United Learning - Knowledge Organiser - Y8

United Learning Kettering Buccleuch Academy

® The best in everyoneTM 2020

Y8 Knowledge
Organiser 2

END OF YEAR ASSESSMENTS
February to July

Name:
Tutor Group:
Tutor & Room:

“If you are not willing to learn, no one can help you.
If you are determined to learn, no one can stop you.”

Contents

1. Your Knowledge Organiser and Self-Quizzing Book 20. History The Civil War and the Restoration
21. History The Slave Trade and the Abolition of Slavery
2. How do I complete Knowledge Organiser homeworks? 22. Literacy Up-levelling your writing
23. Literacy high-frequency words
3. KBA Literacy Whole school literacy fundamentals 24. Mathematics Angles and conversions
25. Mathematics Data and 2 way tables
4. KBA Literacy Whole school literacy fundamentals 26. Mathematics Prisms and FDP
27. Music Blues Music and 4 Chords
5. Whole academy reading - Animal Farm 28. Music Year 8 – Term 4-6 – Computer Games 
29. PE Training Methods
6. Whole academy reading - Animal Farm vocabulary list 30. PRE Hinduism
31. PRE Science vs Religion
7. Art The formal elements, colour theory etc… 32. Science Materials and the Earth
33. Science Ecological Relationships and Classification
8. Art Critique 34. Science Electricity and Magnetismm
35. Spanish Structures, sentence starters, tenses…
9. Drama Blood Brothers 36. Spanish Key vocab per module
37. IT Spreadsheets & Databases
10. Drama Blood Brothers 38. IT The Project Life Cycle

11. English Dystopian Fiction Context

12. English Social Justice: Poetry Context

13. English Pygmalion Context

14. French Structures, sentence starters, tenses…

15. French Key vocab per module

16. Geography Population

17. Geography Climate

18. German Structures, sentence starters, tenses…

19. German Key vocab per module

2

Your Knowledge Organiser You MUST bring your
and Self-Quizzing Book Knowledge Organiser and Self-
Quizzing Book to EVERY lesson
Knowledge Organisers
and place it on your desk at
Knowledge Organisers contain critical, the beginning of each lesson.
fundamental knowledge that you MUST
know in order to be successful in Year 8 You MUST keep all of your
and subsequent years. Knowledge Organisers and
Self Quizzing Books because
They will help you recap, revisit and revise the fundamental knowledge
what you have learnt in lessons in order required in Year 8 will also be
to move the knowledge within from your
short-term memory to long-term memory. required in years 9 to 11.
Knowledge Organisers are
Self-Quizzing Book NOT a replacement for revision
guides but they include the
This is the book that all Knowledge fundamental knowledge that
Organiser homework is to be ALL students in Year 8 require.
completed in.
01
You must follow the simple rules as
to how they are to be used.

How do I complete Knowledge Organiser homeworks?

You will be set a MINIMUM of 2 Knowledge Organiser homeworks in every subject each half term

STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3

Check SMHW and identify what words/ Write today’s date and the title from your Write out the keywords/definitions/facts you
definitions/facts you have been asked to Knowledge Organiser. have been set from SMHW in FULL.

learn.

STEP 4 STEP 5 STEP 6

Cover the definitions in your SELF-QUIZZING Cover up ALL the definitions/facts and Check your answers and correct where
BOOK, apart from the first. Read it, Cover it, write them out from memory in your required. Repeat Steps 4 to 6 until you are
Say it in your head, check it… REPEAT until SELF-QUIZZING BOOK.
confident.
confident.
You will be tested on the words/definitions/
facts as a starter activity in your lesson on

the day that the homework is due.

This will be completed in your normal
exercise book and you will mark it in class.

02

Can I write in paragraphs? I am proud of my work because... Can I use different sentence types?

The TIPTOP rule • I have written clearly so that my reader Simple sentences: Contains a subject and a verb and
can understand my writing easily. can contain an object.
You move onto a new paragraph when you • Sarah likes to read in the library.
change Time, Place, Topic or Person. • I have checked my spelling and • Tom enjoys reading at home.
corrected any errors.
1. I always start an essay with an introduction Compound sentences: Joins two simple sentences
which addresses the question. • I have used full sentences with a subject using the connectives: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.
2. I finish an essay with a conclusion to and a verb. • Sarah likes to read in the library but Tom
summarise the main points of my argument prefers to read at home.
and to address the question again. • I have used correct punctuation and
3. I use connectives in each paragraph to link grammar. Complex sentences: A complex sentence contains
my ideas and to put them in a logical order. a conjunction such as because, since, after, although,
• I have paragraphed my work using TIPTOP. or when.
• Because Robert felt tired, he only studied for
• My writing is suitable for the person I am an hour.
writing for. • Although the rain had stopped, the pitch was still
water-logged.
Furthermore But Meanwhile Can I spell familiar words accurately? • Paul enjoys Music, however, he is more
Whereas Since Nonetheless proficient in Art.
Common contractions
Nevertheless Yet However Homophones
Alternatively Therefore Although We must use an apostrophe to replace any letter(s)
Consequently Moreover we have left out.
Besides

Have I used the correct grammar? 11 o’clock How’s They’d Where’ll I have checked that I have not mixed up my
homophones.
I am aware that I must use language that is Aren’t I’d They’ll Where’s
appropriate to my reader.
Can’t I’ll They’re Who’d Affect/effect One/won
• No slang that lesson was bangin’
• No informal language I’m gonna do my Couldn’t I’m Wasn’t Who’ll Bare/bear Passed/past
homework now
Didn’t Isn’t We’d Who’s Brake/break Peace/piece
Other things to consider:
I am clear about the purpose of this Doesn’t It’d We’ll Why’d Buy/by Practice (n)/practise (v)
piece of writing
I know who my audience is Don’t It’ll We’re Why’ll For/four Read/red
I will use a suitable layout and text type
Hadn’t It’s Weren’t Why’s Flour/flower Sea/see
Literacy Fundamentals
1 of 2 Hasn’t Mightn’t What’d Won’t Grate/great Sight/site

Haven’t Mustn’t What’ll Wouldn’t Hair/hare Son/sun

He’d Shan’t What’s You’d Hole/whole To/too/two

He’ll She’d When’d You’ll Hour/our Wait/weight

He’s She’ll When’ll You’re Knight/night Weak/week

How’d She’s When’s Know/no Wear/where

How’ll Shouldn’t Where’d Meat/meet

03

Basics: Can I use punctuation? Apostrophe for Possession

• Every sentence must start with a capital letter. The Apostrophe (To show that something belongs to another)

• Every sentence must finish with some form of I always aim to use apostrophes correctly. If a single thing/person owns anything,
punctuation: .?! There are two main reasons why we use apostrophes: for add an apostrophe + ‘s’.

• Proper nouns need capital letters. These are possession and to replace a letter or letters • The dog’s bone
unique people, places or things e.g. there are • The boy’s homework
many cities so ‘city’ doesn’t take a capital Note: Apostrophes are NEVER used to denote plurals • Jones’s bakery
letter. However there is only one London, • Yesterday’s lesson
therefore it takes a capital letter. Indicates that a sentence has
finished However, if it is plural (more than one), an
• When writing titles of works such as books, films Full stop . apostrophe comes after the ‘s’.
or plays: Comma
indicates a slight pause in a • The dogs’ bones
• Capitalise the first word • The boys’ homework
• Capitalise any main/important words , sentence, separates clauses in • Joneses’ bakeries (lots of Jones families)
• Don’t capitalise minor words such as a complex sentence and items • Many websites’ content is educational

‘and’, ‘of’ or ‘the’ e.g. The Sound of Music, in a list There/their/they’re
The Wizard of Oz, Harry Potter and the
Question mark ? goes at the end of a question Note: special care must be taken over the use of
Goblet of Fire there, their and they’re as they sound the same but
Exclamation goes at the end of a dramatic are used quite differently:
• When writing speech: mark • There shows position Your seat is over there
! sentence to show surprise or • Their shows that ‘they’ own something Their blazers
Go to a new line when a different are navy blue
person speaks e.g. “Good morning” said shock • They’re is short for they are as in They’re revising
every day
the Headteacher. Apostrophe ‘ shows that letter(s) have been
“It’s the afternoon!” replied the student. left out or indicates possession Its

Each person’s speech is marked with Speech marks “” indicate direct speech, the Note: its, which shows that something owns something
speech marks e.g. “Walk on the left” exact words spoken or being (like our, his etc), does not take an apostrophe: the
said Mr Mathews. dog ate its bone and we ate our dinner.
quoted
Your/you’re
Colon : introduces a list, a statement or
a quote in a sentence Note: special care must be taken over the use of your
and you’re as they sound the same but are used quite
Can I spell accurately? Semicolon separates two sentences differently:
• Your is possessive as in this is your pen
; that are related and of equal • You’re is short for you are as in you’re coming over
to my house
importance

1. Sound out the word 6. Look it up in a dictionary/ Dash / hyphen - separates extra information
2. Think about how it looks spellchecker from the main clause by
3. Think about a similar word holding words apart
4. Is there a memory sentence 7. Ask a friend or teacher
for this word? (e.g. big Brackets can be used like dashes, they
elephants cannot always 8. To learn it: look, cover, write,
use small exits) check () separate off extra information
5. Find the word in a list –
• Key words list 9. Once you’ve solved it, add from the main clause
• Frequently used words list the correct spelling to your
• Your own word bank own word bank. Ellipsis to show a passage of time, to

... hook the reader in and create

suspense

Literacy Fundamentals
2 of 2

04

Whole Academy Reading Animal Farm
1 of 2
Key words
Chapter breakdown The Seven Commandments
allegory – A story with two meanings. It has a literal
1.) The animals gather to listen to old Major. He gives 1.) Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. meaning, which is what actually happens in the story.
them a vision of a life without man. But it also has a deeper meaning. The deeper meaning
2.) Whatever goes upon four legs, or has is often a moral. It teaches you a lesson about life.
2.) The animals rebel and overthrow Jones. The wings, is a friend.
commandments are written. tyrant – Someone who has total power and uses it in a
3.) No animal shall wear clothes. cruel and unfair way. A tyranny is a situation in which a
3.) The animals’ first harvest is a success. The pigs leader or government has too much power and uses
keep the milk and apples to themselves. 4.) No animal shall sleep in a bed. that power in a cruel and unfair way.

4.) The Battle of the Cowshed: Jones attempts to 5.) No animal shall drink alcohol. rebellion – A rebellion is a situation in which people fight
reclaim the farm. against those who are in charge of them.
6.) No animal shall kill any other animal.
5.) Snowball and Napoleon debate the windmill. harvest – The time when crops are cut and collected
Napoleon uses dogs to chase Snowball from the 7.) All animals are equal. from fields.
farm. Napoleon makes himself leader.
Characters corrupt – When people use their power in a dishonest
6.) Work begins on the windmill. The pigs move into way in order to make life better for themselves.
the farmhouse. Winds destroy the windmill. Napoleon – ‘a large, rather fierce-looking Berkshire
boar, the only Berkshire on the farm, not much of a propaganda – Information that is meant to make
7.) Work on the windmill starts again. Napoleon talker, but with a reputation for getting his own way.’ people think a certain way. The information may not
demands eggs from the hens. Napoleon slaughters be true.
animals at the show trials. Snowball – ‘a more vivacious pig than Napoleon,
quicker in speech and more inventive, but was not cult of personality – A cult of personality is where a
8.) Napoleon betrays Mr. Pilkington and sells timber considered to have the same depth of character.’ leader convinces people to worship him or her, and
to Mr. Frederick. Frederick pays with counterfeit treat them like a god.
money. Frederick attacks the farm. The animals Squealer – ‘with very round cheeks, twinkling eyes,
suffer losses in the Battle of the Windmill. The windmill nimble movements, and a shrill voice. He was a treacherous – If you betray someone who trusts you,
is destroyed. brilliant talker, and when he was arguing some you could be described as treacherous.
difficult point he had a way of skipping from side to
9.) Boxer is sold to the knacker’s yard. side and whisking his tail which was somehow very Biographical information
persuasive. The others said of Squealer that he could
10.) The pigs are leaders on the farm. They start turn black into white.’ 1.) ‘Animal Farm’ was written in 1945.
walking on two legs and carrying whips. There is no
difference between the pigs and the humans they Boxer – ‘an enormous beast, nearly eighteen 2.) It was written by George Orwell.
sought to overthrow at the start of the novel. hands high, and as strong as any two ordinary
horses put together… in fact, he was not of first-rate 3.) Orwell was born in 1903.
intelligence, but he was universally respected for his
steadiness of character and tremendous powers of 4.) ‘Animal Farm’ was influenced by the events of
work.’ World War II.

