pg_botany

ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS)

M.Sc. BOTANY SEMESTER - I
BO- 7115 PAPER - I

DIVERSITY OF VIRUSES, MYCOPLASMA, BACTERIA AND FUNGI
(60 Hrs)

Unit I Five kingdom, Eight kingdom classification and Three domains of 02 hrs
Unit -II
living organisms. 08 hrs
Viruses – general characters, nomenclature, classification;

Unit-III morphology, structure, transmission and replication. Purification of
plant viruses.
Symptoms of viral diseases in plants
Mycoplasma – General characters , classification ,ultrastructure 05 hrs

and reproduction.
Brief account of mycoplasmal diseases of plants-
Little leaf of Brinjal.

Unit -IV Bacteria –Forms, distribution and classification according to 12 hrs
Bergy’s System, Classification based on DNA-DNA
hybridization, 16s rRNA sequencing;
Nutritional types: Autotrophic, heterotrophic,
photosynthetic,chemosynthetic,saprophytic,parasitic and
symbiotic ; A brief account on methonogenic bacteria ;
Brief account of Actinomycetes and their importance in soil and
medical microbiology.

Unit – V Fungi 20 hrs

General characteristics, Classification (Ainsworth 1973,
McLaughlin 2001), structure and reproduction.
Salient features of Myxomycota, Mastigomycotina,
Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina and
Deuteromycotina and their classificafion upto class level.

Unit - VI Brief account of fungal heterothallism, sex hormones and 09 hrs
Unit – VII Parasexual cycle. 04 hrs
Brief account of mycorrhizae,lichens, fungal symbionts
in insects, fungi as biocontrol agents ( Trichoderma and
nematophagous).

Isolation, purification and culturing of microorganisms
(bacteria and fungi).

1

PRACTICALS: Micrometry.
Haemocytometer.
Isolation, culture and staining techniques of Bacteria and Fungi.

Activity/PIA Type study: Stemonites, Synchytrium, Saprolegnia, Albugo,
Phytophthora, Mucor/Rhizopus , Erysiphe, Aspergillus, Chaetomium,
Pencillium, Morchella, Hamileia, Ustilago Lycoperdon, Cyathes,
Dictyophora, Polyporus, Trichoderma, Curvularia, Alternaria,
Drechslera and Pestalotia.
Study of few bacterial, viral, mycoplasmal diseases in plants (based
on availability).

Project work related to above topics

REFERENCES

• Alexopoulus, C.J. and Mims, C.W (1990) Introductory Mycology,
5th edition, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.

• Aneja, K.R. (1993) Experiments in Microbiology, plant pathology
and tissue culture, Wishwa Prakashan, New Delhi.

• Burnet, F.M. and Stanely, W.M. (1970) Biochemical biological and
biophysical properties Vol-I general virology 3rd edition Academic
Press, NY, London.

• Conrat, F.H.; Kimball, P.C. and Jay, L. (1988) Virology prentice

Hall, Englewood Cliff, New Jersey.
• Kodo, C.I. and Agarwal, H.O. (1972) Principles and

techniques in Plant Virology, Van Nostrand, Reinhold company,
NY. Pelczar, M.J. (Jr.) Cjan, E.C.S. and Kreig, N.R. (1988)
Microbiology, 5th edition McGraw Hall book company, Singapore.
• Prescott, M.L., Harley, J.P. and Klein, D.A. (1990) Microbiology

Wm C Brown publisher's, USA.
• Schlegel, H.G. (1993) General Microbiology, 7th edition Cambridge

University Press Cambridge, UK.
• Stanier, R.Y., Ingraham, J.L.; Wheelis, M.L. and Painter,

P.R.(1992) General Microbiology, Mac Millan Ltd., NY.
• Wistreich, G.A., and Lechtman, M.D. (1988) Microbiology, 5th

edition, Mac. Millan publishing company, NY
• Hudson, Fungal biology.
• Mehrotra R.S. and Aneja K.R.(1990)An introduction to Mycology.

New Age International Publications.
• Webster. J.(1980) Introduction to Fungi. Cambridge Univ.

2

Unit I ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) 05 hrs
M. Sc. BOTANY SEMESTER - I
Unit II BO - 7215 PAPER II 03 hrs
Unit III 09 hrs
DIVERSITY OF ALGAE AND BRYOPHYTES
(60 hrs)

ALGAE (30 hrs)
A comparative study of important traditional and modern
systems of algal classification; criteria of classification.
Diversity of algal habitats; a general account of the ecology of
fresh water and marine algae. Epiphytic, Endophytic and

Parasitic algae.

A comparative study of the structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic
algal cells; Pigments in algae and their significance.
Thallus organisation in algae with reference to different groups
(Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Charophyceae, Bacillariophyceae.

Xanthophyceae, Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae).

Unit IV Reproduction in algae; vegetative, asexual and sexual reproductive 09 hrs
structures; Patterns of life cycles in algae; phylogenetic relationships of

algae.

Unit V Economic importance of algae; algal bloom, algal toxins, and 04 hrs
extracellular products.

PRACTICALS

Type study of representative species of the following :
1. Cyanophyceae : Microcystis, Oscillatoria, Lyngbya, Rivularia,

Gloeotrichia, Nostoc,Stigonema
2. Chlorophyceae : Scenedesmus, Zygnema, Oedogonium,

Desmids, Cladophora, Draparnadiopsis. Coleochaete,
Bulbochaete, Neomeris, Ulva, Enteromorpha, Codium,
Helimeda, Caulerpa.
3. Charophyceae : Chara/Nitella
4. Xanthophyceae : Vaucheria/ Botrydium.
5. Bacillariophyceae : Pennate diatoms.
6. Phaeophyceae : Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Sphacelaria, Padina,
Turbinaria, Fucus.
7. Rhodophyceae : Polysiphonia,Gracilaria

REFERENCES • Bold, H.C., and Wynne,M.J.1978. Introduction to the algae:
structure and reproduction. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs,N.J.
• Chapman and Chapman, 1973. The algae, Macmillan & Co.,

3

• Dixon, P.S. 1973. Biology of the Rhodophyta. Oliver
and Boyd, Edinburgh.

• Dodge, J.D. 1973. Fine structure of algal cells.
Academic Press, London.

• Fritsch, F.E. 1945. Structure and reproduction of algae.
Vols. I and II. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

• Kingsley.R. 1998. Photosynthetic pigments of algae.
• Round, F.E. 1973. Biology of the algae. Edward

Arnold, London.
• Smith, G.M. 1951. Manual of phycology, Chronica

Botanica Publ. Co. Waltham, Mas.

4

BRYOPHYTES: (30 hrs)

UNIT- I General characters of Bryophytes – Gametophytic characters; Sporophytic 02 hrs
characters; Vegetative reproduction; sexual reproduction; heteromorphic
alternation of generation

UNIT - II Classification of bryophytes and criteria of classification. 06 hrs
Characteristic features of the classes- Hepaticopsida, Anthocerotopsida,
Bryopsida
Characteristic features and affinities of the orders- Marchantiales,
Sphaerocarpales, Calobryales, Takakiales, Jungermanniales,
Anthocerotales, Sphagnales, Andraeales, Funariales, Polytrichales

Unit - III Diversity in habitat, habit, morphology, anatomy and life cycle of the 14 hrs
following genus- Plagiochasma, Sphaerocarpos, Calobryum, Takakia,
Porella, Notothylus, Sphagnum, Andraea, Funaria, Polytrichum

UNIT - IV Origin of Bryophytes- Algal origin and Pteridophytean origin, Inter 02 hrs
relationships of bryophytes-

UNIT - V Fossil Bryophytes; General structure of Bryophyte cell 03 hrs

UNIT - VI Experimental work on bryophytes (In Brief). 03 hrs
Economic importance of Bryophytes.

5

Bryophytes – Practicals

Study of Morphology and anatomy of the following:

1) Riccia fluitans; 2) Lunularia; 3) Dumortiera;

4) Asterella; 5) Porella; 6) Pallavicinia;

7) Riccardia; 8)Anthoceros; 9) Sphagnum;

10) Funaria 11) Polytrichum 12)Plagiochasma

13)Targionia

PIA/Activity – topic with reference to above
REFERENCES

• Cavers, F. 1964. Inter-relationships of Bryophytes.
• Chopra, R.N. and Kumar, P.K. 1988. Biology of bryophytes.

New Age International Publishers, New Delhi.
• Parihar, N.S. 1970. An introduction to Embryophyta. Vol. I

Bryophyta. Central Book Depot, Allahabad.
• Sharma, P.D. 1978. Introduction to Bryophytes.
• Smith, G.M. 19. Cryptogamic Botany. Vol. II. McGraw-Hill

Book Company, New York.
• Watson, E.V. 1971. The structure and life of Bryophytes.

Hutchinson and Co., London.

6

Unit - I ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) 05 hrs
Unit - II M. Sc BOTANY SEMESTER - I 05 hrs

ECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
Paper: III, BO7315
(60 hrs)

History, scope of ecology ,
(Interdependence,Holocoene, Limiting factors, Tolerance, Dynamism,
Thermodynamics). Levels of ecological organization
Ecosystem – Concepts, Structure, Components, Functions, Dynamics.
Homeostasis and feedback mechanism in the
ecosystem.

Unit - III Ecological factors - Climatic, Edaphic and Biotic factors 10 hrs
(amensalism, commensalism, protocooperation, symbiosis,
epiphytism , myrmecophily, saprophytism, parasitism).

