Simplified Methods on Building Construction

It will be noted that lk" (12 mm) thick plywood w~s used
although 114" (6 mm) thick plywood cold beusedfor the purpose
by adding 4 pes 2 x 2 lumber of 2.40 m (8') long, making the ribs

closer at 15 em. o.c.

Comparatively, the cost of plywood form is much lower than
that of the T & G ·board as presented .in the above tabulation
using one board plywood. If the construction requires hundreds of
plywood form how much would you save from the difference
in cost?

15-7 SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING

Scaffolding - Is a temporary structure of wooden p~les and
planks providing platform for working men to stand on while
erecting or repairing the building. It is further defined as a tempo-
rary framework for other purposes.

·'

Staging - Is a more substantial framework progressively built~

up as tall buildings rise up. The term staging is applied because
it is built-up in stages one story at a t ime. ·

Numerous accidents in building construction happened be-
cause of faulty construction or ihsufficient supports. One tragic
incident that happened very recently at the Film Palace in Metro
Manila where several lives including the supervising Engineer ··
were burried in cement and rubbles whenthe forms and staging
swayed and rammed down in total collapse. ·

Scaffolding or staging is not as· simple as others think of it.
It requires special attention, training and experienced men to do
the work. The design and construction of these structure should
be done by knowledgeable men specially trained and experienced
in the field.

Accordingly, the primary cause of accidents and failure of '
framework is brought about by the use of inferior lumber, inade-
quate supports and braces, nails and others for economy sake.
Definitely, out lumber has no place in scaffolding .or staging
work if the builder is aware of the value of life and property
involved in building construction.

Comment11nd Observ1tlon:

1, Lumber intended for temporary structure to support

heavy load concrete shall be selected from straight grain, free

from shakes or knots and other defects. ·

2. Economizing through inadequate supply of materials

will endanger the construction work, aside from the increase of

labor cost. Adjustment, reworking of forms and its transfer from

one place to another causes delay of the construction and des-

truction of the forms. The recycling of nails is another factor

contributory to the delay, cost and waste of materials and some-

times causes failure of the framework.

3. Actual cost records of professional builders and con·

tractors show that sufficient supply of framework materials

increases the work's efficiency considering the time involved.

4. A carpenter who have started working from the first

working day of the week expect to return to his family with

his weekly salary. If the materials on the job site are inadequate

which he believes will only last for 2 to 3 days, foot dragging

work will be applied so that they may work for a week out of the

materials available. On the contrary, if the construction materials

are sufficient the workers are inspired and the work will be lively.

5. The idea of laying off some workers for the reason of lack

of materials may only create demoralization amo'ng the group.

Efficiency is affected because ·they are not sure of their work

tenure for they might be the next to be laid off anytime for

the same reason.

6. Lumber used for scaffolding or staging should not be

considered as waste of construCtion. Some could be used on

other parts of the building such as joists, studs, nailing strips

etc. The excess has resaleable value which could be derived

through public auction sale.

Different parts of staging or scaffolding

a) Vertical Supporters
b) FoOting Base (as need arises)
c) Ho.rizontal Braces
d) Block or Wedge support
e) Nails

291 .

The 2 x 2 lumber ( 5 x 5 em. ) is the most abused size ot

lumber in the construction of forms, scaffolding or staging al-

though 1 x 2 also serves as supplementary braces for parts with

less stresses.
2 x 3 and 2 x 4 lumber are also commonly used where massive

and heavy load are to be supported. These sizes are usually used

with care and leniency because of its cost and the future plan for

its reuse on other parts of the building. When and where to use

isthe above dimensions for scaffolding a matter of consideration

depending upon the kind of structure to be supported.

Generally. the 2 x 2 rough lumber of -good quality can be -
used as scaffolding or staging for all types of building construct·
ion. Its strength and capability to support concrete mixture

depends upon the distances and spacing of the vertical. hori·

zontal and diagonal braces. The employment of 2 x 3 and 2 x 4
lumber is inevitable where heavy load, height of the structure

and spacing of vertical support is a matter of consideration. The

combination therefore of the three sizes is ideal and satisfactory

for falsework in building construction.

Vertical Supporters- Usually there are ·4 pes. for each column
to hold the forms rigidly to. its vertical position. The spacing is

usually from 1.00 m. to 1.50 m. or more depending upon the size

of the column. The spacing of the vertical supporter shall be ...
governed or adjusted to the commercial length of lumber of even ·- ·
length in feet, or, at the intervals of .50 m. which will be the new
measure to be adopted under the Sl system.

Horizontal Braces- The horizontal braces should be equally

spaced between floor height. Ordinarily, the floor height is
3.00 m. hence the horizontal braces of staging should be limited

to 1.00 m. or more depending upon the size of the lumber.

Diagonal Braces- The triangle is the most rigid connections
to be applied in framework structure. As much as possible. dia--
gonal braces should be extended from the floor to the upper most
of horizontal member of the framework in cross or opposite

direction.

292

15-8 STAGING FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM
AND IILOOR SLAB

Concrete beams are flanked by series of vertical supporters
spaced at proportional distances between columns. These vertical

supporters are placed in line with the column supporter in both
perpendicular directions. Normally they are spaced at a distance

not less than 1.00 m. apart. The horizontal braces follows that.
established spacing in the column vertical supporter.

The Concrete floor slab vertical supporters will just follow
the line and flanking ofthat column and beam framework inclu-
ding ·the horizontal and diagonal braces.

The staging framework as much as possible shall be so ar-

ranged that all vertical and horizontal members should be in line
in aU directions. This will facilitate the movement of the workers
and the transfer of materials and tools including the ease of
checking and verifying the vertical and horizontal position of th~
structure and the rigidity of the framework.

Figure 15-5
The design of formwork includes the following considerations:
1. The rate and method of placing concrete.
2. Construction loads, including vertical, horizontal and
impact loads.

3. Special form requirements necessary for the construction
of shells, folded plates, domes, architectural concrete, or similar
types of elements.

The forms for prestressed members shall be constructed to

allow movement of the member without damage during the appli·

cation of the prestressing force.

Construction loads exceeding the dead load plus the live load

should not be allowed to be supported on any unshored portion of

the structure under construction. Likewise, no construction load

shall be supported on, nor any shoring removed from any part

· of the structure under construction except when that structure

in combination with the remaining framing system has sufficient

strength to support safely its own weight and the loads placed

thereon. .•

The removal of forms shall be done in such a manner as to

insure the complete safety of the structure. When the structure

as a whole is adequately supported by shores, the removable

floor forms, beam and girder sides, column forms, and similar

vertical forms . may be removed after 24 hours, provided, that

the concrete is sufficiently strong not to be damaged or injured.

The supports of prestressed members may be removed when

sufficient prestressing has been applied to enable them to carry

their own load and other anticipated construction loads.

· 15-9 CONDUITS AND PIPES EMBEDDED IN CONCRETE

Electric conduits and other pipes to be incorporated in the
concrete structures shall not with their fittings, displace. more
than 4 percent of the area of the cross section of a column on
which stress is calculated or which is required for fire protection.

Sleeves, conduits, or other pipes passing through · floors,
walls, or beams shall be of the size and in such location as not to
impair significantly the strength of the structure. Such sleeves.
conduits, or pipes may be considered as replacing structurally in
compression the displaced concrete, provided that they are no.t
.. ex,posed to rusting or other deterioration. are of uncoated or
galvanized iron or steel not thinner than standard Schedule 40
steel pipe having a nominal inside diameter not over 5 em and
are spaced not less than three diameters on centers. Embedded -
pipes or conduits, other than those merely passing through, shall

not be larger in outside dimension than one third the thickness
of the slab. wall or beam In which they are embedded. nor shaU
they be spaced closer than three diameters or widths on center,.
nor so located as to Impair significantty the strength ·of the

construc:tion.
Sleeves, pipes, or conduits of any material not harmful to

concrete maybe embedded in the concrete pr-ovided they are
not considered as to replace the displaced concrete. Aluminum
pipes or conduits shall not be embedded in structural concrete
unless effectively coated to prevent aluminum·concrete reaction
or electrolythic action between aluminum and steel.