5.) Orwell wanted to write about the cruel leaders of
Europe during World War II.

6.) ‘Animal Farm’ is an allegory for the events of the
Russian Revolution.

05

Whole Academy Reading Animal Farm Vocabulary List
2 of 2

Ch Ch Ch

1 cynical – tending to disbelieve 4 tractable – easy to deal with, docile 7 graphically – clearly

1 dissentient – individuals who disagree 4 perpetual – to last for a long time, 7 incited – caused
never ending
1 enmity – mutual hatred or hostility, ill will 7 retribution – punishment, payback
5 articulate – expressing oneself clearly,
1 ensconce – settle comfortably easy to hear or understand 7 cower – to crouch or huddle up
in fear, cringe
1 plaited – braided 5 disinterred – something taken out of a
tomb or grave 8 censure – blame, official
1 benevolent – kind disapproval, criticism
5 innovate – to create, to make changes to
1 abolish – to get rid of 8 conciliatory – peace-making
5 liable – likely
2 apathy – no emotion 8 contrive – to plan
5 manifest – to reveal, to show itself plainly
2 gambol – frolic, skip and play 8 machinations – a plot or plan of
5 pretext – misleading excuse evil doings
2 preeminent – surpassing, better than,
superior, outstanding 5 procure – to get, to obtain 8 rash – hasty, risky

2 tormentors – people who cause great pain 5 publican – a tax collector 8 skulk – sneak
or make fun of others
5 restive – unruly, restless 8 unscathed – unharmed
3 acute – mentally alert and awake
6 arable – fit for cultivation (farming) 8 cunning – sly
3 conceive – to imagine or understand
the meaning of something 6 malignity – great hatred 8 liberal – generous, plenty

3 cryptic – mysterious, hidden 6 toil – work hard 9 complicity – partnership in wrongdoing

3 maxim – a rule 6 indignation – a feeling or expression of anger 9 demeanor – a way a person looks or acts

3 principle – a law or a rule because of an unjust or mean action 9 superannuated – retired

4 contemptible – considered low 6 solicitor – in England, a lawyer 9 knacker – in England, animal slaughter
or worthless, despicable
6 intermediary – the person who acts 9 spontaneous – without planning,
4 flogging – to beat with a stick as the go-between spur of the moment

4 ignominious – shameful, disgraceful 7 attribute –  part of, belonging to 10 inebriate – to make drunk

4 impromptu – without preparing 7 capitulate – surrender 10 morose – sad, gloomy

4 irrepressible – not able to keep down, 7 categorically – absolutely 10 subsist – to stay alive on the barest means,
always coming up
7 countenance – facial expression barely stay alive

06

Art
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1. The Formal Elements 2. Composition 3. Colour Theory

Line: Defines shape; the outer edge of Composition: The arrangement/layout of Colour: When light is reflected off an object, colour is what the eye sees.
something. It can vary in width, direction shapes/objects on the page. There are primary colours and secondary colours.
and length. Proportion: The size and shape of one object
in comparison to another. Warm Colours: Colours that give the feeling of warmth – red, orange, yellow.
Tone: How dark or light a shape is Foreground, mid-ground, background:
The areas at the front middle or back of a Cool colours: Colours that give a cool feeling – blue, green purple.
Pattern: A repeated shape or line. drawing or painting.
Focal Point: The part of the artwork which Complementary colours: Opposite colours on
Texture: The feel or appearance of a surface; stands out and draws the eye. the colour wheel.
how rough or smooth it is. Perspective: The way of showing that objects
appear to get smaller and closer together the Shade: When black is mixed
Shape: Can be in the form of squares, circles, further away they are from the viewer. with a colour to make it darker.
triangles, rectangles, and ovals Abstract: Art that does not attempt to
represent an accurate depiction of a visual Tint: When white is mixed with
reality but instead use shapes, colours, forms a colour to make it lighter.
and gestural marks to achieve its effect.

4. Techniques specific to: Drawing 5. Techniques specific to: Painting

Shading: Is a technique used to show light Mark making: The different line, patterns and 6. Key Terms specific to: 3D
and dark shade. This helps create the illusion textures we create in a piece of art.
of depth and 3D form. In a pencil drawing, Sculptor: An artist who works in 3D.
shading is made by applying the most pressure Chiaroscuro: The contrast of light and dark in Carving: The sculptor removes unwanted material to create the form. Materials such as a
at the point where the shadow is dark and less a drawing or painting. block of wood, stone, soap and other hard materials are used.
pressure to show light tones. Modelling: The sculptor creates a form by building it up. Clay, paper machê, and other soft
Realism: Painted realistically. materials are modelled into a sculpture. Modelling with clay is generally the first process for
Highlights: In a drawing, the highlight is the creating a cast metal sculpture.
lightest area on the object. The highlight is Underpainting: An underpainting is the first Bas Relief: Low level carving, modelling or assembling that is designed to be
located on a surface where the light rays hit layer of paint applied to a painting, which viewed from one angle.
the form. serves as a base for more layers of paint over
the top.
Outline: A line or set of lines enclosing or
indicating the shape of an object in a sketch. Daubing: To apply paint to a surface with fast
and clumsy strokes.
Contour lines: They are simply “outlines”. We
typically use contour lines to show the edges Observational: Closely studying objects.
of objects and details within them.
Sgraffito: Scratching into the painted surface
Negative space: The background space in a to reveal underpainting or create texture.
drawing.
Gestural: A painting that has been created
Positive space: The space within the drawing using large sweeping movements of the hand,
of an object. arm or body.

Sketching: Making a rough drawing.

07

Six words to Critique Line Three words to Critique Five words to Critique Five words to Critique Information about the artwork: influences, purpose etc
In art a line can be Movement Texture Shape
described in several Movement is seen in Texture is a very Art comes in various Subject: War, Spanish Civil War, Suffering
things. The words used to every piece of art. common element with shapes, whether it is a
describe the line in the Movement helps to and often used when painting or a sculpture. Guernica is a world-famous painting by Pablo Picasso. It is one of
form of art are everyday create or define a piece referring to clothing, Therefore, there are the world’s greatest anti-war paintings. It is a very large painting (a
type of words, nothing of art. furniture or hair. Also, if specific words to describe mural) which shows the bombing of the Spanish town of Guernica
fancy. • Swirling you have ever painted each piece of art. in 1937 during the Spanish Civil War.
• Flowing • Flowing a wall in your home, you • Organic The Spanish Republican government asked Pablo Picasso to paint
• Delicate • Dramatic are most likely familiar • Curvaceous a large mural for an art exhibition in Paris. It shows how people,
• Simple with the following words. • Geometric as well as animals, all suffer because of the tragedies of war. The
• Bold • Rough • Angular painting soon became so famous that it was seen as a world
• Thick • Fine • Elongated symbol for peace. The fame of the painting helped to bring the
• Thin • Smooth Three words to Critique Spanish Civil War to an end.
• Coarse Contrast Guernica is navy blue, black and white. It hangs in the Museo
Six words to Critique Colour • Uneven Two out of the three words Reina Sofía in Madrid.
In art, colour is very important. This is what helps Five words to Critique for contrast have already
each piece of art stand out. The colour, no matter Scale been used to critique other Guernica shows a large, open room with people and animals who
what type of artwork, helps define the piece and Scale is basically the elements of art. Therefore, are suffering. A bull stands over a woman crying over a dead child
the artist. A lot of artwork can be determined on size of the art. The words it should be hard to in her arms. A horse falls in terrible pain as it dies after being run
who did the work just by looking at the colours, used to critique scale remember these words on through with a spear. A dead soldier lies under the horse, his arm
because certain artists use specific colours in are common words a list of descriptive words has been chopped off, but the hand grasps a shattered sword
every piece of their work. that are already in our to critique art. The only from which a flower grows. A lightbulb shines strongly like an evil
• Bold vocabulary. other word you need to eye (the Spanish word for “lightbulb” is “bombilla” which sounds
• Vibrant • Large remember here is the word like “bomb”). A female figure floats in, holding a lamp which is
• Subtle • Small strong and that is a pretty a symbol of hope. There are many other smaller details in the
• Pale • Intimate common word. painting.
• Earthy • Miniature • Dramatic
• Naturalistic • Monumental • Subtle Artist Information:
• Strong
Pablo Picasso (25 October 1881 - 8 April 1973) was a Spanish
Title: Guernica Cubism Surrealism painter and sculptor. Pablo Picasso created over 20,000 images.
Name: Pablo Picasso The definition of cubism is a movement Surrealism began as a philosophical
Date: 1937 in art that began in France in 1907 that is movement that said the way to find He is considered one of the greatest artists of the 20th century. He
Style: Cubism, Surrealism characterised by the use of geometric planes truth in the world was through the is best known as the co-founder of cubism. A work of art is cubist
Medium: Oil paint and shapes. Works of Pablo Picasso that subconscious mind and dreams, when the artist opts to break up objects and re-assemble them in
Size: 3.49 m x 7.77 m consist of interlocking shapes and geometric rather than through logical thought. abstract and geometric form. Picasso could draw and paint when
planes are examples of cubism. he was very young. His first word was lápiz, the Spanish word for
“pencil”.
08
Perhaps his most famous painting is Guernica, which shows the
horrors of war after the bombing of the town of Guernica.

Art
2 of 2

Drama
1 of 2

Blood Brothers

Antagonist: A character who causes trouble for the protagonist.

Blackout: When the stage lights are turned off between scenes or at the end of a performance.

Blocking: The process of positioning the actors on stage and planning their movements to maintain good sightlines for the audience.

Body language: The way movements, posture and gestures can show how someone feels without speaking.

Character arc: The way a character changes over the course of a story.

Characterisation: The way an actor interprets and performs the character.

Chorus: A group of third-person narrators who provide extra information about the plot and comment on the action or characters.  Originally a
feature of Ancient Greek theatre.

Climax: The turning point in a play, where tension is at its highest.  When the tension is resolved again straight away, this can create an anticlimax.

Dialogue: The general term for any lines spoken between characters.

Dramatic irony: When the audience know something the characters don’t.

Duologue: A scene or section of dialogue which only involves two actors.

Genre: The type of story a play is telling (e.g. comedy, tragedy).

Gesture: A movement made by part of the body (e.g. arms, head) to convey a character’s emotions.

Improvisation: When drama is made up on the spot by performers without using Blood Brothers summary
any prepared material. 
Narrator: A character who comments on the action and the plot to the audience.  Blood Brothers, a musical by Liverpudlian
The narrator can be first-person (involved in the action) or third-person playwright Willy Russell, revolves around twin
(set apart from the action).  boys (Mickey and Edward) who are separated
Multi-role: This is when an actor plays more than one character. at birth and brought up in completely different
Plot: The series of events that takes place in a play.  environments in the city. The play, set in the 1960s,
Stage directions: Any instructions written in a script by the playwright to explain  is divided into two acts, with songs throughout.
how a play should be performed. 

09

Drama
2 of 2

Blood Brothers

Introduction to ‘Blood Brothers’ 

Russell’s message that social class can be restrictive applies today – class division is now less rigid, but class continues to influence the opportunities that are
available to people.  

The play explores social issues that exist in today’s society. For example, unemployment is still a problem, and many people still face prejudice because of
their gender.

Some of the themes in the play are universal – Blood Brothers explore ideas about identity and the inevitable nature of fate that are recognisable in any era.

Effect on the audience 

Blood Brothers deals with recognisable issues that are recognisable to the audience, so it is easier for them to relate to the characters and sympathise with
them. This helps the audience to engage with the play’s message. 

