommendation to avoid oversharing personal information on social media. Explain. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Unit 3 | Hortatory Exposition: Netiquette 139
Question 4 Could the following statements represent why oversharing is a problem? Write Yes or No for each statement. Could the following statements represent why oversharing is a problem? Yes No People can see and share personal information you post in cyberspace People may lose his job opportunity because of a mistakenly posted photo from the past The pictures of yourself on social media portrays what you are in reality What you post online can be deleted for a period of time with no fixed end You're careful about what you say and do online before posting information Question 5 The phrase ’the spur of the moment’ in the sentence ‘A lot of oversharing is done in ‘the spur of the moment’ situation’ in the last paragraph has a similar meaning to…. A. quick moment B. short event C. momentary push D. unprepared situation E. improvised moment 140 Bahasa Inggris: Life Today untuk SMA/MA Kelas XII
Question 6 Do you agree with the writer’s conclusion at the end of paragraph that we should be cautious about the information you choose to reveal about yourself with the rest of the world? Explain your answer by comparing your opinion to his thesis statement. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Question 7 Some statements are matters of opinion, based on the ideas and values of the writer. Some statements are matters of fact, which may be tested objectively and are either correct or incorrect. Write “matter of opinion” or “matter of fact” next to each of the statements taken from the text Why You Shouldn’t Overshare Personal Information on Social Media Sites The first one has been done for you. statements Matter of opinion or Matter of fact I believe they are simply unconcerned. Matter of opinion Unit 3 | Hortatory Exposition: Netiquette 141
When you post something online, it can stay there indefinitely because people may snap screenshots, record it, or save it. Oversharing is a scary thing. Although people say and post things they later forget, these tidbits remain in cyberspace, where they can be seen and shared by everyone. If you're still tempted, consider using an alias instead of your real identity on social media platforms. 142 Bahasa Inggris: Life Today untuk SMA/MA Kelas XII
Enrichment The increased conflicts and online propaganda on social media recently have raised the negative impacts on society such as violence and conflicts. As for Niekerk’s research on social media in 2013, social media was utilized to convey disorders, conflicts and violence, for instance riots in Greece and England. There are a number of factors influencing the conflicts, such as discrimination, political aspect, and marginalization. Social media is violent. They can be a medium to spread harassment, stalking, and sexual victimization both online and offline. There is limited research to indicate that an increased number of hours on social media correlates directly with aggressive behavior, but there is literature that connects certain types of internet use to increased aggressive behavior. For example, the quality of online exposure may be contributory; youths who perpetrated serious crimes were significantly more likely to have viewed violent online content. Moreover, similar to the way media coverage of suicide can act as a contagion for “copycat” suicides, there is also evidence that some mass killings may be influenced by other violent acts in the immediate past. This means that the internet, specifically social media, provides unfettered access to images of real-life violence, like recent videos of murders and gang violence uploaded to Facebook Liveoverall exposure to, and potential for, copycat violence may be increased. To prevent the great risk of social media, parents and teachers – or any responsible adults - therefore, must do something by explaining the true consequences of violence Read the text below to answer the questions. Unit 3 | Hortatory Exposition: Netiquette 143
and pointing out how unrealistic it is for people to get away with violent behavior, keeping an eye on the clock, teaching conflict resolution and how to use their words responsibly to stand up for themselves, and others, without throwing a punch, checking out ratings and their content like the streaming online videos showcasing very brutal stuff. Adapted from: Sri Wahyuningsih / Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kudus https://journal.unilak.ac.id/index.php/ELT-Lectura/article/view/5573/2706 Meredith E. Gansner, MD / psychiatrictimes https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/-internet-made-me-do-itsocial-media-and-potentialviolence-adolescents Caroline Knorr / commonsensemedia https://www.commonsensemedia.org/articles/tips-on-how-to-deal-with-media-violence 1. What is the main topic of the text? _____________________________________________________ 2. Why is the text above called a hortatory text? ______________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 3. What is the main information of Paragraph 1 _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 144 Bahasa Inggris: Life Today untuk SMA/MA Kelas XII
