Academic Vocabulary in Use Edition With Answers

30.2 noun verb noun verb
implication imply description describe
observation observe statement state
argument argue emphasis emphasise
assertion assert explanation explain
contention contend demonstration demonstrate

30.3 2 ‘Global symmetry’ is the statement that the laws of physics take the same form when expressed in
30.4 terms of distinct variables.

3 The report makes the implication that no individual government will be able to control the
internet.

4 Dudas provides a demonstration of / as to how dangerous genetic modification might be.
5 Groot puts an/the emphasis on the role of schools in preventing teenage drug abuse.
6 Lenard’s observation that women use expressions such as ‘you know’ in English more than men

was later proved to be inaccurate.
7 Plana’s explanation of the possible origins of the pyramids has been disputed by Ruiz.
8 Wilson gives a description of the ancient alphabet of the Guelcoga people.
9 Wu puts forward the argument that daylight-saving time should be extended throughout the year.
10 The President makes the assertion that he cares about fighting poverty.

1 In my opinion/view, courses in academic writing should be compulsory for all new students.
2 It has not yet been proved / There is not yet any proof that the virus can jump from species to

species.
3 Richardson emphasises a number of weaknesses in the theory.
4 Pratt puts a lot of emphasis on the relationship between geography and history.
5 Our latest results cast doubt on our original hypothesis.

31.1 Unit 31 6 senses 11 ambiguous
31.2 7 distinguish 12 misinterpret
31.3 1 define 8 subtle distinctions 13 clarify
2 terms 9 concise/coherent
3 terminology 10 coherent/concise
4 transparent
5 glossary 6 infer
7 discourse
1 expressed 8 evokes
2 conveyed 9 perspective
3 nuances 10 comprehend
4 denote
5 connotations 4 miscalculated
5 incoherent, misquotations
1 mistranslated 6 infrequently, inappropriately
2 misunderstood
3 unambiguous

32.1 Unit 32

1 The views she expressed were totally irrational.
2 The committee seemed to be biased in favour of applications from younger people.
3 The book is a subjective account of life in a small town in the 1920s.
4 The club rules were prejudiced against children.
5 The President’s daughter was quite immature for her age.
6 He has rather conservative/reactionary views about marriage.
7 Her views on education are rather reactionary/conservative.
8 In my opinion that judge always acts in an unbiased/impartial way.

Academic Vocabulary in Use 149

32.2 1 underlying, philosophies 4 ethical
32.3 2 to adopt 5 -rooted, encounter
3 held 6 shifted
32.4
32.5 1 philosophy (ideology would sound too negative to be the worthy focus of a whole degree)
2 objections (principles would not be followed by ‘to’)
3 changed
4 in
5 take
6 From

1 The people of the area hold some unusual views about nature.
2 Most young people seem to have objections to the proposals on student fees.
3 Examiners tend to be biased in favour of candidates with neat handwriting.
4 Girls look at their careers from a different standpoint than their mothers.
5 Let us now discuss the principles underlying this approach/the underlying principles of this approach.

Suggested meanings
taken the view – been of the opinion
intellectually independent – distinctive in its approach to learning
preconceptions – ideas formed before there was enough information to form accurate ideas
misplaced – inappropriate
liberal – open-minded
advocate – argue in favour of
fields of learning – disciplines
pushing the frontiers of knowledge – extending what we know
blending of ideas – combining of ideas
cross-fertilisation – mixing of ideas to produce something better
thought – ways of thinking

Unit 33

33.1 1 25

33.2 2 23
33.3
33.4 3 Each number is multiplied by 3 to produce the next number

4 41

57
7
6 9 is a fraction (a vulgar fraction – 0.5 is a decimal fraction) and 4 is a whole number.

7 In my country (the UK), in most salaried jobs tax is deducted automatically, but for other jobs (e.g.

freelance or self-employed work), the worker has to declare their earnings and pay tax later on.

8 Pleased, because it suggests the figures are accurate. If they don’t tally, there may be an error or

omission somewhere.

1 calculate 4 estimate 7 discrete
2 approximate 5 tally 8 round
3 precise 6 constant 9 down

2 We estimated the final figure.
3 The graph shows the results in order of magnitude.
4 A computer program helped us calculate the significance of the different variables.
5 Subtracting x from y will help you arrive at the correct answer. (Do not include away)
6 The results from the first experiment did not tally with those we got from the repeat experiment.

1 workings 5 figures

2 arrived 6 values

3 calculations 7 variables

4 area

The deliberate mistake is one and a half hour. It should be one and a half hours.

150 Academic Vocabulary in Use

Unit 34

34.1 1 mode, median, mean/average, mean/average 2 sum, halfway 3 range, extremes

34.2 1 probability 4 random 7 trends
2 outcomes 5 distribution 8 significantly
3 variables 6 correlate

34.3 1 Two to one. Two thirds.
2 Outliers.
3 Often.
4 No. To be reliable, results must be similar each time the same method is used.
5 Ten per cent.
6 18.
7 The total number of cases.
8 What the average difference from the norm is.
9 Probably not. To be valid, it must measure what it claims to measure. Breakfast and lunch alone

will not tell us everything about eating habits.
10 It does show a normal distribution. A bell curve.

35.1 Unit 35 6 reached
7 peak
1 shows/indicates/plots 8 decline/fall/drop
2 y/vertical 9 explained
3 x/horizontal 10 fact
4 key/legend
5 varied

35.2 1 pie chart bar chart

35.3 2 A cross-section
35.4 3 Columns run vertically, rows run horizontally
4 A flowchart
5 Four
6 Next to each other
7 A key
8 A random sample
9 (a) they cross each other; (b) they run alongside each other with an equal interval between them
10 (b)

1 segments
2 plotting
3 peak
4 stages
5 intersect
6 adjacent (With ‘adjacent’ this sentence does not really need ‘to each other’ and would be best

worded as ‘Draw a line connecting the adjacent points’.)
7 decline
8 row

1 plummeted, risen
2 fell below
3 depreciates, more than halved
4 appreciate, soared
5 multiplied, fallen/decreased
6 exceeded
7 grew/rose, doubled
8 declining/falling
The mistake is in sentence 6. It should be See figure 3, NOT See the figure 3.

Academic Vocabulary in Use 151

36.1 Unit 36 6 transitional 11 preceding [or previous]
36.2 7 critical 12 century
36.3 1 initial phase 8 current 13 decade
2 temporary 9 forthcoming 14 era
3 permanent 10 annual 15 next few
4 final
5 ongoing 6 a problem nowadays
7 series, subsequent, concurrent
1 At, near 8 to, recent
2 at, intermediate 9 with. contemporary, eventual
3 emergence 10 short, long
4 gone, last
5 distant verb adjective adverb
eventual eventually
noun succeed successive successively
eventuality evolve evolutionary
succession emerge emergent coincidentally
evolution coincide coincidental periodically
emergence periodic
coincidence
period

Unit 37

37.1 1 induces 5 contributed to 9 accounted for
37.2 2 generated 6 provoked 10 facilitate
37.3 3 triggered 7 determined 11 stimulate
37.4 4 motivates 8 inhibits 12 derived
37.5
1d 2e 3f 4a 5c 6b
38.1
1 no word is needed 4 for
38.2 2 effect 5 on
3 of 6 for

motivation contribution
influence inducement
trigger

1 influence 4 contribution
2 trigger 5 motivation
3 inducements

Unit 38 6 type 11 devise 16 occupational
7 consist 12 gender 17 blue collar
1 fall 8 components 13 class 18 employment
2 categories 9 feature 14 generations 19 homemakers
3 distinct 10 diversity 15 senior citizens 20 ethnic
4 structure
5 belong

noun verb adjective adverb
similarity similar similarly
difference differentiate/differ * different differently
allocation allocate
description describe descriptive descriptively

* Differentiate is transitive(i.e. it takes an object) or it can be used with between (to differrentiate
between x and y). Differ is intransitive (it does not take an object).

152 Academic Vocabulary in Use

38.3 1 differentiate, similar, differ
38.4 2 allocate
3 descriptive
4 similarities, differences

1 devise, structure
2 allocated
3 includes
4 hierarchy

39.1 Unit 39 5 of 9 to
39.2 6 on 10 on
39.3 1 on 7 of 11 to
2 For 8 with 12 to
39.4 3 to
4 beyond

1 cons 5 but
2 time 6 which
3 forth 7 to
4 forward 8 as

There are a number of advantages and disadvantages to take into account when considering the
purchase of a hybrid (gasoline-electric) car. Such cars are, for instance, undoubtedly better for the
environment in the sense that they cause less air pollution. Furthermore, the degree to which they
rely on oil, a natural resource which is rapidly becoming depleted, is much less than is the case with
conventional cars, Nevertheless, hybrid cars are not without their problems. Cost may be an issue
as well as the technical complexity of the engine. Provided that you take these factors into account,
there is no reason not to buy a hybrid car.

1B 2C 3A 4B 5C 6B 7B 8B

40.1 Unit 40 5 address/discuss/present/explore
40.2 6 devoted
40.3 1 aim/purpose 7 divided
40.4 2 concerned 8 focus
3 aim/purpose
4 consists

1 War and Peace 4 Olaf
2 After 5 Before
3 No

1 Take 5 following
2 Firstly, 6 see
3 addresses 7 consider
4 below 8 later

1 As can be seen in Table V, there has been an increase in the numbers of students.
2 In Section 3 we take up again some of the arguments from the preceding section.
3 At this point let us turn our attention to developments in Constantinople.
4 The dissertation is divided into six chapters.
5 Let us now turn to the issue of the reunification of Germany.

41.1 Unit 41 4 simulation 7 utilise
5 step 8 phase
1 verify 6 design 9 select
2 procedure
3 supplement

Academic Vocabulary in Use 153

41.2 1 It is hardly surprising that people utilise far more electricity than they did ten years ago.
41.3 2 The advent of mobile technology transformed the way people manage their social and
41.4
professional lives.
3 A number of talented new designers have emerged this year.
4 You’ve missed out a letter in this word here – you need to insert a p between the a and the t.
5 He spent many years trying to design a machine that would automatically sort large numbers

of coins.
6 The team had to input a huge amount of data to run the experiment.
7 We spent many months trying to automate the process of recording the temperature.
8 The output from/of the system was automatically exported to a spreadsheet.

verb noun verb noun
apply to application of verify verification of
behave behaviour of utilise utilisation of
simulate simulation of emerge from emergence of
select from selection of consume consumption of
design design of input into input
ratify ratification of display display of
insert into insertion

1 emergence 5 application
2 consumption 6 input
3 insert 7 behaviour
4 ratification 8 design

Unit 42

42.1 1 established 6 collect 11 distorting
42.2 2 undeniable 7 conflicting 12 little-known
3 offer 8 hard 13 growing
4 flimsy 9 demonstrates 14 interpret
5 convincing 10 draws

1 The data indicate/demonstrate/suggest that the drug education project has been successful.
2 The data in the latest study are more comprehensive than in the earlier one.
3 This is the most interesting item of data in the whole thesis.
4 What a striking/an illuminating example this is of the power of the human mind!
5 Unfortunately, the facts do not support the hypothesis.
6 We cannot account for the fact that attitudes are more negative now than five years ago.
7 The problem stems from the fact that the software was poorly designed.
8 The article provides examples of different methods which have been used over the years.
9 New evidence has come to light that the cabinet was not informed of the Minister’s decision.
10 We need to consider the evidence before we can reach a conclusion.
11 The evidence suggesting that sanctions do not work is abundant and irrefutable.
12 A considerable body of evidence now exists, but we always try to get more.
13 We have a lot of empirical data which suggest the problem is on the increase.
14 This is a clear instance of how conservation can benefit local people.