Different types of staging

Proscenium Arch: The opening in the wall which stands between stage and auditorium in some theatres; the picture frame through which the
audience sees the play.

Thrust staging: Form of stage which projects into the auditorium so that the audience is seated on at least two sides of the extended piece. 

Traverse staging: The audience is seated on either side of the acting area.

Theatre in the round: The seating surrounds the acting area. Downstage Downstage Downstage
Left Right
Promenade theatre: This is a form of staging where the audience moves around the performance space
in a variety of locations.

Site-specific theatre: A performance designed to work only in a particular non-theatre space. 

Black box staging: Stage Stage Stage
A flexible studio theatre where Left Centre Right
the audience and actors are in
the same room, surrounded
by black tabs (curtains). 

Upstage Upstage Upstage
Left Right

10

Dystopian Fiction Context

Author: Ray Bradbury (1920-2012) Key Terminology
Nationality: American
Short stories: The Pedestrian, Sound of Thunder Dystopian fiction – refers to a genre of writing which explores the loss of civil liberties, living under a
Other notable works: Fahrenheit 451, The Martian Chronicles, constant surveillance, laws controlling a woman’s reproductive freedom, and denial of the rights to
Something Wicked This Way Comes. education.
Genres: Dystopian, Science Fiction, Fantasy     Literary conventions – defining features of particular literary genres, such as novel, short story,
Era: 20th Century ballad, sonnet, and play.
Antagonist – a person who actively opposes or is hostile to someone or something; an adversary.
Author biography Setting – the time and place in which the story takes place in a piece of literature. Setting can
• Born August 22nd, 1920 to a Swedish mother and a father with English heritage. establish the mood or atmosphere of a scene or story.
• Inspired in his early years by his aunt who read short stories to him. Tone – the choice of writing style the writer the story takes place in a piece of literature. Setting can
• Grew up in Arizona until the age of fourteen when his family moved and settled establish the mood or atmosphere of a scene or story.
in L.A. Motif – a dominant or recurring idea.
• Throughout his childhood he was an avid reader and writer. Wrote his first short story Symbolism – the use of symbols to express ideas or qualities.
during the Great Depression in 1931 at the age of eleven. Foreshadowing – a literary device in which a writer gives an advance hint of what is to come later
• Started to write traditional horror stories at the age of twelve. in their story.
• In 1950, published his first major work, The Martian Chronicles. Exposition – refers to part of the story used to introduce background information about events,
• In 1953, his best-known novel Fahrenheit 451 was published. settings, characters etc. to the reader.
• Published more than 30 books, approximately 600 short stories, and numerous Rising action – a related series of incidents in a literary plot that build toward the point of greatest
poems, essays, screenplays and plays. excitement/interest.
• Defined himself as an American fantasy and horror author.  He rejected being Climax – the point of highest tension in narrative.
labelled as a science fiction author, as his work was based on the fantastical and Falling action – occurs immediately after the climax, when the main problem of the story has been
unreal. resolved.
• Won the Pulitzer Prize for Literature in 2004 and received a special citation from the
Pulitzer board in 2007. Key Vocabulary
• Died on June 5th 2012, aged 91, in Los Angeles. Dystopia – an imagined place or state in which everything is unpleasant or bad, typically a
totalitarian or environmentally damaged one.
Social, Historical & Literary context Utopia – an imagined place or state of things in which everything is perfect.
Literary Context: Dystopian Fiction Totalitarian – a system of government that is centralised and dictatorial and requires its people to
• The word ‘dystopia’ is well-known as the opposite, or antonym of ‘utopia’. obey the government or state without questions.
• ‘Utopia’ was first coined by Sir Thomas More (1478-1535) in his 1516 work Utopia.  Fatalistic – relating to or characteristic of the belief that all events are predetermined and therefore
• Utopia comes from the Greek u-topos (‘no place’) and eu-topos (‘good place’). inevitable.
• Dystopia comes from the Greek dys (‘bad’) and topia (‘bad place’). Nihilistic – rejecting all religion and moral principles in the belief that life is meaningless.
• If ‘utopia’ represents an ideal or dream society, ‘dystopia’ is the word used to refer Repressed – oppressed or restrained.
to an imagined nightmare world which is usually the world of the future. Tyranny – cruel, unreasonable and oppressive rule or government.
• The noun ‘dystopia’ is defined as ‘an imaginary place or condition in which Dehumanise – to deprive some one of positive human qualities.
everything is as bad as possible’. Rebellion – the action or process of resisting authority, control, or convention.
• In a dystopian story, society itself is typically the antagonist as society is actively Paranoia – unjustified suspicion or mistrust of people.
working against the protagonist’s aims and desires. Propaganda – using biased or misleading information to promote a political cause or point of view.
• The worlds depicted are often controlled by a totalitarian or authoritarian Ebbing – to gradually decrease.
government. Interminably – endless or continuing too long.
• Dystopian fiction often explores issues such as the loss of civil liberties, living under Perfunctory – carrying out an action without real interest, feeling or effort.
constant surveillance, laws controlling a woman’s reproductive freedom, and denial Paradox – a person or thing that combines contradictory features or qualities.
of the right to an education. Stagnating - existing in an unchanging situation.
• Dystopias are often thought to be ‘cautionary tales’ but are also used to explore Futuristic – having or involving very modern technology or design.
the ideas of what is to be human. Oppressive – something or someone that limits freedom of thought or action.
Bureaucratic – inflexible rules, procedures and regulations.
English Societal norm – the unwritten rules of behaviour that are considered acceptable in a group or
1 of 3 society.
Dictatorship – government or social situation where one person/system makes all the rules and
decisions without allowing input from anyone else.

11

English
2 of 3

Social Justice: Poetry Context

Writer/Poet:  Maya Angelou (1928-2014) Key Terminology Onomatopoeia – The use of a word that sounds like
Nationality: African American Alliteration – The repetition of the same consonant its meaning.
Poem: ‘I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings’ sound, often at the beginning of words. Pace – The speed at which a poem flows.
Other notable poems/collections:  The Completed Collected Poems of Maya Allusion – An expression designed to call something Persona - The ‘speaker’ in a poem who is a created
Angelou’ (1994), ‘Phenomenal Women’ (1995) to mind without mentioning it explicitly. character, not the poet.
Assonance – The repetition of a vowel sound for Personification – The attribution of human feeling,
Biography emphasis. emotions, or sensations to an inanimate object.
• Born Marguerite Annie Johnson in 1928 in St Louis, Missouri. Blank verse – Poetry without rhyme but where the Refrain – A recurring phrase or set of lines.
• Her parents divorced when she was three. Along with her brother, Bailey, went lines are always of the same number of syllables; it is Rhyme scheme – The pattern of a poem’s rhyme
to live with their grandmother in Arkansas. usually written in iambic pentameter. often identified using letters e.g. ABABCC.
• At seven, she returned to St. Louis to live with their mother and her boyfriend.  Contrast – Placing words, lines, verses etc. together Rhythm – The ‘movement’ of the poem as created
A few months later, Angelou suffered a trauma which had a profound to emphasise their differences. through the meter and the way that language is
impact on her. Couplet – Two successive lines of verse of which the stressed within the poem.
• Following this ordeal, she refused to speak. For five years she only final words rhyme with another. Setting – The description of the place in which a
communicated with her brother. Dialect – A particular form of a language which is poem is set.
• Her teacher, Mrs. Flowers, helped to develop her love for used by people in a specific region or social group. Simile – A comparison that uses ‘like’ or ‘as’.
reading and language.  Dialogue – A conversation between two or Standard English – The form of the English Language
• She experienced different careers including a dancer and a journalist.  more people. which is widely recognised as acceptable wherever
• In 1969, her first autobiographical work, ‘I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings’, was Diction – A poet’s choice of words such as verbs, English is spoken and understood.
published.  It recounts her life up until she was sixteen. adjectives to create a particular effect. Stanza – A group of lines forming a unit in a poem.
• She was a prominent civil rights activist who supported both Malclom X and Enjambment – The overlapping of a sentence onto Structure – The way a poem is organised.
Martin Luther King. the following line, usually to emphasise a word or Symbolism – The use of symbols to express ideas or
• Published another four autobiographies documenting her life. phrase at the start of a line or verse. qualities.
• President Barack Obama awarded her the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the Extended metaphor – A metaphor that is developed Syntax – The way in which sentences are structured.
country’s highest civilian honour.   throughout a poem. Tone – Feelings or ideas suggested by the language
• Died on 28th May 2014. Form – The way a poem is set out, or a term used used by the poet.
to categorise poems which follow particular Verse – Another word for poetry; a group of lines
Poet:  William Blake (1757-1827) conventions. forming a unit in a poem, also known as a stanza.
Nationality: English Free verse – Poetry that does not have a regular Volta – A ‘turning point’ in a poem.
Poem: ‘The Chimney Sweeper’ pattern of rhyme.
Other notable poems/collections:  ‘London’, ‘Jerusalem’, ‘Tyger, Tyger’, Half-rhyme – Partial rhyme, which occurs when Form
Era:  Romanticism similar but not identical sounds are repeated.
Iambic pentameter – A line of verse with five Villanelle – A nineteen line poem consisting of five
Biography metrical feet, each consisting of one short (or units of three lines, rhymed or unrhymed, followed
• Born in Soho in 1757.  unstressed) syllable followed by one long (or by a quatrain.
• When he was a child, Blake claimed to have seen God at his window.  He had stressed) syllable, with the accent (or emphasis) Sonnet – A poem that has 14 lines and a particular
similar visions throughout his life. placed on the second syllable. pattern of rhyme (ABAB CDCD EFEF GG).
• Apprenticed to an engraver at the age of ten.  Later studied at the Royal Image – A picture created with words, usually used Elegy – A poem of serious reflection, typically a
Academy. to describe and imaginative comparison often using lament for the dead.
• In 1784, set up a print shop in London. He engraved and published Songs of a simile or metaphor. Ballad – A narrative poem which is typically written
Innocence in 1789, followed by Songs of Experience in 1794. Irony – The use of word to imply the opposites of, or in short stanzas.
• His poems emphasised the injustices of society and the desperation of the poor something different from what is being said. Dramatic monologue – A poem in which an
in the late 18th century. Juxtaposition – When two or more ideas, images, imagined speaker addresses a silent listener, usually
• Considered a pivotal figure in the history of the poetry and the arts of the words etc. are placed side by side to develop not the reader.
Romantic Age, influencing poets from Coleridge to Yeats. comparisons and contrasts.
• Died in poverty in 1827. Metaphor – A comparison in which one this is said to
be another.