Paragraph 2 _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ Paragraph 3 _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 4. Exemplify some facts and opinions from the text given: Facts _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ Opinions __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Unit 3 | Hortatory Exposition: Netiquette 145
Reflection After studying Unit 3 in this book, answer the following question as your reflection. Write your answers in the form of a paragraph in the box provided. 1. What do you know about hortatory text? 2. What is the difficulty in writing a hortatory text? 3. What is meant by netiquette? 4. How important is it for us to observe netiquette? 5. What are the DO’s in using the internet? 6. What are the DON’Ts in using the internet? 7. What would probably happen if someone ignores netiquette? MY REFLECTION OF UNIT 3 ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 146 Bahasa Inggris: Life Today untuk SMA/MA Kelas XII
Discussion Text: Carbon Footprints Unit 4 KEMENTERIAN PENDIDIKAN, KEBUDAYAAN, RISET, DAN TEKNOLOGI REPUBLIK INDONESIA, 2022 Bahasa Inggris: Life Today untuk SMA/MA Kelas XII Penulis: Susanti Retno Hardini, dkk. ISBN: 978-602-427-945-5 (jil.3) By the end of this unit, you are expected to be able to: 1. Identify the communicative purposes and the schematic structures of discussion text. 2. Identify some of the linguistic features of discussion text: generic participants, simple present, thinking verb, modality, contrastive conjunction, and passive voice. 3. State explicit and implicit information, main ideas and detailed information from discussion text. 4. Categorize facts and opinions based on discussion text given. 5. Write a discussion text with the appropriate schematic structures and language features. 6. Do a group presentation that focuses on discussion text. Learning Goals:
Mind Map Picture 4.1 Mind Map Unit 4 148 Bahasa Inggris: Life Today untuk SMA/MA Kelas XII
According to Mike Berners-Lee, a professor at Lancaster University in the UK and author of “The Carbon Footprint of Everything”, carbon footprint is the sum total of all the greenhouse gas emissions that had to take place in order for a product to be produced or for an activity to take place, such as: household energy use, transport, food, and everything products we buy, from utensils, clothes, cars to television sets. Each of these activities and products has its own footprint. For example, a person who regularly consumes beef will have a larger food footprint than his vegan neighbor, but that neighbor’s overall footprint may be larger if she drives an hour to work and back in an SUV each day while our meat-eater bicycles to his office nearby. Both their footprints may pale in comparison to the businesswoman across the street, who flies first-class crosscountry twice a month. Then, what about yours? Adapted from: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/what-is-a-carbonfootprint-how-to-measure-yours Did You Know? Picture 4.2 Students calculated their carbon footprint Unit 4 | Discussion Text: Carbon Footprints 149
Listening Activity 1 Look at the pictures. Discuss the questions in pairs. 1. Are the illustrations above familiar to you? 2. If you were that student, would you do the same? Picture 4.3 A female student booked an online means of transportation Picture 4.4 Bright home 150 Bahasa Inggris: Life Today untuk SMA/MA Kelas XII
Activity 2 Work in pairs and match the words/ phrases with the correct meanings. a. Reasonably price b. A person with particular interest in food c. Keep away from doing something d. A gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth’s atmosphere is generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants. e. A person who does not eat any food derived from animals and who typically does not use other animal products. f. Give in order to help achieve or provide something. g. Powerful desire for something h. Appealing to i. An event or occurrence j. Suggestion to the best action Craving (Noun) Affordable (Adjective) Recommendations (Noun) Happening (Noun) Tempting (Adjective) Vegan (Noun) Foodie (Noun) Contributes (Verb) Global warming (Noun phrase) 1 2 4 3 5 7 9 6 8 10 Avoid (Verb) Picture 4.5 Vocabularies tree Unit 4 | Discussion Text: Carbon Footprints 151