Pipes which will contain liquid, gas or vapor may be embedded
in structural concrete under the following considerations:

a) Pipes and fittings shall.be.designed to resist -the effects of

the material pressure and temperature· that will pass-
through.
b) Pipes and fittings shall be tested as a unit for leaks imme-
diately prior to the concreting' The testing pressure above
atmospheric pressure shall be 50 percent in excess of the
pressure to which the pipe and fitting may be subjected.
The minimum testing pressure shall not be less than 1000
kPa. above atmospheric pressure held for 4 hours with no
drop in pressure except that which may be caused by ···
air temperature.

c) The temperature of the liquid, gas or vapor that will pass

the pipe shall not exceed 132° C.

d) The maximum pressure to which any piping or fittings

shall be subjected shall be 1380 kPa above atmospheric

pressure.

e) Pipes carrying liquid, gas, or vapor. except water not ex·

ceeding 72° C nor 340 kPa pressure, is to be placed in the

pipes only after the concrete has attained its designed

strength. ·

f)· In solid slabs, the piping if not intended for radiant heating

or snow melting, should be placed between. the top and

bottom reinforcement.

g) The concrete covering of the pipes and fittings shall be not.

less than 38 mm for concrete surface expos~ to the wea-

ther or in contact with the ground, nor 20 mm for

295

concrete surface not exp~~d directly to the ground or
weather.

h) The piping .,d fitting connections shall be assembled by

means of welding, brazing,. sokler-sweating, or other
equally satisfactory method. Screw connections shall be
prohibited.

The piping system shall be fabricated in such a manner that
no cutting bending or displacement of the reinforcement from
its proper loc1tion is required.

oHor rtlo1oo~mta.Jerbnr.o'eaj•:l•oeIlIfPtQIII OJ .

Figure 5-6

296

16CHAPTER

IIJISTING EQUIPMENT

AND POWE·R TOOLS

16-1 HOIST

Hoist is defined as an equipment used to raise or lower heavy

articles. In building construction, some form of hoist is almost

necessary in placing structural members such as beams, girders,

wall frames, slabs, roof trusses and others. Accordingly, hoisting

equipment functions effectively through gearing reduction bet-

ween the·load and the joint at which the power is app lied. ·

There are several forms of hoist employed by builders which

are classified as:

1. With respect to the lifting materials:

a. Rope b. Steel Cable c. Chain

2. With respect to the kmd of gearing:

a. Pulley (block and fall) c. Spur gear and drum

b. Differential d. Mounted crane

16-2 DEFINITIONS:

The ropes and cordage mechanism falls within the sailor's pro-

"ince that nautical terminologies are inevitably used under this
topic such as:

Bend - is the fastening of the rope to one another or to a ring,
thimble, etc.

Belay- to make fast the end of a tackle fall at the conclusion

of a hoisting operation.
Bight- is the loose part of a rope between two fixed ends.
Haul ·- to heave or pull on a rope.

Hitch - fastening of a rope simply by winding it without

knotting around some object.

Knot- The process of fastening one part of a rope to another

part of the same by interlocking then drawing the
loops tight.

Lay- is to twist strands together as in making a rope.
Make fast- securing the loose end of a rope to some fixed ob-

ject.

297

Mll'line Spike- a long tappered steel used to unlay or separate
the rope strands for splicing.

Percllled - to wrap with canvas, cloth or leather to resist

chafing.

Seize- lashing a rope permanently with a small chord.
Sen;e - to lash with a chord, wounding tightly and conti-

nuously around the object.
Splice - To connect rope's ends .together by unlaying each

strands then plaiting both up together mak ing one con-
tinuous rope.

Strand- Two or more layers of yarns twisted together.

T..t - Stretched or drawn tight.
Yarn- fibers twisted together.

16-3 KNOTTING AND HITCHING

The use of rope as hoisting medium is considered as part of
bui.lding construction which could not be avoided in lifting ma.
terials or structural members specially in mu lti-storey building
construction. Definitely~ only few if not all of the working crews
know the art of tying, knotting and hitching of rope which every-
one should learn. Some accidents that happened in building cons-
truction are caused by fallen objects due to faulty and Inadequate
l;<nowledge of rope cordage principles such as~

(1) Crowning of rope end {2) Whipping the rope end

'1

Fig.-16·1 16-2

298

bight Fig. 16 • 3 round turn .
loop or turn

Fig. 16-4
Cat's Paw

Fig. 16-5

Running Bowline

299

Fig. 16·6
Blackw,fl Hitch

. . Fig. 1&-7

Anchor bend or Fisherman's bend Fig. 16-8

Combined Timber and Half hitrh

Fig. 16-9
Taut line or Rolling hitch

300

Fig. lG.lO

Sheepshank-used for shortening a rope

Fig 16-11
Slip knot

Fit. 16-12

301

Fig. 16-13 Bowline Knot

II

Fig. 16-14 Eight Knot

HAlf WITCH
Till• i• temporory OM oot

ver ~· ••e111e to•••~>lnQ

Figure 16-15 Half Hitch

302.

- - - Wrong Way Ri Qhl W a y -

TWO HALl" HI TCH

Fig. 16-16
Two Half Hitch

Fig. 16-17
Bowl ine on a Bight

Fig. 16· 18
Scaffold Hitch

303

16 - 4 PULLEYS

Pulley is a mechanical device used for lifting heavy weights.

The combination of ropes and pulleys to gain mechanical advantage

in lifting a load is called block and tackle.

Block and Tackle Worm Gear Hoist Differential Hoist

Chain Block
Fig. 1~19

304

Snatch Blocks
I ron Sheave Blocks

Wooden Blocks
Fig. 16-20

305

16 • 5 CIRCULAR SAW
Circular Saw is a steel disc provided with teeth designed to

revolve on a shaft at a high rate of speed. The speed of the saw is

measured either by the number of revolution per minute (rpm) or
the number of meter traveled by the run per minute.

Light portable mills run approximately 450 to 650 rpm. The
high speed steam fed mills run about 600 to 900 rpm, and the

I.

small circular table saws by hand fed runs about 2000 to 3000
rpm.

In mills wher& power is limited~ it is not advisable to have
more than one tooth ~or every 25 mm of the saw diameter. The
fewer the teeth in the saw the less power it requires to rotate.
However. small saws requires more teeth to equalize the strain.

For hardwood and soaked lumber, it is more effective to
increase the speed rather than increase the number of teeth. More
teeth means finer dust which could easily packs between the saw
and the wood.

Fig. 1S.21

16- 1 REVOLUTION OF CIRCULAR SAWS·
(For tangential or rim speed of 3,000 meter per minute}

Diameter Revolutions Diameter Revolutions
em per minute per minute
em

20 4600 100 980

25 3920 110 890

30 3260 120 815

40 2450. 130 750

50 1960 140 700

60 1630 150 640

70 1400 160 600

80 1225 170 560

90 1080 180 530

Kinds of Saw and their Uses- The circular saw is used to cut
lumber to length and width as required in the construction. It also
cut rabbets grooves, dadoes and tenons. The saw cuts under the
principle of continuous set cutting of wedges. The different kinds
of saw are:

1. Crosscut Saw - has greater number of teeth designed for
cutting across the grain. It will heat fast if used for ripping
because of the greater number of teeth in contact with
the wood. Overheating the teeth of the saw blade causes
warping and wabbling run making an inaccurate cut.

2. Ripsaw - Is designed to cut along the direction of the
grain.

3. Combination Rip and Crosscut Blade- is a combination
of crosscut tooth and a rip tooth to cut wood across the
grain, diagonal to the grain or with the grain. It is consi·
dered as a fast cutting saw but produces a very rough cut.