12

English
3 of 3

Pygmalion Context

Playwright: George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) Key Characters Key Vocabulary
Nationality: Irish
Other notable works:  You Can Never Tell, Major Barbara Eliza Doolittle: first introduced as a flower girl in Act Class – A system of ordering society whereby
Dates: Written in 1912, published & performed in 1914 One. She is known as Liza, Eliza and Miss Doolittle. people are divided into sets based on perceived
Genre: Drama, Comedy, Comedy of Manners   Professor Higgins: a well respected linguist who social or economic status.
Noted adaptations:  Broadway musical and an Oscar-winning movie, studies phonetics. He documents different dialects Social Hierarchy – The order in which society
both called ‘My Fair Lady’. and ways of speaking. categorise its people into rankings of socio-
Set: London, late Victorian era (early 20th Century) Alfred Doolittle: Eliza’s father who first appears economic tiers based on factors like wealth,
in Act Two. income, race, class, education, and power.
Playwright biography Colonel Pickering: a friend of Professor Higgins. Meritocracy – A society governed by people
• Born in Dublin, Ireland, in 1856. A colonel and an academic who studies dialects. selected according to merit.
• Changed schools several times as he grew older. He disliked schools and formal Mrs. Eynsford Hill: a wealthy friend of Mrs. Higgins. Misogyny – A dislike of, contempt for, or ingrained
education. Clara Eynsford Hill: Mrs Eynsford Hill’s daughter. prejudice against women.
• His mother moved to London when he was a teenager. He stayed with his Freddy Eynsford Hill: Clara’s brother. Patriarchy – A system of society of government in
father in Dublin until he was twenty.  He then moved to London to join his mother. Mrs. Higgins: Henry Higgins’ mother. which men hold the power and women are largely
• In London, he began by writing novels, but having had little success, started to Mrs. Pearce: Henry Higgins’ housekeeper. excluded from it.
write plays in the 1880s.   Rigid – Not able to change or adapt.
• The height of his popularity was in the early 1900s. Key Terminology Critique – A person’s work or ideas that examines
• A prolific writer: he wrote over 50 plays, in addition to articles, reviews, essays, Comedy of manners – A comedy that satirically political and/or social systems, or ideologies and
and pamphlets. portrays the manners and fashions of a particular provides a judgment, usually a negative one.
• Politically active and an ardent supporter of socialism.  class or social group. Hypocrisy – The practice of engaging in the
• In 1925, he won the Nobel Prize in Literature. Literary conventions – Defining features of particular same behaviour activity for which one criticise or
• Died in 1950, aged 94.  literary genres, such as novel, short story, ballad, condemns another.
sonnet, and play. Linguistics – The scientific study of language and its
Significance of the title:   Satire – The use of humour to expose, ridicule and structure, including the study of grammar, syntax,
• The play takes its title from the myth of Pygmalion. criticise people’s foolishness, stupidity or vices. and phonetics.
• The story of Pygmalion originates from Ovid’s epic Latin poem Satirical – Sarcastic, critical, and mocking Standard English – The form of the English Language
‘The Metamorphoses’. another’s weaknesses. which is widely recognised as acceptable wherever
• Pygmalion makes a sculpture of his ideal woman, Galatea. Symbolism – The use of symbols to express ideas English is spoken and understood.
• He falls in love with his beautiful statue, who then comes to life.  or qualities. Non-Standard English – Any dialect of English other
• The title may imply Eliza is a kind of Galatea, moulded by Pickering and Higgins Stage directions – Instructions written into the script than standard English.
into the ideal lady of Victorian society.  of a play, indicating stage actions, movements of Received pronunciation – The standard accent of
performers, or production requirements e.g. set standard English in the United Kingdom.
Social, Historical & Literary Context design or staging. Accent – A distinctive way of pronouncing a
• The play is set in the early 20th century, at the end of the Victorian period. Climax – The point of highest tension in a narrative. language, especially one associated with a
• London, as the capital of England, was the centre of the far reaching, powerful particular country, area, or social class.
British Empire. Dialect – A particular form of a language which is
• Victorian society was controlled by a rigid social hierarchy. used by people in a specific region or social group.
• Women had not yet gained many basic rights and privileges such as Cockney – A native of East London who speaks with
the right to vote.  a distinct accent and has their own specific dialect.
• As the 20th century began, social change was beginning to happen.

13

FRENCH
1 of 2

Adverbs Wonderful ‘wow’ words Time connectives

Lentement – slowly Intelligent – intelligent Premièrement – firstly Deuxièmement – secondly
Joyeusement – happily Joyeux – cheerful Après – next Brièvement – briefly
Etonnamment – surprisingly Radieux – radiant Après – after La semaine dernière – last week
Précipitament – hurriedly  Grincheux/euse – grumpy Puis / Ensuite – then Bientôt – soon
Brutalement – brutally Effrayé – frightened Soudainement – suddenly il y a 2 ans – two years ago
Sans problème – smoothly Animé – bustling Pendant ce temps – meanwhile il y a 2 jours – two days ago
Prudemment – carefully Utile – useful Quand – when Finalement – eventually
Avec impatience – eagerly Passioné – passionate Depuis – since Au final – finally
Tranquillement – leisurely  Ponctuel - punctual Avant – before
Extrêmement – extremely 

Time Connectives

Addition Cause/effect Emphasis Contrast/Balance

Et – and Alors – consequently  surtout – above all Mais – but
Aussi – also Ainsi – thus en particulier – in particular Cependant – however
De plus – in addition to  Donc – so particulièrement – notably / especially Néanmoins – nonetheless
En outre – furthermore Par conséquent – therefore / as a result considérablement – significantly Ou bien/ ou sinon – alternatively
Encore – again Jusqu’à – until En fait / en réalité – in fact Malgré - despite
Suivant(e) – the following Toujours – still
D’un côté…d’un autre côté – on one
hand…on the other
Au lieu de – instead of..

14

Module 4 Module 5 Module 6 (Revision)

Les domiciles Homes Le concours de talents The talent contest Les mots essentiels High-frequency words
j’habite
la maison I live Mon/Notre talent, c’est… My/Our talent is… ici here
l’appartement (m)
la rue house chanter singing là there
à la campagne
dans un village flat danser dancing là-bas over there
dans une ville
street/road être pom-pom girl being a cheerleader voici here is/here are
Les pièces
Chez moi, il y a… in the country faire de la magie doing magic il y a there is/there are
ma chambre
la cuisine in a village jouer du piano/violon playing the piano/violin pour for
le jardin
la salle à manger in a town jouer de la guitare (électrique) playing the (electric) guitar déjà already
la salle de bains
le salon Je veux être… I want to be… si if
les toilettes
Il n’y a pas de… Rooms chanteur/chanteuse a singer Tu as raison. You’re right.
In my home, there is/are…
my bedroom danseur/danseuse a dancer Tu as tort. You’re wrong.
Le petit déjeuner kitchen
Je mange/Je prends… garden guitariste a guitar player D’accord? OK?
du beurre/du pain dining room
de la confiture bathroom musicien/musicienne a musician plus more
des céréales living room
un croissant toilet magicien/magicienne a magician moins less
un pain au chocolat There isn’t a…
une baguette /There aren’t any… Je/Tu dois… I/You must… À mon avis,… In my opinion,…
une brioche
une tartine Pour moi,… For me,…
Je bois/Je prends…
du café/du lait/du thé Qui est le meilleur? Who’s the best? avec with
du chocolat chaud
du jus d’orange Je pense que/qu’… I think that… bien well

Le dîner Il/Elle est… He/She is… comme d’hab as usual
du fromage/du poisson
du poulet/du riz le/la plus… the most… en général in general
de la soupe
de la viande le/la moins… the least… en plus in addition
des crêpes
des crudités Breakfast ambitieux/ambitieuse ambitious ensemble together
I eat/I have…
butter/bread arrogant(e) arrogant même same
jam
cereals beau/belle good-looking normalement normally
a croissant
a pain au chocolat modeste modest ou or
a baguette
a brioche (sweet loaf) passionné(e) passionate par moments at times
a slice of bread and butter
I drink/I have… professionnel(le) professional partout everywhere
coffee/milk/tea
hot chocolate sûr de lui/sûre d’elle confident plutôt rather
orange juice
travailleur/travailleuse hard-working quand when

le meilleur/la meilleure the best sinon otherwise

Il/Elle a… He/She has… surtout especially

le plus de talent the most talent souvent often

la plus belle voix the nicest voice tout(e) all, every

tout le temps all the time

Les rêves et les ambitions Dreams and ambitions vraiment really
J’aime gagner. I like winning.
Evening meal Je dois gagner. I must win. FRENCH
cheese/fish Je peux gagner. I can win. 2 of 2
chicken/rice Je veux gagner. I want to win.
soup Je voudrais gagner. I’d like to win.
meat
pancakes
crudités

15

Geography
1 of 2

1. Ways to measure the population: 3. Migration:

Population: The number of people in a specific area. Migration: The movement of people from one place to another.
Birth rate: The number of babies born per year, per 1000 people. Economic migration: When people move for work.
Contraception: Techniques to prevent pregnancy (e.g. condoms). Push factor: Something which pushes people away from where people currently
Death rate: The number of people who die per year, per 1000 people. live e.g. war.
Infant mortality rate: The number of deaths of children under the age of one, per Pull factor: Something which pulls people towards another location
1000 births. e.g. good schools.
Natural Increase: The number of people added to, or lost from, the population Emigrant: A person who leaves their own country.
each year due to births and deaths per 1000 people. Immigrant: A person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country.
GDP per capita: The total value of goods and services produced by a country per Forced migration: Movements of refugees and displaced people. 
year divided by the population of the country. Refugees: Someone who has been forced to leave a country to escape wars,
Adult literacy: Percentage of the population aged 15 years and over who can persecution or natural disasters.
both read and write. Asylum seekers: Someone who has left their country as a political refugee,
Life expectancy: The average number of years a person is likely to live at birth. searching for safety.
Host country: The country to which a migrant goes.

Source country: The country from which a migrant has come.

USA - Mexico Border Covers 4 American states from California to Texas (1954 miles)

2. Population and population distribution: Number of Mexican

Migrants in USA in 2017 11.3 million Mexico to the USA
Average Salary Mexico $16, 298

Demographic: People in the population (For example, “women”). Average Salary USA $63, 000 case study:
Demographic Transition Model: A 3 lined graph which suggests how a country’s
Life expectancy Mexico 76
population changes over time as a result of development.
Life expectancy USA 80

Population pyramid: A bar chart diagram which shows the size of the

population in different demographics (age and gender).

Dependency ratio: The ratio of number of people below 14 and over the age of 64

to the number of people between 15 and 64 (the working population).

As they typically don’t work they are dependent on the working population.

Ageing population: A rising average age and a growing number of people living longer.

Retirement: When someone is old enough to stop working (they then become a dependent).

Pension: A regular payment made to people above a certain age by the government.

The grey pound: The amount of money spent by people over 65 years old.

Overpopulation: Population is bigger than the resources or the space can cope with.

Population distribution: The pattern of where people live.

Population density: The number of people living in each unit of area (such as a square km).

Sparsely: Few people living in the area (e.g. Antarctica, Greenland, Sahara Desert).

Densely: Many people living in the area (e.g. China, India).

16

Geography
2 of 2

4. Weather and climate: 5. Characteristics of climates:

Weather: The conditions in the atmosphere/air (rain, temperature, humidity) on a day-to-day basis. Precipitation: When water in any form falls out of the sky due to
Climate: The long-term average of the conditions in an area e.g. the UK is wet and mild. gravity such as rain, snow and hail.
Latitude: Horizontal lines around the Earth to show where a location is North or South of the Equator. Relief Rainfall: Rainfall that is created when clouds are forced
The equator is 0°. over mountains.
Altitude/ Elevation: The height above sea level. Frontal Rainfall: Rainfall that is created when high and low air
Prevailing Winds: The main wind direction. pressures meet.
Gulf Stream: An ocean current which brings warm water across the Atlantic Ocean to heat up Convectional Rainfall: Rainfall that is created by intense
Eastern Europe. evaporation due to high temperatures.
Air Pressure: How much air is pushing down on the Earth’s surface. Microclimate: A location which has different rainfall and
Low Pressure: If air is rising it creates low air pressure. temperature to its surrounding area.
High Pressure: If air is sinking it creates high air pressure.
Anticyclone: A weather system with high pressure at the centre creating calm conditions moving in a UK Climate:
clockwise motion. Temperate: Mild climate
Depression: A weather system with low pressure creating rainy conditions. which rarely experiences
Atmospheric Circulation: The large movements of air above the ground creating high and low air extremes in temperature
pressure at different latitudes. or rainfall.
Drought: A period of time where there is not enough water to provide for crops, animals and people.

6. Examples of climates and climatic conditions: 7. Ecosystems:

Typhoon Haiyan: Ecosystem: A community of plants and animals such as garden pond or forest.

Location South East Asia, Philippines Biome: A large scale ecosystem (e.g. rainforest, desert).

Date November 2013 Rainforest: Located in areas of low pressure (e.g. Indonesia).

Wind Speed 195mph Desert: An arid area found in high pressure.

Category 5 Arid: An area which has little or no rain and so has few plants.