Based on the dialogue, decide if the statements below are true (T) or false (F) or not mentioned (NM). Put a tick (✓) in the column provided. NO STATEMENT T F NM 1 Putra is a foodie. ✓ 2 Putra’s sister is a vegan. 3 Siti is a vegan herself. 4 Putra is interested in finding a steak restaurant. 5 Putra decides to go to the Dinosaur. 6 Eating meat is the number one contributor to the heat we have been experiencing lately: global warming. 7 Putra will book at the Dinner Table. 8 The Dinner Table serves vegan steak. 9 Putra is a superhero of the earth today. 10 Public figures influence their followers' behavior a lot. Activity 3 Listen to the dialogue between two students; Putra and Siti. Siti was in class during break time and saw Putra busy scrolling down his phone. 152 Bahasa Inggris: Life Today untuk SMA/MA Kelas XII
Activity 4 Put a tick in the suitable column whether Yes or No whether each action below relates to reducing climate change and carbon footprints. No Actions Yes No 1. Switch car to public transport ✓ 2. Recycle waste comprehensively 3. Switch to canvas bags 4. Vote for extra plastic bags 5. Buy only local food 6. Waste no extra food 7. Use electric cycle 8. Wash laundry in cold water 9. Don't litter 10. Eat vegan diet 11. Live car free 12. Upgrade fashion interest 13. Buy only unpackaged food 14. Upgrade gadget 15. Upgrade to motorcycle hybrid Adapted from: https://theconversation.com/carbon-footprints-are-hard-tounderstand-heres-what-you-need-to-know-144317 Unit 4 | Discussion Text: Carbon Footprints 153
Speaking Activity 1 Study and discuss the following poster in groups of 4. Pay attention to the meaning of carbon footprint and its cycle. Carbon Footprint Cycle Picture 4.6 Carbon footprint infographic Picture 4.7 Carbon footprint cycle What is it? A CARBON FOOTPRINT IS THE TOTAL GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) EMISSIONS CAUSED DIRECTLY AND INDIRECTLY BY AN INDIVIDUAL, ORGANIZATION, EVENT OR PRODUCT. 154 Bahasa Inggris: Life Today untuk SMA/MA Kelas XII
Activity 2 Look at the words/phrases in the left column. Discuss their meanings in the right column in your group. Car-sharing Some people travel together to save fuel energy. Recycling Used items to produce something useful. Energy efficiency Using less energy for the same function. Vegan diet Avoid all animal products including meat, egg and dairy. Traditional energy sources Things used to create energy with environmental impact Food waste Food we don’t eat Emission Poisonous gasses produced by cars and other vehicles Unit 4 | Discussion Text: Carbon Footprints 155
Work in pairs. Classify the following words into four categories of carbon footprint. You may choose one appropriate category among transportation, waste, food and energy. Number 1 has been done for you as an example. No. Words/phrases Category 1 car-sharing transportation 2 recycling 3 energy efficiency 4 vegan diet 5 traditional energy sources 6 food waste 7 emission 8 home working Home working Working from home to reduce environmental impact. Adapted from: https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/sites/teacheng/files/Online_class_presentation_ Family_Footprint.pdf Activity 3 156 Bahasa Inggris: Life Today untuk SMA/MA Kelas XII
Activity 4 Study the following chart containing several actions to reduce carbon footprint in pairs. State your opinion completed with the data. Do it orally in turn. This is an example for you: Student A : In my opinion, conducting a vegan diet won’t contribute much in reducing carbon footprint. Student B : But, at least, it reduces 0.8 tonnes CO2 per year. Picture 4.8 Options to reduce carbon footprint Unit 4 | Discussion Text: Carbon Footprints 157
Activity 5 Work in a group of 4. Interview your friend to think at least two more actions on how to limit your carbon footprint by completing the table. This is an example for you: Student A : What do you think we should do to reduce food dealing with the increasing number of carbon footprint in our country? Student B : I think we can increase the consumption of healthy and natural food. No. Component Actions Your friends’ name 1 Food Increase the consumption of healthy and natural food. Consume local and seasonal products. .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... 158 Bahasa Inggris: Life Today untuk SMA/MA Kelas XII
2 Clothing Buy responsiblymade clothes (made from recycled or ecofriendly materials) Take good care of your clothes .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... 3 Transportation Use public transportation Do carpool .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... 4 Energy and waste Don’t leave your battery still charging when it is already full. Turn off the water when you brush your teeth. .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... Unit 4 | Discussion Text: Carbon Footprints 159