4. Carbide Tipped Blades- Are made for both cross-cutting
and ripping. This type of saws are used on hard board,
laminates and .other materials where a regular saw would
become dull quickly.

307

5. Safe Edge Blade - is a control led-cut saw blade with a

fewer number of teeth and requ ires less power to run. It is
considerably quite in operation.
6. Moulding Head and Cutters - has a replaceable blade of
various type of moulding heads that could be assembled or
disassembled quickly.
7. Dado Blade Set -· is used to cut grooves (dado and rabbets

from 3 mm to 25 mm width regardless of the grain direc·

tions.

Form of Teeth -r- The success and failure of the circular saw

depends upon th e hook or pitth, depth, size and shape of the gul·
lets. .Too little hook causes tearing and scraping instead of cutting.
The teeth becomes dull quickly and the severe strain in the gullets
stretches the rim and requires more power to force the saw through
the lumber. On the otherhand, too much hook weakens the tooth
and make it liable to break or dodge.

A satisfactory performance of a hook could be attained if the
base of the tooth are rounded-off into a round gullet providing
enough space to carry out sawdust leaving a strong base for the
tooth.

TIIO IIOtt Ia Wiele arul •tr0119 w.n IOIIIIded

to loovo •-lot~• 911llot .Rownded •ullete
••olll pocllll'lt. ol Mwd•et .

Strolgllt teeth cut l'lord ond dull ~ulckly,
Sharp OIHJies in the illroot c au•ts crocl<l at 11\e 01>lleta.
Deep oftd 1\0trow gvlleh cau•• w•l1oino and cllo'HII\O ottow<lnt.

Figure 16·22

308

Selection of Blade - Circular saws are selected according to

the type and number of teeth, the gauge thickness of the blade,

the arbor hole diameter and the grade of the steel from which they

are manufactured. ·

It should be remembered that the more teeth in contact with

the wood the more power is required to rotate the saw to its speci-

fied round per minute. When the blade of the saw is exposed more

on the surface of the lumber being cut, the greater the danger to

the operator. The safety rule of 3 mm to 6 mm projection above

the board should be strictly observed when the saw is not covered

by a guard.

TABLE 16- 2 BLADES FOR CIRCULAR SAW

Crosscut Combination Rip Easy Cut Saws
saws
Ripsaws & Crosscut saws Carbide Tip

Diameter No. of No. of No. of No. of

em Gauge Teeth Gauge Teeth Gauge Teeth Gauge Teeth

15 18 100 18 36 18 44 14 8
17 18 110 18 36 18 44 14 8

20 18 100 18 36 18 44 14 8

22 16 100 16 .36 16 44 14 8
25 16 100 16 36 16 44 13 8

30 14 10.0 14 36 14 44 13 12
35 14 100 14 36 14 44 12 12
40 14 100 14 36 13 44 12 12

45 13 100 13 ·36 12 44

50 13 80 13 36

55 12 70 12 36
60 11 70 11 36
65 10 70

70 10 70
75 10 70 10 36

309

16 - 6 RADIAL ARM SAW

Radial arm saw is a power driven rotary cutting tool. It is a
refinement of the overhead swing saw. The saw arbor and the
motor unit are attached to a pivoting yoke riding on a track with a
radial arm adjustabl e for height and radius angle.

The .circular cutter revolves at a speed between 3500 to 3600
rpm used to cut lumber to length and. width. It is also used fo~
making grooves, dadoes and tenons.

•.t.DIA~ ..... lAW

Figure 16-2 3

TABLE 16-3 RADIAL ARM SAW CUTS

Blade Size Depth of Cut Length of Crosscut
em em
em
20
22 5 29
30 -38
25 6 30 - 40
7.5 36
30 8--9 45 - 60
35 12 48- 78
40 10-12 Depends on
45 15 lenth of arm
50 17

310

16-7 PORTABLE ELECTRIC SAW

Portable electric saw is also a power driven rotary cutting tool
provided with toothed circular blade. The blade revolves at an
arbor speed between 3200 and 4500 rmp. depending upon the
machine.

The portable electric saw is a handy power tools for construe·
tion work. It is very effective tool in fhe construction of framEr
work, roof framing job particularly on angular cuts for stair jacks
and truss members. The saws are classified according to blade size
which could be available in 15 em, 18 em, 20 em and 22 em mo·
dels.

The Capacity of the saw to cut are as follows:
a. A 15 em saw will cut to a depth of 47 mm
b. An 18 em saw will cut to a depth of 63 mm
c. A 20 em saw will cut to a depth of 70 mm
d. A 22 em will cut to a depth of 82 mm

PORTABLE ll.ECTRIC SAW

16-8 PORTABLE ELECTRIC DRILL
Portable electric drill is a motorized rotary driving tool. It

operates from a small high-speed electric motor with gear.reduc-
tion driving devices. Usually, electric drills are designed with a
pistol shaped housing for holding drill shanks up to a diameter of
10 mm with handle. for heavy duty work up to .12 mm diameter.

31l

Electric drill is used to drive all types of rotary cutting tools
in the construction work. Special attachments could be used as
driving unit for sanding, polishing and grinding as well as for cir·
cular and jigsaws. Some drills have a. variable speed unit attached

to the trigger switch to give a speed from 0 to 2250 rpm.

Figure 16- 25

TABLE 16 ...- 4 ELECTRIC DRILL SIZ!=:S AND SPLEDS

6 .mm (1/4) -Speeds to 2000- 2450- 5000 rpm.

8 mm (5/16)- Speeds to·lOOO rpm.

10 mm (3/8")- Speeds to 750- 1000 rpm.
12 mm (liz") -Speeds to 450- 750 rpm.
16 mm (5/8")- Speeds to 300 rpm:
19 mm (3/4") -Speeds to 250 rpm.
25 mm (1") -·speeds to 200 rpm.

16-9 DRILL PRESS

Drill Press is also a power driven rotary driving tool for driving
drills, bits, plug cutters, and many auxiliary attachments such as
mortise chisels, grinding wheels, and shaper cutters. The speed of

the drill press vary from 300 to 700 rpm. The speed is controlled
by shifting the drive belt on a set of con.e pulleys which operates

on the principle of the wheel and axle.

With the various attachments it could be utilized as a sander,

planer; shaper, router and mortiser. The table sizes are : 25 x 25
em: 25 x 35·cm; and 28 x 40 ern.

3l2

Figure 16 - 2G

16- 10 PORTABLE ELECTRIC SABER SAW

The portable electric saber saw is sometimes called bayonet
saw, classified as power driven reciprocating cutting tool. It is

driven by a h igh-speed electric· motor and has a mechanism for

changing rotary to reciprocating mot ion. This is a heavy duty type
all purpose saw design for construction work. It holds a saber

blade from 8 em to 30 em length and cuts flush to a vertical or

horizontal surface. Originally, saber saw ·was designed only to cut
wood, but because of its performance versatility with variable speed
adjustments are now being used on metal, plastic lam inates and
composition materials. The saw could start from the center of the
materials withou t the necessity of advancing a pilot hole drilled
on it.

PORTABLE ELEC TRIC 'SA81!:~ SAW

Figure 16 - ·27

313

16-11 BAND SAW
Band saw is a power-driven endless toothed band cutting tools.

Band saw is more extensively used and preferred than the circular
saw for heavy duty work. The preference of band saw was brought
about by the saving in wood due to the lesser amount of cut away
in the sawing operation.

Band saw is described as a thin strip of tempered flexible steel

belt with rip teeth filed on one edge and run around two pulleys at
a speed from 900 to 1500 meters per minute or 600 .to 1200
wheel round per minute (rpm). the saw cuts under the principle of
continuous set of cutting wedges.