Economic Cost $2.98 billion Adaptation: When something changes to survive in a specific ecosystem
(e.g. camels store fat, cacti store water).
Death Toll 7,423

Drought in the Sahel:  

Amazon Sahel Russian Boreal

Location Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Chad and Sudan in Africa Average Temperature 29°c 36°c 2°c

Annual Rainfall 250-450mm Average Annual Rainfall 2500mm 250mm 550mm

Death Toll Latitude 0° 30° 65°

(due to famine – starvation) Between 1960 & 1980 the death toll was over 100,000 Adapted animal Spider Monkey A camel has Brown bears
has a long tail three eyelids hibernate in the
Agricultural (crop) Production 25% drop since 2010 which allows it to stop sand winter when
to balance and getting in its there is no food.
Number of people swing in the trees eyes

currently affected 15.6 million Adapted plant Peace Lily has Baobab tree Fir tree has pine cones
drip tips to allow has shiny bark to protect its seeds
rain to fall off to reflect heat from the cold

17

German
1 of 2

Adverbs Wonderful ‘wow’ words Time connectives Kurzzeitig – Briefly
Letzte woche – Last week
Langsam – Slowly Intelligent – Intelligent Erstens – Firstly Nach einiger zeit – After a while
Glücklich – Happily Fröhlich – Cheerful Danach – Next Bevor – Before
Überraschend – Surprisingly Strahlend – Radiant Nachdem – After Vor 2 jahren – Two years ago
Eilig – Hurriedly Schimmernd – Shimmering Dann – Then Vor 2 tagen – Two days ago
Brutal – Brutally Mürrisch – Grumpy Bald – Soon Letztendlich – Eventually
Problemlos – Smoothly Erschrocken – Frightened Plötzlich – Suddenly Schließlich – Finally
Vorsichtig – Carefully Trubelig – Bustling Inzwischen – Meanwhile
Eifrig – Eagerly Nützlich – Useful Wann – When
Gemachlich – Leisurely Leidenschaftlich – Passionate Seit – Since
Irsinnig – Insanely Pünktlich – Punctual Zweitens – Secondly

Time Connectives

Addition Cause/effect Emphasis Contrast/Balance

Und – and Infolgedessen – consequently Vor allen dingen – above all Aber – but
Auch – also Dadurch – thus Besonders – in particular Jedoch – however
Außerdem – furthermore So – so Insbesondere – notably Nichtsdestotrotz – nonetheless
Zusätzlich – in addition to Deshalb – therefore Hauptsächlich – especially Beziehungsweise – alternatively
Wieder – again Demzufolge – as a result Bedeutend – significantly Trotz – despite
Nachfolgend – the following Bis – until Sogar – in fact Trotzdem – still
Zum einen – on one hand ... on the other
Stattdessen – instead of...

18

German
2 of 2

Module 4 Module 5 Module 6 (Revision)

In der Jugendherberge In the youth hostel Kleider/Klamotten Clothes zu (zum/zur) to (to the)

die Hausordnung rules of the house der Rock skirt vor before, in front of

Man muss das Bett machen You have to der mantel coat groß big

make the bed. der anzug suit lang long

Man darf nicht rauchen You must not smoke. der kapuzenpulli hoodie laut loud

Ich stehe auf I get up. die hose trousers lecker tasty

Ich wasche mich I get washed. das kleid dress schön nice, beautiful

Ich dusche mich I have a shower. das hemd shirt toll great

Ich ziehe mich an I get dressed. die schuhe shoes Das macht Spaß. That’s fun.

Ich frühstücke I have breakfast. die stiefel boots Das hat Spaß gemacht. That was fun.

Ich gehe aus I go out. was tragst du? what are you wearing? Viele/Einige Leute sagen Many/Some people say

Ich komme zurück I come back. ich tage… I wear/am wearing… Meiner Meinung nach In my opinion

Ich esse zu Abend I have dinner/the einen kurzen rock a short skirt Erstens Firstly

evening meal. einen langen mantel a long coat Zweitens Secondly

Ich gehe ins Bett I go to bed. einen schicken anzug a smart suit Schließlich Finally

um … Uhr at … o’clock einen lockeren kapuzenpulli a casual hoodie Auf der einen Seite On the one hand

um Viertel nach … at quarter past … eine weite hose a baggy pair of trousers Auf der anderen Seite On the other hand

um Viertel vor … at quarter to … eine schmale jeanhose a pair of skinny jeans wenn when (if)

um halb acht at half past seven ein kariertas hemd a checked shirt immer always

der Bahnhof station ein gepunktetes kleid a spotty dress zum Beispiel for example

die Bushaltestelle bus stop ein gestreiftes T-shirt a stripey t-shirt zuerst first of all

die Kirche church schicke stiefel smart boots seit since (for)

das Schwimmbad swimming pool wie ist dein stil? what is your style? für for

das Hallenbad indoor swimming pool lassig informal möglich possible

der Lehrer teacher (male) sportlich sporty pro Jahr per year

die Lehrerin teacher (female) trending trendy nächstes Jahr next year

das Souvenirgeschäft souvenir shop klassisch classic teuer expensive

die Imbissstube snack bar ein erstes date a first date alle all/everyone

das Eiscafé ice cream parlour was wirst du machen? what will you do? um … zu in order to

vor dem/der … in front of the… ich werde… I will…  

der Festwagen(–) float (in a parade) die karten im voraus kaufen buy the tickets in advance  

das Kostüm(e) costume, outfit einen guten film auswählen choose a good film  

der Hut(¨–e) hat früh ankommen arrive early  

die Fahne(n) flag … abholen pick up …  

die Kirmes(sen) funfair etwas schickes anziehen put on something smart  

das Fahrgeschäft(e) ride (at funfair) geung geld mitnehmen take enough money with me  

der Imbiss(e) snack mit dem bus in die stadt hafren go by bus to town

bunt colourful ins kino gehen go to the cinema

traditionell traditional essen gehen go out to eat

ich mache mich fertig I get myself ready

ich style mir die haare I style my hair.

19

History
1 of 2

The Civil War and the Restoration

Absolutist: A ruler who has supreme authority and power. Restoration: The return of the monarch to England with Charles II’s
coronation in May 1660. 
Long Parliament: A parliament, which met, on and off, from 1640-1660.
Divine Right – The idea that Kings were chosen by God to rule.
Bishops’ War: An uprising against Charles I’s religious reforms which began
in Scotland. Eleven-years tyranny: From 1629 until 1640 Charles I ruled without
calling Parliament once.
Newcastle Propositions: A series of Parliament’s demands in 1646,
rejected by Charles I. Rump Parliament: The remaining members of Parliament after it was purged. 

Commonwealth: The period when England ceased to be a monarchy, and was at Godly Providence: A belief that events are governed by the direct intervention of
first ruled by Parliament. God in the world.

Parliament: A collection of people representing all parts of England, Ship Money: A tax imposed on coastal towns to pay for their defence from naval
who approve or reject laws.  attack during a war. 

Conspiracy: A secret plan to do something unlawful or harmful. Grand Remonstrance: A summary of the criticisms that parliament had of the king.

Regicide: The deliberate killing of a monarch, or the person responsible for doing so. Puritans: A group of radical Protestants who wore simple clothing and tried to live
without sin.
Declaration of Breda: A set of promises made by Charles II prior to his restoration to
the monarchy.

Key People Key Events

Charles I: The second Stuart king of Oliver Cromwell: Parliamentary 1603 - James I becomes King of England. 
England, executed by Parliament in general, who became Lord Protector 1605 - The Gunpowder Plot almost destroys Parliament. 
1648 following the Civil War. of the Commonwealth in 1653. 1625 - Charles I becomes King of England. 
1629 - The start of the ‘eleven-years tyranny’. 
Archbishop Laud: Famously General Monck: A general who had 1637 - Archbishop Laud introduces his prayer book to Scotland. 
introduced new prayer books worked with Charles I and Cromwell 1640 - Charles I recalls Parliament to pay for the Bishops’ War. 
along with other religious changes who dismissed Parliament and called 1642 - The English Civil War breaks out.
that brought back some Catholic for elections after almost 20 years. 1645 - The Battle of Naseby.
practices. 1648 - Parliament wins the Second Civil War. 
Charles II: The king of England 1648 - Trial and execution of Charles I; England declared a Commonwealth. 
John Pym: Puritan member of following the Restoration.  1653 - Oliver Cromwell becomes ‘Lord Protector’. 
Parliament, and a major opponent of 1658 - Death of Oliver Cromwell. 
Charles I before the Civil War. 1660 - Charles II is crowned King, beginning the Restoration. 
1665 - The Great Plague.
1666 - The Great Fire of London.
1685 - James II becomes King of England.
1688 - The Glorious Revolution leads to William of Orange becoming King of England.

20

History
2 of 2

The Slave Trade and the Abolition of Slavery Key Individuals

Abolition – Banning or getting rid of something. Olaudah Equiano – An ex-slave who bought his freedom and wrote an
Abolitionist Committee – A group of men who campaigned against autobiography of his experiences of slavery.
the slave trade. William Knibb – A missionary from Kettering who campaigned to end slavery.
Bill – The draft of a proposed law. Granville Sharp – Set up the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade in 1787.
Boycott – When people refuse to buy something as a protest. He also used the law courts to try and give slaves their freedom. He fought
De-humanised – To be treated as if you are not human. many court cases.
You are also made to feel that way.  Thomas Clarkson – Collected evidence against slavery. He spread his message
Domestic Slaves – Slaves who performed household jobs such as all over the country by publishing posters, pamphlets and making public
cooking and washing, usually female. Would work in the homes of speeches.
their owners. William Wilberforce – Campaigned in Parliament against the slave trade. The
Emancipation – Freedom from slavery. first time he introduced the idea he lost the debate by 163 votes to 88 but he
Field Slaves – Slaves who would work on the fields on the plantations. never gave up. He introduced an abolition bill to parliament almost every year
Human Rights – A right which is believed to belong to every person. between 1790 and 1806.
Maroons – A group of former slaves who had escaped enslavement Hannah Moore – A member of the Abolition Society. She wrote poems and
and living in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica. Led by a woman books about the horrors of the slave trade and convinced many of the need to
known as ‘Nanny’. ban it.  
Middle Passage – The 6-8 week journey to the Caribbean for the Toussaint Louverture – The man who led the Haitian Revolution from 1793-1802.
slaves on board the ships. He was a former slave who trained rebel slaves into a fighting force.
Mutiny – A rebellion against authority, a refusal to follow orders. Sam Sharpe – A slave who encouraged peaceful protest against slavery which
Overseer – Normally a slave that made sure other slaves escalated into the Christmas Rebellion of 1831-32.
were working. 
Pamphlet – Similar to a leaflet, provides information. Key Dates
Passive Resistance – Non-violent opposition.
Parliament – The group of people (in Britain) who pass laws. 1791-1804 – The Haitian Revolution. Slaves defeated their rulers and declared
Petition – A request for action signed by many people. Haiti as thir own.
Plantation – A large farm where crops were grown e.g. Cotton, 1791 – The first Sugar Boycott.
Sugar and Tobacco.  1807 – Slave Trade Act.
Popular Movement – Where a large proportion of the general public It stopped the British trade in slaves.
support a cause. 1833 – Slavery Abolition Act.
Quakers – A religious, Christian group, who were against slavery. Slavery was abolished in the British
Revolt – A rebellion against authority, usually violent. Empire and slaves freed.
Triangular Trade – 3 way trade involving slaves between America,
Europe and Africa. The Slave Triangle

21

Literacy Complex Sentence Openers Rhetorical Questions
1 of 2
• Although (it was incredibly cold……..). Do you think that…?
To up-level your writing, you must: • Even though Sam was in the company Don’t you think that…?
of his family. Isn’t it time to…?
• Use a wide range of punctuation. • Despite achieving 100% in the exam. Have you ever thought about…?
• Organise sentences into clearly-structured paragraphs, linking ideas in a • When there was torrential rain. Haven’t you always longed for…?
sophisticated way. • Since I began my journey. Why is it (that)…?
• Include longer sentences with appropriate connectives. • If you build this house using only wood. When should we…?
• Include description, choosing ‘wow’ words to describe things • As soon as he finished the chapter.
(think of the 5 senses).
• Use a variety of simple, compound and complex sentences - try some
adverbial openers.