Unit - IV Population Ecology 03hrs
(a)Growth and Characteristics of Population
(b) Ecological niche.

Unit - V Plant communities - Concept of Communities, Structure of 15 hrs
Communities; Methods of Studying Vegetation (Quadrat, line and
belt methods). Types: Evergreen forests, Dry and moist deciduous
forests, scrub jungles, Grasslands, boreal forests, tundra, deserts
and mangroves. General account of vegetation of Karnataka.

Unit - VI Environnemental Pollution - 12 hrs
Unit - VII (a)Sources, impact and control of Air, Water and Soil Pollution
(b)Solid waste disposal and management 02 hrs
(c)Radio Active Pollution - a brief account. 08hrs
(d) Noise pollution - Sources, effects, control and management
(e) Heavy metals as pollutants – concept of biomagnification,

Mercury and Lead as pollutants.
Global Environmental Problems : Acid rain, Ozone Depletion,
Global warming and Climate Change

Unit - VIII Environmental Education (primary, secondary, and tertiary levels),
Management and Conservation of Natural Resources,
Environmental Impact assessment, rainwater harvesting and
water- shed management. Application of Remote Sensing in Plant
Science (GIS).

7

PRACTICALS

• Study of vegetation by Quadrat method.
• Determination of importance value index (IVI)
• Ecological Instruments : Maximum and Minimum thermometer,

Anemometer, Thermohygrograph, Aneroid barometer, hygrometer,

luxmeter, Rain gauge etc.
• Analysis of water samples: Estimation of Dissolved oxygen,

Carbonates and Bicarbonates, Chlorides, Free Carbon dioxide,

Hardness, organic matter in soil.
• Measurement of Noise in different Environment.
• Adaptations of Aquatic macrophytes.
• Adaptations of Xerophytes.
• Adaptations of halophytes.
• Adaptations of epiphytes and parasites.

REFERENCES

• Mullar - Dombois, Dand Ellenberg H (1974), Aims and Methods of

Vegetation Ecology - Willey, New York.
• Odum - E.P. (1971) fundamentals of Ecology, Saunders,

Philadelphia.
• Kormondy, E.J. (1996) Concepts of Ecology, Prentice hall India,

New Delhi.
• Foin, T.C. (1996) Ecological system and environment, Mifflin,

Boston.
• Nobel, B.J. and wright R.T. (1996) Environmental science, prentice

hall, New Jersey.
• Treshow, M. (1985) Air pollution and plant life. Wiley inter

science.
• Heywood, V.H. and Watson R.T. (1995) Global Biodivrsity -

assessment, Cambridge University pass.
• Mason, C.F. (1991) Biology of fresh water pollution, Long man

publication.
• Hill, M.K. (1997) understanding environmental pollution,

Cambridge University Pass.
• Lillesand T.M. and Kiefer R.W. (1987) Remote sensing and image

interpretation, John Wiley and Sons, New York.

8

ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS)
M. Sc BOTANY SEMESTER - I
BO- 7415: PAPER IV

PALEOBOTANY, PALYNOLOGY AND PLANT ANATOMY
(60 hrs)

Unit - I Paleobotany (18 hrs) 02 hrs
Unit - II Introduction to Paleobotany with particular reference to its 02 hrs
Unit - III history,development and scope. 05 hrs
Unit - IV Geological phenomena: Indirectly and directly responsible for 05 hrs
Fossilization
Unit - V Types of fossil plant preservations: Impression, compression 02 hrs
Unit - VI nodule, petrifaction, coal balls, cast, mold and amber. 02 hrs
Paleobotanical techniques used in studying plant fossils:
Techniques to study microfossils : Maceration of coal and lignite.
Techniques to study macrofossils: Impression, compressions, thin
ground sectioning and peel technique for petrified specimens
Paleobotanical Nomenclature, provisions made in ICBN for naming
of fossil plants.
Application of paleobotanical studies: Fossil fuels (coal and oil)
exploration

PRACTICALS
BO 7P2

• Study of non - fossiliferous and fossiliferous rocks.
• Types of fossil plant preservations

Impression,Compression,Cast,Silicified petrifaction

Calcified petrifaction (coal ball), Nodule

Unit - I Palynology (14 hrs) 01 hrs
Unit - II Introduction of Palynology and its basic branches and their scope 02 hrs
General account of pollen morphology: Polarity, size, shape,
Unit - III symmetry, aperture (NPC classification included). Exine 02 hrs
stratification, Ornamentation and L.O. analysis.
Pollen morphological studies of commonly occurring dicot,
Casuarina, Parthenium, Acacia, Hibiscus, Polygala, Amaranthus
and
Citrus and monocot - Grass, Cocos. Spore morphology of
commonly
occurring pteridophytic taxa Psilotum, Lycopodium, Selaginella
Equisetum and Pteris. Gymnosperms – Cycas, Ginkgo, Pinus,
Araucaria and Ephedra

9

Unit - IV Palynological techniques used for studying modern pollen and 02 hrs
Unit - V spores: Wodehouse Technique, Erdtmans Acetolysis technique. 03 hrs
Unit - VI Aspects and prospects of Melittopalynology, pollen analysis of 04 hrs
honey, honey pollen flora and its applications.
General Account of Aerobiology and its applications in human
respiratory allergy and immunology. Methods used in atmospheric
pollen monitoring, compilation of pollen calendar. Application of
pollen calendar in the detection and treatment of respiratory allergy.

PRACTICALS • Demonstration of acetolysis technique
REFERENCES • Study of pollen morphology of common angiosperm taxa

from permanent slides.
• Preparation of permanent pollen reference slides using

Acetolysis technique.

• Agashe, S.N. (2006).Palynology and its application,

Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi,
• Agashe, S.N. (Ed.) 1997. Aerobiology, Oxford & IBH

Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, pp. 615.
• Agashe, S.N. 1995. Paleobotany : Plant of the past, their

evolution, Paleoenvironment and application in

exploration of fossil fuels. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.

PVT. LTD. pp. 359.
• Erdtman, G. 1957 "Pollen & spore Morphology / plant

taxonomy Vol. 1 - V. Hafner Pub. Co. New York.
• Shaw, A.B. 1964. "Time in Stratigraphy".
• Wadia, D.N. 1957. "Geology of India".
• Wodehouse .R. 1965. "Pollen grains" their structure,

identification and significance in Science and Medicine".
• Steward, A.C. 1959 Plant life through the Ages. Hafner

Publishing Company, New York. Pb.
• Steward, A.C. Fossil Plants (Vol. 1, 2, 3 and 4, 1989, 1910,

1977, 1919).
• Surange, K.R. Lakhanpal, R.N. Baradwaj, D.C. 1974.

Aspects and appraisal of Paleobotany, Birbal Sahni

Institute of Paleobotany, Lucknow, 675, 77.
• Stuart, 1983, Paleobotany and evolution of Plants.
• Tilak, S.T. 1982 "Aerobiology"
• Nair, P.K.K. 1970. Pollen Morphology of Angiosperms : a historical

and phylogenetic study. Scholar publishing house, Lucknow.
• Ogden, E.C. Rayner, G.S. Manual for sampling Airborne

Pollen. Hafner Press, Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc, New

York.

10

PLANT ANATOMY(28 hrs)

Unit I Plant cell wall: Ultra structure and organization. Types of 06 hrs
Vascular bundles- collateral, bicollateral, concentric ,medullary

bundles, Internal Phloem.
Nodal Anatomy - Unilacunar, Trilacunar and Multilacunar nodes :
Split –lateral condition, Root-stem transition.

Unit II Leaf Anatomy : Dorsiventral, Isobilateral and Centric leaves, 03 hrs
Bundles sheath, foliar sclereids (types and distribution), mature
stomatal types and distribution, major and minor venation

Unit III Primary Xylem : Concepts of Protoxylem - metaxylem ; 06 hrs
Unit IV
Diversity in structure of wood : Heart wood, sap wood, growth
rings, ring – porous wood : diffuse - porous wood : diversity in

axial parenchyma distribution, diversity in ray system.

Shoot apical meristem : Structural organization - Tunica – corpus 08 hrs
Theory, Cytohistological zonation, apices with primary thickening
meristem, summit meristem - Acyclic changes in shape and size of
shoot apex during different phases of development. Cyclic
changes (plastochronic changes). Root apical meristem-apical cell
theory, Histogen theory, Korper-Kappe theory, quiescent centre
concept, promeristem concept. For suggestions

Unit V Vascular Cambium : Structure and activity, uniseriate / 05 hrs
Multiseriate nature, cambium zone, types of diversion in the
fusiform initials.
Anomalous structure in Bignonia sp., Mirabilis sp. And

Aristolochia sp.