The saw is used to cut curves, ripp ing, and cross cutting avail-
able in the following wheel si~es: 30, 35, 40, 45, 60, 75, 90 and
100 centimeters diameter. The blade widths ranges from 3mm,
5mm, 6mm, lOmm, 12mm, 16mm and 20mm. The motor is usually

of liz to 3 horsepower rated at 1720 rpm 60 cycle either single or

three phase electrical power supply.

Y'HROAT PUll
TAIL£

BAND SAW

Figure 16 -'28

3l4

How to determine the length of the Band Saw blade:.

1. Measure the center distance between the two wheels.

2. Use Formula (R1 x 3.1416) + (R:l· x 3.1416-t- (2+ C)
·
=Length

Figure 16- 29

The two types of Band Saw teeth are:
1. Regular standard rip shaped tooth
2. Raker tooth

Figure 16-30

TABLE 16-5 SKIP TOOTH BLADE SIZE
Width in mm
Gauge Teeth per em
5
6 23 1.5
10
23 1.5 to 2.5
13
19 23 1 to 1.5
25
23 1 to 1.5

21 1

20 1 to 1.5

315

TABLE 16-6 REGULAR RIP TOOTH BLADE SIZE
Width mm
Gauge No. of Teeth
3 per em.
5
25 2.5

21 1 to 2
22 2-2.5
25 2-2.5

6 21 1-2
22 1.5-2.5
25 2 -·· 2.5

8 21 1 -- 1.5

20 1
10 21 1-2

22 1.5-2

25 2-2.5

20 l-1.5
13 22 1.5-2

25 2-2.5

19 1

19 25 1.5-2

25 19-22 1-2

TABLE 16- 7 SAW BLADE WIDTH FOR CUTTING CURVES

Width of Saw Blade Minimum
mm Diameter of Circle

mm

3 25
5 38
6 50
10 63
13 76
16 89

316

16- 12 SINGLE SURFACE PLANER

Single Surface Planer rs a power driven rotating edge-cutting

tool. The full-width knives are set equidistant along the circum-
ference of the cutter head which rotates at a speed 3600 to 7200
rpm. The knife cuts under the principle of a continuous set of
cutting wedges.

Figure 16- 31
16-:- 13 PORTABLE SANDERS

Portable sander is a power driven abrading tool classified into

three types: ·

1. On the Belt Sander, a coated abrasive belt is run over a

· pad guided by an idler and driving drum

2. On the disk sander - a coated abrasive disk rotates on a

motor spindle.

a3. On Finish Sanders - a coated abrasive strip fitted over

pressure pad is powered in an orbital or inl ine oscillating

motion.

Figure 16- 32

317

Disk Sander - is on rough sanding for fast removal of the stock.
Finish Sander= has two different sanding motions:

a. Orbital motion sander used to finish sanding with fast cir-
cular pattern.

b. lnline sander's cutting action is back and forth in a straight
line .which is ideal for the final sanding of wood surfaces,
leaving no sanding marks on the surface.

16-14 PORTABLE HAND ROUTER

Portable hand router is a power driven rotary shaping tool that
revolves at a spindle speed of 5,000 to 27,000 rpm. shaping under
the principle of a continuous set of cutting wedges. Hand Router

is used to cut moldings. rout cut grains for inlay and cut dove-
tails.

a

r:7

llnft4in!l

•
Figure 16- 3 7
. Shapes and uses of power router bits.

3.18

16-15 WOOD LATHE

Wood lathe is classified as powered rotary driving tool. The

lathe is used to rotate the materials for shaping, sanding or polish-

ing. It is also used as a holding jig for flut ing, reading, and drilling

holes. ·

the usual capacity of the lathe are:

1. 22 em swing- 75 ern bet~n centers.
2. 27 em swing- 90 em between centters
3, 30 em swing - 90 em between centers

4. 35 em swing 90 em between centers.

The speed of the belt driven lathe is maintained by step or
~one pulleys which operate on the principle of the wheel and axle.
When the driving pulley is smaller than the driven pulley the
speed is reduced; Likewise, when the driven pulley is smaller than

the driving pulley, the speed is increased. The speed of the lathe

maybe regulated between 300 to 3600 rpm.

Figure 16- 34

319

1. Gouge = Is used in roughing out cylinders and in turning

concave surfaces on spindles. The blade is concave-convex in cross
section with a rounded bevelled cutting edge. The common size are:

10 mm; 12mm and 20 mm.

2. Skew Chisel = Is a flat turning chisel used in smoothing
cylinders rounding edges and in making V and shoulder cuts. It
can be used for shearing or scraping wood. The common sizes of

skew chisels are: 6 mm, 12 mm and 25 mm.

3. The Roundnose = Is a flat scraping chisel used in roughing .

and shaping concave surfaces. The end is rounded with a single
bevel of about JOO. The common sizes are 3mm, 6mm, 12mm,
and 25 mm.

4. Squarenose == Is a flat scraping chisel used to make flat,
straight cuts. It appears like a standard wood chisel in shape but
has a thicker and longer blade. The end is square and has a single
bevel.

5. Diamond Point = Is a flat scrap ing chisel used to make V

cuts. The point cutting edges is beveled at 300. The common sizes
are: 12mm

6. Parting To~ "' Is a scrapln9 chisel used to make deep, nar-
row cuts and a deep cuts for sizl"9 when shaping profiles. The

common sizes are 3mm and 5mm.

S c ew Roun dllasP.

Squvreoose Oiamooa Patn l Pari ing
TURNING CHtSE LS
·320
Figure 16 - 35

16- 16 TRUCK MOUNTED CRANE

A machine used for lifting or lowering a load and moving it
horizontally in which the hoisting mechan ism is an integral part of
the machine: classified by mounting by boom configuration and
by lifting capacity.

Fig. 1&- 36

16- 17 TOWER CRANE:

A type of crane consisting of a fixed vertical mast wh ich is
topped by a rotating boom, equiped with a winch for hoisting and
lowering loads and placing them at any location within the dia-
meter of the boom.

t~rcrone

Figure 16·37

.321

322

APPENDICES

323



Appendix 1 ~ s,mbols

Mllltipla•..d ~plu tera T
G
1000 000 000 000 - to•a giga M*
k*
1 00() 000 000 - 109 mega h
kilo da
r ooo ooo ... to• hKtO d
deka c*
1 000 = JOl deci m*
centi
=100 101 milli lA*
10 = 10 micro
0.1 • to-• nano n
pico p
0.01 ... 10~1 femto f
0.001- 10-l atto a

o.ooo 001 = to-•
o.ooo ooo 001 = ro-9
0.000 000000 001 • to-u

0.000 000 000 000 001 • 10-u

o.ooo ooo ooo ooo ooo 001 - to-''

•Mosc commonly used

Common EqulvaJents and Conversions

Approximal~ commcm ~quivalmts

J inch = 25 millimeters
I foot = 0.3meter
I yard = 0.9meter
1 mile
1square inch ·• 1.6 kilometers

1square foot =6;5 sq centimeters
1square yard
I acre .;, 0.09 sq meter
I cubic inch
I cubic foot == 0 .8 sq meter
1cubic yard ::: 0.4 hectaret
1quart = 16 cu centimeters
= 0.03 cubic meter
I gallon
1 0\ince(avdp) =0.8 cubic meter
1pound (avdp) = 1Utert

t honepower = 0.004 cubic meter
1 millimeter
1 mete.- a 28grams
1 meter • 0.45 kHqvam
I kilometer
1 sq centimeter =0..75 kilowatt
1sq meter =0.04inch

.. 3.3feet

"'l.t yard&
... 0.6mile

=0.165Q inch
= II sq feet

325

1 sq meter "' 1.2 sq yards
·.1 hectaret ., 2.5acres
1 cu centimeter
1cu meter =0.06 cu inch
1cu meter =3Scufeet
·1tttert
1cu meter = 1.3 cu yards
1gram
= 1 quart
1 kilosram
I kilowatt =250 gallons

= 0.035 ounces (avdp)

= 2.2 pounds(avdp)