Reading Activity 1 B. Answer the questions orally. 1. What does the picture describe? 2. Which one has the most and the least contribution to carbon footprints? A. Observe the picture. B. Read and learn the vocabulary before you read the text. Consult your dictionary for further information. Picture 4.9 Diet emission by food type 160 Bahasa Inggris: Life Today untuk SMA/MA Kelas XII
Carbon Footprints (noun phrase) a measurement of the amount of carbon dioxide produced by the activities of a person, company, organization, etc. Essential (adjective) necessary; needed Consumption (noun) the amount used or eaten Greenhouse gasses (noun phrases) gasses that causes the greenhouse effect, especially carbon dioxide Emissions (noun) the act of sending out gas, heat, light, etc. Methane (noun) a gas with no smell or color, often used as a fuel Meat eaters (noun phrase) someone who eats meat or has a particular attitude towards meat Livestock (noun) animals and birds that are kept on a farm, such as cows, sheep, or chickens Unit 4 | Discussion Text: Carbon Footprints 161
Deforestation (noun) the cutting down of trees in a large area, or the destruction of forests by people Habitable land (noun phrase) providing land conditions that are good enough to live in or on Plant-based foods (noun phrase) food consisting or made completely of plants, or mainly of plants Nourish (verb) to provide people or living things with food in order to make them grow and keep them healthy Sufficient (adjective) enough for a particular purpose sustainability (noun) the quality of being able to continue over a period of time Deficits (noun) the total amount by which money spent is more than money received 162 Bahasa Inggris: Life Today untuk SMA/MA Kelas XII
Activity 2 Read the text carefully Do we need to stop eating meat? By nature, humans are meat eaters, and our bodies are designed for eating meat. We have incisors for tearing meat, and molars for grinding it. Meat is an essential source of nutrients and calories for a large part of the human population, and this in itself is one major argument for meat-eating. However, meat consumption is blamed for one of the carbon footprints of food. This has caused people to realize and they have shifted from being meat eaters to vegetarians. Do we need to stop eating meat to help protect the planet? Picture 4.10 Meat eaters Unit 4 | Discussion Text: Carbon Footprints 163
One of the most significant contributors to today’s most serious environmental problems is livestock. Globally, the UN estimates it makes up more than 14% of all manmade greenhouse gasses, including methane. The impact of livestock on emissions varies between countries. When we talk about emissions, we usually think of carbon dioxide (CO2). But livestock’s emissions also include methane, which is up to 34 times more damaging to the environment over 100 years than CO2, according to the UN. Beef produces the most greenhouse gas emissions, which include methane. At one stage, beef production is the leading cause of deforestation in tropical rainforests which adds to the environmental impact of beef from that part of the world. Moreover, the true climate impact of what we eat is not easy to calculate as carbon footprints of food vary with how it is produced and where it comes from, and thus changes with the seasons. Therefore, how we produce our food doesn’t just affect our global emissions, but has a wider environmental impact, such as on biodiversity. In the report issued by ourworldindata.org, it is said that half of all habitable land is used for agriculture, and threequarters of that land is used to feed and raise livestock. For this reason, it is assumed that to feed a growing world population, it’s far more efficient to use land to produce crops that people can consume directly, and to have a fair global approach ensuring that parts of the world with diets high in meat and dairy shift towards more plantbased foods. Thus, some people choose not to eat meat when other options exist to meet their nutritional needs. But then on the other hand, meat is an essential source of nutrients and 164 Bahasa Inggris: Life Today untuk SMA/MA Kelas XII
calories for a large part of the human population, and this in itself is one major argument for meat-eating. Meat is a ready source of protein, vitamin B-12, fat, iron, zinc, and many more essential nutrients that the human body needs to survive. All B vitamins are found in greater concentration in meats than in plant sources, and vitamin B-12 can only be found in animal sources. Besides, the B vitamins are critical to health, especially mental health and deficits in these vitamins can cause confusion, impaired senses, aggression, insomnia, weakness, dementia, and peripheral neuropathy. Moreover, for body builders, eating meat is to get creatine, a nitrogencontaining compound that improves protein synthesis and provides muscles with energy, encouraging muscle gain. In other words, you can take protein supplements, but the best source of protein is