PRACTICALS BO 7P2
• Study of epidermal appendages

• Stomatal types
• Tracheary cells
• Root Anatomy
• Stem anatomy
• Leaf anatomy

• Double staining technique.
• Maceration technique

• Activity- stress related experiments/ study of galls

11

REFERENCES
• Abraham, F. 1982, Plant anatomy - II edition, Pergaon Press, Oxford.
• Carlquist, S. 1967, Comparative plant anatomy - Holt Reinert and Winston.
• Cutter, D.G. 1971, Plant anatomy - Part I, Cell and Tissues Edward Arnold.
• Cutter, D.G. 1971, Plant Anatomy - Part II, Cell and Tissues Edward Arnold.
• Eames and McDaniel. 1947, II edition, "Plant Anatomy" McGraw Hill, NY.
• Esau, K. 1965. Plant Anatomy II Edition, John, Wiley and Sons, NY.
• James D. Mauseth, 1988, Plant Anatomy, The Benzamin / Cummings publish.
• Katherine Esau, 1979, Anatomy of seed plants - First Wiley Eastern.
• Fahn.a(1989) Plant anatomy .III Edition.Pergomon Press NY(Maxwell
• Macmillan International Editions)

12

Unit - I ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (Autonomous) 05 hrs
Unit - II M. Sc. Botany
Unit - III SEMESTER II
Unit - IV
Unit - V BO 8115: PAPER I
PLANT MORPHOGENESIS AND REPRODUCTION
Unit - VI
(60hrs)

Plant Morphogenesis:
Aim, scope and historical account.
Morphogenetic Studies: Morphogenesis in vivo (Field concepts
and meristemoid); Experimental studies on shoot apex, root apex
and differentiated organs.

Organogenesis in Plants: 09 hrs

Formation of leaves ; phyllotaxis ; transformation of vegetative apex

into reproductive apex.

Nature of organs: Theories on nature of shoot (Phytonic and axial

theories) and flower (Monaxial, pluriaxial, suigeneris and acarpy:

appendicular and axial theories of inferior ovaries).

Polarity:
Contemporary understanding at different levels of organization and 03 hrs

in different organisms.

Flower: 04 hrs
Serial evocation of genes and floral development ; genetic analysis
of floral development ABC model (Arabidopsis), flower regulatory

genes ( MADS box genes).

Microsporangium:
Development and structure; differentiation of anther wall and their
role.
Microsporogenesis: General account, ultrastructure and physiology;
role of callose.
Male gametophyte: Development and structure; differential
behavior of generative and vegetative cells; formation of male
gametes, sperm dimorphism, male germ unit. Pollen abnormalities -
pollen sporophytes, Nemec phenomenon, pollen development in 10 hrs

Cyperaceae.

Ovule: A general account of ontogeny, types and diversity in 10 hrs
structure.
Megasporogenesis: General account, Ultra structure and
physiology.
Female gametophyte Diversity in organization; ultra structure of

female gametophyte, embryosac haustoria.

13

Unit VII Fertilization : Structure of stigma and style, role of stigmatic 5hrs
exudates; pollen germination in vivo ; pollen tube entry into the
stigma ; pollen tube growth ; entry of pollen tube into female
gametophyte ; double fertilization ; hetero fertilization and single
fertilization., in vitro fertilization, Polyspermy.

Unit VIII Sexual incompatibility: Self incompatibility, genetic basis, barriers
Unit IX to fertilization, physiology and biochemistry of incompatibility,

stigmatic surface and stylar inhibition, biological significance. 5hrs

Endosperm: Types, Development and reserve food materials,

embryo endosperm relationship, Endosperm haustoria.

Embryo: classification based on early development; structure,

composition early embryogenesis (2 celled, proembryonal tetrad,
quadrant and octant stages) ; octant to mature embryo in Capsella

(Dicot) and Najas (Monocot). Chimeral embryos, Polyembryony,

apomixis in brief. 9hrs

PRACTICALS BO 8P1

• Study of shoot apices by dissections using aquatic plants

(Ceratophyllum & Hydrilla).
• Study of cytohistochemical zonation in the shot apical

meristem in sectioned and double stained micropreparation
of a suitable plant. Study of development of bisected shoot

apices.
• Study of L.S. of roots from permanent micropreparation to

understand the organization of root apical meristem and its
derivatives - origin of lateral roots. Study of development of

bisected root apices.
• Study of alternate and distichous, alternate and superposed,

opposite and superposed, opposite and decussate leaf

arrangement.
• Diagrammatic representation to show the polarity in higher

and lower plants, Experiment to cause alterations in plants in
polarity, Regeneration experiment with stem cuttings to

show polarity.
• Study of the following stages from permanent micro

preparation ;
Anther wall, Microsporogenesis
Male gametophyte in general and in Cyperaceae
Types of ovules and ovular parts
Megasporogenesis and female gametophyte
(polygonum type)
Endosperm - Three types (Cellular, Nuclear,
Helobial)
Embryo - Mature dicot and monocot embryo
Activity/PIA- project work related to the above topic

14

15

16

ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (Autonomous)

M. Sc. Botany SEMESTER II
DIVERSITY OF PTERIDOPHYTES & GYMNOSPERMS

BO - 8215 (PAPER II)
(60 hrs)

PTERIDOPHYTES
(30hrs)

Unit I General characters of pteridophytes and classification 02 hrs
(according to Reimer, David W. beirhost, Gifford and Foster).

Unit II Characteristic features of the order – Psilotales, 14 hrs
Lycopodiales, Isoetales, Equisetales, Ophioglossales,
Marattiales, Osmundales, Marsileales, Salviniales,
Psilophytales, Lepidodendrales and Calamitales

Unit III Systematic position, Structure of sporophytes and gametophytes 06 hrs
and Reproduction of the following genera –
Tmesipteris, Phylloglossum, Isoetes, Equisetum,Ophioglossum,
Angiopteris, Osmunda, Marselia, Azolla and Pteris (Developmental
details not required).

Unit IV Fossil Pteridophytes – Systemic position, Structure of 04 hrs
Unit V sporophytes and gametophytes, Reproduction of the following 04 hrs
genera – Horneophyton, (Comparative account of
Horneophyton with Rhynia) Asteroxylon, Lepidodendron and
Calamites.

Heterospory and seed habit. Stelar evolution, phylogenetic
Relationship, experimental work on Pteridophytes.
Economic importance of Pteridophytes.

PRACTICALS BO 8P1

Study of morphology and anatomy of vegetative and reproductive
structures of the following; Psilotum, Lycopodium Isoetes,
Equisetum, Ophioglossum, Angiopteris, Osmunda, Glichenia,
Trichomanes, Pteris, Cyathea, Marsilea, Salivinia and Azolla.
Fossil pteriodophytes studied in theory (specimens and slides).

17

REFERENCES • Eames, A.J. 1936. Morphology of vascular plants (lower
groups), McGraw - Hill, New York.

• McClean, R.C. and Ivimey - Cook, W.R. 1964. Text book
of theoretical botany. Vol I. Longmans, Green and Co.,
Ltd., London.

• Parihar, N.S. 1977. The morphology of pteridophytes.
Central Book Depot. Allahab.

• Smith, G.M. 1955. Cryptogamic botany. Vol. II. McGraw
- Hill, New York.

• Sporne, K.R. 1966. The morphology of pteridophytes.
The structure of ferns and allied plants. Hutchinson
University Library, London.

.

18

GYMNOSPERMS (30 hrs)

Unit I Introduction and General characters of Gymnosperms.Classification 03 Hrs
Unit I (Birbal Sahni 1920, Pant 1957 , Sporne 1974, Takhtajan 1966
),Distribution of Gymnosperms with special reference to India.
Unit I Study of morphology and anatomy of vegetative and reproductive 18 Hrs
structures of the sporophytes and gametophytes of the
following Genera -Medullosa, Williamsonia,, Glossopteris,
Bennettites, Pentoxylon, Cordaites, Zamia, Ginkgo, Cedrus,
Podocarpus ,Taxus, Welwitschia
(Developmental stages not required)
Origin of Gymnosperms, Affinities of Gymnosperms, with special 07 Hrs
reference to order Gnetales, Xylotomy of Gymnosperms,
Polyembryony in Gymnosperms with special reference to conifer
ales. Evolutionary significance of Gymnosperms. Economic
Importance of Gymnosperms

Unit I Experimental work on Gymnosperms with special reference to forest 02 Hrs
biotechnology

Practicals A study of the morphology and anatomy of vegetative and
reproductive structures of the following :Medullosa, Cycadeoidea,
Williamsonia, Pterophyllum, Ptilophyllum, Glossopteris,
Phyllotheca, Vertebraria, Pentoxylon, ,Cornoconites, Zamia, Ginkgo,
Cedrus, Araucaria, Podocarpus, Cupressus, Cryptomeria and Ephedra
and Welwitchia (Spotters/slides/ specimens

References  Agashe, S.N. 1995. Paleobotany. Plants of the past, their evolution,
paleoenvironment and application in exploration of fossil fuels.

19

Oxford & I.B.H. New Delhi.
 Andrews, H.N. 1961. Studies in Paleobotany. John Wiley, New

York.
 Bhatnagar, S.P. and Moitra, A. 1997. Gymnosperms. New Age

International Ltd., New Delhi.
 Biswas, and Johri, B.M. 1997. The gymnosperms. Narosa

Publishing House, New Delhi.
 McClean, R.C. and Ivimey - Cook, W.R. 1964. Text book of

theoretical Botany. Vol I. Longmas, Green and Co., Ltd., London.
 Sporne, K.R. 1965. The morphology of gymnosperms. The

structure and evolution of primitive seed plants. Hutchison
University Library, London.