= 1.3 horsepower

t common term not used in Sl

Conversions accurate to p4rts per million

inches x 25.4* = millimeters
feet x 0.3048*
yards x 0.9144* =meters
miles x 1.609 34
square inches x 6.4516* =meters
square fl!et x 0.092 903 0
square yards x 0.836127 = kilometers
acres x 0.404' 686
cubic inches x 16.3871 =sq centimeters
cubicfeet x 0.028 316 8 =sqmeters
cubic yards x 0.764 555
quarts {liquid) x 0.946 353 = sq meters
gallons x 0.003 785 41
. ounces(avdp) x 28.3495 ==hectares
pounds (avdp) x 0.453 592
horsepower x 0.745 700 = cu centimt!ters
mmimeters )( 0.039 370 1
meters x 3.280 84 =.cumeter•
meters x 1.093 61 =cumeten
kilometers x 0.621 371
sq centimeters x 0.155 000 =liters
sq meters x 10.7639 == cumeters
sq meters x. 1.195 99
hectares x 2.471 05 =grams
cu centimeters x 0.061 023 7
cu meters x 35.3147 =kilograms
cu meters x 1.307 95
liters x 1J557 =kilowa.tts
cu meters·'x 264.172
=inches
grams x 0.03.5 274 0
kilograms x 2.204 62 =feet
kilowatts x 1.341 02
""yards

=miles

=sqinches

=sqft

=sqyards
=sqacres

= cuinches

= cuft
= cuyards
= quarts (liquid)

=gallons
= ounces (avdp)
= pounds(avdp)

= horsepower

• exact
.326

App.ndix 2 - Typlcol ............

acre ••. •••••. . ••. ••. • no authorized abbreviation
atmc:.pMns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . •. . •. . atm

British theimaJ uniu ....................... Btu
British thermal uniu perhour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Btuh
cubic feet . . ••• . •• . • . •• . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . • . . • . . . ft3
cubic feet per minute • . . • . . . • . . •• . . . • . • •• ft3/min
cubic feet per second ................ .. 1 •••• ft3/s

cubic inches •. . •. •••. •. . . . ••. •. . ••••. ••. . . •. in'
cilbic mete-rs • . . • • . • . •. . . . . . . . . • . • . . • • • • . . • . • m,
cubic millimeters ............... ; . • . ••.. • . . • mmJ
cubic yards •........•.. ; •·. •• . • . . . . . . . . . . •. . . yd'
feet . •. . • . . • . . •• . •• . . . . • . . . . . . . •• . . . . • . . . • •. . • ft
feet of water . . . . . . . . . . . •• . • . . • . . . . . . . •• . • ft H20
feet per second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ftls
foot·pounds offorce • . . . • . . . .. . •. . . . . •. . . • . lbflft
pitons ..................................... gal
pllonsperhour . ••. •. . •. ••. . •. . . . . . . . . ••. . gallb
pllons per minute . • . •. . •. . . . •... . . . . . . . . gal/min
p-ams •••.•••.••..••.••.•..•..••••.••.•••.••.•• g
grams per square meter ............... ~ •• . • . rJm2

hecta:J.es ••. . ••. ••. ••. •. . •. . . . . . . . . . . . ••. . . . • ha

horsep<)w~r ....................·. . • . . . • . • . . . • • • hp
inches .....•••.• ,. .•.••••..............•.•••.• in
inches of mercury . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . • . . . . .. • in Hg
inchesofwater .. •.. .. . . .. .. .. . .. .. •.. .. . in H20
joules· .............................. • •...••....••. J

kiloc:alories . . . . . . .. . . ••. •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ••. kcal
kilogra.ms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kg

kilograms per cubic meter . . . . •. . . . . . . . • . . • ksfm3
kilograms persecond •..•...• ; ......•• ; . • . . • kgls
kilograms persquare meter ••. . . . •. . . . . . . . kgfmt
kilojoules • . • . •• . •• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. . . . . • . kJ
kilojoules percubic meter . . . • . . . . . •• . •• . . • k.Jim'
kilojoules per kilogram .•..•..•....•.•.. ~ . . kJ/kg
kilometeri ..•.••..•••••.•.••·. . •• . . . . . •. . . . . . km
kilometers J)ef hour .••.•.•••.•...••.·••.. . . . . k~
kilonewtons ...• ·............... ; •• . . • . . . . . . . kN
kiloa>ascals •..•.·.•.·..•. ; .... ~ .•.............. ·kPa

'327

kilowatts . ... .............. .. .... ............ l(W
kilowatt·hours ........ ~ ........... ... ..... kWh
. liten ... .. ................... ! ..... .... ..... .. .·. • . I
liters per $econd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lis
liters per minute ........... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I/min
megajoules ............................... .. ~ MJ
mepnewtons ......................... : . . . . MN

~egapascals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MPa
meters ............. .. ........ . .............. m

meters per second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mls
miles . . ..... . ....... . .. no abbreviation in metric
miles per hour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . milelh
millimeters ..... ... ...... .. ..... ... .. ·...... mm

millimeters of mercury .................. mm Hg
newtons .......................... . .......... N
ounces .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... ... .. oz
ounces per square foot ... ... .. , . . . . . . . . . . . . oz/ft1
pounds ...... .. ............ . ............... .. lb
pounds offorce ...... .. . . .... ... . .... ... .... , lbf
pounds of force per square foot •.. ...·. . . . . . . lbflfta
pounds per.cubic foot ..... :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JblftJ
pounds per second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lbls

square feet .... . ................. : . . . . . . . . . . . ft1
square inches .........................·. . . . . . in2

square kilometers ......................... . km1
square mete.rs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m2

square miles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . miJe2
square millimeters . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . mm2
watts ............................... ......... W
watts per square meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wlm'
yards .. .... ................................. yd

3.28

Appendix 3 - UMfwl coav..-. foctort: AlphoMtin4

Multiply by to~~

1cres . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . • . . .. 0.<4047 ....... hectares
lcres ..........•............ : .4,047 . . . . . . . . square meters
1tmospheres .................. 33.93 ........ feet ofwater
ltmospheres ................... 29.92 ........ inches of men:ury
ltmospheres ...•...•.......... 760.0 ........ millimetersofmercury
ltmospheres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.058 . . . . . . . . tons per square foot
~ritish thermal un~ts .......... 1.055 .•.... .:.joules
[Jritish thermal units •......... 0.2520 .....•. kilocalories
1Jritish thermal units ....•..... 1.055 .•.••. ,; . kilojoules
iJritish thermal units per hour .. 0;2929 ..•...·.watts
[Jritish thermal units per pound . 2.326 .......1• kilojoules per kilogram

:ubic feet ..................... 0.02832 ...... cubic meters
:ubic feet .............. ~ ...... 7.481 . .. . . . . gallons

:ubic feet ..................... 28.32 . • .. . .. . liters
:ubicfeet .... , ................ 29.92 ........ quarts
:ubic feet per minute .......... 0.4719 ....... liters per second
:ubic feet per second .......... 0.02832 . . . . . . cubic meters persecond

:ubic inches ................... 16.39 ........ cubic centimeters
:ubic inches ...............•... 16,387 ....... cubic millimeters
:ubic meters .................. 35.32 ........ cubic feet
:ubic meters .................. 1.308 •• .. • .. . cubic yards
:ubic millimeters .............. 0.00006102 or

(6.102 x 10-~ . cubic inches
:ubic yards ................... 0.7646 ....... cubic meters
eet ...........•.....•..•.•.... 0.3048 ....... meters
eet ....•...•.............. ·..... 304.8 ........ millimeters
eet per second ................ 0.3048 .•....• meters per second
~t·pounds of force ............ 1.356 ...•.... joules
oot-pounds offorce per second . 1.356 ...•.... watts
:allons (liquid) ........•....... 0.003785 ..... cubic meters
:allons ....................... 3.785 ........ liters
:allons per hour ............... 0.001052 ..... liters per second
:allons per rninute ............. 0.002228 ..... cubic feet per second
:allons per minute ............. 0.06308 ....•. liters per second
:rams ........................ 0.03527 .....·. ounces (avoirdupois)
;rams per square meter ........ 0.003l78 ..... ounces per square foot
;rams per square meter ........ 0.02949 ...... ounces per square yard
1ectares ...................... 2.471 .. ~ ..... acres
torsepower ...... ~ ............ 0.7460 ....... kilowatts