Adverbial Openers Wonderful ‘Wow’ Words Time Connectives for Sequencing
+ Comma
Wonderful Useful Noxious
Slowly Immediately Splendid Useless Fragrant Firstly/First of all Meanwhile Before
Briefly Eagerly Fantastic Incredible Shadowy Then When (Two) years ago
Happily Tenderly Marvellous Bustling Icy Next Since (Four) years ago
Clumsily Strictly Valuable Deafening Fiery After Secondly Eventually
Rudely Cautiously Blissful Rowdy Punctual Soon Briefly Finally
Surprisingly Regretfully Elated Blaring Infantile Suddenly After a while Last week/year
Patiently Thankfully Cheerful Thunderous Mature
Anxiously Horrendously Quick-witted Putrid Colourful Said Words
Enthusiastically Suspiciously Intelligent Faraway Colourless
Mournfully Unbelievably Smooth Remote Odourless Shouted Addressed Boated Grumbled
Gradually Leisurely Luscious Loathsome Painful Exclaimed Answered Bragged Insisted
Hurriedly Insanely Appetising Grainy Painless Whispered Pleaded Cautioned Joked
Wearily Majestically Delectable Polished Magnified Bellowed Assured Confessed Muttered
Erratically Recently Radiant Mediocre Minute Highlighted Advised Declared Remarked
Brutally Graciously Shimmering Sweltering Gigantic
Smoothly Savagely Transparent Frosty Enormous
Sweetly Lovingly Triangular Steaming Miniscule
Hatefully Longingly Spherical Frightened Worthless
Carefully Meekly Eliptical Petrified Impatient
Sizzling Miserable Surprising
Scented Grumpy Glorious
Important Bustling

Connections -Ing Words (As openers)

Addition Cause/Effect Emphasis Contrast/ As for Seething Looking Skimming
And Consequently Above all Balance The opposite Fuming Planting Touching
Also Thus In particular But Still Watching Running Painting
Too So Notably However Instead of Glancing (around) Walking Fleeting
Furthermore Hence(forth) Specifically Nevertheless On the other Raging Dancing Rushing
Moreover Therefore Especially Alternatively hand Grabbing Singing Dreaming
In addition (to) Accordingly Significantly To turn to Whereas Grasping Scanning Creating
Again Since More Yet Otherwise
The following Until importantly Despite this Apart from
As a result Indeed On the contrary Although
In fact

22

High frequency words - Year 7 and 8 Literacy ‘Must Know’ words Literacy
2 of 2
I Up Look We Like And Will
On At For He Is Said Wednesday With
Go You Are This They Thursday
Away Play A Am Going Come February
Day The Big My To No August March
Dad All Get In Was Yellow September
Of Me She See Mum Yes Would
Can About After Again Went Another Friday Blue
As Back Ball Be It(s) Bed Your
Been Boy Brother But Call(ed) April Saturday
Came Can’t Could Did An Don’t October May
Door Down First From Because Good November
Got Had Half Has Help Green Orange
Her Here Him His By House Monday Tuesday
How If Hump Just Do Laugh Sunday January
Little Live(d) Love Made Girl Man July
Many May More Much Have Name June Red
New Next Night Not Home Off December Purple
Old Once Or Our Last Over
People Pull Push Put Make Saw Pink
School Seen Should Sister Must Some
Take Than That Their Now Then
There These Three Time Out Took
Tree Two Us Very Ran Water
Way Were What When So Who
Them
Too
Want
Where

23

Mathematics
1 of 3

Telling the time Angles in Parallel Lines

Analogue 8:15 AM or PM 8:45 AM or PM 8:13 AM or PM Opposite angles – where 2 lines cross, the opposite b
angles are equivalent. da
Digital AM PM PM DIGITAL Convert digital to analogue
12 00 12 12 Write 04:05 into analogue Corresponding angles – when a line passes through a c
1 01 1 13 4:05am pair of parallel lines, similar or corresponding angles are a
2 02 2 14 equivalent.
3 03 3 15 b
4 04 4 16 Alternate angles – when a line passes through a pair of
5 05 5 17 parallel lines, alternate/opposite angles are equivalent. f
6 06 6 18 g
7 07 7 19 Supplementary angles – sometimes known as internal
8 08 8 20 angles, must add up to 180 degrees. x
9 09 9 21 y
10 22
10 10 11 23 Exterior and Interior Angles
11 11

Convert between Convert between Convert between Exterior Angle Interior Angle
metric units of length metric units of length metric units of length Outside the Inside the
Polygon Polygon
x10 x1000
CM MM L ML

÷10 ÷1000 x1000
KG
x100 x1000 G
M CM L CM3 ÷1000 KG

÷100 ÷1000 x1000
T
x1000 Interior Angle + Exterior Angle = 1800
KM M ÷1000 1800 - Interior Angle = Exterior Angle

÷1000

24

Mathematics Presenting and Average Types of Averages
2 of 3 Interpreting Data
What does the average of a Mean – add all the numbers
Chord Data Tables list of numbers represent? up and divide by how many
Bar Charts you have.
Diameter CentRreadius Line Charts It represents the one number Median – the middle number
Pie Charts which best represents the once the numbers are in order.
Circumference entire list of numbers. Mode – the most popular
Ratio number from the list.
Circumference = π x d = πd You can find the average Range – the difference
Area = πr2 Squares : Circles : Triangles using one of 3 methods. between the highest and
1 : 3: 2 lowest number in a list.
Semi-circle NOTE: the range is NOT a type
of average, it is a measure of
C = πd spread.

Curved perimeter of a 2-way table – organises data into 2 categories (e.g. men and women)

semi-circle = c÷2 Basketball Baseball Tennis Swimming Total
12 60
Perimeter: Men 16 27 5 16 40
Women 2 6 16 28 100
(c÷2)+D Total 18 33 21
A = πr2 ÷ 2
Venn diagram – shows information about two or more sets of data and the
Quarter-circle relationship the sets of data have to each other

C = πd 10 5 25 31 8

Curved perimeter of a Numbers in Odd
quarter-circle = c÷4  the 5x table numbers
Perimeter: 5 8
(c÷4)+2r r 10 25

A = πr2 ÷ 4 31

Three Quarter Circle
CCu=rv43edCperimeter of three

quarter circle = c/πd  

Perimeter:
(c÷4×3)+2r

A = πr2 ÷ 4 x 3

25

Mathematics 3D Shapes
3 of 3
Prism Name of prism Features of prism

• Percentage: Number of 31% means 31/100 Cuboid Cross Sectional face: Square or
parts per 100. Rectangle

• Fractions to Decimals: 3/8 = 3÷8 = 0.375
Divide the numerator by
the denominator using the Triangular Prism Cross Sectional face:
bus stop method. Triangle

• Decimals to Fractions: Write 0.36 =  13060 = 9/25 Pentagonal Prism Cross Sectional face:
as a fraction over 10, 100 or Pentagon
1000 and simplify.

• Percentages to Decimals: 8% = 8 ÷ 100 = 0.08
Divide by 100.
Hexagonal Prism Cross Sectional face:
• Decimals to Percentages: 0.4 = 0.4 ×100% = 40% Octagonal Prism Hexagon
Multiply by 100.
Cross Sectional face:
• Fractions to Percentages: 3 = 12 =12% Octagon
Percentage is just a  25 100
fraction out of 100. Make
the denominator 100 using 9 × 100 = 52.9%
equivalent fractions with 17
and without a calculator.
Cube Cross Sectional face:
Square

• Percentages to Fractions: 14% = 1 1040 = 7 Volume of 3D Shapes
Percentage is just a fraction 50
out of 100. Volume of prism = Cross sectional area x depth
Volume of cylinder = ∏r2 x depth
• Write the percentage over
100 and simplify.

26

Music
1 of 2

Year 8 – Term 4-6 – Blues Music and 4 Chords

• Chord: A group of two or more notes all played at the same time. 

• Chord progressioEnx: RteepreiaoterdapnatdternInotfererlaiotedr cAhnordgsluesesd in bass and rhythm parts, especially ground bass.

• Hook: A catchy tune used in pop music.

• Structure: The way a piece of music is organised. 
• Verse-chorus structure: Structure used in pop songs. Verses have the same melody but the lyrics change each time. Choruses have a different tune to
the verse but the words don’t change. 

• Riff: Repeated phrase played over and over again. Used in jazz, pop and rock music. 

• Ostinato: A musical pattern which repeats over and over again, like the bass part in ground bass. 

• Call and Response: A short melody (the call), followed by an answering phrase (the response).

• Blues Scale: A scale made by flattening the third, fifth and seventh of a major scale. The unflattened fifth is sometimes also played. 

Blues Music Swing Rhythm A style of rhythm played in Jazz & Blues Music also referred to as
the SHUFFLE rhythm. ​
CFG
I IV V Improvisation A performance created as it is played (i.e. make it up on the spot). ​

12 Bar Blues Chord Two or more notes played at the same time.

C Blues Scale Blues Scale An arrangement of 6 specific notes played in order of pitch from
lowest to highest or vice versa, containing “blue” notes. ​

Blues A musical style developed among African Americans in the Southern states
of the USA in the early 20th Century. It is characterised by repeated use of ‘blues
notes’ and melancholy lyrics. ​

Stride Bass A musical device with leaping between the bass and harmony notes
in the left hand part of a piano arrangement. ​​

Walking Bass A bass part in 4/4 time in which a note is played on each beat of
the bar and which typically moves up and down the scale in small steps.

27

Music
2 of 2

Year 8 – Term 4-6 – Computer Games

• Leitmotif: A frequently recurring short melodic or harmonic idea which is associated with a character, event, concept, idea, object or situation
which can be used directly or indirectly to remind us of one not actually present on screen. Leitmotifs can undergo considerable thematic and
harmonic transformation such as SEQUENCING depending on the contexts within the VISUAL NARRATIVE. 

• Mickey-Mousing: A technique frequently used in cartoons and animated films where the music attempts to represent every
little physical movement on screen.

• Cue Sheet: A detailed listing of musical cues matching the visual action of a film so that composers can time their music accurately to
match the visual images. 

• Sequencing: Where a melodic idea (often a LEITMOTIF) is repeated growing louder and louder and consistently rising either a tone or a semitone
higher during each repetition. Sequencing is often used by film music composers to build tension and create a mood of suspense. 

• Cue: A section of music that is timed to fit a specific portion of visuals. 

• Diegetic Music: Music that is included in the film, and that the characters would be able to hear. This might include source music from the set such
as a car radio or a band in a nightclub, or sound effects such as guns in the distance or screeching car brakes.

• Non-diegetic Music: Music which has been composed to accompany events on screen but that the characters can’t hear, but the audience can
(e.g. music to accompany a car chase or to highlight the emotions of a conversation between two characters). Also referred to as UNDERSCORE
or INCIDENTAL MUSIC. 

• Hit Point: An exact point during a cue when music or sound effects match a moment on screen. 

• Motif (Motive): A short thematic strand of only a few notes. 

•      Loop: Section of music repeated over and over.

• Storyboard: A planning tool (similar to a CUE SHEET) used by film/game soundtrack composers to plan the music to different scenes within a film. 

•     Retrogaming: Also known as classic gaming and old school gaming, is the playing or collecting of older personal computer, console, and arcade
video games in contemporary times. Usually retrogaming is based upon systems that are obsolete or discontinued.

• Sound FX: Effects that are imitative of sounds called for in the use of media (film, game, music) and that enhance the production’s illusion of reality.

• Soundtrack: The music and sound recorded on a motion-picture film. The word SOUNDTRACK can often mean a commercial recording of a
collection of music and songs from a film sold individually as an audio CD or via digital download.