42.3 1 bear out 5 vivid
2 emerges 6 hard
3 reflected 7 considered
4 growing 8 contradictory

43.1 Unit 43 5 b together
6 c together
1 f between 7 d to
2 g by 8 e to
3 h with
4 a of

154 Academic Vocabulary in Use

43.2 1 There is usually a very strong bond between a mother and her child.
2 Salaries have fallen over the last few years, not in real terms but relative to inflation.
3 The report on care for the elderly revealed evidence of neglect by health professionals.
4 In the experiment, group A performed best on the manual dexterity test and least well on the

memory test, whereas for group B the reverse was the case.
5 ‘Malicious’ is more or less synonymous with ‘nasty’.
6 The problems discussed above are all closely interrelated.
7 Taken together, the studies by Kim and Li suggest earlier theories on the cause of the disease

were flawed.
8 The research is original in that it approaches the topic from a completely fresh angle.
9 The painter loved to explore the interplay between light and shade.
10 In speech, verbal language is typically accompanied (two c’s) by body language.

43.3 1 Interaction 4 reflects 7 corresponds
43.4 2 relationships 5 mutual 8 equivalent
3 reveals 6 evidence 9 associated

Suggested explanations
1 a chess competition between different universities
2 highways that connect one state to another
3 the fact that states depend on one another economically
4 marrying someone of the same social status
5 scholars can send each other information
6 the parts were all connected/linked to one another

44.1 Unit 44
44.2
1f 2g 3h 4a 5b 6d 7c 8e
44.3
1 It is no easy task mediating between unions and management.
2 In this lecture I plan to deal with the later novels of Charles Dickens.
3 The answer to most problems in agriculture lies in the soil.
4 He thought for a long time but was unable to come up with a solution.
5 Green tourism may initially feel like a contradiction in terms.
6 I wonder what the professor’s reaction to the article will be.
7 The company has experienced a number of difficulties with the computer operating system.
8 Have you found a solution to the problem yet?

noun verb noun verb
solution solve resolution resolve
reaction react response respond
content(s) contain contradiction contradict
revelation reveal mediation mediate

44.4 1 contradicted 6 response
2 revelation 7 resolved
3 solution 8 reacted
4 mediate 9 contents
5 contains 10 resolution

45.1 Unit 45 5 absence
6 infrastructure
1 environment (check your spelling!) 7 context
2 status 8 conditions
3 presence
4 circumstances (check your spelling!)

Academic Vocabulary in Use 155

45.2 1 The economy has been unstable for several years.
45.3 2 Instability has been a feature of government in the country for the last decade.
45.4 3 The northern region possesses an apparently infinite supply of uranium.
4 The absence of cholera in the area was noted by scientists in 1978.
5 A maximum temperature of 20 degrees must be maintained at all times.

1 restrict 5 minimum
2 instrinsic 6 imposed
3 restrain 7 circumstances
4 integral 8 restraint

1 In the 1960s the government imposed a restriction / imposed restrictions on the amount of money
people could take out of the country.

2 The problem is confined to the capital city.
3 Oil is a finite resource.
4 In the accident there was minimal damage to the car.
5 All research is subject to the constraints of funding decisions.
6 The fact that the country suffers from social instability deters investors. Or: The social instability of

the country deters investors.
7 In normal circumstances we would not behave in this way.
8 Most small children believe in the existence of fairies.

46.1 Unit 46
46.2
46.3 1 as compared
2 difference/contrast/distinction
3 compared
4 comparison
5 from/to/than
6 comparison
7 analogy
8 In contrast. On the other hand would also be possible here but in contrast better expresses the

sharp difference between the two scientists’ views.

1 The two groups were different from/to/than each other.
2 The three liquids were similar to one another.
3 The data revealed differences in the informants’ responses.
4 The title of her paper was ‘Male attitudes towards prison sentencing compared to/with female

attitudes’.
5 The economy of the north is booming and, similarly, the south is also enjoying an economic

upturn.
6 The Gaelic spoken in Ireland is not the same as the Gaelic spoken in Scotland.
7 Lecturers often explain a difficult concept by drawing an analogy with something familiar.
8 In the 1950s, public transportation enjoyed a boom but nowadays the reverse is true.

Suggested answers
2 In this case, face-to-face interviews, rather than a questionnaire, are better.
3 Asian languages such as Vietnamese are quite difficult for learners whose first language is a

European one and, conversely, European languages are difficult for speakers whose first language
is an Asian one.
4 On the one hand oil is plentiful at the present time but, on the other hand, it will run out one day.
5 Boys tend to prefer aggressive solutions to problems whereas girls, on the other hand, prefer
more indirect approaches.

156 Academic Vocabulary in Use

46.4 1T
2 F – they could not both be used if they were incompatible. Compatible means that things can exist

or work together.
3T
4 F – if there are parallels between two things it means that there are some similarities between

them.
5T

Unit 47

47.1 1 misguided, inadequate 4 crucial
47.2 2 groundbreaking 5 unique
3 important, significant
47.3
47.4 1 credit, acknowledged, crucial
2 borne, mistaken, evidence, flaws
3 challenged, validity, flawed, limited
4 viewed, seminal, groundbreaking

1 highlights 4 comprehensive, key
2 solid 5 worth recalling, limited
3 compatible 6 underlines

1 By no means is it certain that all the students will pass their final exams.
2 He had rarely met such an outstanding student.
3 Seldom has the country witnessed such a display of public feeling.
4 We will in no way be able to halt the process of global warming.
5 Under no circumstances will students be allowed to defer the completion of their dissertation for

longer than six months.
6 Only when we gather a lot more data will we know the answer

48.1 Unit 48 4 a big change
48.2 5 better
48.3 1 they go up and down 6 less strict
48.4 2 nothing at all
3 less 6 status quo
7 maintain
1 recovering 8 restore
2 converting 9 sweeping
3 refine 10 gradual
4 abandon
5 adjust 6 to
7 from
1 in 8 to
2 to/from/out of 9 of
3 (away) from 10 of; on
4 on
5 on 6 elimination
7 modifications
1 expansion 8 adjustments
2 sustainable 9 acquisition
3 perceptible 10 relaxation
4 increasingly
5 development

Academic Vocabulary in Use 157

Unit 49

49.1 1 In conclusion, the tests suggest the drug has no dangerous side effects.
2 To summarise, losing the war was a humiliating defeat for the country on a number of different
49.2
49.3 levels.
49.4 3 In summary / In sum, it is impossible to blame the disaster on one person alone.
49.5 4 From the survey we can draw the conclusion / come to the conclusion that advertising has a

stronger effect on teenage girls than on other groups of the population.
5 To recapitulate, there were a number of different reasons why the experiment was less successful

than had been hoped.

1 balance 5 analysis
2 abstract 6 words
3 put, eventually/ultimately 7 main / key
4 provide 8 a close / an end

1 at last 3 Lastly
2 lastly 4 at last

In the end means ‘finally, after something has been thought about or discussed a lot’. At the end is
usually followed by ‘of (something)’, and refers to the final point of a thing, time or place, e.g. at the
end of the film, at the end of the month, at the end of the street.

The art of writing a précis is to remember, first and foremost, not to include anything that was not
in the original text. Stated briefly, it is your job to attempt to capture the original writer’s ideas
concisely, to provide a summary and, in the final analysis, to give your reader a shortcut to the
original text.

Unit 50

50.1 1 present 4 on, of
50.2 2 call, make/give 5 discuss/address
3 welcome
50.3
50.4 1 We need to consider family income too, but I’ll come back to that later.
2 So, moving on, I’ll skip item 4 on the handout and instead talk about number 5 in more detail.
3 I’ll try to finish by 3.30, but feel free to leave if you have a class or other appointment to go to.
4 There is a handout going round and I have some extra/spare copies too if anyone wants them.
5 I’ll finish there as my time has run out.
6 We didn’t want to make people uncomfortable by having a camera in the room. Having said that,

we did want to video as many of the sessions as possible.
7 I’d like to go back to a point I made earlier about river management.
8 So, I believe our experiments have been successful. That’s all I have to say. Thank you.
9 Going back to/To go back to/Getting back to the problem of class sizes, I’d like to look at a study

done in Australia in 2002.
10 I’ll try not to go over time, so I’ll speak for 30 minutes, to leave time for questions at the end.

1 on 5 by
2 with, to 6 for
3 to 7 in
4 to 8 on, out

Possible answers
Dr Fonseca will now take questions.
Our study draws heavily on earlier work done in this university.
I want to raise another issue at this point.
I’d just like to make a comment, if I may.
I will begin by giving an overview of the topic.
This is the first time I’ve given/made a presentation so I’m a bit nervous.
As the slide shows, more men than women support the policy.

158 Academic Vocabulary in Use

Reading and vocabulary 1

1 4 utilisation
1 optimal 5 converted
2 moderate 6 prolonged
3 yield

2
1 mis = wrong, false – misspell, mistranslate, misinterpret
2 kilo = 1000 – kilogram, kilobyte, kilometre
3 half = half, partly – half-hearted, half-baked, half-understood
4 pre = before – prewar, preschool, precondition

3
1 spaghetti, potatoes, lasagna, cereals, fruits, milk, honey, sugar
2 (elite) athletes, long distance runners, cyclists, cross-country skiers, canoe racers, swimmers,

soccer players

4 verb adjective
require requisite, required
noun limit limiting
requirement benefit beneficial
limit, limitation intensify intense
benefit simplify simple
intensity digest digestive
simplicity
digestion

Reading and vocabulary 2

1 4 known as
1 held the view 5 on the other hand
2 there is thus little reason to suppose that 6 composed predominantly of
3 a large number of

2 6 puzzling
1 relatively 7 collection
2 situation 8 extends
3 considered 9 estimate
4 enabled 10 demoted
5 establish

3 4 circle, go round
1 develop 5 turn [regularly round a fixed point]
2 thrive 6 give out
3 consist of

Reading and vocabulary 3

1 4 depending
1 symbols 5 known
2 unit 6 signal
3 capable

2 5 to
1 from 6 on
2 to 7 between
3 in 8 to
4 by; with

Academic Vocabulary in Use 159

3 7 application 12 adoption
1 communication 8 development 13 appearance
2 distinction 9 introduction 14 knowledge
3 reference 10 representation 15 speech
4 use 11 inclusion 16 pronunciation
5 government
6 combination

Reading and vocabulary 4

1
1 For organising communal activities and public events, for scheduling the shipment of goods, for

regulating planting and harvesting.
2 The solar day, the lunar month and the solar year.
3 Because there was less variation in the solar day or solar year than in areas further from the

equator.
4 Normal hours are a fixed period of sixty equal minutes whereas temporal hours vary in length

according to the length of day or night - ie there are always twelve of them and they will be longer
on a long summer day and shorter on a short winter day.
5 In northern latitudes there are more likely to be clouds covering the sun (so sundials cannot
function) and there is also more chance of the water in water clocks freezing thus stopping them
from functioning.