~29

Multiply by to gt!t

horsepower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746 ....... watts
inches ............. . ...... 25.4 ...... millimeters
inches of mercury . ........ 0.03342 . : . ~tmospheres
inches of mercury . . . . . . . . . 1.133 ..... feet of water
inches or mercury . . . . . . . . 345.3 .. ... kilograms per square

meter
inches of mercury (60° F) ... 3,377 . . . . newtons per square

meter
inches of mercury ......... 0.4912 .•. . pounda per square inch
inches of water ............ 0.002458 .. atmospheres
inches of water . . . . . . . . . . . 0.07355 ... inches of mercury
inches of water ........... . 25.40 . . ... kilograms per square

meter
inches of water . . . . . . . . . . . .0.03613 . . . pounda per square inch
in<:hes of water (60° F) .... .. 248.8 ..... newtons per square meter
joules ..................... 0.7376 .... foot-pounds offorce
kilocalories · ............... 3.968 ..... British thermal units

kilocalories .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .4.190 ..... joules
kilograms ................. 2.205 ..... pounds
kilograms per cubic meter .. 0.06243 .. ·. pounds per cubic foot
kilograms per cubic meter .. 1.686 ..... pounds per cubic yard
lcilograms per second ...... 2'.205 ..... pounds per second
kilograms per square meter . 0.00009678 . atmospheres
kilograms per square meter . 0.003281 . . feet of water
kilograms per square meter . 0.002896 . inches of mercury
kilograms per square meter. . 0.2048 .... pounds per square foot
kilograms per square meter . 0.001422 .. pounds per square inch
kilojoules ................. 0 .9478 .. .. British thermal units
kilojoules per cubic meter 0.02684 British thermal units per

cubic foot

kilojoules per kilogram ... · 0 .4299 .... British thermal units per

pound

kilometers ................ 0 .6214 .... miles
kilometers per hour ..... .. ·0.62t 4 · · ·. miles per hour
kilonewtons . . . . . . . . . . . . . · 0.10036 · ·. tons offorce
kilonewtons . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224.8 · · · . pounds of force
kilopascats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.89 ····.pounds offorce per

Square foot

330

kilowatts .. .. ............. 1.341 .....·horsepower
kilowatt-hours .... . ....... 3.6 . . .... . . megajoules

liters ·...... ... . .. . .. ...... 0.03532 ... cubic feet

liters ..... ....... . . . .. .... 61.02 ..... cubic inches

liters ............. ...... .. 0.2642 .... gallons

liters . .. .. . ........... . ... 2.113 ..... pints

liters .. .... ............... 1.057 ..... quarts

liters per minute .......... O.OOOS886 . cubic feet per second

liters per second ..... . . ... . 2.119 .. . .. cubicfeet per minute
liters per second ...... ..... 951 .0 . .. .. gallons per ho ur

liters per second ....... .... 15.85 ..... gallons per minute

megajoules .. . ............ 0 .2778 .... kilowatt-ho urs

meganewtons ............. 100.36 .... tons offorce

permegapascals .............. J45.04 . . .. . pounds offorce

square inch
megapascais ... · . · · · · · · · · . 9 .324 . . . . tons of force per square

foot
megapascals .... · ... · · · · · . 0.06475 ... tons of force per square

inch
meters . . .................. 3.281 ..... feel

meters .................... 1.094 ... . . ya rds

meters per se'cond . . . . . . . . 2.237 miles per hour

miles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.609 . . . kilometers

miles per hour . ·. . . . . . . . . . · 1:609 . kilometers pe.r hour

miles per hour . . . . . . . . . . . · 0.4470 .... meters per second

miJiiliters . ............... 0.06102 ... cubic inches

milliliters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.03520 .. . fiuid ounces

millimeters .... ....... . ... 0.0394 ... . inches

·millimeters of mercury ... 133.3 ..... newtons per square meter

million gallons.per day .. .. 0 .005262 .. cubic meters per second

newtons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2248 .... pounds of force

ounces (avoirdupois) . . . . . . 28.35 ..... grams

ounces (fluid) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.41 ..... milliliters
oun~s per square foot . . . . 305.J5 .... grams per square meter
ou~s per square ya rd .... 33.91 ... . grams per square meter

pounds . ................. 0 .4535 .... kilograms

pounds offorce . . . . . . . . . . 4.448 . .... newtons

pounds offeree per square .47.88 ..... pascals

foot

331

pounds of fo rce per square indt .. 6.895 . . . . .kilograms per second
pounds per cubic foot ... .. .. ... 16.02 .. . .. kilogJ"ams per square

meter

pounds percubic yard ... . .. .. . 0.5933 . . .. . k.ilopascals

pounds per second ..·. . . . . . . . . . 0.4535 ..:... kilograms per cubic
meter

pounds per square foot ......... 4.882 ...... kilogr ams per cubic
meter

quarts ... .. .. ... .. .... . .... .... 0.0009463 . . . cubic meters
squa~ feet ............ . ....... 0.0929 . . . .. square meters
square inches .. ... .. .. .... . ... 645 .2 . ... . . square millimeters
square kilometers ............. 0 .3861 ..... square miles
square meters .. ... . .... ... •. . . 10.76 . ... .. square feet
square meters ................. 1.196 ...... ~quare yards
square miles . . . . .. ... .. .. ... .. 2.590 . ... .. square kilometers
square millimeters ............ 0.00155 .. . . square inches
square yards . .. .•........... .. 0.8361 ... .. square meters
tons of force . . ... . ............. 9.964 ...... kilonewtons

pertons offorce per square foot •. .. 107.25 ... .. kilopascals

tons of force square inch .... IS .44 ...... megapascals
torr (millimeters of

mercury at 0° C) ..... . ....... 133.3 ..... . newtons per square
meter

watts . . .... .. ... .. .... .. .. . ... 3.412 ...... British thermal unit!
per hour

watts . . ... •... .. . .. ... .. · .. .. 0 .7376 . . . . . foot-pounds offcM-ce

per second

yards . ... .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... .. 0.3170 . .. . . . British thermal units

per square foot
watts per square meter ... . · · .. 0.9144 ... ; . . meters

332

............. Applicatloa ....

UfUIUC Qll 'nE FIIILIPPllii!S

m:rIIcIIsIlSaTtIY, Qll PUILIC 1IOUS

. llliU>OO amCIAL

rnrncrTTTJArtuCAn<* 110, ~..,. !I

OJ OJI

~kliNt. Pla$T . . . . M.J, j TAl Jl:rl . •.

• ::J aDrrl1f'A.fJC* Of' I
s ·:-1 t:e!OtlfJCift ~ ..

&!1tl01N6 DOCIJN[IffS (FIVE UTS EAOI)
Cl Sift DFfl~IIT IJil1l lOCATlOW PJM
0 I!IIOW!lCAl. PWI!I • snc:tPICAnOIII

0 AIQllT'!CIWAl. PLAII t $1JCIP)c•TTOIIS ::; -(la.rr)

Q S'l1lllt'niiiU lltSfOII$ • ~7101'S ~ - c-ti'Yl-------------
Cl SNinAIIT/P~ING PIAIIS 4 SP1CIFICATICIIG

t:l el.liC!IICAL PWIS t SPSCIPICATI!Hl

______ -., .. ,_,.,.."'-------·

\,

3·33

carr a - (7 lnl:lSI'S - - • · - - -- - - - - -
TOW. ESHI!Al(l) CO$T ~ ~ CJI CJ::Ri'TAI:cr!CII: - -··-··-
( IIDOOP,OOIOliT1!,m!L,MlX!D)
·ant.ml'r.l ~'0....----+ uerw.m

D.rentlCAL,.!__---4JI:....---

18l1ANICAL,. 'p

I'I..UeDIG f!_ __ .t..•.. - -

OIJIDIS " ' - - - - - - - - -

..urr ll:E - 71!111 o.a.- ~ I'IIW>

0 LANDUIIIZGIHIII dli8SED Bf

D ~'"' ..... ...,..,.