meat. The last argument is that the environmental effects of factory farming have also been criticized, particularly the waste produced during raising and slaughtering and the high cost of grain-based meat production. Fortunately, there are alternatives, such as you can support small farms that raise animals compassionately, follow better farming practices, avoid antibiotics or hormones, and feed animals natural diets. After looking at all these facts, people can’t just stop eating meat for health and environmental reasons. However, since the Earth is suffering due to the greenhouse effect, people should be aware that they need to start to reduce meat consumption since it helps to maintain the Earth’s lifespan. For this reason, I am sure that people should start to think and act for the better. Unit 4 | Discussion Text: Carbon Footprints 165
Activity 3 Answer the questions based on the text “Do we need to stop eating meat?” 1. What is the communicative purpose of the text? A. To explain the issue and the effect of carbon footprints to the environment. B. To persuade people to be vegetarians for the sake of the environment. C. To show readers that being vegetarian is the best choice to protect the earth from carbon footprints. D. To present two different points of view about the effect of being vegetarians and meat eaters. E. To inform the reader that livestock can cause carbon footprints to the environment. 2. The statement which supports the writer’s position is … A. People can support small farms that raise animals compassionately by avoiding antibiotics or hormones, and feed animals natural diets. B. Deficits in B vitamins can cause confusion, impaired senses, aggression, insomnia, weakness, dementia, and peripheral neuropathy. C. Beef produces the most greenhouse gas emissions, which include methane, which also lead to carbon footprints. D. Human body needs a source of protein, vitamin B-12, fat, iron, zinc, and many more essential nutrients to survive from meat. E. People cannot get protein from supplements as good as from meat. 166 Bahasa Inggris: Life Today untuk SMA/MA Kelas XII
3. Could the following statements represent why we need to stop eating meat? Tick Yes or No for each statement. Could the following statements represent why we need to stop eating meat? Yes No According to the UN, livestock’s emissions are up to 34 times more damaging to the environment over 100 years than CO2. The most greenhouse gas emissions, which include methane, are produced by beef. The waste produced during raising and slaughtering livestocks and the high cost of grain-based meat production adds to the environmental impact. Better farming practices, avoiding antibiotics or hormones, and feeding animals with natural diets are the alternatives which can be done to protect the environment. It is far more efficient to feed a growing world population by using land to produce crops that people can consume directly so that parts of the world with diets high in meat and dairy shift towards more plant-based foods. Unit 4 | Discussion Text: Carbon Footprints 167
4. Globally, the UN estimates it makes up more than 14% of all man-made greenhouse gasses, including methane. (Paragraph 2) The word ‘it’ in the sentence refers to …. A. The UN B. greenhouse gasses C. methane D. livestock E. the impact of livestock 5. According to the text, why do bodybuilders need to eat meat? A. To maintain their body shape as bodybuilders. B. To provide muscles with energy, supporting muscle gain. C. To obtain creatine that improves protein synthesis. D. To consume protein supplements is not as good as eating meat. E. To fuel your body with the right nutrients. 6. Thinking about the arguments presented by the writer, which argument do you agree with most strongly? In your own words, explain your choice by stating your own personal opinion. You can also refer to the arguments presented by the writer. ___________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 168 Bahasa Inggris: Life Today untuk SMA/MA Kelas XII
7. Some statements are matters of opinion, based on the ideas and values of the writer. Some statements are matters of fact, which may be tested objectively and are either correct or incorrect. Type “matter of opinion” or “matter of fact” next to each of the statements from the writer’s arguments listed below. The first one has been done for you. No. Arguments from writer’s arguments opinion or fact 1. For this reason, I am sure that people should start to think and act for the better. opinion 2. So, you have to fuel your body with the right nutrients to achieve sufficient muscle repair and recovery to make gains. 3. Fortunately, there are alternatives, such as you can support small farms that raise animals compassionately, follow better farming practices, avoid antibiotics or hormones, and feed animals natural diets. 4. But livestock's emissions also include methane, which is up to 34 times more damaging to the environment over 100 years than CO2, according to the UN. Unit 4 | Discussion Text: Carbon Footprints 169