2
1 to base calendars on natural cycles
2 periods of light and darkness
3 the waxing and waning of the moon
4 to divide something into equal parts
5 temporal hours varied according to the changing lengths of day and night
6 remained in use for a century

3
1 cycles (a) set of regular, repeated events (b) short form of bicycles (as noun or verb)
2 revolution (a) turning (b) political upheaval
3 waxing (a) growing in size (b) using wax e.g. to remove hair
4 civil (a) relating to society (b) polite
5 marked (a) characterised, indicated (b) corrected, graded
6 adopted (a) start using (b) legally take responsibility for a child

Reading and vocabulary 5

1 5 impact 9 layers
1 oral 6 artefacts 10 insightful
2 generated 7 perceptions 11 discipline
3 basis 8 means 12 adapted
4 mundane
5 packed with, full of
2 6 expected ways of behaving
1 clear and direct 7 building
2 behaviour considered a social mistake 8 getting rid of
3 customs
4 discover

160 Academic Vocabulary in Use

3

routine activities written record past perceptions past lifestyles

daily lives archaeological remains textual sources social regulations

written traditions unrecorded activities insightful discipline archaeological data

oral traditions mundane activities critical discipline critical analyses

extraordinary events significant impact scholarly discipline archaeological studies

unusual events medical practices vital questions complex interpretations

big events Graeco-Roman world interesting questions

4

social – society unfamiliar – unfamiliarity replete – repletion

habitual – habit certain – certainty specific – specifics, specificity

explicit – explicitness familiar – familiarity silent – silence

common – commonness, common vague – vagueness medical – medicine

foreign – foreignness polite – politeness ill – illness

Reading and vocabulary 6

1
1 frequently seen
2 writing notes on
3 mainly
4 make use of
5 large number of
6 being found everywhere
7 simplify (dumb down has negative associations)
8 make to look more attractive (pretty up has negative associations)
9 claiming
10 intentionally choosing some things and not others
11 relating to the mind and learning
12 improve
13 closeness
14 implications, conclusions
15 come out in a clear way
16 painstakingly, painfully, with difficulty

2 4 information
1 representation 5 case
2 part 6 diagrams
3 original
3
Individual responses

Academic Vocabulary in Use 161

Phonemic symbols

Vowel sounds Consonant sounds

Symbol Examples Symbol Examples
/iː/ sleep me /p/ put
/i/ happy recipe /b/ book
/ɪ/ pin dinner /t/ take
/ʊ/ foot could pull /d/ dog
/uː/ do shoe through /k/ car kick
/e/ red head said /g/ go guarantee
/ə/ arrive father colour /tʃ/ catch church
/ɜː/ turn bird work /dʒ/ age lounge
/ɔː/ sort thought walk /f/ for cough photograph
/æ/ cat black /v/ love vehicle
/ʌ/ sun enough wonder /θ/ thick path
/ɒ/ got watch sock /ð/ this mother
/ɑː/ part heart laugh /s/ since rice
/z/ zoo surprise
/eɪ/ name late aim /ʃ/ shop sugar machine
/aɪ/ my idea time /ʒ/ pleasure usual vision
/ɔɪ/ boy noise /h/ hear hotel
/eə/ pair where bear /m/ make
/ɪə/ hear cheers /n/ name now know
/əʊ/ go home show /ŋ/ bring
/aʊ/ out cow /l/ look while
/ʊə/ pure fewer /r/ road
/j/ young
/w/ wear

ˈ This shows that the next syllable is the one with the stress.

ˌ This is used when some longer words have a second stress, less strong than on the main
stressed syllable.

162 Academic Vocabulary in Use

Index

The numbers in the index are Unit numbers not page numbers. The pronunciation provided is for standard
British English.

abandon /əˈbændən/ 48 ambiguous /æmˈbɪgjuəs/ 31 as has been shown 49
-able /əbəl/ 17 amend /əˈmend/ 48 as opposed to 16
about /əˈbaʊt/ 15 amount /əˈmaʊnt/ 7, 11 as regards 13, 16
above /əˈbʌv/ 40 amount to 14 as we have seen 40, 49
absence /ˈæbsəns/ 45 analogy /əˈnælədʒi/ 46 as we saw 40
abstract (adj.) /ˈæbstrækt/ 4 analyse /ˈænəlaɪz/ 3, 10, 42 as well as 39
abstract (n.) /ˈæbstrækt/ 49 analysis /əˈnæləsɪs/ plural analyses aspect /ˈæspekt/ 2, 11, 12, 28
abund ant /əˈbʌndənt/ 42 /əˈnæləsiːz/ 15, 29 assemble /əˈsembəl/ 26
acceptable /əkˈseptəbəl/ 10 anarchist /ˈænəkɪst/ 17 assert /əˈsɜːt/ 29, 30
acceptance /əkˈseptəns/ 11 and so forth 39 assessment /əˈsesmənt/ 2, 20
access /ˈækses/ 27 and so on 39 assign /əˈsaɪn/ 14, 38
accident /ˈæksɪdənt/ 1 animated /ˈænɪmeɪtɪd/ 10 assignment /əˈsaɪnmənt/ 15, 20
accidental /ˌæksɪˈdentəl/ 1 annual /ˈænjuəl/ 23, 36 associate (with) /əˈsəUsieɪt/ 12,
accidentally /ˌæksɪˈdentəli/ 1 answer /ˈɑːnsə/ 44 14, 43
accommodate /əˈkɒmədeɪt/ 8 -ant /ˍənt/ 17 assuming /əˈsjuːmɪŋ/ 3
accompanied by 43 anti- /ˈænti/ 17 assumption /əˈsʌmpʃən/ 11, 15
according to 30 anti-bacterial /ˌæntibækˈtɪəriəl/ 17 asynchronous learning 21
account for 3, 14, 37, 42 anticipate /ænˈtɪsɪpeɪt/ 23 at /æt/ 15
accumulate /əˈkjuːmjəleɪt/ 23, 42 anti-depressant /ˌæntidɪˈpresənt/ 17 at-a-glance 25
accuracy /ˈækjʊrəsi/ 17 anti-pollution /ˌæntipəˈluːʃən/ 17 at first 40
accurate /ˈækjurət/ 4, 42 any questions 50 at last 49
achieve /əˈtʃiːv/ 24 apart from 39 at length 12
acknowledge /əkˈnɒlɪdʒ/ 18, 47 apparatus /ˌæpərˈeɪtəs/ 26 at random 34
acquire /əˈkwaɪə/ 48 apparent /əˈpærənt/ 44 at the moment 36
adapt to /əˈdæpt/ 48 application /ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃən/ 24 at the same time 16, 39
adaptive learning 21 application form 18 at this point 13, 40
address /əˈdres/ 40, 44, 50 application of 41 at this stage 13
adjacent /əˈdʒeɪsənt/ 35 appreciate /əˈpriːʃieɪt/ 35 atmosphere /ˈætməsfɪə/ 31
adjust to /əˈdʒʌst/ 48 apprehend /ˌæprɪˈhend/ 31 attack /əˈtæk/ 9
administration /ədˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃən/ 19 approach (n.) /əˈprəʊtʃ/ 2, 12, 15, 26 attain /əˈteɪn/ 24
adopt /əˈdɒpt/ 32 approach (v.) /əˈprəʊtʃ/ 25 attempt /əˈtemt/ 1, 3, 15, 49
adulthood /ˈædʌlthʊd/ 17 appropriate /əˈprəʊpriət/ 4 attend to /əˈtend/ 14
advance /ədˈvɑːns/ 30 approximate /əˈprɒksɪmət/ 33 attention /əˈtenʃən/ 42
advantage /ədˈvɑːntɪdʒ/ 28 approximately /əˈprɒksɪmətli/ 5, 7 attitude /ˈætɪtjuːd/ 15
advent /ˈædvent/ 41 archives /ˈɑːkaɪvz/ 27 attribute to /əˈtrɪbjuːt/ 14, 27
advisor /ədˈvaɪzə/ 19 argue /ˈɑːgjuː/ 29, 30 autocracy /ɔːˈtɒkrəsi/ 17
argue against 14 autocrat /ˈɔːtəkræt/ 17
affect /əˈfekt/ 3, 37 argue for 14 automate /ˈɔːtəmeɪt/ 41
age /eɪdʒ/ 15 argument /ˈɑːgjumənt/ 11, 25, 30 average /ˈævərɪdʒ/ 33, 34
aggregate /ˈægrɪgət/ 33 arise /əˈraɪz/ 44 award /əˈwɔːd/ 23
agree /əˈgriː/ 29 array /əˈreɪ/ 11 awareness /əˈweənəs/ 2
aim /eɪm/ 24, 40 arrive at 33 background /ˈbækgraʊnd/ 38
albeit /ɔːlˈbiːɪt/ 39 article /ˈɑːtɪkəl/ 15 bar chart 35
all of 7 artificial /ˌɑːtɪˈfɪʃəl/ 26 barrage /ˈbærɑːʒ/ 9
all very well, but 39 as a result of 13 base on 12
allocate /ˈæləkeɪt/ 38 as a rule 16 based on 12, 14, 39
allow time for /əˈlaʊ/ 50 as a whole 16 basically /ˈbeɪsɪkli/ 1, 5
almost /ˈɔːlməʊst/ 1 as can be seen in 40 basis /ˈbeɪsɪs/ 15
along with 39 as compared to 46 battle against 9
alter /ˈɔːltə/ 48 as far as … is concerned 16 be that as it may 16
alternative /ɔːlˈtɜːnətɪv/ 10, 26