20

ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (Autonomous),BANGALORE

M. Sc. Botany SEMESTER II
BO 8315: PAPER III

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY & METABOLISM
(60 hrs)

Unit - I Energy flow: Principles of thermodynamics (all the laws with 05 hrs
Unit - II examples) free energy and chemical potential, redox reactions, 08 hrs
Unit - III structure and functions of ATP. 05 hrs
Unit - IV Fundamentals of enzymology : General aspects, Active and 10 hrs
Regulatory sites, isozymes, kinetics of enzymatic catalysis, Michael's
Unit - V – Menten equations and its significance, allosteric mechanism. 08 hrs
Unit - VI Membrane transport and translocation of water and solutes : 08 hrs
Unit - VII Plant water relations (General aspects and SPAC concept), passive 06 hrs
Unit - VIII and active transport, Membrane transport proteins aquaporins 05 hrs
UNIT - IX Photochemistry and Photosynthesis: General concepts and Historical 05 hrs
background, photosynthetic pigments & photo oxidation of pigments,
light harvesting complexes, photo oxidation of water, mechanisms of
electron and proton transport and photophosphorylation.
Carbon assimilation: The Calvin cycle, the C4 cycle, the CAM
pathway, Photorespiration and its significance, synthesis and
degradation of Starch and Sucrose.
Respiration: General aspects, Glycolysis, TCA cycle, Electron
transport and ATP synthesis, Pentose phosphate pathway and
Alternative oxidase system and pathways.
Lipid Metabolism : Structure and function of Lipids, Synthesis And
degradation of fatty acids, synthesis of Phospholipids and
Gylcolipids, Glyoxylate pathway and Gluconeogenesis.
Nitrogen metabolism: Nitrogen cycle, Biological Nitrogen fixation,
Nodule formation and nod factors, Nitrogenase – its properties and
mechanism of action.
Plant growth hormones: Physiological effects and mechanism Of
action of hormones including poly amines, agricultural applications
and hormones.

21

Practicals

1. Preparation of solutions and reagents
2. Determination of water potential by gravimetric method
3. Effect of temperature and different solvents on the membrane permeability in plant tissues
4. Determination of chl a and chl b in C3 and C4 plants
5. Determination of total chlorophyll content in pteridophytes, gymnosperms and Angiosperms
6. Separation of chlorophyll pigments by solvent wash method
7. Determination of absorption spectra of photosynthetic pigments
8. C3/C4/CAM plant anatomical studies and pH estimations
9. Measurement of respiration by Warburg method

10. Experiments on enzyme kinetics (Polyphenol oxidase)
11. Estimation of Lipase activity.
12. Physiological effects of phytohormones

Activity /PIA – project work related to above topics

REFERENCES • Conn, EE., Stumpf, PF., Bruening, G and Doi. RH. 1987.

Outlines of Biochemistry, John Wiley and Sons, New

York, Chichester, Bisbane, Toronoto and Singapore.
• Hall, DO and Rao KK 1999, Photosynthesis 6th edition,

published in association with Institute of Biology,

Cambridge University Press.
• Hopkins, WG 1995. Introduction to Plant Physiology,

John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, USA.
• Moore, TC, 1989. Biochemistry and Physiology of Plant

Hormones (Second edition) Springer - Verlag, New York,

USA. The
• Stumpf, PK, and Conn, EE (eds.) 1988.

Biochemistry of Plants - A comprehensive treatise,

Academic Press, New York.

• Taiz L and Zeiger E. 1998. Plant Physiology (second

edition). Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers,

Massachusetts, USA.
• Wilkins, MB (eds.) 1989. Advanced Plant Physiology.

ELBS / Longman.

22

Unit I ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (Autonomous) 04 hrs
Unit II M. Sc. Botany SEMESTER II
Unit III BO 8415: PAPER IV 02 hrs

Unit IV BIOSTATISTICS AND BIOINFORMATICS 10 hrs
Unit V (60 hrs) 04 hrs
03 hrs
PART-A: BIOSTATISTICS (30 hrs)
Introduction, brief history and applications of biostatistics.
Sampling techniques: Methods of sampling. Random and non
random sampling. Sampling and non sampling errors. Study
design – concepts of control, replicates and randomization.

Methods, types, significance and limitations: Diagrammatic and
graphic representation of data: Line diagrams, bar diagrams and
pie diagrams. Histograms, frequency polygons and frequency

curves.

Concepts and problems: Measures of central tendency; mean,
median and mode. ( Problems to be given related to the theory

part)
Measures of dispersion: Variance, standard deviation,
coefficient of variation. Skewness and Kurtosis.

Correlation and Regression: Analysis of Correlation and
Regression, Scatter plot method, graphic method, coefficient of
correlation, coefficient of regression.

Probability: Introduction and Rules of probability.

Unit VI Probability distributions: Normal, Poisson and Binomial
Distribution. Properties and importance of distribution.
03 hrs
Unit VII Hypothesis Testing: Introduction, basic concepts and rules. 02 hrs
02 hrs
Unit VIII Tests of significance: Degrees of freedom,
Chi-square test and ANOVA.

PRACTICALS

BO 8P3: Project: Work Related to the Applications of
Biostatistics

Activity/PIA – R programming/SAS

23

REFERENCE  Bailey, N.T.J. 1995. Statistical methods of Biology 3rd
edition, Cambridge University Press.

 Daniel, W.W., 1978. Biostatistics : A foundation for
analysis in health sciences 2nd edition. John Wiley, NY.

 Khan, I.A. and Khanum, 1994. Fundamentals of
Biostatistics, Ukaaz Publications Hyderabad.

 Remington, R.D. and Schork, M.A. 1970. Statistics with
applications to the Biological and health sciences,
Prentice Hall Inc. NY.

 Sundar Rao, P.S.S. and Richard, J. 1996. An
introduction to Biostatistics, 3rd edition Prentice Hall
India.

 Eynon B.P. and T.W. Anderson, Minitab guide to
Statistics.

24

PART-B: BIOINFORMATICS (30 hrs)

Unit I Introduction and brief history of bioinformatics 06 hrs
Unit II Biological databases: Introduction, types, bibliographic
Unit III databases, nucleotide sequence databases, protein sequence
Unit IV databases, and genome databases. Human Genome Project
Unit V
Computer Networking and programming languages 03 hrs
Types of Network, The Internet, Networking standards,
Navigation through web. Brief account of Java, Bio-Perl and
Python

Genomics and Proteomics 05 hrs
Genomics: Introduction, types, gene sequencing methods, 04 hrs
analysis of raw sequence data and annotation.
Proteomics: Introduction, experimental approaches, protein-
ligand interactions and molecular interaction prediction.
Pair Sequence Analysis

Introduction, Dot plot, Sequence Alignment, Dynamic

programming, Searching sequence databases.

Multiple Sequence Analysis 04 hrs

Introduction, Dynamic programming method, and Progressive

alignment method.

Unit VI Protein Structural Analysis 05 hrs
Peptides and Protein Primary Structure, Secondary structure and
backbone conformation, Super secondary structure, Tertiary
protein structure, Quaternary structure, Protein structure
visualization.

Unit VII Drug Designing; Introduction, CADD, NCE and protein 03 hrs
PRACTICALS docking

 Data Retrieval-NCBI, Expasy, PDB

 Pairwise sequence analysis- BLAST

 Multiple sequence analysis – Clustal Omega

 Secondary structure prediction- Jpred

 Molecular visualization tools –RASWIN

25

REFERENCES

 Fundamentals of Bioinformatics
Author: Dr. Jayarama Reddy: SS Education Series: 1st
edition 2011

 Bioinformatics and Biostatistics
Author: Dr. Jayarama Reddy, Geetha Publishers,
Bangalore. 2017 Edition

 Introduction to Bioinformatics
Author(s): Teresa Attwood, David Parry-Smith: 1999, 1st
edition; Prentice Hall

 Bioinformatics: A Practical Guide to the Analysis of
Genes and Proteins, Second Edition
Author(s): Andreas D. Baxevanis and B. F. Francis
Ouellette (Eds): 2001; 2nd Edition; Willey&Sons

 Problems and Solutions in Biological Sequence Analysis
Author(s): Mark Borodovsky and Svetlana Ekisheva:
Cambridge University Press; 1st edition (September 11,
2006)

 Computational Modeling of Genetic and Biochemical
Networks
Author(s): James M. Bower and Hamid Bolouri : 2011:
MIT Pubs

26

ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE, (AUTONOMOUS)
M.Sc. BOTANY SEMESTER - III
SEMESTER - III
PAPER BO 9115

CYTOLOGY, GENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
(60 hrs.)

Unit I CYTOLOGY 07 hrs
Ultra-structure of cell membrane and cell organelles: nucleus, 10 hrs
nucleolus, mitochondria, plastids, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi 09 hrs
bodies, lysosome, and peroxysomes. Cytoskeleton and its role.
02 hrs
Unit II Eukaryotic chromosome: Ultrastructure, Centromere-kinetochore 02 hrs
complex, centromere proteins (CENPs), telomere and its role in 16 hrs
segregation of chromosomes and cellular ageing; secondary
constriction-SAT chromosomes; sister chromatid cohesion; C- value 14 hrs
paradox, programmed cell death(Apoptosis)- A brief account.