28

Training Methods Physical Education
1 of 1
Continuous Training = Low to medium intensity exercise, keeping the KPI 9 – Training Tests
heart rate constant.
Fitness Components = Cardiovascular Fitness or Muscular Muscular Endurance Cardiovascular Endurance
Endurance.
Fartlek Training = Speed play, exercise involves changes in intensity 60 Second Press-up/ Sit-up test 12 minute Cooper run/Multi Stage
with different speeds, times and distances and terrains. Fitness test
Fitness Components = Cardiovascular Fitness or Muscular Endurance Training method: Weight Training
or Speed or Power. (high rep/low weight) Training Method: Continuous Training,
Interval Training = Work for a period of time, which is then followed Fartlek Training
by a period of rest to allow for recovery.
Fitness Components = Cardiovascular Fitness or Speed. Agility Speed
Circuit Training = Different stations of exercise, allowing recovery Illinois Agility Test 30m Sprint Test
between each one. Training Method: Agility Training Training Method: Interval Training
Fitness Components = Cardiovascular Fitness or Muscular Endurance
or Muscular Strength or Balance or Power. Power Flexibility
Weight training = Use of machine or free weights to produce a Vertical Jump/Sergeant Jump Sit and Reach Test
resistance. Training Method: Plyometric Training Training Method: PNF Training
Fitness Components = Muscular Strength or Muscular endurance.
Plyometric training = Involves explosive actions where an eccentric
contraction of the muscles is followed by a concentric contraction
of the muscles.
Fitness Components = Power.

29

PRE
1 of 2

Hinduism - Essential Knowledge Essential Knowledge Key terms

1. Hinduism The oldest of the living religions and 21. Caste system Traditional social hierarchy (where people 36. Mohandas K. The leader of India’s non-violent, non-
originated in India.
(varna) are ranked according to their status or Gandhi cooperation independence movement
authority) in India with four classes (varnas). (Gaa.knad.hMi)ahatma
2. Hindu A follower of Hinduism. against the British Empire.

Traditionally each varna had its own

3. Polytheism Belief in more than one god. duties/skills/jobs. You are born into a varna.  37. Rites of Ceremonies that mark different
stages in life.
4. Monotheism Belief in one god. 22. Brahmin Priest or religious teacher and highest passage
varna in the caste system. The sixteen important steps in a Hindu’s life
5. Brahman The supreme being (god) of Hinduism. journey according to the sacred texts.

6. The Trimurti Three gods which display the main 23. Dalit “Untouchables”, the lowest varna in the 38. Samskaras
characteristics of Brahman: the creator, caste system including sewage workers,
the preserver and the destroyer. tanners, cleaners.
39. Horoscope An astrological chart or diagram showing
7. Brahma One of the gods of the Trimurti 24. Reincarnation The idea of rebirth – the atman being the position of the sun, moon, planets
– the creator. reborn after death into another body. at the time of a person’s birth that is used
to forecast their future.

8. Vishnu One of the gods of the Trimurti 25. Samsara The cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth. 40. Sacred thread A ceremony for Hindu boys, aged 8 and
– the preserver. 11, representing the beginning of adult
26. Karma The law of action and reaction: spiritual life in which they are given three
strands of cotton to wear across the body.
whatever you do has a consequence. 
9. Shiva One of the gods of the Trimurti 41. Arranged Parents help to select a husband or wife
– the destroyer. Good actions earn good karma and marriage for their son or daughter.

bring good consequences.

10. Deity Another word for a god or goddess. This affects rebirth. 42. Mehndi Decorative designs drawn on to the hands
and arms of women with henna.
11. Murti An image, statue or idol of a deity. 27. Puja An act of worship in Hinduism.
43. Mandap A canopy that the bride and groom sit
12. Genderless Neither male nor female. 28. Mandir The Hindu place of worship. under at a Hindu wedding ceremony.

13. Creator God is believed to have created the 29. Shrine A space dedicated to a deity. 44. Sindoor A bright red powder used by the groom
universe and all that is in it. to create a streak along the parting of the
30. Shoe rack A place to store shoes when entering bride’s hair as a symbol of marriage.

14. Omnipotent All-powerful. the mandir. 45. Sari Traditional outfit worn by women, brides
wear a red sari at their wedding.
15. Omniscient All-knowing. 31. Offerings Gifts including food, water, incense and
flowers placed at a shrine to thank God but
16. Omnipresent Everywhere at all times. also given in order to receive something 46. Diwali The festival of light, new beginnings and
in return. the victory of good over evil and light
17. Vedas A collection of sacred writings in Hinduism. over dark.

/Bhagavad Gita 32. Bell To wake the deities before puja. 47. The Ramayana The story of Prince Rama and his quest to
rescue his wife Sita from the evil demon
/the Upanishads 33. Mantra Sacred words or phrases spoken aloud or king Ravana.
sounded out in the mind that are used in
18. Atman The idea of the soul, considered to be a puja or meditation. 48. Diya Oil lamp lit at Diwali.
part of Brahman in every person and
living thing. 34. Prashad Sweet food given to all after puja. 49. Rangoli Colourful patterns created on the ground
with coloured rice, flower petals or
19. “Namaste” A greeting recognising God 35. Ahimsa Respect for all living things and the coloured powder.
avoidance of violence.
within each person. 50. Lakshmi Hindu goddess of wealth, good fortune
and prosperity.

20. Moksha Freedom from samsara. The aim of Hindus.

30

Creation: Science Vs Religion - Essential Knowledge PRE
2 of 2

Religious festivals – Essential Knowledge

Creation The making of the universe.  Speciesism Human bias giving human animals more rights than
Myth non-human animals.
A traditional story, usually involving a supernatural being, known Incarnation A deity (god/goddess) taking human or animal
Origins by many but not necessarily true. form/becoming flesh.
Genesis Christmas Christian celebration of Jesus’ birth.
The beginning/start point of something. Advent The period of four Sundays and weeks before Christmas. 
Literalist Nativity Story of Jesus’ birth in a stable in Bethlehem.
The first book of the Torah and Bible which describes how God Easter Christian Spring holiday to remember the death and resurrection
Non-literalist made the world. of Jesus.
Good Friday Festival to remember the crucifixion and death of Jesus.
Theory Christians who believe that the statements in the Bible are Resurrection Life after death.
The Big Bang Theory literally true.  Passover Jewish spring festival which remembers the freeing of the Jews
from Egyptian slavery. 
Evolution Christians who believe that not everything in the Bible actually Exodus The escape of the Jewish people from slavery in Egypt.
happened, it is not meant to be taken literally. Seder plate A special plate containing symbolic foods eaten at the Passover.
Theistic evolution Haggadah A written guide to the Passover celebration.
Ideas suggested to explain an event but is not proven. Eid al adha Muslim festival to remember when Ibrahim believed Allah was
asking him to sacrifice his son Isma’il.
Stewardship  The theory that an explosion of hot, dense matter between 12 Hajj Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca in Saudi Arabia.
and 18 billion years ago created the universe. Vaisakhi Sikh New Year festival which celebrates the beginning
of the Khalsa. 
Khalifah The idea that over time, life on earth has gradually developed Khalsa The Sikh community.
from simple organisms to more complex ones.  The Beloved Five Five men baptised into the khalsa.
Dominion Guru Gobind Singh Leader who founded the khalsa.
Ahimsa The idea that God designed the universe and the Earth to be
this way for a purpose.  Evolution happens but because God
planned it.

The responsibility of looking after/caring for the Earth and
environment given to humans by God according to
some Christians.

Meaning ruler or leader in the Islamic faith; Allah appointed
humans his khalifah (stewards) of the environment.

To control and have superiority over nature. 

The Hindu and Buddhist belief in respect for all living things and
avoidance of violence towards others.

31

SCIENCE
1 of 3

Science 8CM: Materials and the Earth

1 Atmosphere •The gases that surround a planet 13 Sedimentary rock •Formed from layers of sediment (tiny bits of rock)

•On Earth, this is mainly nitrogen and oxygen •May contain fossils (dead animal and plant remains).

(plus a small amount of carbon dioxide). •E.g. limestone / chalk.

2 Combustion •A process that releases carbon dioxide 14 Weathering •When rock is broken down into smaller pieces
•3 types: Chemical, physical, biological.
into the atmosphere.

3 Photosynthesis •A process carried out by plants and algae, which removes 15 Deposition •The first step in the formation of sedimentary rocks
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
•Rivers carry pieces of broken rock as it flows along, when

•Carbon dioxide + Water ▶ Glucose + Oxygen. the river reaches a lake or the sea, these rocks settle

at the bottom.

4 Respiration •A process carried out by all living things, which adds 16 Sedimentation •The second step in the formation of sedimentary rocks

carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. •The deposited rocks build up in layers (see the definition

•Glucose + Oxygen ▶ Carbon dioxide + Water. above), called sediments.

5 Decomposer •An organism (e.g. bacteria/fungi) that breaks 17 Compaction •The third step in the formation of sedimentary rocks.

down dead matter. •The weight of the sediments on top squashes the sediments

6 Deforestation •Chopping down trees. at the bottom.

•Reduces the amount of carbon dioxide that can be 18 Cementation •The final step in the formation of sedimentary rocks.

removed from the atmosphere. •Water is squeezed out from between pieces of rock

and crystals form which stick the pieces of rock together.

7 Greenhouse •When carbon dioxide and methane trap radiation from 19 Metamorphic •Formed when heat and pressure act on existing

effect the Sun in the atmosphere. rock rocks for long periods of time

8 Global warming •An increase in global mean temperatures. •E.g. marble / slate.
•Caused by the greenhouse effect.
•Causing polar ice caps to melt and rainfall 20 Porous •A rock with many small holes, which air and liquid
patterns to change.
can get into.

9 Crust •The outer layer of the Earth which we live on 21 Recycling •Using old, unwanted materials to make new products.
•Made of thin, solid rock. •Uses fewer natural resources, less energy and saves money.

10 Mantle •A thick, semi-liquid layer of rock underneath 22 Ore •A rock containing enough metal compound to make it
the Earth’s crust.
worthwhile extracting the metal from.

11 Core •The centre of the Earth. 23 Fossil •The remains or imprint of an organism (living thing)
•Made of iron and nickel.
preserved in rock.

12 Igneous rock •Formed from melted underground rock (magma).

•When cooled slowly underground, it has

smaller crystals – e.g. granite.

•When cooled quickly above ground, it has larger

crystals – e.g. basalt.

32

SCIENCE
2 of 3

Science 8BE: Ecological Relationships and Classification

1 Food chain •A diagram which shows feeding relationships 15 Extinct •When there are no more individuals of a species left.

between species. 16 Factors which •A new disease.
cause extinction •A new predator.
•Arrows represent energy transferred. •A change in the environment (e.g. climate change).
•Competition from another species.
2 Bioaccumulation •The build up of toxic chemicals through a food chain.

3 Biodiversity •The variety of species living in an ecosystem. 17 Micro-organisms •Organisms such as bacteria and fungi that cause decay –
break down molecules.
4 Carnivore •An animal that eats meat.

5 Classification •The sorting out of living organisms into smaller and smaller 18 Predator •An animal that hunts and eats other animals.

groups based on similar characteristics. 19 Prey •An animal that is eaten by a predator.

6 Competition •The struggle between two species for the 20 Producer •An organism that uses the sun and carbon dioxide to

same limited resource. make its own food by photosynthesis.

7 Consumer •An animal that eats plants or other animals. 21 Species •A group of organisms that can breed with each other to

8 Variation •Differences between a species, can be caused by genes produce fertile offspring.

or the environment. 22 Trophic level •The different levels in a food chain: producer,

9 Decomposers •Animals like worms, woodlice and maggots etc. that begin primary consumer, secondary consumer and
(detritivores) the decay process by breaking large pieces
tertiary consumer.
of material down.
23 Fossil •The remains or imprint of an organism (living thing)
10 Habitat •The area in which an animal or plant lives.
preserved in rock.

11 Herbivore •An animal that only eats plants. 24 Adaptations •Features that help organisms compete better and

12 Endangered •Species that are in danger of becoming extinct. survive in their environment.

13 Evolution •The change in a species over a long period of time. 25 Charles Darwin •Scientist who first put forward the theory of evolution.

14 Natural selection •Where an organism is more likely to survive, breed and pass 26 Interdependence •When different species rely on each other for survival.
on its genes to its offspring because it is better adapted for
competing in the environment it is in. •An example is plants needing bees for pollination.

27 Pesticide •A chemical put on plants such as crops to prevent

pests from attacking them.