Academic Vocabulary in Use 163

bear out 42 cast doubt on 30 come to light 42
because /bɪˈkəz/ 37 catalogue /ˈkætəlɒg/ 27 come up with 44
because of 37 category /ˈkætəgri/ 38 comment /ˈkɒment/ 14, 30, 50
behaviour /bɪˈheɪvjə/ 41 causal /ˈkɔːzəl/ 26 common /ˈkɒmən/ 11, 26
behind /bɪˈhaɪnd/ 15 cause /kɔːz/ 12, 37 common to 4
belief /bɪˈliːf/ 11, 29 cause-and-effect /kɔːz ənd ɪˈfekt/ commonly /ˈkɒmənli/ 12
bell curve 34 26 comparison /kəmˈpærɪsən/ 46
belong to /bɪˈlɒŋ/ 38 central /ˈsentrəl/ 11 comparatively /kəmˈpærətɪvli/ 5
below /bɪˈləU/ 40 century /ˈsentʃəri/ 36 compared with/to /kəmˈpeəd/ 46
benefit from 14 cf 17 comparison /kəmˈpærɪsən/ 11, 46
between /bɪˈtwiːn/ 15 chain reaction 37 compatible /kəmˈpætɪbəl/ 47
bi- /baɪ/ 17 challenge /ˈtʃæləndʒ/ 3, 24, 30, 47 complemented by 43
biased against 32 challenging /ˈtʃælɪndʒɪŋ/ 10 complex /ˈkɒmpleks/ 4
biased in favour of 32 change /tʃeɪndʒ/ 11, 15, 48 component /kəmˈpəʊnənt/ 38
bilingual /baɪˈlɪŋgwəl/ 17 channel /ˈtʃænəl/ 8 comprehend /ˌkɒmprɪˈhend/ 31
bill /bɪl/ 23 characteristic /ˌkærɪktəˈrɪstɪk/ 11, 38 comprehensive /ˌkɒmprɪˈhensɪv/
bi-monthly /ˌbaɪˈmʌnθli/ 17 characteristic of 1, 4 42, 47
bird-like /ˈbɜːdˌlaɪk/ 17 charge /tʃɑːdʒ/ 8 computer-mediated
blended learning 21 check /tʃek/ 6, 26, 42 /kəmˈpjuːtəˈmiːdieɪtɪd/ 21
blog /blɒg/ 21 childhood /ˈtʃaɪldhʊd/ 17 con- /kɒnˍ/ 17
blue collar 38 child-like /ˈtʃaɪldlaɪk/ 17 concentrate (on) 14
body of evidence 42 circumstances /ˈsɜːkəmstæntsɪz/ concept /ˈkɒnsept/ 29
body of literature 27 45, 47 concern /kənˈsɜːn / 11
bombard with 9 cite /saɪt/ 27 concerned with 40
bond /bɒnd/ 43 claim /kleɪm/ 30 concise /kənˈsaɪs/ 31
book /bʊk/ 15 clarification /ˌklærɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/ 18 concisely /kənˈsaɪsli/ 49
borne out by 47 clarify /ˈklærɪfaɪ/ 17, 25, 31 conclude /kənˈkluːd/ 49
brainstorm /ˈbreɪnstɔːm/ 22 classify /ˈklæsɪfaɪ/ 3 concluding /kənˈkluːdɪŋ/ 49
break off contact 10 clear /klɪə/ 42, 50 conclusion /kənˈkluːʒən/ 28
brief /briːf/ 49, 50 clearly /ˈklɪəli/ 12 conclusive /kənˈkluːsɪv/ 10
briefly /ˈbriːfli/ 1, 12, 49 close contact 10 conclusively /kənˈkluːsɪvli/ 12
bring to a close 49 closely /ˈkləʊsli/ 12 concrete /ˈkɒŋkriːt/ 4
bring to an end 49 co- /kəʊ/ 17 concurrent /kənˈkʌrənt/ 36
bring together 25, 43 co-author /kəʊˈɔːθər/ 17 conditions /kənˈdɪʃənz/ 11, 26, 45
broadly /ˈbrɔːdli/ 5 coherent /kəUˈhɪərənt/ 31 conduct /kənˈdʌkt/ 3, 6, 25, 26
bulk /bʌlk/ 7 coincide with 36 confine to /kənˈfaɪn/ 45
bullet-point /ˈbʊlɪtˌpɔɪnt/ 25 col- /kɒlˍ/ 17 confirm /kənˈfɜːm/ 42
by chance 13 collaborate /kəˈlæbəreɪt/ 17 conflict /ˈkɒnflɪkt/ 11, 44
by contrast 46 collaboration /kəˌlæbəˈreɪʃən/ 21 conflicting /kənˈflɪktɪŋ/ 10, 42
by far 13 collapse /kəˈlæps/ 11 connection /kəˈnekʃən/ 12
by means of 16 collate /kəˈleɪt/ 10 connotation /ˌkɒnəˈteɪʃən/ 31
by no means 47 collect /kəˈlekt/ 10, 25, 42 consent to /kənˈsent/ 14
by the same token 39 college /ˈkɒlɪdʒ/ 19 consequence /ˈkɒnsɪkwəns/ 11, 37
cafeteria /ˌkæfəˈtɪəriə/ 19 colonise /ˈkɒlənaɪz/ 17 consequently /ˈkɒnsɪkwəntli/ 37
calculate /ˈkælkjʊleɪt/ 3, 33 colourless /ˈkʌlələs/ 17 conservative /kənˈsɜːvətɪv/ 32
call for 14, 18 column /ˈkɒləm/ 35 conserve /kənˈsɜːv/ 10
call on 50 com- /kɒmˍ/ 17 consider /kənˈsɪdə/ 3, 40, 42
campus /ˈkæmpəs/ 21 combination of /ˌkɒmbɪˈneɪʃən/ 43 considerable /kənˈsɪdərəbəl/ 7, 10,
candidate /ˈkændɪdət/ 20 combine /kəmˈbaɪn/ 10, 17 11, 37
career /kəˈrɪə/ 18 come back to 50 considerably /kənˈsɪdərəbli/ 5
carry out 6, 50 come down on the side of 28 consist of /kənˈsɪst/ 6, 38, 40
case /keɪs/ 2, 15 come into contact with 10 consistent /kənˈsɪstənt/ 34
case study 26 come to a conclusion 28, 49 consolidated /kənˈsɒlɪdeɪtɪd/ 21

164 Academic Vocabulary in Use

constant /ˈkɒnstənt/ 10, 33 criteria 24, 29 devoted to 40
constituent elements 10 critical /ˈkrɪtɪkəl/ 24, 28, 36 differ /ˈdɪfər/ 46
constitute /ˈkɒnstɪtjuːt/ 6, 28 critical mass 24 difference /ˈdɪfərəns/ 11, 12, 15,
constrain /kənˈstreɪn/ 45 critical thinking 28 38, 46
constraint /kənˈstreɪnt/ 45 critically /ˈkrɪtɪkli/ 12 different /ˈdɪfərənt/ 46
consult /kənˈsʌlt/ 27 criticism /ˈkrɪtɪsɪzəm/ 47 differentiate /ˌdɪfəˈrenʃieɪt/ 10
consume /kənˈsjuːm/ 10, 41 cross /krɒs/ 35 difficulty /ˈdɪfɪkəlti/ 15, 44
consumption /kənˈsʌmʃən/ 41 cross-section /ˌkrɒsˈsekʃən/ 35 dimension /ˌdaɪˈmenʃən/ 38
contact /ˈkɒntækt/ 10 crucial /ˈkruːʃəl/ 10, 47 diminishing /dɪˈmɪnɪʃɪŋ/ 48
contain /kənˈteɪn/ 44 current /ˈkʌrənt/ 36 Diploma /dɪˈpləʊmə/ 20
contemporary /kənˈtempərəri/ 36 -cy /si/ 17 directly /dɪˈrektli/ 5
contend /kənˈtend/ 30 daily /ˈdeɪli/ 36 disadvantage /ˌdɪsədˈvɑːntɪdʒ/ 28
context /ˈkɒntekst/ 11, 45 data /ˈdeɪtə/ 11, 25, 26, 35, 42 discern /dɪˈsɜːn/ 10
contra- /ˈkɒntrə/ 17 deadline /ˈdedlaɪn/ 18 discipline /ˈdɪsəplɪn/ 1, 24, 29
contract /kənˈtrækt/ 8 deal with 27, 44 discourse /ˈdɪskɔːs/ 31
contradict /ˌkɒntrəˈdɪkt/ 17 debate /dɪˈbeɪt/ 10 discover /dɪˈskʌvər/ 10
contradiction in terms 44 debt /det/ 23 discrete /dɪˈskriːt/ 33
contradictory /ˌkɒntrəˈdɪktəri/ 47 decade /ˈdekeɪd/ 36 discuss /dɪˈskʌs/ 3, 6, 12, 29,
contrast /ˈkɒntrɑːst/ 46 decisive /dɪˈsaɪsɪv/ 10 40, 50
contrasting /kənˈtrɑːstɪŋ/ 10 declare /dɪˈkleə/ 30 display /dɪˈspleɪ/ 41
contribute to /kənˈtrɪbjuːt/ 10, decline /dɪˈklaɪn/ 11, 35, 50 dispose of 14
24, 37 decrease /ˈdiːkriːs/ 15, 35 disprove /dɪˈspruːv/ 26
contribution /ˌkɒntrɪˈbjuːʃən/ 11 decreasingly /dɪˈkriːsɪŋli/ 7 disrupt /dɪsˈrʌpt/ 26
controlled conditions 26 deduce /dɪˈdjuːs/ 28 dissertation /ˌdɪsəˈteɪʃən/ 15, 20
controversy /ˈkɒntrəvɜːsi/ deduct /dɪˈdʌkt/ 33 distance education 21
/kəntˈtrɒvəsi/ 44 deeply /ˈdiːpli/ 28 distinct from 38
convenient /kənˈviːniənt/ 10 deep-rooted /ˌdiːpˈruːtɪd/ 32 distinction /dɪˈstɪŋʃən/ 15, 20,
conventional /kənˈvenʃənəl/ 21 defer /dɪˈfɜː/ 20 31, 46
conversely /kənˈvɜːsli/ 46 define /dɪˈfaɪn/ 10, 31 distinguish /dɪˈstɪŋgwɪʃ/ 31
convert /kənˈvɜːt/ 48 definition /ˌdefɪˈnɪʃən/ 24 distort /dɪˈstɔːt/ 42
convey /kənˈveɪ/ 31 degree /dɪˈgriː/ 11, 39 distribute /dɪˈstrɪbjuːt/ 25
convince /kənˈvɪns/ 14 deliberate /dɪˈlɪbərət/ 24 distribution /ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃən/ 34
convincing /kənˈvɪnsɪŋ/ 30, 42 demolish /dɪˈmɒlɪʃ/ 9 diversity /daɪˈvɜːsəti/ 11, 38
convincingly /kənˈvɪnsɪŋli/ 12 demonstrate /ˈdemənstreɪt/ 3, 12, divide into 14, 40
coolant /ˈkuːlənt/ 17 30, 42 doctor /ˈdɒktər/ 19
cooperate /kəʊˈɒpəreɪt/ 17 demonstration /ˌdemənˈstreɪʃən/ 30 document (n.) /ˈdɒkjʊmənt/ 11
core /kɔː/ 20 denote /dɪˈnəʊt/ 31, 38 document (v.) /ˈdɒkjʊment/ 27
correctly /kəˈrektli/ 12 depart from 14 double /ˈdʌbəl/ 35
correlate with /ˈkɒrələɪt/ 34, 43 department /ˈdɪpaːtmənt/ 19 draft /drɑːft/ 22
correlation /ˌkɒrəˈleɪʃən/ 34 dependent variable 26 drain /dreɪn/ 23
correlational study 26 depreciate /dɪˈpriːʃieɪt/ 35 draw an analogy 46
correspond to /ˌkɒrɪˈspɒnd/ 43 derived from 37 draw attention to 42
cost of living 23 describe /dɪˈskraɪb/ 3, 6, 30, 38 draw conclusions 28, 49
counter- /kaʊntə/ 17 description /dɪˈskrɪpʃən/ 3, 30 draw on 14, 27, 50
counter-claim /ˈkaʊntəˌkleɪm/ 17 design /dɪˈzaɪn/ 41 drawback /ˈdrɔːbæk/ 28
couple with 14 despite (the fact that) /dɪˈspaɪt/ 39 drop /drɒp/ 35, 50
course of action 28 detail /ˈdiːteɪl/ 11, 16, 50 due to 16, 37
cover /ˈkʌvər/ 23 determine /dɪˈtɜːmɪn/ 26, 37 duration /djUəˈreɪʃən/ 20
cram /kræm/ 22 develop /dɪˈveləp/ 3, 10, 41, 50 e.g. /iːˈdʒiː/ 17
create /kriˈeɪt/ 37 development /dɪˈveləpmənt/ 11 e-learning /ˈiːˌlɜːnɪŋ/ 21
creative /kriˈeɪtɪv/ 24 deviate /ˈdiːvieɪt/ 34 EAP 20
credit /ˈkredɪt/ 20 device /dɪˈvaɪs/ 26 earlier /ˈɜːliə/ 40
criterion /kraɪˈtɪəriən/ plural devise /dɪˈvaɪz/ 10, 38 early /ˈɜːli/ 36