Unit III GENETICS
Mendelism,Non-mendelian inheritance- incomplete and co-
Unit IV dominance, multiple alleles (maize, blood group), lethal genes,
Unit V penetrance, expressivity, pleiotropy.
Gene interactions- supplementary, complimentary, epistasis,
inhibitory genes, duplicate genes (plant examples only)
Inheritance of quantitative characters- polymerism, multiple genes
Sex linked inheritance; sex influenced, sex limited traits; sex
determination and sex reversals in plants
Mutation- importance, types, causes; DNA repair Mechanism
(mismatch, base excision)

Population genetics –Genetic variability in population, factors
responsible for variation. Calculation of gene frequency

Unit VI MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Genetic basis of heredity : DNA - chemistry and structure,

polymorphism in DNA structure, DNA replication - models,

Gene: present concept; split genes; fine structure of r II locus
(Benzer’s concept).
Genetic code : Poly – U experiment and cracking of the first genetic

code; Universality of genetic code, degeneracy; Wobble

hypothesis, Dictionary of genetic code ;use of synthetic RNAs ;

central dogma, gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
RNA – types ( hnRNA, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA) and functions; RNA

editing and post transcriptional modifications

Unit VII Biochemistry and molecular biology of cancer, OncogenesChemical
carcinogenesis. Nucleic acid Hybridization – andcot curves,

Southern, Northern and Western blottingtechniques - Dot and slot
blots – PCR, RAPD and RFLP -DNA finger printing in forensics

Practicals  Preparation of stains and reagents for cytology; root tip squash and smears-
References Rhoeo, onion; preparation of Kayotypes, idiogram, mitotic and meiotic
analysis;

 Genetic problems (monogenic, digenic, test cross, gene interactions,
population genetics)

 Isolation of plasmid and genomic DNA.
 Separation of DNA by Agarose gel electrophoresis
 Estimation of DNA by diphenylamine method
 Estimation of RNA by Orcinol method
 Restriction Endonuclease digestion of DNA
 RAPD and finger printing
 Gel filtration
 Ion exchange

Cytology

 Singh, V. &Sinha, S., Cytogenetics, plant breeding and evolution. II

Revised
• Singh, V. &Sinha, S., Cytogenetics, plant breeding and evolution. I

Revised edition, Vikas Publications House Pvt. Ltd., Sanibahad, U.P.
• Swanson, C.P., Cytology and Cytogenetics, Macmillan.
• Swanson, C.P.T., Cyto genetics, Prentice Hall, New Delhi.
• Conn, N.S., (1979) Elements of cytology, Harcourd could.
• Verma, P.S. &Agarwal, V.K. Cytology, Chand & Company

Ltd.
GENETICS
• Gardner, E.J., M.J. Simmons and D.P. Snustad (1991). Principles of

Genetics - 8th edition, John Wiley, New York.
• Herskowitz, J.H., Principles of Genetics, II edition - Collier MacMillan

International edition.
• Sansfield, W.D., Theory and problems of genetics, Schaum's outline
series, New York.
• Sinnott, Dunn and Dobzhansky, Principles of Genetics, TMH edition.
• Strickberger, Genetics, II edition, MacMillan Publication, Company,

New York.
• Swanson, C.P.T., Cytogenetics, Prentice Hall, Mers& W.J. Young,

New Delhi.
• A.C. Pal, Fundamentals of Genetics, TMH edition

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
• Brown, T.A., 1990. Gene cloning, Chapman & Hall.
• Friefelder, D., 1987. Molecular Biology, 2nd edition. Jones and Bartlett
publishers, Boston.
• Grierson, D. 15 and Covey, S.N., 1988. Plant Molecular biology, 2nd
edition, Blackie, Chapman and Hall, New York, USA.
• Lewin, B., 1990. Genes, Vol. I to VI, Oxford University Press, Madras
• Kahl, A. and Schell, J.S., 1982. Molecular Biology of plant tumour,
Academic Press, New York.
• Malchensky&Frifelder, Molecular Biology, Academic Press (2000).
• Verma and Agarwal., 1998. Cell Biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology,
Evolution and Ecology - S. Chand and Company Ltd., 1998.
• J. Perry Gustafson - Genetics, Development and evolution - 17thStadler
Genetics Symposium - Ed. Plenum Press New York and London. (1986)

• Strickberger., 1990. Evolution. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston,

London.
• U. Sinha and SunitaSinha. 1985. Cytogenetics, Plant breeding and

Evolution. Vikas Publications Private Limited.
• A.P. Jha., 1993. Genes and Evolution. MacMillan India Limited.
• ChandrasekharanNayar., Advanced Organic Evolution. Sudarasana

Publications.

 Edward O., Doson., 1962. Evolution : Process and Product. Reinhold

Publishing Corporation, New York, 1962.

ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE, (AUTONOMOUS)
M.Sc. BOTANY SEMESTER - III
BO 9215

TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS AND ECONOMIC
BOTANY
(60 hrs.)

Unit I Systems of Classification: Bentham & Hooker; Engler&Prantl; 9 hrs
Hutchinson, and Takhtajan.
Taxonomic hierarchy; concept of characters;
Taxonomic literature - Floras, Monographs, Indices, Keys and
Journals. Field & Herbarium Methods.

Unit II Plant nomenclature: ICN, Typification, Principles of priority 5 hrs
and their limitations - Effective and valid publication – Authors,

Citations Retention, choice and rejection of names

Unit III Modern trends in taxonomy - Role of the following in taxonomy: 04 hrs
Morphology, Anatomy, Palynology, Embryology, Cytology and 26 hrs
phytochemistry.
Phy

Unit IV Systematic Position (according to Engler & Prantl’s system
Syllabus der Pflanzen familien, Melchior ed. 1964); salient
features and economic importance of the following families.
Monocotyledonae: Commelinaceae, Zingiberaceae, Marantaceae
andPoaceae.
Dicotyledonae: Santalaceae, Loranthaceae, Aristolochiaceae,
Amarantaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Moraceae, Nymphaeaceae,
Magnoliaceae, Annonaceae, Myrtaceae, Lauraceae,
Capparidaceae, Oxalidaceae, Geraniaceae, Rutaceae, Meliaceae,
Tiliaceae, Sterculiaceae, Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae,
Boraginaceae, Verbenaceae, Lamiaceae, Bignoniaceae,
Acanthaceae, and Asteraceae.

Unit V Comparison of families: 06 hrs
Annonaceae&Magnoliaceae; Rutaceae&Meliaceae;
Apocynaceae&Asclepiadaceae; Tiliaceae&Sterculiaceae;
Verbenaceae , Lamiaceae&Acanthaceae; Zingiberaceae&
Marantaceae.

Unit VI Economic Botany: Distribution, Botanical name, systematic 10 hrs
position, Description & Economic uses of the following:
Fibre - Cotton, Coir, Jute
Timber - Rosewood, Teakwood and Sal
Medicinal Plants-
(i)Drugs from roots- Aconite, Belladona, Sarpagandha,
Ashwagandha;
(ii)Drugs from underground stems- Turmeric, Ginger,

Onion, Garlic;
(iii)Drugs from bark- Cinnamon, Quinine, Ashoka,

Berberry;
(iv)Drugs from leaves- Aloe, Holybasil, Vasaka,
Stramonium;
(v)Drugs from stems and woods- Ephedrine, Catechu,
Digitalis, White Sandalwood
(vi)Spices and Condiments- Asafoetida, Cinnamon, Clove,
Cardamom, Saffron, Black Pepper, Anise, Coriander,
Cumin, Fennel, Fenugreek, Poppy.
(vii)Oils: I. Extraction methods of essential oil and edible
oil. Classification of vegetable oil.
(viii)Essential oil: Sandal wood, Eucalyptus, lemon-grass.
Jasmine, Rosemary, Mint.
(ix)Edible oil: Linseed, Sunflower, Sesame & Groundnut
(x) Biofuels: Jatropa, Pongamia

Practicals Study tour ( mandatory)
References Students must undertake a tour in the III Semester for not more than 5 days to
study flora and submit 05 herbaria, 15 digital herbaria (hard and soft copy) and a
tour report. To be submitted during practical examination.
 Construction of floral diagrams, descriptions using technical terms to bring

out salient features of the taxa
 Preparation of dichotomous keys
 Identification of economically important plants and plant products mentioned

in the theory syllabus

 Benson, L.B., 1962. Plant Taxonomy: Methods and principles
 Beck, C.B., (ed) 1976 Origin and early evolution of Angiosperms, Columbia

University Press, New York
 Bhattacharya, B., &Johri, B.M., (eds) 1988 Flowering Plants: Taxonomy and

phylogeny, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi
 Carlquist, S., 1961 Comparative plant anatomy - A guide to taxonomic and

evolutionary application of anatomical data in Angiosperms
 Cronquist, A., 1988 The evolution and classification of flowering plants, 2nd

ed., New York Botanical Garden, New York
 Dahlgren., 1980 A revised system of classification of the Angiosperms. Bot. J.

Linn. Soc. 80 : 91 – 124
 Davis, P.H., & Heywood, V.H., 1973 Principles of Angiosperm

taxonomy. Robert E Kriegen Publ. Co., New York
 Lawerence, F.H.M., 1951 Taxonomy of vascular plants. MacMillan, New

York
 Erdtman G., 1952 Pollen Morphology and plant taxonomy, Chronica

Botanica, Waltham, Maas
 Heywood, V.H., & Moore D.M. (eds) 1984 Current concepts in plant

taxonomy, Academic Press, London
 Nair, P.K.K., 1970 Pollen morphology of angiosperms: a historical and

phylogenetic study. Barnes and Noble, New York
 Lam, H.J., 1959 Taxonomy: general principles and angiosperms. Vistas in

Botany Vol. II page 3 - 75.
 Radford, A.E., Dickinson, W.C., Massey, J.R., & Bell, C.R., 1974 Vascular

Plant systematics, Harper & Row, New York
 Smith, P.M. 1976 The chemotaxonomy of plants. Edward Arnold, London
 Sneath, P.H.A., &Sokal R.R., 1973 Numerical taxonomy : The principles and

practice of numerical classification. W.H. Freeman, Sanfransisco
 Swain, T., (ed.) 1966 Comparative phytochemistry, Academic Press, New

York
 Turrill, W.B., (ed) 1964 Vistas in Botany Vol. IV : Recent researches in plant

taxonomy, Pergamon Press, London
 Yough, D.A., &Siegler, D.S. (eds) Phytochemistry and Angiosperm

phytochemistry, Praeger Scientific, New York

ST JOSEPH’S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS)
MSC BOTANY SEMESTER III
ELECTIVE (Intradepartmental)
BO - 9315

ADVANCED PHYSIOLOGY (60 HRS)

Unit I PHOTOBIOLOGY 8 hrs
Unit II Phytochromes : discovery, structure, photochemical and
biochemical properties, physiological function of phytochromes.
Molecular mechanism of photoreceptor action.
Cryptochromes : discovery, structure and physiological functions.
A brief account of phototropins and zeaxanthin

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 15 hrs
General overview, types of cell signalling, ligands/ cell signalling
molecules, signalling receptors – characteristics, properties and
structural classes.

