final_Binder

Apraxia of Speech




1. Apraxia of Speech in Adults……………………………………….
Visit the website:


https://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/Apraxia-of-Speech-in-Adults/

2. Differential diagnosis…………………………………….38
2.1 Apraxia and Dysarthria……………………………39

2.2 Apraxia and Aphasia……………………………….43
3. Assessment………………………………………………...44

4. Treatment………………………………………………….
Visit the website:
https://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/AAC/
5. Resources…………………………………………………

https://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/Apraxia-of-Speech-in-Adults/#resources

































Aphasia




1. Aphasia Types……………………………………………53

2. Assessment………………………………………………..60
3. ASAHA on Assessing Aphasia……………………………

Visit the website:

https://www.asha.org/PRPSpecificTopic.aspx?folderid=8589934663&section=Assessment

4. Treatment………………………………………………….

Visit the website:
https://www.asha.org/PRPSpecificTopic.aspx?folderid=8589934663&section=Treatment
5. Resources…………………………………………………
https://www.asha.org/PRPSpecificTopic.aspx?folderid=8589934663&section=Resources


Aphasia Hope

http://aphasiahope.wpengine.com/

National Aphasia Association

https://www.aphasia.org/

American Stroke Association

https://www.strokeassociation.org/













Classification of Aphasia






Nonfluent Fluent


Speech production is halting and effortful. Person is able to produce connected speech.
Grammar is impaired; content words may be preserved. Sentence structure is relatively intact but lacks meaning.







Language comprehension Language comprehension Language comprehension Language comprehension
relatively intact impaired relatively intact impaired







Broca’s Aphasia: repetition of Conduction Aphasia: word Wernicke’s Aphasia:
Global Aphasia: severe finding difficulties; difficulty repetition of words/phrases
words/phrases poor
expressive and receptive repeating phrases poor
Transcortical Motor Aphasia: language impairment; may be
Anomic Aphasia: repetition Transcortical Sensory
strong repetition skills; may able to communicate using
of words/phrases good; word Aphasia: repetition of
have difficulty spontaneously facial expression, intonation,
finding difficulties; uses words/phrases good; may
answering questions and gestures
generic fillers (e.g., “thing”) or repeat questions rather than
circumlocution answering them (“echolalia”)




This figure describes various aphasia types, using a classification system based on characteristics of verbal expression (nonfluent or fluent; Davis, 2007; Goodglass & Kaplan, 1972).


Crossed aphasia and subcortical aphasia are considered “exceptional aphasias,” as they do not fit neatly within this or other common classification systems. Crossed aphasia occurs
when a person demonstrates language impairment after suffering damage to the hemisphere on the dominant side of the body, rather than the alternate side. Thus, a right handed
person who develops aphasia following a right hemisphere stroke exhibits crossed aphasia. Subcortical aphasia results from damage to subcortical regions of the brain (e.g., thalamus
or basal ganglia), and symptoms can mirror those that arise from cortical lesions.

Primary progressive aphasia (PPA)—despite its name—is a type of dementia. It is characterized by gradual loss of language function in the context of relatively well-preserved
memory, visual processing, and personality until the advanced stages (Mesulam, 2001; Rogers, 2004). For more information about PPA, see ASHA’s Practice Portal page on Dementia.


Davis, G. A. (2007). Aphasiology: Disorders and clinical practice (2nd ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

Goodglass, H., & Kaplan, E. (1972). The assessment of aphasia and related disorders. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger.
Mesulam, M. (2001). Primary progressive aphasia. Annals of Neurology, 49, 425-432.

Rogers, M. (2004). Aphasia, primary progressive. In R. D. Kent (Ed.), The MIT encyclopedia of communication disorders (pp. 245-249).
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Classification of Aphasia






Nonfluent Fluent


Speech production is halting and effortful. Person is able to produce connected speech.
Grammar is impaired; content words may be preserved. Sentence structure is relatively intact but lacks meaning.







Language comprehension Language comprehension Language comprehension Language comprehension
relatively intact impaired relatively intact impaired







Broca’s Aphasia: repetition of Conduction Aphasia: word Wernicke’s Aphasia:
Global Aphasia: severe finding difficulties; difficulty repetition of words/phrases
words/phrases poor
expressive and receptive repeating phrases poor
Transcortical Motor Aphasia: language impairment; may be
Anomic Aphasia: repetition Transcortical Sensory
strong repetition skills; may able to communicate using
of words/phrases good; word Aphasia: repetition of
have difficulty spontaneously facial expression, intonation,
finding difficulties; uses words/phrases good; may
answering questions and gestures
generic fillers (e.g., “thing”) or repeat questions rather than
circumlocution answering them (“echolalia”)




This figure describes various aphasia types, using a classification system based on characteristics of verbal expression (nonfluent or fluent; Davis, 2007; Goodglass & Kaplan, 1972).


Crossed aphasia and subcortical aphasia are considered “exceptional aphasias,” as they do not fit neatly within this or other common classification systems. Crossed aphasia occurs
when a person demonstrates language impairment after suffering damage to the hemisphere on the dominant side of the body, rather than the alternate side. Thus, a right handed
person who develops aphasia following a right hemisphere stroke exhibits crossed aphasia. Subcortical aphasia results from damage to subcortical regions of the brain (e.g., thalamus
or basal ganglia), and symptoms can mirror those that arise from cortical lesions.

Primary progressive aphasia (PPA)—despite its name—is a type of dementia. It is characterized by gradual loss of language function in the context of relatively well-preserved
memory, visual processing, and personality until the advanced stages (Mesulam, 2001; Rogers, 2004). For more information about PPA, see ASHA’s Practice Portal page on Dementia.


Davis, G. A. (2007). Aphasiology: Disorders and clinical practice (2nd ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

Goodglass, H., & Kaplan, E. (1972). The assessment of aphasia and related disorders. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger.
Mesulam, M. (2001). Primary progressive aphasia. Annals of Neurology, 49, 425-432.

Rogers, M. (2004). Aphasia, primary progressive. In R. D. Kent (Ed.), The MIT encyclopedia of communication disorders (pp. 245-249).
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.



























Dysphagia






A. Signs and Symptoms……………………………………………………………………69

B. Assessment ………………………………………………………..71

C. Treatment………………………………………………………….80


D. Dysphagia and Neurological Disorders…………………………92

E. Resources…………………………………………………………

Diet manual…………………………………………………………..97


https://health.maryland.gov/ohcq/docs/diet_manual_4-3-14.pdf
Evidence Bases Systematic Review……………………………………
https://www.rehab.research.va.gov/jour/09/46/2/pdf/page215.pdf