Academic Vocabulary in Use 165

eco- /iːkəʊˍ/ 17 even number 33 field study 26
eco-friendly /ˈiːkəʊˌfrendli/ 17 even so 39 figure /ˈfɪgə/ 33, 35
eco-tourism /ˈiːkəʊˌtʊərɪzəm/ 17 eventual /ɪˈventʃuəl/ 36 fill in 18
economic /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk/ 10 eventually /ɪˈventʃuəli/ 5, 49 final /ˈfaɪnəl/ 36, 49
ed(s). /ed/ 17 evidence /ˈevɪdəns/ 12, 42, 43 finally /ˈfaɪnəli/ 5, 40, 49
-ee /ˍiː/ 17 evoke /ɪˈvəʊk/ 31 finance (v.) /ˈfaɪnæns/ 23
effect /ɪˈfekt/ 3, 11, 12, 15, 37 evolve /ɪˈvɒlv/ 36 finances (n.) /ˈfaɪnænsɪz/ 23
effective /ɪˈfektɪv/ 26 exact /ɪgˈzækt/ 33 financial /faɪˈnænʃəl/ 18
efficient /ɪˈfɪʃənt/ 10 exactly /ɪgˈzæktli/ 5 find /faɪnd/ 3, 25, 44
elective /ɪˈlektɪv/ 20 examination /ɪgˌzæmɪˈneɪʃən/ 15 finite /ˈfaɪnaɪt/ 45
element /ˈelɪmənt/ 10, 11 examine /ɪgˈzæmɪn/ 3, 12, 42 firmly /ˈfɜːmli/ 12
eligible /ˈelɪdʒəbəl/ 20 example /ɪgˈzɑːmpˌl/ 11, 42 first degree 18
eliminate /ɪˈlɪmɪneɪt/ 26 exceed /ɪkˈsiːd/ 35 first(ly) /ˈfɜːst/ 40
elimination /ɪˌlɪmɪˈneɪʃən/ 48 exceeding /ɪkˈsiːdɪŋ/ 7 flawed /flɔːd/ 47
elsewhere /ˌelsˈweə/ 27 excess /ɪkˈses/ 10 flaw /flɔː/ 47
emerge /ɪˈmɜːdʒ/ 14, 41, 42 excessive /ɪkˈsesɪv/ 7 flimsy /ˈflɪmzi/ 42
emergence /ɪˈmɜːdʒəns/ 36, 41 exclude from 14 flipped classroom 21
emphasis /ˈemfəsɪs/ 3, 15, 30 exist /ɪgˈzɪst/ 27, 42 flowchart /ˈfləʊtʃaːt/ 35
emphasise /ˈemfəsaɪz/ 3, 14, 30 existence /ɪgˈzɪstəns/ 12, 38, 45 fluctuate /ˈflʌktʃueɪt/ 48
empirical /ɪmˈpɪrɪkəl/ 26, 42 expansion /ɪkˈspænʃən/ 11, 48 focus (n.) /ˈfəʊkəs/ 11
employ /ɪmˈplɔɪ/ 26 expenditure /ɪkˈspendɪtʃə/ 23 focus on (v.) 14, 25, 39, 50
employee /ɪmˈplɔɪiː/ 17 experience /ɪkˈspɪəriəns/ 11, 44 following /ˈfɒləʊɪŋ/ 40, 49
employment /ɪmˈplɔɪmənt/ 38 experiment /ɪkˈsperɪmənt/ 26 for /fɔːr/ 14, 15
encounter /ɪnˈkaʊntə/ 25, 32 experimental /ɪkˌsperɪˈmentəl/ 26 for example 39
encouraging /ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒɪŋ/ 10 explain /ɪkˈspleɪn/ 3, 10, 30, 35 for instance 39
end /end/ 37 explanation /ˌekspləˈneɪʃən/ 3, 30 for the most part 7, 13, 16
end-of-semester /end əv explicit /ɪkˈsplɪsɪt/ 11 for the purposes of 16, 39
sɪˈmestə/ 22 explicitly /ɪkˈsplɪsɪtli/ 5 for this reason 16
energy /ˈenədʒi/ 10, 23 exploration /ˌekspləˈreɪʃən/ 3, 15 force /fɔːs/ 37
engage in 10 exploratory /ekˈsplɒrətəri/ 26 form /fɔːm/ 11
English-medium /ˈɪŋglɪʃ ˈmiːdiəm/ 18 explore /ɪkˈsplɔː/ 3, 40 former /ˈfɔːmə/ 40
enhance /ɪnˈhɑːns/ 48 export /ɪksˈpɔːt/ 41 formulate /ˈfɔːmjʊleɪt/ 25
enormous /ɪˈnɔːməs/ 7, 11 expose to 14 forthcoming /ˌfɔːθˈkʌmɪŋ/ 36
enrol /ɪnˈrəʊl/ 20 express /ɪkˈspres/ 31 forum /ˈfɔːrəm/ plural fora /
entitlement to /ɪnˈtaɪtəlmənt/ 23 extension /ɪkˈstenʃən/ 22 ˈfɔːrə/ 21
entry requirements 18 extensive /ɪkˈstensɪv/ 27, 42 foundations /faʊnˈdeɪʃənz/ 27
environment /ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt/ 45 extent /ɪkˈstent/ 11, 16, 39 fraction /ˈfrækʃən/ 33
equal opportunities 18 extra-curricular activities 22 framework /ˈfreɪmwɜːk/ 29
equip with 14 extreme /ɪkˈstriːm/ 34 frequent /ˈfriːkwənt/ 10
equivalent to /ɪˈkwɪvələnt/ 43 extrinsic /ekˈstrɪnzɪk/ 45 frequently /ˈfriːkwəntli/ 5, 12
era /ˈɪərə/ 36 facilitate /fəˈsɪlɪteɪt/ 21, 37 fresher /ˈfreʃər/ 19
error /ˈerə/ 44 fact /fækt/ 12, 16, 35, 42 freshman /ˈfreʃmən/ 19
especially /ɪˈspeʃəli/ 5 factor /ˈfæktə/ 11, 12 from /frɒm/ 14
essay /ˈeseɪ/ 15, 20 faculty /ˈfækəlti/ 19 from the outset 13
essence /ˈesəns/ 29 fair /feə/ 7, 10 from the point of view of 16
essentially /ɪˈsentʃəli/ 5 fall /fɔːl/ 35 from then on 13
establish /ɪˈstæblɪʃ/ 3, 10, 12, 24, 42 fall into 38 full-time /ˌfʊlˈtaɪm/ 23
estimate /ˈestɪmət/ 33 falsify /ˈfɒlsɪfaɪ/ 10 fundamental /ˌfʌndəˈmentəl/
et al /etˈæl/ 17 fearless /ˈfɪələs/ 17 10, 47, 48
etc. /ɪtˈsetərə/ 17 feature /ˈfiːtʃə/ 2, 11, 12, 38 fundamentally /ˌfʌndəˈmentəli/ 1
ethical /ˈeθɪkəl/ 32 feel free 50 further /ˈfɜːðə/ 24, 39, 50
ethnic (background) /ˈeθnɪk/ 38 fees /fiːz/ 18 furthermore /ˌfɜːðəˈmɔː/ 39
evaluation /ɪˌvæljuˈeɪʃən/ 24 fewer and fewer 7 future /ˈfjuːtʃər/ 36

166 Academic Vocabulary in Use

gather /ˈgæðər/ 26 have difficulty 44 improvement /ɪmˈpruːvmənt/ 11
gender /ˈdʒendə/ 38 have ethical objections to 32 in- /ɪn/ 17
general /ˈdʒenərəl/ 38 have no intention of 24 in /ɪn/ 15
generalise /ˈdʒenrəlaɪz/ 29 have no time left 50 in a few words 49
generally /ˈdʒenrəli/ 5, 12 having said that 39, 50 in a systematic way 26
generate /ˈdʒenəreɪt/ 10, 37 head of department 19 in a variety of ways 16
generation /ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃən/ 38 heading /ˈhedɪŋ/ 25, 38 in absolute terms 10
get in 18 health centre 19 in accordance with 13
getting back to 50 heated debate 10 in addition to 1, 13, 16, 39
give a description of 3, 30 heroism /ˈherəʊɪzəm/ 17 in any respect 13
give an example 42 hierarchy /ˈhaɪərɑːki/ 38 in any way 13
give an overview of 50 highlight /ˈhaɪlaɪt/ 6, 9, 30, 47 in broad terms 10
give a presentation 50 histogram /ˈhɪstəgræm/ 35 in comparison with 13, 46
give a summary 49 hold a view 32 in conclusion 49
give attention to 44 holiday /ˈhɒlɪdeɪ/ 19 in conjunction with 13
give credit to 47 homemaker /ˈhəʊmˌmeɪkə/ 38 in contrast 13, 46
give (top) priority to 24 -hood /hʊd/ 17 in-depth /ˌɪnˈdepθ/ 26, 50
give rise to 37 horizontal axis 35 in economic terms 10
glaring /ˈgleərɪŋ/ 9 huge /hjuːdʒ/ 7 in excess of 7, 16
glossary /ˈglɒsəri/ 31 hyper- /ˈhaɪpər/ 17 in general 16
go against 6 hyperactive /ˌhaɪpərˈæktɪv/ 17 in general terms 10
go back over 6 hyper-inflation /ˌhaɪpərɪnˈfleɪʃən/ in greater detail 16, 50
go back to 50 17 in light of 9, 25
go blank 22 hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθəsɪs/ plural in line with 13
go into 6 hypotheses /haɪˈpɒθəsiːz/ 12, 25, 29 in more detail 16, 50
go on to 6 hypothesis-based in most respects 13
go over time 50 /haɪˈpɒθəsɪs beɪst/ 24 in my opinion 32
go round 50 Iˈd like to begin by 50 in no circumstances 47
go through 6, 36 i.e. /ˌaɪˈiː/ 17 in no way 47
goal /gəʊl/ 24 I would argue that 30 in other words 13
gradual /ˈgrædʒuəl/ 48 ibid. /ˈɪbɪd/ 17 in particular 13
graduate student 19 idea /aɪˈdɪə/ 12, 15, 29 in passing 12
grant /grɑːnt/ 23 identifiable /aɪˈdentɪfaɪəbˌl/ 17 in practical terms 10
graph /grɑːf/ 35 identification /aɪˌdentɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/ 2 in recent times/years 36
(a) great deal of 7 identify /aɪˈdentɪfaɪ/ 3, 12 in relation to 13
Great Hall 19 ideology /ˌaɪdiˈɒlədʒi/ 32 in relative terms 10
ground /graʊnd/ 11 -ify /ɪfaɪ/ 17 in respect of 16
groundbreaking 47 il- /ɪl/ 17 in-sessional /ɪn ˈseʃənəl/ 20
grow /grəʊ/ 35 illogical /ɪˈlɒdʒɪkəl/ 17 in short 1
growing /ˈgrəʊɪŋ/ 42 illuminate /ɪˈluːmɪneɪt/ 9 in some ways 13
guarantee /ˌgærənˈtiː/ 18 illuminating /ɪˈluːmɪneɪtɪŋ/ 9, 42 in spite of 13
half /hɑːf/ 33 illustrate /ˈɪləstreɪt/ 3, 42 in sum 1, 49
halfway point 34 im- /ɪm/ 17 in summary 49
halls of residence 19 immature /ˌɪməˈtjʊə/ 32 in terms of 13, 16
halve /hɑːv/ 35 impact /ˈɪmpækt/ 11, 37, 48 in that 43
handful /ˈhændfʊl/ 7 impartial /ɪmˈpɑːʃəl/ 32 in the case of 16
happiness /ˈhæpinəs/ 17 implication /ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃən/ 11 in the distant future 36
hard evidence 42, 47 implicitly /ɪmˈplɪsɪtli/ 5 in the final/last analysis 49
hardback /ˈhɑːdbæk/ 23 imply /ɪmˈplaɪ/ 30 in the light of 9, 25
have an effect on 3 importance /ɪmˈpɔːtəns/ 11, 12 in the long term 36
important /ɪmˈpɔːtənt/ 11, 47 in the near future 36
have an influence on 37 impose /ɪmˈpəʊz/ 45 in the next section 40
impossible /ɪmˈpɒsɪbˌl/ 17 in the preceding section 40
have a shot at 1