G- proteins and G-protein Coupled Receptors.
Role of cyclic nucleotides as second messengers, calcium –
calmodulin cascade.
Plant specific signalling mechanisms – Plant wound signalling

pathway, Phospholipid signalling, JAK-STAT pathway and

Stomatal guard cell signalling.

Unit III STRESS PHYSIOLOGY 25 hrs
Water stress – Causes. Effect of drought on physiological

processes in plants, mechanisms of drought resistance in plants,
anti-transpirants, drought hardening, molecular mechanism of
drought stress.
Flooding stress – Causes, Physiological effects of flooding stress,
anaerobiosis, tolerance mechanism.
Salt stress – definition of saline soil, salinity and sodicity, cause of
soil salinization, Physiological effects of salinity stress, tolerance
mechanism.
Ionic stress – Effect of ion toxicity (iron,zinc), heavy metal
toxicity and aluminium toxicity. Transgenic approaches.
Thermal stress –Heat stress, chilling and freezing stress.
Physiological effects, mechanisms of high and low temperature
tolerance, hardening.
Gaseous stress, radiation stress, oxidative stress,
Biotic stress – Effect of fungal infection on plant metabolism,
phytoalexins, biochemical mechanism of disease resistance and

allelopathy.
Role of proteins and enzymes related to the above stresses.
Engineering of plants for stress tolerance

Unit IV DEFENSE MECHANISM IN PLANTS 12 hrs
Structure, role and mode of action of secondary metabolites like
terpenes, phenolic compounds and nitrogen containing compounds
( alkaloids , cyanogenic glycosides and non protein amino acids)
as defense molecules. Plant – plant interaction and communication
through secondary metabolites.
Post-infectionally formed compounds – Phytoalexins.

Proteins and enzymes involved in defense mechanism

Practicals BO9P2
 Estimation of activity of enzyme succinic dehydrogenase by colorimetric

method.
 Estimation of activity of the enzyme super oxide dismutase (SOD).
 Estimation of protein: Colorimetric estimation of total protein by Lowry-Lopez

method.
 Determination of isoelectric point of protein
 Colorimetric estimation of α-Amylase activity
 Estimation of soluble and insoluble phenolics -- Lowry-Lopez method
 Estimation of ATPase activity by Fiske-Subba Row method.
 Estimation of Proline in stressed plants

B) Projects: Related to theory

Advanced Physiology
I Practicals:
CIA 25 Marks
Conducted practicals 20 Marks
Record 05 Marks
II Project and Viva
25 Marks (20 + 5)

References  Biswas, S.K., Mallik, D.C.V., and Vishveshwara, C.V., 1989. Cosmic
perspective, Cambridge University Press

 Burrows, C.J., 1990. Processes of vegetation change, Unwin Hyman, London
 Campbell, D.H., 1972. Evolution of land plants, Central Book Depot, Allahabad
 Capra, F., 1983. The Turning Point - Science, Society and the rising culture,

Flamingo, London
 Dey, P.M., &Horborne, J.N., 1977. Plant Biochemistry, Academic Press, New

York
 Goodwin &Mercep., 1993. Introduction to plant biochemistry, Pergamon Press,

New York
 Hall, D.O., &Rao, K.K., 1999. Photosynthesis 6th ed., Published in association

with the Institute of Biology, Cambridge University Press
 Moore, T.C., 1989. Biochemistry and Physiology of Plant hormones, Narosa Pub.

House, New Delhi
 Singh, B.N., &Mengel, K., 1995. Plant physiology and biochemistry, Panima

Pub. Corporation, New Delhi

 Singal, G.S., Genger, G.C., Sopory, S.K., Irrgang, K.D., &Govindjee, 1999.
Concepts in photobiology, photosynthesis and photomorphogenesis, Narosa Pub.
House, New Delhi

 Stumpf, P.K., & Conn, E., (eds) 1988. The biochemistry of plants - A
comprehensive treatise, Academic Press, New York

 Taiz, L., &Zeiger, E., 1998. Plant physioloogy, the Benjamin / Cummings
Publishing Co., Inc., New York

 Wilkins, M.B.A (ed.), 1989. Advanced plant physiology, ELBS / longman
 L. Lehninger, 1982. Principles of biochemistry - C.B.S. publications and

distributors, New Delhi
 Salisbury, F.B., and Ross, 1974. Plant physiology - Prentice Hall India Ltd., New

Delhi
 Neggle, R. and Fritz., G.J., 1989. 2nd edition. Introductory plant physiology,

Prentice Hall of India Publishers Ltd., New Delhi

Unit I ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE, (AUTONOMOUS) 4 hrs
Unit II M.Sc. BOTANY SEMESTER - III 5 hrs
Unit III Elective BO 9415 8 hrs
Unit IV Plant Tissue Culture 9 hrs
Elective (Intradepartment)
Unit V (60 hrs) 7 hrs
Unit VI 6 hrs
Unit VII A brief historical account (contributions of Haberlandt, White, Morel, 10 hrs
Murashige and Skoog); Terminologies:- Totipotency, Competency,
differentiation, dedifferentiation, redifferentiation, cytodifferentiation,
Xylogenesis, rhizogenesis, embryoid,meristemoid and determinism.

Preparatory steps for tissue Culture: Requirements for tissue culture
facility, Laboratory organization, instrumentation, surface
sterilization of materials, basic procedure for the inoculation of
explant, growth room conditions and acclimatization techniques.

Culture media: Composition of media, (Macro elements, micro
elements, Vitamins, hormones, carbon and nitrogen sources,
organicsupplements, activated charcoal, unidentified supplements)
An appraisal of different media and selection of media
( Murashige&Skoog’s, White’s, Vacin& Went).

Hormones (Applications in Plant tissue culture) : Auxins(NAA,

IBA, 2,4-D), cytokinins( Kinetin, BAP, Zeatin), Gibberellins (GA3),
and Abscissic Acid.
Factors affecting Tissue Culture (Growth Regulators, selection of
explant, light, Temperature, Polarity, Subculture, Genotype), Juvenility
v/s Adult phase.

Establishing callus and cell cultures, Dynamics of callus growth, callus
subculture and maintenance, Harvesting and Growth Measurements.
Organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis and somaclonal variations
(induction, origin and significance).

Principles, techniques and applications ofcell suspension culture and
organ culture (meristem, root, stem, leaf, floral bud, ovary, anther and
embryo), Production of haploid plants: Anther, pollen and ovule
cultures.

Principles, techniques and applications of protoplast culture.
Isolation and culture of protoplasts. Action of cellulase and
pectinase (Macerozyme) on plant cell, important properties of
isolated protoplast and its significance. Protoplast fusion and
somatic hybridization - method, spontaneous fusion, induced
fusion, mechanical fusion, chemo-fusion, electro-fusion;
mechanism of protoplast fusion, hybrid identification, hybrid
isolation and post-fusion events,
Cybrids; Importance of protoplast fusion and somatic hybridization.

Unit VIII Principles of in vitro biotransformation: Agrobacterium 7 hrs
(A.tumefaciensandA.rhizogenes) mediated electroporation and particle 4 hrs
bombardment technique. Commercialization of plant tissue culture:
Application of bioreactors and robotics. Entrepreneurship in plant
tissue culture.In vitro production

Unit IX Application of plant tissue culture – forestry, production of secondary
metabolites and microtubers.

Practicals • Instrumentation - Laboratory equipments and glassware.
• Media chemicals and preparation of media such as White's, MS and
others.
•Sterilization of media and equipments.
•Protocol for media and inoculation techniques.
•Organ culture - Leaf, Root, Embryo, Ovule, Anther and Pollen.
•Callus culture .
•Protocol for cell suspension and protoplast culture.
•Synthetic seeds - protocol.
•Micropropagation of Banana
•Hardening techniques

Submission : project report

Reference  Steve Prentis, Biotechnology - An industrial revolution
 Wisemann, Principles of Biotechnology, 1983
 Bull, A.T. et. al., Biotechnology, 1983
 Rehm, H.J. and CAS (eds). Biotechnology, Vol. 1-8, VerlagChimic Wens

Hemm, Florida
 Dharmalingam, K., Gene cloning and DNA sequencing, MacMillan & Co., New

Delhi
 Ferranhi, M.P. &Fierchter, A. (eds), Production and Feeding of single cell

protein, Applied Science Publishers, New York, 1983
 Renert, J.H., & Bajaj, Y.P.S. Plant cell, Tissue & Organ culture, A laboratory

manual, Narosa Publications, New Delhi, 1977
 Trevan, M.D., Biotechnology the Biological Principal, 1987
 Lynch, J.M. Biotechnology 1983

Unit I ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) 2 hrs
Unit II M.Sc. BOTANY Semester - IV 13 hrs

Unit III PAPER I: METHODS IN PLANT SCIENCE AND 4 hrs
Unit IV BIOPHYSICS. 16 hrs
B0 0115
Unit V (60 HOURS) 6 hrs
Unit VI 5 hrs
Unit VII Literature survey, collection and indexing, outline of preparing a 5 hrs
scientific paper.