•These can accumulate in the food chain.

28 Conservation •Methods to preserve biodiversity.

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SCIENCE
3 of 3

8 Science: Electricity and Magnetism

1 Current •a flow of charge (electrons) around a circuit. 14 •Resistor.
•measured in amps (A). •Decreases the current.
•formula symbol is I.
15 + - •Battery.
2 Electrons •a negatively charged particle which transfers

energy in a circuit. •A chemical store of energy.

3 Potential •also called voltage. 16 Conductor •Something which conducts electricity.
Difference •the amount of energy carried by the charge.
•measured in volts (V).
•formula symbol is V. 17 Insulator •A poor conductor.

4 Resistance •slows down the flow of charge. 18 Static charge •When a transfer of electrons between insulators creates
•it is measured in ohms (Ω).
•formula symbol is R. an electric field.

19 Attract •Two objects with opposite charges will be attracted

5 Series Circuit •There is only one route for the current to take, to each other.

the circuit has one branch. 20 Repel •Objects with like charges will move away (repel)

6 Parallel Circuit •There is more than one route/branch that the from each other.
current can take.
21 Magnets •have a north and south pole.
7 Circuit Diagram •Represents real circuits showing all of the components. •they have an invisible magnetic field around them.
•like poles repel, unlike poles attract.

8 Cell •Source of potential difference. 22 Electromagnet •A magnet which can be switched on or

9 Battery •Two or more cells put together. off using electricity.

•Can be made stronger by increasing the number of turns

in the wire or increasing the current.

10 •Filament bulb

11 V •voltmeter A series circuit
Measures potential difference.
A parallel circuit
•ammeter
12 A Measures current.

•Switch
13

34

SPANISH
1 of 2

Adverbial Wonderful Time connectives Desde – since
Openers ‘wow’ words Segundo – secondly
+ comma Por primero – firstly Brevemente – briefly
Inteligente – intelligent Luego – next La semana pasada – last week
Despaciosamente – slowly Alegre – cheerful Después – after  Después un rato – after a while
Alegremente – happily Radiante – radiant  Entonces – then Antes – before
Sorprendentemente – surprisingly Brillante – shimmering Pronto – soon Hace dos años – two years ago
Con prisa – hurriedly  Gruñón – grumpy De repente – suddenly Hace dos dias – two days ago
Brutalmente – brutally Asustado – frightened Mientras – meanwhile Finalmente – eventually
Con suavedad – smoothly Atestado – bustling Cuando – when Al final - finally
Con cuidado – carefully Útil – useful
Con impaciencia – eagerly Pasional – passionate 
Sin prisa – leisurely  Puntual – punctual
Locamente – Insanely 

Time Connectives

Addition Cause/effect Emphasis Contrast/Balance

Y – and entonces – consequently  sobre todo – above all pero – but
También – also por consiguiente – thus en particular – in particular sin embargo – however
Además de – in addition to  así – so principalmente – notably aún así – nonetheless
Además – furthermore por eso – therefore especialmente – especially alternativamente – alternatively
Otra vez – again como consecuencia – as a result considerablemente – significantly a pesar de – despite
El siguiente – the following hasta – until de hecho – in fact todavía – still
por un lado…por el otro – on one hand…on
the other
en lugar de – instead of..

35

Module 4 Module 5 Module 6

¿Te gustaría ir al cine? Would you like ¿Qué casa prefieres? Which house do you prefer? ¿Cómo te preparas? How do you get ready?
Esta casa es... This house is...
to go to the cinema? Este piso es... This flat is... ¿Cómo te preparas cuando How do you get ready when
amplio, amplia spacious
¿Te gustaría ir...? Would you like to go...? antiguo, antigua old sales de fiesta? you go to a party?
bonito, bonita nice
a la bolera to the bowling alley cómodo, cómoda comfortable Me baño. I have a bath.
enorme enormous
a la cafetería to the café feo, fea ugly Me ducho. I have a shower.
grande big
al centro commercial to the shopping centre maravilloso, maravillosa marvellous Me lavo la cara. I wash my face.
pequeño, pequeña small
al museo to the museum La casa/El piso está The house/The flat is... Me lavo los dientes. I brush my teeth.
cerca de la playa near the beach
al parque to the park en el centro in the centre Me visto. I get dressed.
en la montaña in the mountains
a la pista de hielo to the ice rink más... que... more... than... Me maquillo. I put on make-up.
menos... que... less... than...
al polideportivo to the sports centre La casa The house Me peino. I comb my hair.
Tiene... It has...
¿Te gustaría venir a mi casa? Would you like to come una cocina a kitchen Me aliso el pelo. I straighten my hair.
un comedor a dining room
to my house? un cuarto de baño a bathroom Me pongo gomina. I put gel on my hair
un dormitorio a bedroom
Reacciones Reactions una chimenea a fireplace Los colores Colours
una terraza a balcony, a terrace
De acuerdo. All right. vistas al mar views of the sea amarillo, amarilla yellow
¿Qué se puede hacer en...? What can you do in...?
Vale. OK. Se puede(n)... You can... azul blue
hacer senderismo go hiking
Muy bien. Very good. hacer actividades náuticas do water sports marrón brown
hacer artes marciales do martial arts
¡Genial! Great! ir a la bolera go bowling morado, morada purple
ir de compras go shopping
Si, me gustaría mucho. Yes, I'd like that very much. ir de paseo en bicicleta go on a bike ride naranja orange
ir a la playa go to the beach
¡Ni hablar! No way! jugar al voleibol play volleyball verde green
ver la catedral see the cathedral
¡Ni en sueños! Not a chance!/Not in visitar un castillo visit a castle de muchos colores multi-coloured
¿Dónde está...? Where is...?
your wildest dreams! la estación de tren the railway station ¡No es justo! It’s not fair!
el parque acuático the water park
No tengo ganas. I don't feel like it. el parque de atracciones the theme park Estoy de acuerdo... I agree...
la pista de karting the go-kart track
¡Qué aburrido! How boring! Eres demasiado joven. You’re too young.

¿Dónde quedamos? Where do we meet up? En mi opinión, tienes razón. In my opinion, you’re right.

delante de la cafetería in front of the café ¿Tú qué opinas? What do you think?

detrás del centro comercial behind the shopping centre al, a la to the

enfrente del polideportivo opposite the sports centre del, de la of the

al lado de la bolera next to the bowling alley demasiado, demasiada too much

en tu casa at your house demasiados, demasiadas too many

¿A qué hora? At what time? este, esta this

a las...seis y cuarto at …quarter past six estos, estas these

Lo siento, no puedo I'm sorry, I can’t por eso for this reason

¿Quieres salir? Do you want to go out? por supuesto of course

Tengo que... I have to... ¡Lo pasé fenomenal! I had a fantastic time!

cuidar a mi hermano look after my brother Me gustaría mucho... I would really like...

hacer los deberes do my homework Me encantaría... I would love...

lavarme el pelo wash my hair Expresiones de tiempo Time expressions

ordenar mi dormitorio tidy my room ayer yesterday

pasear al perro walk the dog el fin de semana pasado last weekend

salir con mis padres go out with my parents hace dos años two years ago

No quiero. I don't want to. hoy today

No tengo dinero. I don't have any money. este fin de semana this weekend

No puede salir. He/She can't go out. el verano que viene next summer

Conmigo with me el año que viene next year

Contigo with you SPANISH
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36

IT
1 of 2

1. Spreadsheets 2. Key Vocabulary

Spreadsheets are used to store information and data. Once we have our Cell An individual spreadsheet box where you enter data.
information in a spreadsheet we can run powerful calculations, make Column Cells that go down the spreadsheet page.
graphs and charts and analyse patterns. Cell reference Names of individual cells (A5 for example).
Data Values, typically letters or numbers.
Golden rule: Every formula Format The appearance of a document.
begins with an = sign Formula Makes automatic calculation that update when the data does.
Function Makes more complete calculations.
Name of the formula Row Cells that go across the spreadsheet page.
See below for common formulae. Normally written in capitals.
3. Databases
=SUM(B10:B23)
A database is a way of storing information in an organised, logical way. Validation and
= Sign The selected range verification are two ways to check that the data entered into a computer is correct. 
A relational database has more than one table and the tables are linked using key fields. 
An equal sign tells Excel that The range used in the formula. This can Key Vocabulary
the cell contains a formula. be selected by clicking and dragging. Criteria: A set of rules or conditions that must be met. Often used in searches.
Field: An element of a database record in which one piece of information is stored.
Operators Adds two numbers/cells For example ‘name’ in an electronic address book.
Subtracts one cell or number from another Primary key: A unique identifier for a database record or table entry.
+ Multiplies two numbers/cells
- Divides one number/cell from another one
* Less than
/ Greater than
< Less than or equal to
> Greater than or equal to
<=
>=

Common formulae

Formula name Example (with range) What it does Query: A search or question performed inside a database.
Adds together all numbers Record: A record refers to a group of fields such as telephone number, address and name.
Sum =SUM(A1:A10) within the given range. Validation: Checking input data is sensible and in the right format.
Counts up all of the cells within Verification: Verification is performed to ensure that the data entered exactly matches
Count =COUNT(B2:B14) a range that have numbers in. the original source. Before setting up a database the data must be collected. This can be
Finds the average number done using a data capture form. A data capture form is designed to collect specific data. 
Average =AVERAGE(A1:A10) within a range. Types of Validation rules: Presence check, range check, length check, format check.
Finds the largest number within
Maximum =MAX(A1:A10) a range. 37
Finds the smallest number within
Minimum =MIN(A1:A10) a range.

1. The Project Life Cycle 2. Inputs & Outputs of the 4. What is SMART
Project Life Cycle
The Project Life Cycle refers to the four-step process that To make sure your goals are clear and reachable, 
is followed by nearly all project managers when moving 3. Planning each one should be:
through stages of project completion. 
Phases of a Project Life Cycle SWOT: Analysis to find out the Strengths, Weaknesses, Specific (simple, sensible, significant).
1. Initiation Opportunities and Threats of/to a project.  Measurable (meaningful, motivating).
2. Planning Data dictionary: A description of the structure, contents Achievable (agreed, attainable).
3. Execution and format of a spreadsheet or database. The Relevant (reasonable, realistic and resourced,
4. Evaluation relationships within the database are also included. results-based).
You must perform a phase Flow Chart: A flow chart can be defined as a  Time bound (time-based, time limited, time/cost
review for Initiation, Planning and Execution. step-by-step process to solve a task. limited, timely, time-sensitive).
Why do we use the Project Life Cycle? Asset log: A list of all the resources used in a project.
It is important to ensure the project life cycle used on Visualisation Diagram: Provide a visual view of the Constraints to consider in the Project Life Cycle
your project is appropriate to the work being carried out product – graph, webpage. Time, Resources, Cost, Hardware and Software,
and split into distinct and manageable phases. This is a Gantt chart: A visual method of showing the proposed Regulations, Security/Risk Management.
tried and tested method for delivering projects on time, timing of each task needed to complete a project.
within budget and to the expected quality targets.
5. Advantages of the Project Life Cycle
Key Words
• Provides a structured approach. 
Contingency: Time in a project plan that has no • Can see how the project is progressing.
tasks assigned. This is used if tasks are not completed • Clearly defined tasks. 
on time, to make sure the project still meets the • Roles and responsibilities are clearly defined.
final deadline. • Resources can be allocated in advance. 
Milestone: A given point in time when a task is expected • The project manager can monitor the progress of the project.
to be started or completed. • The end of phase reviews can be carried out to make sure that the project is meeting the
Interaction: How the phases link together.
Iteration: The repeating of a phase. Each repetition of success criteria, objectives and client-defined constraints.
a phase, when amendments will be made, is called an
iteration. The results of an iteration are used as the starting IT
point of the next. 2 of 2
Dependency: A dependent task is one that cannot
be started until a previous, specified task has
been completed.
Concurrent: Tasks which can be completed
at the same time.
Critical path: The sequence of tasks that shows
the shortest time taken for completion of a project.

38

Notes

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Notes

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Notes

41

Notes

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