have (something) as a goal 24

Academic Vocabulary in Use 167

in the process 13 interaction /ˌɪntəˈrækʃən/ 43 layer /leɪə/ 35
in the right area 33 interest /ˈɪntrəst/ 11 -less /ləs/ 17
in the sense that 16, 39 interest-free /ˈɪntrəst friː/ 23 learn by heart 22
in the shadow of 9 interesting /ˈɪntrəstɪŋ/ 42 learning environment 21
in the short term 36 interface /ˈɪntəfeɪs/ 24 learning management system
in total 7 interfere with /ˌɪntəˈfɪə/ 26 (LMS) 21
in turn 13 interim /ˈɪntərɪm/ 10 learning portal 21
in view of 13 intermediate /ˌɪntəˈmiːdiət/ 36 leave out 50
inaccuracies /ɪnˈækjʊrəsiːz/ 26 intermittent /ˌɪntəˈmɪtənt/ 10 leave time for questions 50
inaccurate /ɪnˈækjʊrət/ 4 intermittently /ˌɪntəˈmɪtəntli/ 21 lecture /ˈlektʃə/ 15, 19, 20
inadequate /ɪˈnædɪkwət/ 47 interplay /ˈɪntəpleɪ/ 43 lecture notes 22
incidence /ˈɪnsɪdəns/ 33 interpret /ɪnˈtɜːprɪt/ 29, 42 lecture theatre 19
include /ɪnˈkluːd/ 3 interpretation /ɪnˌtɜːprɪˈteɪʃən/ 12 lecturer /ˈlektʃərə/ 19
inconclusive /ˌɪnkəŋˈkluːsɪv/ 10, 42 interrelated /ˌɪntərɪˈleɪtɪd/ 17, 43 legend /ˈledʒənd/ 35
inconsistency /ˌɪnkənˈsɪstənsi/ 44 intersect /ˌɪntəˈsekt/ 35 less and less 7
increase /ˈɪnkriːs/ 11, 15, 35 into /ˈɪntuː/ 15 let us turn to 40
increasingly /ɪnˈkriːsɪŋli/ 7, 48 intrinsic /ɪnˈtrɪnsɪk/ 45 library /ˈlaɪbrəri/ 19
indicate /ˈɪndɪkeɪt/ 28, 34, 35, 42 invalid /ɪnˈvælɪd/ 47 lie in 44
indirectly /ˌɪndɪˈrekli/ /ˌɪndaɪˈrekli/ 5 invalidated /ɪnˈvælɪdeɪtɪd/ 10 likewise /ˈlaɪkwaɪz/ 46
indistinct /ˌɪndɪˈstɪŋkt/ 17 invariably /ɪnˈveəriəbli/ 12 limited /ˈlɪmɪtɪd/ 45, 47
induce /ɪnˈdjuːs/ 37 invent /ɪnˈvent/ 41 link /lɪŋk/ 43
inevitable /ɪˈnevɪtəbl/ 11 investigate /ɪnˈvestɪgeɪt/ 3, 10, 40 list /lɪst/ 12
inevitably /ɪˈnevɪtəbli/ 12 investigation /ɪnˌvestɪˈgeɪʃən/ 15 literature /ˈlɪtrətʃə/ 27
infer /ɪnˈfɜː/ 31 involved /ɪnˈvɒlvd/ 3 little-known /ˈlɪtl nəʊn/ 42
infinite /ˈɪnfɪnət/ 45 ir- /ɪr/ 17 LMS (learning management
influence (n.) /ˈɪnfluəns/ 11, 15, 37 irrational /ɪˈræʃənəl/ 32 system) 21
influence (v.) /ˈɪnfluəns/ 37 irrefutable /ˌɪrɪˈfjuːtəbˌl/ 42 loan /ləʊn/ 23
influential /ˌɪnfluˈenʃəl/ 10 irregular /ɪˈregjələr/ 17 logic /ˈlɒdʒɪk/ 15
inform /ɪnˈfɔːm/ 24 -ise /ˍaɪz/ 17 long-term /ˌlɒŋˈtɜːm/ 22
informant /ɪnˈfɔːmənt/ 25 -ism /ˈɪzəm/ 17 longitudinal study 26
information /ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃən/ 11 isolated /ˈaɪsəleɪtɪd/ 10 look at 15
infrastructure /ˈɪnfrəˌstrʌktʃə/ issue /ˈɪʃuː/ 2, 8, 11, 12, 15, 44, 50 look back over 6
24, 45 -ist /ˍɪst/ 17 look for 42
infrequently / ɪnˈfriːkwəntli/ 5 it can be argued that 29 loosely /ˈluːsli/ 12
inhibit /ɪnˈhɪbɪt/ 37 it is not surprising that 47 lose contact 10
initial /ɪˈnɪʃəl/ 25, 36 it is worth recalling that 47 low-paid /ˌləʊˈpeɪd/ 23
initially /ɪˈnɪʃəli/ 5 item of evidence 42 lump sum 23
input /ˈɪnpʊt/ 41 -ize /ˍaɪz/ 17 MA 20
inquiry /ɪnˈkwaɪəri/ 15 junior /ˈdʒuːniə/ 19 made up of 6
insert /ɪnˈsɜːt/ 41 keep to 50 magnitude /ˈmægnɪtjuːd/ 33
insight /ˈɪnsaɪt/ 15, 28 key /kiː/ 10, 25, 35, 47, 49 main /meɪn/ 49
insignificant /ˌɪnsɪgˈnɪfɪkənt/ 4 knowledge /ˈnɒlɪdʒ/ 11 main body 27
instability /ˌɪnstəˈbɪləti/ 45 knowledge base 24 mainly /ˈmeɪnli/ 1, 12
instalments /ɪnˈstɔːlmənt/ 23 label /ˈleɪbəl/ 35 maintain /meɪnˈteɪn/ 9, 10, 30, 48
instance /ˈɪnstəns/ 42 laboratory /ləˈbɒrətri/ 26 maintenance grant 23
instigate /ˈɪnstɪgeɪt/ 24 lack of /læk/ 15 major /ˈmeɪdʒə/ 11
instrument /ˈɪnstrəmənt/ 26 largely /ˈlɑːdʒli/ 5 majority /məˈdʒɒrəti/ 11
integral to /ˈɪntɪgrəl/ 45 last /lɑːst/ 49 make a calculation 33
intend /ɪnˈtend/ 24 lastly /ˈlɑːstli/ 5, 40, 49 make a claim 30
intense /ɪnˈtens/ 10, 47 late /leɪt/ 36 make a presentation 50
intention /ɪnˈtenʃən/ 24 later /ˈleɪtə/ 40 make a to-do list 22
inter- /ɪnˈtɜː/ 17, 43 latter /ˈlætə/ 40 make an assertion 30
interact /ˌɪntəˈrækt/ 17 lay the foundations 27 make an implication 30

168 Academic Vocabulary in Use

make ends meet 23 model /ˈmɒdəl/ 2, 29 observer /əbˈzɜːvə/ 26
make inferences from 26 modernise /ˈmɒdənaɪz/ 17 obtain /əbˈteɪn/ 42
make reference to 27 modernism /ˈmɒdənɪzəm/ 17 occupation /ˌɒkjʊˈpeɪʃən/ 38
make up 6 modify /ˈmɒdɪfaɪ/ 48 occupational /ˌɒkjʊˈpeɪʃənəl/ 38
mal- /mæl/ 17 module /ˈmɒdjuːl/ 20 occur /əˈkɜː/ 8
malfunction /ˌmælˈfʌŋkʃən/ 17 monitor /ˈmɒnɪtə/ 21 -ocracy /ɒkrəsi/ 17
malpractice /ˌmælˈpræktɪs/ 17 monthly /ˈmʌnθli/ 23 -ocrat /əkræt/ 17
manipulate /məˈnɪpjʊleɪt/ 26 MOOCs /muːks/ 21 odd number 33
mapped out 25 more and more 7 of /ɒv/ 14, 15
marital status 38 more or less 1, 7 of considerable importance 11
marked /mɑːkt/ 46, 48, 50 more than 7 of great interest 11
mathematical /ˌmæθəmˈætɪkəl/ 26 moreover /mɔːˈrəʊvə/ 39 of particular significance 11
mature /məˈtjʊə/ 32 most (people) would agree that 29
mature student 18 mostly /ˈməʊstli/ 1, 5 offer /ˈɒfə/ 18, 42
maximum /ˈmæksɪməm/ 33, 45 motivate /ˈməʊtɪveɪt/ 24, 37 offer a place 18
mean /miːn/ 34 motivation /ˌməʊtɪˈveɪʃən/ 15, 24 offer inducements 23
meaningless /ˈmiːnɪŋləs/ 17 motive for -ing /ˈməʊtɪv/ 24 offer proof 3
means of /miːnz/ 15 move to/towards /muːv/ 15, 48 office hours 19
median /ˈmiːdiən/ 34 movement /ˈmuːvmənt/ 29 omit /əˈmɪt/ /əʊˈmɪt/ 50
mediate between /ˈmiːdieɪt/ 44 moving on 50 on /ɒn/ 14, 15
mediation /ˌmiːdiˈeɪʃən/ 44 multi- /mʌltiˍ/ 17 on balance 49
medical /ˈmedɪkəl/ 10 multilingual /ˌmʌltiˈlɪŋgwəl/ 17 on behalf of 13
meet a deadline 22 multiple /ˈmʌltɪpˌl/ 21 on no account 47
meet an objective 24 multiply /ˈmʌltɪplaɪ/ 35 on purpose 24
memorise /ˈmeməraɪz/ 22 multi-storey /ˌmʌltiˈstɔːri/ 17 on the basis of 13, 28
mention /ˈmenʃən/ 11, 30 mutual /ˈmjuːtʃuəl/ 43 on the contrary 13
merely /ˈmɪəli/ 5 national debate 24 on the one hand 13, 46
message /ˈmesɪdʒ/ 31 natural /ˈnætʃərəl/ 10, 26 on the other hand 13, 46
method /ˈmeθəd/ 26 naturalistic /ˌnætʃərəlˈɪstɪk/ 26 on the subject of 39, 50
methodology /ˌmeθəˈdɒlədʒi/ 2, 26 nature /ˈneɪtʃə/ 2, 38 on the whole 5, 13, 16
(my) mind goes blank 22 NB /ˌenˈbiː/ 17 one of 7
mind map 22, 25 need for 12, 15 ongoing /ˈɒnˌgəʊɪŋ/ 36
(my) mind starts to wander 22 nevertheless /ˌnevəðəˈles/ 39, 50 online community 21
minimal /ˈmɪnɪməl/ 45 next /nekst/ 40, 41 only /ˈəʊnli/ 1, 47
minimum /ˈmɪnɪməm/ 18, 33, 45 no fewer than 7 onslaught /ˈɒnslɔːt/ 9
minor /ˈmaɪnə/ 11 none of 7 op. cit. 17
mis- /mɪsˍ/ 31 nonetheless /ˌnʌnðəˈles/ 39 openness /ˈəʊpənnəs/ 17
misguided /mɪsˈgaɪdɪd/ 47 normal distribution 34 opinion /əˈpɪnjən/ 29, 32
misinterpret /ˌmɪsɪnˈtɜːprɪt/ 31 notable /ˈnəʊtəbəl/ 47 opposed to 9
misinterpretation / note (v.) /nəʊt/ 25, 27, 30 opposition /ˌɒpəˈzɪʃən/ 11
ˌmɪsɪnˌtɜːprɪˈteɪʃən/ 31 note-taking /ˈnəʊt teɪkɪŋ/ 22 opt for 20
misquote /ˌmɪsˈkwəʊt/ 31 notes (n.) /nəʊts/ 22 optimist /ˈɒptɪmɪst/ 17
misquotation /ˌmɪskwəʊˈteɪʃən/ 31 noteworthy /ˈnəʊtˌwɜːði/ 47 optional /ˈɒpʃənəl/ 20
mission statement 24 notion /ˈnəʊʃən/ 29 order of magnitude 33
mistaken /mɪˈsteɪkən/ 47 nowadays /ˈnaʊədeɪz/ 36 organise /ˈɔːgənaɪz/ 42
mistranslate /ˌmɪstrænˈsleɪt/ 31 nuances of meaning 31 origin of /ˈɒrɪdʒɪn/ 12, 37
mistranslation /ˌmɪstrænˈsleɪʃən/ nuclear energy 10 outcome /ˈaʊtkʌm/ 11, 34, 37
31 number /ˈnʌmbə/ 2, 7, 11, 33 outliers /ˈaʊtˌlaɪərz / 34
misunderstanding objection /əbˈdʒekʃən/ 32 output /ˈaʊtpʊt/ 41
/ˌmɪsʌndəˈstændɪŋ/ 26 objective /əbˈdʒektɪv/ 24, 32 outside observer 26
mnemonics /nɪˈmɒnɪks/ 22 obligatory /əˈblɪgətri/ 20 outweigh /ˌaʊtˈweɪ/ 28
mobile learning 21 observation /ˌɒbzəˈveɪʃən/ 26, 30 over- /əʊvə/ 17
mode /məʊd/ 34 observe /əbˈzɜːv/ 6, 10, 12, 26, 30 over the next few years 36
over time 26