C) IIIIU.DIIC

C) P!.IMIIC

0 IUK:niiCAl
0 JeOWIIc:t.l

0'11t!&S:

1UrAL --····---- UYJMO:
Cltltl',PIIIICISSIJIG DIYlllCIVIICTJ"'

all ~ l'te 1• "L"Cad't.lnD W 'I'D M'flt T<*IDt'TU• ~~ ..... ,...,_ ._ .
,.._ JIDI
...
IIO!tll: ,. ..,. TIM
OlifF. PIOCUSlHG DI'VlSJat/ sa;TlOM

UC2l'VI'NI; - ~1.:

IMD -se """' :IQfYHG

120De"tiC (lllll 011d GMDf)

AIOIITEC1VU.L ·

StWJCniRAL

SAilI T A n

ILll."niiCAL

~lc:t.l

" ' .aav .,,.., CUll ttMOS ..,.,..... rMt c~ 10 ~ ,......... , .,... MCN'I ..,..,.,..

...,..._ rt...l""'aae uc.•. I!(IIU!
IJOIA'J'a
AAtltnEa/tiVll EII&INEER
·--.....,..__ • ..,.ll'tan
- . ·- rr: ·-....__,IILIC).
APfLICA"T

us. all'! . JIO. ..,.,_ rua,_

,~

IICII:7
~~CJICIYlL EMGIMEER
IUII7- rPIC-~.:J.
1"""-
--m .110. rr· · -

334

Appendix

'Q1ill''flll0. ??-QQ1-S IIII'Vt-1.1COF THf fi'H!I.IrPtNU
PEPA RTMENT OF PU8LIC WOAKI. TAANIPORTATIOOO ANP -IJ!IIICATIO. .

OFfiCI OF THE EIUILDIIIG O"ICIAL

AH'I.Ic.\T10H NO. 0 ltTfUC'TIC11"V/IIIUNt(:lfJALIT'I' 'lk..tT NO.
AA I~ coo• -----·-
I I II I II II I II I
SANITAI'IY"'LIMBINO PEI'IMIT
OATIOF' """LICATI()N 0ATI.I$SUID

NA»l OF OWNff\fAPPI.ICANT U.h NNAI , , tftiT NAMI, M,l , TAX: ACCT. NO.

ACORn' NO.•.sTAttf, t.AfiA'tOAY, CI T'f/WUWICI'AUTY TElEP+40~l ..0 .

C.OCATIOH OF JHITALLATJON HO,.IT"!IT. Ml'tANQAY, C:tl'rfltN'HlCJ:ftM.ITY

11001'1 Ol ifiOilK Q AOOtTION Of' OT H~M 'lfii'£CIFY)
O~~tt,AIR()f'
0 NeW 4t.IJTAlLATI0N O____o•
0 R&M()VAl. Of'" 0---JJ•

Ull OR TY' I 0# OCCU,Af!C'V -·- --- 0 AGAICULT\JitAL
0 P4Jti(S, PI..AZAS, MONUMEWT6
D RUU)INliAL
0 AtelllATIONAl.
D (.C)Wif:R:CIAl. 0 OTWI Jq ...lCIP't)

Dlf<OVlT",._l .

0 I"STITIJTIOIW..

rtx•u. .e fO II I. .TAU. IO; ..... l)(ll"flft(; )0,.0 0 '

OTV. "'" .Jrlt TJNG .u..oo, an. ftXTIJ"U FUC.TUMII ,IKNIIIIU

-------------- , ••1'\.lftt l PlkTIJfltll r unuAu ------- 80 0 ••o•ne
80 ---- 0 0 LAUNOAY TRAYi
- 0 W•'Uf'C'-OM' -- D0
D 0 't..00111 OflA1H 00 [) DfHTAL CU~fDOPt
0D D L-AVUOittU 00
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00 0 •..uuT 0 [) 0 f LICflbC MUlTER
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D0 0 C.AlA$i Till, 00 D IAflleiNK.
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DD 0 AfA f;ONOITI ONt NO VI-/IT
0D 0 -TER TANK/RUiftV~fl 'tOTAL [) IWI....tiNO IIOOL

TOl"AL 0 OTHCNli"£Cif"r') - --

0 WATER DIS'T'ftiii!JT10H SYITf:M 0 IAH'TARY IEWPI $Y$TfM 0 STOJIIM QtiAAfNAGIIYtft-111

IU'"t iJI~Y : IYITI M OP OWOIAL,: 0 SUfi..Aet OltAtHACM

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0 OIIPWtLI..II"JM,SIT 0 IEPT1C.VMH.TIIMHOFFTA..t(
0 ,...n" cou•u
[] CIY'VIMU~t-~lei'AI.. WATII'I &YitiM 0 IANITA,.Y II!WIA C0Nt41CfiON

0 OTHI!N - -- -- - CJ tv•.ai~FAC. SANO ~H..TIA

"'U..Ilf' OF JTORI'ft OP tVILQfNG ...TOTAL AfltA Oft M.IU,.Dt~G/8U801V11tON

MOfiQ:li[O DAti TOTAL CDn
Of' t:NJTAI.t..A'ftOfril P:
ITAJn'fW WITA.Ll..ATlOtrf
rRSI'AA'O &Y
• IXNCTID OATL
OFCOIIIPUTJON

,.,...rt:AMIT II Hffii!IY (JfiiANl'to TO lilftTAU. TWI IANITAf\V/P'L.UM~..G

F 1Jt1\lflll lNUWI.ftATlO MMltN SUIJECT TO 'n4E P-OU.OMNG. COND4·

t . ~T 1ltE ,.,...,..-0 I.MITAU,.AllON I HAU. 1'1 JN ~ ' DATI
wtTM ~0 "-AMM ' K.ID WUJH THiS O''lCI o\HC ' PI ~OA­
..ITY '"TH TH.I IU.nOHAL IUILCtt4G C:OOE.

:l. T)'tAT A OULY LJCIJIIIED IAHtTAI'tY IINCI~Iil ftiMAI'Tifl P\.UM.I.fl
If f.N~AGIO TO UNOIRTME TNf JNITAU.J~nott/COHITRUC1'10,.