Principles of Microscopy, metric units, properties of light in

relation to microscopy: Wavelength, resolution, reflection,

transmission, absorption, refraction, diffraction; Relationship

between revolving power and numerical aperture.

Principles and uses of light microscopy, polarization

microscopy, phase contrast microscopy, confocal, Nomarski

(DIC) microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, electron

microscopy (TEM, SEM, STM),atomic force microscope,

calibration of microscope (micrometry),camera lucida,

indicating magnification in illustrations. Photomicrography.

Microtomy and ultra microtomy techniques, fixatives, clearing
agents, dehydrants, stains, staining schedules, freeze facturing,
freeze etching; maceration technique; cryopreservation.

Physiological methods: general principles, instrumentation,
types and uses of chromatography (paper, thin layer, HPLC,
gas chromatography), centrifugation (low speed, table top, high
speed, ultra centrifuge), spectrophotometry, (visible, UV, X-
Ray, IR, and NMR).Electrophoresis (agarose and PAGE);
radioisotope techniques,autoradiography; a brief account of cell
fractionation.

Introduction to biophysics and overview Intra and intermolecular
interactions: atomic structure, chemical bonding: ionic, covalent,
hydrogen and coordinate bonds and their applications in
biological investigation. Forces of dispersion.
Hydrophobic interactions: Van der Walls interactions and
London forces of dispersion

Properties of matter: Gaseous, liquid and solid state of the

matter. Kinetic theory of gases: Boyle’s law, Charles law,
Avogadro’s law Boltzmann’s distribution.

Properties of colloids: Properties, dispersion system,
classification of colloids (sol, gel, suspension and emulsion).
Tyndall effect and Brownian movement. Applications of
colloids.

Unit VIII Principles and applications of phosphorescence, fluorescence 4 hrs
Unit IX and bioluminescence. 5 hrs
Principles and applications (brief account) of biomechanics,
radiation biophysics, nano-biotechnology and protein
engineering.

Practicals BO 10P1
 Research Methodology. Study of the following Instruments and

applications
 Dissection, stereo and light microscopes, camera lucida, photomicrography
 Phase contrast Microscope
 Transmission Electron Microscope, scanning electron microscope
 Atomic force microscope, Scanning tunneling microscope
 Microtomes ,ultramicrotome and tissue maceration
 Experiments related to Chromatography and centrifugation techniques
 Colorimetry, Determination of complementary colours,

Visible – single and double beam,UV-VIS Spectrophotometers
 IR, X-ray and NMR spectroscopy
 Observation of working of GC and HPLC

REFERENCES •Banwell, C.N., and McCash E.M. 1994. Fundamentals of Molecular
spectroscopy, (4th edition), Tata McGraw - Hill, Publishing Co. Ltd
•Narayanan, P. 2000. Essential of Biophysics. New Agri. International

Publishers.
•Berlyn, G.P. &Miksche, J.P. 1976 : Botanical Microtechnique

and cytochemistry,
•Iowa State Univ. Press.
•De Robertis, E.O.P., & De Robertis, E.M.R. Jr. 1987. Cell and molecular
biology, 8th ed., B.I. Wasberly Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
•Dhopte, A, M. 2002. Principles and Techniques for plant scientists,

Agrobios (India).
•Grey, P. (ed.) 1973. Encyclopedia of microscopy and Microtechnique, van

Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York.
•Jensen, W.A. 1962. Botanical histochemistry, Freeman & Co., San-

Fransisco.
•Johansen, D.A. 1940. Botanical Microtechnique, McGraw Hill, New York.
•Kaul, A.D., Singh, N., Sonkusare, A., Kumar, P. &Wadhwa, S.S. 1997.

Design of an Atomic force microscope for topographic studies, Curr. Sci.

73 (9) : 738 - 743.
•Purvis, M.J., Collins, D.C., & Wallis, D. 1966. Laboratory techniques in
Botany (2nd ed.) Butterworths, London
•Running, M.P., Clark, S.E. &Mayerowitzz, E.M. 1995. Confocal

microscopy of shoot apex, in methods in cell biology, Vol. 49, pp. 355 -

366, Academic Press, New York.
•Sadasivam, S &Manickam, A. 1966. Biochemical methods (2nd ed.), New

Agent Int. Publishers, New Delhi.
•Sanderson, J.B. 1994. Biological microtechniques, BIOS Sci. Pub.,

London.

•Wilson, K., &Goulding, K.H. (eds.) 1986. A biologists guide to principles
and techniques of practical biochemistry (3rded). Cambridge Univ. Press.
•Schmidt R.F., Thews G. Human Physiology. Berlin Heidelberg, 1989 (in

English)
•Sternheim M.M., Kane J.W. General Physics. NY etc, Wiley & Sons, 1991

Vol. 1986.

Unit I ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE AUTONOMOUS 06 hrs
Unit II M.Sc. BOTANY Semester - IV 09 hrs
Unit III BO 0215 10 hrs
Unit IV 06 hrs
PLANT BREEDING AND PLANT PROPAGATION
( 60 hrs)

History and scope of plant breeding; Plant genetic resources;
Sources of germplasm, Systematic evaluation and utilization,
Germplasm conservation, Global and National organization for crop
improvements, pattern of evolution in crop plants. Introduction of
plants and acclimatization

Conventional breeding methods :
Reproduction, genetic basis, sexual and asexual, apomixis, gene
induction and significance in plant breeding.
Domestication, plant introduction and acclimatization. Selection in
self, cross pollinated and vegetative propagated plants.
Hybridization: In self and cross pollinated plants. Vegetative
propagated plants.
Back cross: Technique and importance

Heterosis breeding: Inbreeding depression, Homozygous and
heterozygous balance, genetic basis.
Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) in Plant breeding
Resistance breeding : Disease, insects and drought, Types of
resistance, genetics of host and parasite relationship, mechanism of
drought resistance, breeding
methods for disease, and drought resistance.

Distant hybridization: Introduction, history, barriers (to the
production). Techniques for production of distant hybrids; sterility,
Quality seeds: Classes, production, maintenance.
The Indian seed act.

Unit V PLANT PROPAGATION:

Basic concepts and principles of plant propagation. Propagating 12 hrs

structures Green house
Plastic greenhouses – (a) PVC film (b) polyester film (c) Fibre -

glass,
Hot –beds, Lath houses Miscellaneous propagating Structures –

(a) Mist beds (b)Mist chamber (c) Nursery bed (d) Fluorescent light

boxes (e) Propagating cases (f) Hardening tunnels

Media for Propagation
Qualities of an ideal rooting and growing media, selection criteria
for media, media for propagation and growing nursery plants
(a) soil (b) sand (c) peat (d) sphagnum moss (e) vermiculite
(f) perlite/ soilrite (g) pumice (h) leaf mold (i) saw dust and wood
shavings (j) coco peat

Propagating methods
Seed propagation, Methods of cuttings, grafting, budding and
layering in ornamentals and fruit crops. Natural vegetative methods-
underground, subaerial and aeriel suckers, bulbs, Rhizomes, Stolons,
Tubers, Corms, Runners, bulbils.

Unit VI Floriculture 08 hrs
Indoor and outdoor cultivation methods and harvest of rose
Chrysanthemum, Gerbera, Carnation, Anthurium and orchids; post,
harvest storage of flowers, packing, transportation and marketing

Unit VII Pomiculture 09 hrs
Cultivation, harvest, post harvest storage, fruit processing, packing,
transportation and marketing of grapes and apple
Cultivation and propagation techniques of some important medicinal,
and aromatic plants. Rauwolfia ,Costus, Pogostemon (pacholi)
lemongrass

Practicals Plant breeding and propagation
 Estimation of Pollen viability by using ( any 3 species)
Tryphan Blue Method
Muntzing method
 Estimation of seed viability by (any 3 species)
TTC method
Ferric chloride method
Mechanical method
 Vegetative propagation methods
Tip layering, Air layering, Mound layering, T. budding (Rose), Approach
grafting(Mango), V-grafting (Mango), Bark grafting, Patch budding
 Hybridization Technique

References • Poehlman, J.M., and Brothukar, I.B.H., 1998. Breeding of Asian plants. I.B.H.

New Delhi.
• Poehlman, J.M., and Sleper, D.A. 1999. Breeding field crops. Panima Publ.

Crop New Delhi.
• Singh, B.D.A 2000. Plant Breeding. Kalyani Publ. New Delhi.
• Simmonds, N.W. (ed.) 1986. Evolution of crop plants. Longmann Sci. Tech.

Pub. England.
• Khoklov, S.S. Apomixes and Plant breeding. Amerind, New York.
• Sharma, J.R. 1994. Plant breeding. T.M.H. Publ. Comp. New Delhi.
• Frankel, R. and Bet Dagan. 1983. Heterosis. Springer verlag. Berlin.
• Russel, E.G. 1978. Plant breeding for pest and disease resistance. Butterworth,

London.
• Sneep, J. and Hendriksen, A.S.T. (ed.) 1979. Plant breeding preparations.