Academic Vocabulary in Use 169

overall /ˌəʊvərˈɔːl/ 49 point of view 16, 32 priority /praɪˈɒrəti/ 24
overcome /ˌəʊvəˈkʌm/ 44 point out 6, 30 probability distribution 34
overdraft /ˈəʊvədrɑːft/ 23 point to 28, 42 problem /ˈprɒbləm/ 11, 12, 15, 44
overload /ˌəʊvəˈləʊd/ 17 point up 6 procedure /prəˈsiːdʒə/ 26, 41
overview /ˈəʊvəvjuː/ 50 policy /ˈpɒləsi/ 18 proceed /prəˈsiːd/ 20
overworked /ˌəʊvəˈwɜːkt/ 17 population /ˌpɒpjʊˈleɪʃən/ 26 process /ˈprəʊses/ 18
p. / pp. /piː/ 17 portfolio /ˌpɔːtˈfəʊliəʊ/ 20 produce /prəˈdjuːs/ 37
pace /peɪs/ 21 pose /pəʊz/ 12, 44 professor /prəˈfesə/ 19
page nos. 25 position /pəˈzɪʃən/ 32 profile /ˈprəʊfaɪl/ 18
paper /ˈpeɪpər/ 15, 49 post- /pəʊst/ 17 progress to/towards /ˈprəʊgres/ 15
paradigm shift 29 post-colonial /pəʊstkəˈləʊniəl/ 17 project /ˈprɒdʒekt/ 15, 20
part of 15 postgrad rep 19 -proof /pruːf/ 17
part-time /ˌpɑːtˈtaɪm/ 23 postgraduate representative 19 proof /pruːf/ 3, 30
particular /pəˈtɪkjʊlə/ 11 postgraduate student 19 proper /ˈprɒpər/ 10
particularly /pəˈtɪkjʊləli/ 5 post-war /ˈpəʊstwɔː/ 17, 36 properties /ˈprɒpətiːz/ 12
partly /ˈpɑːtli/ 12 potential /pəˈtenʃəl/ 4 proportion /prəˈpɔːʃən/ 11, 34
pathway through 25 power /paʊər/ 11 propose /prəˈpəʊz/ 30
pattern /ˈpætən/ 2 practical /ˈpræktɪkəl/ 10 pros and cons 39
pay attention 10, 39 practice /ˈpræktɪs/ 11 prove /pruːv/ 3, 26, 30
peak /piːk/ 35 practice-as-research /ˈpræktɪs əz provide /prəˈvaɪd/ 3
peer assessment 21 rɪˈsɜːtʃ/ 24 provide a sample 10
per cent /pəˈsent/ 34 practice-led /ˈpræktɪs led/ 24 provide a summary 49
percentage /pəˈsentɪdʒ/ 34 pre- /priː/ 17 provide an example 42
perceptible /pəˈseptəbəl/ 48 precedent /ˈpresɪdənt/ 37 provide an explanation 3, 30
perception /pəˈsepʃən/ 29 preceding /prɪˈsiːdɪŋ/ 36, 40 provide proof of 30
period /ˈpɪəriəd/ 28, 36 précis /ˈpreɪsiː/ 49 provide with 14
permanent /ˈpɜːmənənt/ 36 precise /prɪˈsaɪs/ 4, 33 provided that 39
personal /ˈpɜːsənəl/ 10, 23 precisely /prɪˈsaɪsli/ 5 provoke /prəˈvəʊk/ 37
personal statement 18 predict /prɪˈdɪkt/ 28 public debate 10
perspective /pəˈspektɪv/ 2, 31 predictable /prɪˈdɪktəbˌl/ 17 publish /ˈpʌblɪʃ/ 10
phase /feɪz/ 36, 41 preference for 15 purify /ˈpjʊərɪfaɪ/ 17
PhD /ˌpiːeɪtʃˈdiː/ 20 pre-industrial /priːɪnˈdʌstriəl/ 17 purpose /ˈpɜːpəs/ 11, 24, 40
phenomenon /fəˈnɒmɪnən/ plural prejudice /ˈpredʒʊdɪs/ 32 put emphasis/stress on 3, 30
phenomena /fəˈnɒmɪnə/ 10, 11, 26, prejudiced against 32 put forward 6, 30, 39
29 prejudiced in favour of 32 put (something) simply 5
philosophy /fɪˈlɒsəfi/ 32 preliminary /prɪˈlɪmɪnəri/ 10, 26 qualification /ˌkwɒlɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/ 18
pie chart 35 presence /ˈprezəns/ 45 qualitative /ˈkwɒlɪtətɪv/ 4
piece of apparatus 26 present (v.) /prɪˈzent/ 3, 6, 35, 40, quantifiable /ˈkwɒntɪfaɪəbəl/ 1
piece of evidence 42 42, 44, 50 quantifiably /ˈkwɒntɪfaɪəbli/ 1
piece of research 2 present (adj.) /ˈprezənt/ 27 quantification /ˌkwɒntɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/ 1
piece together 43 present-day problems 36 quantify /ˈkwɒntɪfaɪ/ 1
pilot study 26 presentation /ˌprezənˈteɪʃən/ 15 quantitative /ˈkwɒntɪtətɪv/ 1, 4
pinpoint /ˈpɪnpɔɪnt/ 25, 30 pre-sessional /priː ˈseʃənəl/ 20 quantitatively /ˈkwɒntɪtətɪvli/ 1
pivotal /ˈpɪvətəl/ 10 pre-war /ˌpriːˈwɔːr/ 17 quantity /ˈkwɒntɪti/ 1, 11
place /pleɪs/ 18 primarily /praɪˈmerəli/ 1, 5, 27 quarterly /ˈkwɔːtəli/ 36
plagiarism detection software / primary /ˈpraɪməri/ 1 question (n.) /ˈkwestʃən/ 11, 12, 50
ˈpleɪdʒərɪzəm/ 21 primary source 27 question (v.) /ˈkwestʃən/ 10, 30
play a role 10 prime /praɪm/ 1 questionnaire /ˌkwestʃəˈneər/ 25
plot /plɒt/ 35 prime number 33 quite a lot 7
plummet /ˈplʌmɪt/ 35 principal /ˈprɪnsɪpəl/ 4 radical /ˈrædɪkəl/ 32
point (n.) /pɔɪnt/ 8, 11, 13, 28, principle /ˈprɪnsɪpəl/ 2, 15, 29, 32 raise /reɪz/ 28, 44, 50
40, 49 prior to 36 random /ˈrændəm/ 10, 33, 34, 35
point at 15 prioritise /praɪˈɒrɪtaɪz/ 22 range /reɪndʒ/ 11, 16, 34

170 Academic Vocabulary in Use

rapid 36 research assistant 19 second(ly) /ˈsekənd/ 40
rarely /ˈreəli/ 47 research methodologies 24 second-hand /ˌsekəndˈhænd/ 23
rate /reɪt/ 15 research student 19 second-year /ˈsekəndjɪər/ 19
rather than 46 resolution /ˌrezəlˈuːʃən/ 44 secondary sources 27
ratification /ˌrætɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/ 41 resolve /rɪˈzɒlv/ 44 section /ˈsekʃən/ 25, 40
ratify /ˈrætɪfaɪ/ 41 resource /rɪˈzɔːs/ 27 see /siː/ 3, 40
ratio /ˈreɪʃiəʊ/ 34 respectively /rɪˈspektɪvli/ 40 see … below 35
rational /ˈræʃənəl/ 32 respond to 14, 44 seek funding 23
rationale /ˌræʃəˈnɑːl/ 15 response /rɪˈspɒns/ 15, 44 segment /ˈsegmənt/ 35
reach a conclusion 28 response to 15 seldom /ˈseldəm/ 47
reach a peak 35 rest on 14 select /sɪˈlekt/ 41
reach a target 24 restore /rɪˈstɔː/ 48 semester /sɪˈmestə/ 19
react to 14, 44 restrain /rɪˈstreɪn/ 45 seminal /ˈsemɪnəl/ 27, 47
reaction (to) /riˈækʃən/ 29, 44 restraint /rɪˈstreɪnt/ 45 seminar /ˈsemɪnɑː/ 15, 19, 20
reactionary /riˈækʃənri/ 32 restrict /rɪˈstrɪkt/ 45 senior /ˈsiːniə/ 19
read /riːd/ 50 restriction /rɪˈstrɪkʃən/ 45 senior citizen 38
reading speed 22 results /rɪˈzʌlts/ 10, 26, 50 senses (of a word) 31
reason /ˈriːzən/ 11, 15, 37 retreat /rɪˈtriːt/ 9 sequence /ˈsiːkwəns/ 33
reasonable /ˈriːzənəbəl/ 7 retrieve /rɪˈtriːv/ 27 series /ˈsɪəriːz/ 33, 36
recall /rɪˈkɔːl/ 47 return to 50 set /set/ 8, 33, 34
recap /ˈriːkæp/ 49 reveal links 43 set out 6, 27
recapitulate /ˌriːkəˈpɪtjʊleɪt/ 49 reveal shortcomings 44 set up 6
recent /ˈriːsənt/ 10 reverse /rɪˈvɜːs/ 43 setting /ˈsetɪŋ/ 26
recognise /ˈrekəgnaɪz/ 47 (the) reverse is true 46 sharp contrast 46
record /rɪˈkɔːd/ 26, 42 review /rɪˈvjuː/ 6, 22, 28 shed (new) light on 9
recover /rɪˈkʌvə/ 48 review of the literature 25, 27
reduction /rɪˈdʌkʃən/ 11 revise /rɪˈvaɪz/ 6, 22 shift away from /ʃɪft/ 48
refer to 12, 14, 27, 39, 43 revision /rɪˈvɪʒən/ 22 shift your position 32
referee /ˌrefərˈiː/ 18 revolution /ˌrevəˈluːʃən/ 8 shine a (new) light on 9
reference /ˈrefrəns/ 8, 11, 18 rigorous /ˈrɪgərəs/ 4, 28 short-term /ˌʃɔːtˈtɜːm/ 22
refine /rɪˈfaɪn/ 48 rise /raɪz/ 35 shortcomings /ˈʃɔːtˌkʌmɪŋz/ 44
reflect /rɪˈflekt/ 26, 42, 43 robust /rəʊˈbʌst/ 28 show /ʃəU/ 3, 30, 34, 35, 42, 49, 50
related to /rɪˈleɪtɪd/ 43 role /rəʊl/ 10, 11 side /saɪd/ 28
relation to /rɪˈleɪʃən/ 15 rote learning 22 sign up for 20
relationship /rɪˈleɪʃənʃɪp/ 12, 15, rough /rʌf/ 4, 22 significance /sɪgˈnɪfɪkəns/ 2, 11
26, 43 roughly /ˈrʌfli/ 5 significant /sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt/ 4, 7, 11, 47
relative to /ˈrelətɪv/ 4, 43 round (a number) up/down 33 significantly /sɪgˈnɪfɪkəntli/ 34, 47
relatively /ˈrelətɪvli/ 5 row /rəʊ/ 35 similar to /ˈsɪmɪlə/ 46
relaxed /rɪˈlækst/ 48 run out of time 50 similarity /ˌsɪmɪˈlærɪti/ 38, 46
relevance /ˈreləvəns/ 4 run parallel /rʌn/ 35 similarly /ˈsɪmɪləli/ 46
relevant /ˈreləvənt/ 4, 11, 25, 28, rush into 25 simple /ˈsɪmpəl/ 4
39, 42 (the) same as 46 simplicity /sɪmˈplɪsɪti/ 4
reliable /rɪˈlaɪəbəl/ 26, 34, 42 sample /ˈsɑːmpəl/ 10, 26, 34, 35 simply /ˈsɪmpli/ 5, 12
rely on 14 save energy 10 simulation of 41
remain in the dark 9 say /seɪ/ 39, 42 simultaneous /ˌsɪməlˈteɪniəs/ 36
remember /rɪˈmembər/ 47 scale /skeɪl/ 11 skip /skɪp/ 50
replicate /ˈreplɪkeɪt/ 26 scant /skænt/ 42 slide /slaɪd/ 50
representative /ˌreprɪˈzentətɪv/ 10, scholarship /ˈskɒləʃɪp/ 23 small /smɔːl/ 7
26 school /skuːl/ 19 small-scale /ˈsmɔlˈskeɪl/ 7
request /rɪˈkwest/ 22 scope /skəʊp/ 2, 39 snowed under 9
required /rɪˈkwaɪəd/ 18 score 18 so to speak 13
requirement /rɪˈkwaɪəmənt/ 18 score a victory 9 soar /sɔː/ 23, 35
research /rɪˈsɜːtʃ/ 2, 10, 12, 15, 50 search for 14 social /ˈsəʊʃəl/ 36, 38
sole(ly) /ˈsəʊl/ 1, 5