$, THAT A tERTifiCl.ATI Of t:Oall"t.E'nON OVLV IIQNID JY A.tAN ITAAY

t:NGINf€f'IMA*Ttf' 'WMII.A ftljl CHAAGl OF INITALLATIO" '"AU. ••
I UIMmiO frfOT lATE" 1'l4AH UYEN (7) DAVI AFTIR COW LtTION
0''tf1E UWfALloAnOH.
4. THAT A C:I.-T~P.ICATI OP PIMA(. I,_IH:C'TtOH ANO A Qll'tli111C.ATI Of
OOCUf'MCY II I~!D , .JOft TO TKI AeTUAL OQCUP~ftCY' Of:
r tttautL.DttrfO

HOTI•

THill Pe:AMIT ..AY .. CAN(.ILUO Oft IIII VOKtO,Ufi!WAffT 10 IICJtOfrfl ac»a _. 0 , HIE "'fiiATIOft'IA\. MIIL04NGCQ011""

315

80K 3 (TO 8E A¢CCIMPLI$H(0 BY THf A€CEIVH"0. IUOOAOI'fG S!CT40NJ

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0 B.lll Ofl WATERfAll 0 OtHifiiS tS~ttCI,_.,, · - - -- --·- · · ·

--- - - - :

AISrSSlO ,IIS - -

ANOUHTOV• ASSf SSiO tV 0. " · ...UAAIIJIII OATEPAIO

c. ,,.oo-.••now

NO'tC-0. D.._'TIE .tr
CHif_IF, ' "0¢1Sll"fG DIYIS10 NI$ECTION
TIME T1M. OAlf ACfiOI'fiRIEMARQ MOCUS&D IJY

--- -·-AtClfVINQ AND R I COIIIIOING -·

~OOtTtC h.IN I II NO O.flAbf l

SANITARY

WE Mff'(8Y ,.,, .IX OVfll HANM fiQHI,VINO ()Y.. OC)fii_,Q,.MI'YV TO TKl iNffOAMATIOH HeAI:IH A80Vl SiTFONT'-t.

eox• •ox e

LUM"lU'If i.IIO...I........,.,_~~- ~r · " C.. RaQ Ho ,-----------------------~

liCi..f-0 A"D U AU:O ' l ..utl a l'llCt'leA1'10HI

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AODAIS$ r-------·-.---,--------r·- - - -1
P.' T. iJt..Mo. fiUt CI"T NO OAT1 11NVI C lli'L.ACf IIIUI.O
IIGN ...T U " E - --- - - -·----·. -·+ -----1
I DATI IS.SUto. ItLACt IUI.IfD '

~TAN

iAMfTMY IMJtlrflt.AIIIIAI;n _R J'1.-UJIIMfiiiP. A, C. ~~G. Jll),

I,..QfMGil 0, I NS'TA\.-~ATfON

MINT NAME

AOOitEst I IOATE I.stV[O 111'-ACI IS$U(O
f'. T . fii , NO.
t.ION4TI.PIIIS ' I T~N

336

Appendix 6 - Fe~~eia1 P...ut Appllcellea Pe,.

..., rou No. 7'1-oot·l 1 1 - G P TIC .....__.

-IH·Wtl -.IC. - ·

GO'FICa GO' t iC IUILDI.. OPfiCIAI.

____, iL~ I I II I II
FENCING ftERMIT
difl ....

a•--0- - ., ,_,..,,
"LOt/ttrt-
0 - Gill'\' fW UTllf UIID TAll III!Cf.IP'T

a - . . . tw -,.~ • ~.~... t • IIO'T - " ., - . . -,

0-~· 1 -YI

0-IIA-IAU C lt.C. I ,.~ I (YC\,aiC - -·
Q llC. IMIIII'-0 CIGIICIITll
D •.c I ITU• . .,,. .
CDIJtM.C. •I .- .,cd· .IIOU.OW IUICU
one•c Ji.c. • -~~• - • -

C1 (-Cihl

--·· -0- ......,. ...,.0 _, ?0 .... -~·
~:
nlll1' '1111 --TICIII/ - TIGII/ · P -/ M-TIOII

~ . II • ~TY • mo TIC . ., - . . . _ _ -

-~~ ~t.iDi.i_.,&T!M . Itt - - MOUJC•t . . 11\.U:" AIIO

------~6·~-------

- .: hit ~UitiT ....,. II CMII:Co..t.A 011 - - U OUU""•' Tl>

KC1'- - - - 0/f TIC ••, - . ·"~""'· COO&

337

-·: .. .. ..,,.,
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_,.

0 rr~••• ..
D EUJCTtntA4.1~ - )

0 anciii(IPI:<.IP'YI

TOTAL:

..'""• e : ITO K --· ·-

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_, • "' "'- --·M~MIII - -ltiC-OMIIIIIIV.
-Iiiio: C H I I P , - DIVtloCII

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I'MOO.Itl ~LOW

.._ o.r.tt OUT
. . . .t t

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WI H[ltltv ol"ll! 01111 Mol. . .,_fltll - ~·~IItTY TO TIC IWOIWA~
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.I....-uc:t 1 ~-. ••e~•••• .... ....., .,,.u~•••

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--r··
1I'.T.a . 110 OolT. ·-D I'UC.lWIIIIC OAf~ 11-D 1'\..ACLOI-

-TIM n•

338

Appendix ..7 - Appllc.tt. for Electrial Penait Fo""

O""'TC FOAM.NO. n-MFW R f,\JB~~C 0 ,: H4€ PHIUPPINES

Df i'AIITMENT OF PUBLIC WORK&. TAANSPORTATION ANO COMMUNICATIONS

OFf iCE OF THe BUILDING OfFICIAL

1:1 II II II D IST..H:fiCITV/NUNIC.,Al tTY PERNU'T NO . II
AflilllA COOt - - - - -
DATI Of APPLIC ATION II II I I
AP!"UCATION FOR
ElECTRICAl. PERMIT OAT[ tSSUEO

....0)( 1 CTO &E A~COMPliSHI08Y PA.OFfSSION• L E'-l.tTAICAL INOtNitPIJ~AilER ElECTfUCJAN IN PP:!flrtTtTAX ACCT. rtn.
NJ\Ml Of OWJ<E"/AI',LICANT LAST NAME. FIRn N"M• • M,t ,

AOOII E$$ MO.. STA EET. ~V . C1'TY/MU,..CfPAltTY Tt.U~EHO .

\.OCAl,OHOF INSTAU,ATION NO.• STREET. BARANGAY, CIT Y/MU NIC.,AU TY

I')OPI OF WORK a "OOITIONOP OTHERS tSPECIFVl
a A EPAU~ OF
a NEW INSTAL~TION a OF
0 REMOVAL OF
0 AMNVAL aNIPECTION 0 OF

IAI Oft TYP.t OP OCCUP.utCY

0 "U<OENTI"l 0 AGRICVLTVAAL
D OC*Ml"CIA<. 0 S'TfiiEET FVRNlTUAE.I..ANOSCA" NO
0 INOVt TIIUAL 0 SIGNIOARPS
0 INfTITVf iOHAL
' 0 O'TIItRS ISI'ECIFVI

.......R OP OUTLtn AND IOUif'MIIfT TO H INITA"-LlO
__ .....__0 HLLSY'STI"M
oL....m 0 SWITCHU D cONv. OVTun

D ILECTfliC R4 HGE: Ow/4.Ti fii HEA-rv. - - "·" -- -

0 0AlAC(lfiO!TJOOOJNG SYST£M - - - - T l l£ , H O NE 0 OIOTOAS

0 OT><EAS lli'ECIFYI

DATE OF PROI'OifO UTI-TEO CPST·Ot
STAAT Of- CONSTRUCTION ELICmiCAL •NSTALLATIOH

EX'ECTEO OATf ~PA.AE:OIY
OF COMP\.ITJO"

.ax 2 no a& ACCCNrt.I$HIO 8Y A!CEiV1NG a AIICMDeNG SECiiONJ

UICTAteAL , _ , . ,.... (FIVf (&I SETS fACHJ

0 lLfCTf\ICU PLAN .. SI'ICJFJCATIONS 0 81LL l)f MAT10~1ALS

O .coiTUTIMATifl 0 oTHERS IPiC.,Vt - - -- - -- - - - --

Ill.KTIIICAL IJ«luret:IN
IOJC l srEASC* WttO JtG..I O AHO liAt.tO PLAfrtS • PICI,ICATJOM.

""CAIO. NO. !LECfJIIICAL t:HOIHEI RI ·',,PAC REG. NO.
MAITift fLICTRfCfAN
_ . , . ILI!eTAICIAN 1 '\.ACE IS5liED
f'IUfll t HAM'e
rAfNTNAME . ITA~.

AOOI'IEIIS AOOAESS
P.T.A . NO.
, .T.R.NO. 11MTliiSUEO ~ .UCE IIIUEO StGNATURE 1 DATE ISSUEO

t iGNATVA£ lTAN

SIGNATVllf IOWNfAI