5. All B vitamins are found in greater concentration in meats than in plant sources, and vitamin B-12 can only be found in animal sources. 6. For this reason, it is assumed that to feed a growing world population, it's far more efficient to use land to produce crops that people can consume directly, and to have a fair global approach ensuring that parts of the world with diets high in meat and dairy shift towards more plantbased foods. 8. The main idea of paragraph 2 is …. A. Livestock is one of the most significant contributors to today’s most serious environmental problems. B. Beef produces the most greenhouse gas emissions, which include methane. C. Beef production is the leading cause of deforestation in tropical rainforests. D. Some people choose not to eat meat because they find other options to meet their nutritional needs. E. How we produce our food does not only affect our global emissions but also has a wider environmental impact, such as on biodiversity. 170 Bahasa Inggris: Life Today untuk SMA/MA Kelas XII
9. What can we conclude from paragraph 5? A. The major argument of meat eating is that meat is an essential source of nutrients and calories for a large part of the human population. B. People can only find vitamin B-12 in animal sources rather than in plant sources. C. It is suggested that people should follow better farming practices, avoid antibiotics or hormones, and feed animals natural diets to protect the environment. D. Eating meat is crucial for bodybuilders to get creatine, a nitrogen-containing compound that improves protein synthesis and provides muscles with energy to encourage muscle gain. E. Meat is a ready source of protein, vitamin B-12, fat, iron, zinc, and many more essential nutrients that the human body needs to survive. Activity 4 Now it’s time to explore the communicative purpose, the schematic structures and the language features of discussion text. Communicative purpose of discussion text Communicative purpose of discussion text To present arguments and information from different points of view. Unit 4 | Discussion Text: Carbon Footprints 171
Schematic Structures of discussion text Schematic Structures Function Statement of Issue Tells the reader the problem and what will be argued about it. Gives information about the issue and how it is to be framed. Arguments for Tells the reader points to be developed Arguments against Tells the reader points to be developed Recommendation Tells the reader the position held by the writer. It is also presented at the most logical conclusion. It recommends a final position on the issue Language Features of discussion text Language Features Phrases Generic Participants carbon footprints; meat Simple Present “…,humans are meat eaters,...” 172 Bahasa Inggris: Life Today untuk SMA/MA Kelas XII
Thinking verb “I believe….” Modality “...,we cannot protect …” Contrastive Conjunction “But then on the other hand, meat is an essential source of nutrients and calories for a large part of the human population, and this in itself is one major argument for meat-eating.” Passive voice “All B vitamins are found in greater concentration in meats than in plant sources, and vitamin B-12 can only be found in animal sources.” Learn the examples of language features: 1. Generic participants: sun; rain. 2. Simple present: “Beef produces the most greenhouse gas emissions, which include methane.” 3. Thinking verbs: think; believe: realize; decide; hope; forget; conclude. 4. Modality: must; should; could; may. 5. Contrastive conjunction: but; on the other hand; however; on other side; although. 6. Passive voice: is produced; is said; is assumed; is used. Unit 4 | Discussion Text: Carbon Footprints 173
Read and learn more about Contrastive Conjunction Read and learn more about Passive Voice. Passive voice is used in English when the thing done is more important than the doer or when the doer is generally known. Active and Passive Voice Tense Active Passive Present simple Reporters write news reports. News reports are written by reporters. Present continuous Tata is baking a brownie. A brownie is being baked by Tata. Past simple The company hired new workers last year. New workers were hired by the company last year. Picture 4.11 Contrastive conjunctions 174 Bahasa Inggris: Life Today untuk SMA/MA Kelas XII
Past continuous The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store. The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store. Present perfect They have already discussed the book. The book has already been discussed. Past perfect He had delivered the letters. The letters had been delivered. Auxiliary Active Passive Future simple The company will hire new workers. New workers will be hired by the company. Infinitive She has to deliver the letters. The letters have to be delivered. Modals She must deliver the letters. The letters must be delivered. Unit 4 | Discussion Text: Carbon Footprints 175