Academic Vocabulary in Use 171

solid /ˈsɒlɪd/ 1, 47 substantial /səbˈstænʃəl/ 7 therefore /ˈðeəfɔːr/ 37
solution /səˈluːʃən/ 44 subsume /səbˈsjuːm/ 38 thesis /ˈθiːsɪs/ plural theses /
solve /sɒlv/ 44 subtle /ˈsʌtəl/ 31 ˈθiːsiːz/ 15, 29
somewhat /ˈsʌmwɒt/ 5 successive /səkˈsesɪv/ 36 third(ly) /θɜːd/ 40
sophomore /ˈsɒfəmɔː/ 19 sudden /ˈsʌdən/ 48 third-year /ˈθɜːdjɪər/ 19
sought /sɔːt/ 18 sufficient /səˈfɪʃənt/ 10 thoroughly /ˈθʌrəli/ 12
soundly /ˈsaʊndli/ 28 suggest /səˈdʒest/ 12, 27, 30, 42 thought /θɔːt/ 25, 29
soundproof /ˈsaʊndpruːf/ 17 suggestion /səˈdʒestʃən/ 30 threat /θret/ 12
source /sɔːs/ 37 sum /sʌm/ 11, 34 tight /taɪt/ 23
sources 27 sum up 1 time is running short 50
spare copies 50 summarise /ˈsʌməraɪz/ 25, 49 time-consuming
speak of 14 summary /ˈsʌməri/ 49 /ˈtaɪmkənˌsjuːmɪŋ/ 26
speak to the topic of 50 supervision /ˌsuːpəˈvɪʒən/ 20 time management 22
specially /ˈspəʃli/ 5 supervisor /ˈsuːpəvaɪzə/ 19 tip the scales in favour of 28
specific /spəˈsɪfɪk/ 4, 11, 38 supplement /ˈsʌplɪmənt/ 41 to /tuː/ 14, 15
specifically /ˈspəˈsɪfɪkəli/ 5, 12 support /səˈpɔːt/ 3, 11, 30, 42 to a certain extent 13
spider diagram 25 surprising /səˈpraɪzɪŋ/ 7, 47 to a greater extent 13
sports ground 19 surrounding /səˈraʊndɪŋ/ 10, 45 to a lesser extent 13
spring from 37 survey /ˈsɜːveɪ/ 26 to conclude /kənˈkluːd/ 49
squared /skweəd/ 33 survey the literature 27 to put it briefly 49
stability /stəˈbɪlɪti/ 45 sustainable development 48 to recap 49
stable /ˈsteɪbəl/ 45 sweeping (changes) 48 to recapitulate /ˌriːkəˈpɪtjʊleɪt/ 49
staff /stɑːf/ 19 synchronous learning 21 to return to 50
stage /steɪdʒ/ 13, 35, 36, 41 synonymous with /sɪˈnɒnɪməs/ 43 to some extent 13, 16
stance /stɑːns/ 29, 32 systematic /ˌsɪstəˈmætɪk/ 26 to sum up 1, 49, 50
standard deviation 34 table /ˈteɪbəl/ 35 to summarise /ˈsʌməraɪz/ 49
standpoint /ˈstænpɔɪnt/ 32 tackle /ˈtækəl/ 44 to what extent 16, 39
stark contrast 46 take a sample 10 together /təˈgeðər/ 43
state /steɪt/ 30, 49 take a stance 32 too many 7
statement /ˈsteɪtmənt/ 11, 30 take, for example 40 too much 7
status /ˈsteɪtəs/ 38, 45 take into account 28 top priority 24
status quo /ˌsteɪtəsˈkwəU/ 48 take issue with 8 topic /ˈtɒpɪk/ 2, 12, 50
stem from 37, 42 take on a role 10 total /ˈtəʊtəl/ 7, 33
step in /step/ 41 take out a student loan 23 towards /təˈwɔːdz/ 15
stimulate /ˈstɪmjʊleɪt/ 37 take priority over 24 trace 14
story /ˈstɔːri/ 12 take questions 50 traditional /trəˈdɪʃənəl/ 26
strategy /ˈstrætədʒi/ 24 taken together 43 trainee /ˌtreɪˈniː/ 17
strengthened /ˈstreŋθənd/ 10 talk /tɔːk/ 15, 29, 50 transcript /ˈtrænskrɪpt/ 18
stress /stres/ 3, 14, 30 tally /ˈtæli/ 33 transfer /trænsˈfɜː/ 48
striking /ˈstraɪkɪŋ/ 42 target /ˈtɑːgɪt/ 24 transform /trænsˈfɔːm/ 48
strongly suggest 12 technique /tekˈniːk/ 26 transition /trænˈzɪʃən/ 48
structure /ˈstrʌktʃə/ 8, 38 telling /ˈtelɪŋ/ 42 transitional /trænˈzɪʃənəl/ 36
student counsellor 19 temporary /ˈtempərəri/ 36 transparent /trænˈspærənt/ 31
student loan 18, 23 tendency to/towards /ˈtendənsi/ treat /triːt/ 27
Student Union 19 15, 34 trend /trend/ 12, 34
study /ˈstʌdi/ 15, 26, 27, 50 tentative /ˈtentətɪv/ 26 trigger /ˈtrɪgə/ 37
study plan 22 term /tɜːm/ 10, 12, 19, 31 try /traɪ/ 1
subject /ˈsʌbdʒekt/ 2, 26 terminology /ˌtɜːmɪˈnɒlədʒi/ 31 tuition fees 23
subject to 45 thank you for listening 50 turn to /tɜːn/ 14, 40, 50
subjectively /səbˈdʒektɪvli/ 32 thatˈs all I have to say 50 tutor /ˈtjuːtə/ 19
submit /səbˈmɪt/ 18 theme /θiːm/ 2, 11, 12 tutorial /tjuːˈtɔːriəl/ 19, 20
subscription /səbˈskrɪpʃən/ 23 theory /ˈθɪəri/ 2, 12 type /taɪp/ 11, 38
subsequent /ˈsʌbsɪkwənt/ 36 thereˈs no way 1 typical of /ˈtɪpɪkəl/ 1, 4

172 Academic Vocabulary in Use

ultimately /ˈʌltɪmətli/ 5, 49 whereas /weəˈræz/ 46
undeniable /ˌʌndɪˈnaɪəbəl/ 42 while /waɪl/ 46
under no circumstances 47 white collar 38
underline /ˈʌndəˈlaɪn/ 1, 47 whole number 33
underlying /ˌʌndəˈlaɪɪŋ/ 32 wide range 16
understanding /ˌʌndəˈstændɪŋ/ 24 widespread /ˈwaɪdspred/ 11
undertake /ˌʌndəˈteɪk/ 3 wiki /ˈwɪki/ 21
undivided attention 10 with /wɪð/ 14, 15
unforeseen /ˌʌnfɔːˈsiːn/ 10 with a focus on 40
unify /ˈjuːnɪfaɪ/ 41 with reference to 39
unique /juːˈniːk/ 47 with regard to 16, 50
united /jʊˈnaɪtɪd/ 9 with respect to 16
united front 9 with the exception of 13, 16
universal /ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsəl/ 10 with the intention of -ing 24
university /ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsəti/ 19 word /wɜːd/ 12
unlike /ʌnˈlaɪk/ 46 word limit 20
unsocial hours 23 work /wɜːk/ 15, 50
unstable /ʌnˈsteɪbəl/ 45 work on 6
upgrade /ʌpˈgreɪd/ 20 work out 6, 10
urban-rural dimension 38 workings /ˈwɜːkɪŋz/ 33
urgency /ˈɜːdʒənsi/ 17 workshop /ˈwɜːkʃɒp/ 20
use /juːz/ 11, 26 write about 29
useful /ˈjuːsfəl/ 10 write of 14
utilise /ˈjuːtɪlaɪz/ 41 write up 6
vacation /vəˈkeɪʃən/ 19 x axis 35
valid /ˈvælɪd/ 29, 34 y axis 35
validity /vəˈlɪdəti/ 47
valuable 10, 27
values /ˈvæljuːz/ 33
variable /ˈveəriəbəl/ 26, 33, 34
variation /ˌveəriˈeɪʃən/ 11
variety /vəˈraɪəti/ 38
vary /ˈveəri/ 35
vast /vɑːst/ 7, 11
verify /ˈverɪfaɪ/ 41
vertical axis 35
victory /ˈvɪktəri/ 9
view /vjuː/ 2, 11, 32, 47
viewpoint /ˈvjuːpɔɪnt/ 29
virtual /ˈvɜːtjuəl/ 21
virtually /ˈvɜːtjuəli/ 1
visualise /ˈvɪʒuəlaɪz/ 22
vivid /ˈvɪvɪd/ 42
vlog /vlɒg/ 21
vol. 17
volume /ˈvɒljuːm/ 34
wander /ˈwɒndər/ 22
waste /weɪst/ 10
waterproof /ˈwɔːtəpruːf/ 17
way /weɪ/ 1, 10
webinar /ˈwebɪnɑːr/ 21
weigh up 28
welcome /ˈwelkəm/ 50

Academic Vocabulary in Use 173