Activity 5 Read again and learn the schematic structures and language features in the text entitled “Do We Need to Stop Eating Meat?” Structure Text Language features Title Do We Need to Stop Eating Meat? Statement of Issue By nature, humans are meat eaters, and our bodies are designed for eating meat. We have incisors for tearing meat, and molars for grinding it. Meat is an essential source of nutrients and calories for a large part of the human population, and this in itself is one major argument for meateating. However, meat consumption is blamed for one of the carbon footprints of food. This has caused people to realize and they have shifted from being meat eaters to vegetarians. Do we need to stop eating meat to help protect the planet? are= simple present meat= generic participant 176 Bahasa Inggris: Life Today untuk SMA/MA Kelas XII
Arguments for: One of the most significant contributors to today’s most serious environmental problems is livestock. Globally, the UN estimates it makes up more than 14% of all man-made greenhouse gasses, including methane. The impact of livestock on emissions varies between countries. When we talk about emissions, we usually think of carbon dioxide (CO2). But livestock’s emissions also include methane, which is up to 34 times more damaging to the environment over 100 years than CO2, according to the UN. Beef produces the most greenhouse gas emissions, which include methane. At one stage, beef production is the leading cause of deforestation in tropical rainforests which adds to the environmental impact of beef from that part of the world. Moreover, the true climate impact of what we eat is not easy to calculate as carbon footprints of food vary with how it is produced and where it comes from, and thus changes with the seasons. Unit 4 | Discussion Text: Carbon Footprints 177
Therefore, how we produce our food doesn’t just affect our global emissions, but has a wider environmental impact, such as on biodiversity. In the report issued by ourworldindata.org, it is said that half of all habitable land is used for agriculture, and threequarters of that land is used to feed and raise livestock. For this reason, it is assumed that to feed a growing world population, it’s far more efficient to use land to produce crops that people can consume directly, and to have a fair global approach ensuring that parts of the world with diets high in meat and dairy shift towards more plant-based foods. Thus, some people choose not to eat meat when other options exist to meet their nutritional needs. … is assumed…= passive voice Arguments against: But then on the other hand, meat is an essential source of nutrients and calories for a large part of the human population, and this in itself But = contrastive conjunction 178 Bahasa Inggris: Life Today untuk SMA/MA Kelas XII
is one major argument for meat-eating. Meat is a ready source of protein, vitamin B-12, fat, iron, zinc, and many more essential nutrients that the human body needs to survive. All B vitamins are found in greater concentration in meats than in plant sources, and vitamin B-12 can only be found in animal sources. Besides, the B vitamins are critical to health, especially mental health and deficits in these vitamins can cause confusion, impaired senses, aggression, insomnia, weakness, dementia, and peripheral neuropathy. Moreover, for body builders, eating meat is to get creatine, a nitrogencontaining compound that improves protein synthesis and provides muscles with energy, encouraging muscle gain. In other words, you can take protein supplements, but the best source of protein is meat. The last argument is that the environmental effects of factory farming have also been criticized, particularly the waste produced during on the other hand= contrastive conjunction Unit 4 | Discussion Text: Carbon Footprints 179
raising and slaughtering and the high cost of grainbased meat production. Fortunately, there are alternatives, such as you can support small farms that raise animals compassionately, follow better farming practices, avoid antibiotics or hormones, and feed animals natural diets. Recommendation After looking at all these facts, I believe people can’t just stop eating meat for health and environmental reasons. However, since the Earth is suffering due to the greenhouse effect, people should be aware that they need to start to reduce meat consumption since it helps to maintain the Earth’s lifespan. For this reason, I am sure that people should start to think and act for the better. believe = thinking verb should= modality 180 Bahasa Inggris: Life Today untuk SMA/MA Kelas XII