Puduo. Wageningen, Netherlands.
• Hartman, H.J. et al. 1990. Plant propagation - Principles and practices. Prentice

Hall, New Delhi.
• Schwalz, M. 1975. Guide to commercial hydroponics, Israel University,

Jerusalem.
• Sharma, V.K. 1996. Plant nurseries, Techniques, production and management.

Indian Pub. New Delhi.

Unit I ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) 02hrs
Unit II M.Sc. BOTANY Semester - IV 22hrs
Unit III 16hrs
PAPER III -BO O315 BIOTECHNOLOGY
Unit IV (60 hrs) 16hrs

Unit V Introduction, scope and importance of Biotechnology, 04hrs
Biotechnology scenario in India.
Recombinant DNA technology :
a. Cloning and expression of Vectors - cloning vectors for
recombinant DNA (plasmids, phages, cosmids, viruses, transposons,
YAC,BAC, MAC),Binary ad Shuttle vectors.
b. Chimaeric DNA, molecular probes and gene libraries - Restriction
enzymes, techniques of restriction mapping, construction of chimaeric
DNA, cloning in bacteria and eukaryotes, Southern, Northern and
Western blotting techniques, construction and screening of genomic
and c-DNA libraries, PCR technology and its application.
Plant Biotechnology :
a. Pollen biotechnology, production of haploids and their importance
b. Production and importance of somatic hybrids and cybrids,
selection system for hybrid protoplasts.
c. Importance of micropropagation in forestry and horticulture.
d. Single cell culture and secondary metabolite production, industrial
applications secondary products and their regulation, biotransformations,
elicitors, hairy root cultures.
e. Germplasm storage and cryopreservation.
f. Genetic transformation employing tissue culture technology and its
application
Microbial biotechnology
a. Enzyme biotechnology : Isolation and purification of enzymes,
immobilization of enzymes, uses of enzymes.
b. Uses of microbes in Industry and Agriculture: Production of organic
compounds by fermentation: ethanol, acetone/ butanol.
Production of antibiotic : Penicillin and Streptomycin
Production of SCP : Spirulina and Chlorella
Biofertilizers and biocontrol agents : Azospirillum, Rhizobium,
Trichoderma
Production of bioinsecticides : Bacillus thuringiensis and NPV
Biotechnology - biosafety, social, moral and ethical consideration

Practicals  Isolation of DNA and restriction digestion
References
 PCR

 Agarose gel electrophoresis of restriction fragments

 Isolation of proteins and SDS-PAGE

 II Plant Biotechnology (Basic techniques of plant tissue culture)

 Laboratory organization,

 Media preparation for tissue culture;

 Selection and sterilization of explants,

 Inoculation (Demonstration only ).

 Isolation of amylase producing soil microbes

 Study of fermentation process by wine production

 Study of SCP(Spirulina,Chlorella),Penicillium(penicillin),

Streptomyces(streptomycin),and biocontrol agents(Bacillus

thuringensis,Trichoderma).
• Abelson, P.H. 1983. Biotechnology - An overview, Science, 219. 611-613.
Anderson, W.F. 1984. Prospectus of human gene therapy. Science, 226. 401 –

409
• Bajaj, Y.P.S. (Ed.) Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry. Various volumes

published time to time. Springer - Verlag. Berlin
• Bhojwani, S.S. 1990. Plant tissue culture : Applications and limitations.

Elsevier Publishers, Amsterdam
• Bhojwani, S.S., and Razdan, M.K. 1996. Plant tissue culture : Theory and Practice

Elsevier Publishers, Amsterdam.
• Brown, T.A. 1994. Gene cloning, Chapman and Hall Pub.
• Dixon, R.A. and Gonzales, R.A. (Ed.) 1994. Plant cell culture, a practical

approach. Second Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford
• Evans, D.A., Dharp, D.R., Ammirato, P.V. and Yamuda, Y. (Ed.) Handbook

of Plant cell culture series Vol. 1-6. McGraw Hill Publishing Company, New

York.
• Gamborg, O.L. and Phillips, G.C. 1995. Plant cell, tissue and organ culture,

fundamental methods. Springer International student edition
• George, E.F. 1993 / 1996. Plant propagation by Tissue culture Part 1 &

2, Exegetics Ltd.
• Maheshwari, P. and Rangaswamy, N.S. (Eds.) 1963. Plant, Tissue and organ

culture.
• Old, R.W., and Primrose, S.B. (5th Ed.) 1994. Principles of gene

manipulations Blackwell Science
• Razdan, M.K. 1993. An introduction to plant tissue cultureOxford and IBH

Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
• Reinert, J.R., and Bajaj, Y.P.S. 1977. Applied and fundamental aspects of

plant cell, tissue and organ culture. Springer - Verlag, Berlin
• Sen, S.K. and Giles, K.L. (Ed.) 1983. Plant cell culture in crop improvement.

Plenum Press, New York.
• Street, H.E. 1977. Plant tissue and cell culture, Academic Press, Berkeley,

University of California.
• Thorpe, T.A. (Ed.) 1995. Embryogenesis in plants, Kluwer Academic

Publishers, Netherlands

ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS)
M.Sc. BOTANY Semester – IV

BO 0415 (Paper – IV)

Elective Paper-II Microbiology (Theory)

(60 hrs)

UNIT I AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY 10hrs
Molecular mechanisms in nitrogen fixation. 12hrs
Diagnosis of plant diseases using antibodies.
Biodegradation of cellulose, pectin and lignin. 15hrs
Role of humus in agriculture.

UNIT II INDUSTRIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY
Introduction to fermentation technology : Bioreactors, media and inoculum
preparation,
temperature and pH regulation and product recovery techniques.
Alcohol fermentation, lactic acid fermentation, production of vaccines,
drug designing, microbial resistance to antibiotics.
Production of steroids and riboflavin.
Production of enzymes: amylases, proteases and lipases.

Biodegradation of pesticides, industrial wastes and oil spills.
Bio leaching and its applications

UNIT III MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY
Introduction to host-pathogen relationship.
Etiology, epidemiology and control of the following pathogens :
(i)Streptococcus
(ii)Clostridium
(iii)Corynebacterium
(iv)Mycobacterium
(v)Neisseria
(vi)Enterobacteriaceae members
(vii)Vibrio
(viii)Hepatitis virus
(ix)Adeno virus
(x)Polio virus
(xi) Chicken pox virus
(xii) Dengue virus
(xiii) Oncogenic viruses

UNIT IV IMMUNOLOGY 15hrs
Introduction and overview of immunology Innate 8hrs
immunity

Phagocytosis
Complement
Cellular defenses
Inflammation and fever- inflammatory cascades
Physiological and chemical barriers Immunogenicity
and antigenicity
Requirements for immunogenicity - foreignness, haptens, antigenicity,
epitopes, recognition sites by B and T cells, cross reactivity.
Acquired immunity :
Lymphatic organs
T cells and B cells
Antigen presentation
Antigen-antibody interactions and immunoassays
Monoclonal antibodies
MHC complex
Hypersensitive reactions
Cytokines
Autoimmunity and autoimmune disorders

UNIT V FOOD AND DAIRY MICROBIOLOGY
Microbiology of milk and milk products.

Pasteurization and sterilization.
Microbial spoilage and preservation of food and food grains
Bacterial food poisoning; mycotoxins

PRACTICALS BO 10P2

• Microbial staining techniques - Gram staining,

endospore staining, capsule staining, fungal staining
• Culture methods: Solid and semisolid agar culture

methods, Pour plate and streak plate methods.
• Isolation of microbes from water and soil.

Bacteriological examination of water including MPN

technique.
• Biochemical characterization of microbes. (9 to10 tests).
• Antibiotic sensitivity test.
• Study of bacterial and fungal growth.
• Isolation of microbes from milk and milk products.
• Isolation of microbes from clinical samples - urine,

stool, sputum.

•O Agarose gel electrophoresis, Dot ELISA and
u
c counter current electrophoresis.
t • Bacterial conjugation and transformation.
e • Genomic DNA, Plasmid DNA, RE digestion and
r
l ligation.
o • SDS-PAGE for study of proteins.
n • Bioassay of aflatoxins.
y
Guided project for students in groups of 3 or 4
d
o each, which will be assessed. 50 Marks (Project
REFERuENCES
b report = 40 Marks, Viva voce = 10 Marks)
l
e (No final practical examination will be conducted)

d • Alexander,M.1977 Introduction to soil microbiology,
i
f John
f
u Viley and Sons Ind, .2. Atlas, R.M. 1998.
s Microbiology Fundamentals and applications (2nd
i
o Ed) Millan
n
Publishing Co., NY.
a • Dimmock, N.J. and Primrose, S.B. 1994.
n
d Introduction to modern virology, Blackwell

i Science Ltd., Oxford.
m • Gerhardt, P., Murray, R.G., Wood, W.A., and
m
u Kreig, N.R. 1994. Methods for general and
n
o molecular bacteriology - American society for
e
l microbiology. Washington D.C.
e • Holt, J.S., Kreig, N.R., Sneath, P.H.A., and
c
t Williams, S.T. 1994. Bergey's manual of
r systematic bacteriology (9thed.) William and
o
p Winking Baltimore.
• Jan Dirk, E., Jack, T.T., and Elizebeth, M.H. 1997.

Modern soil microbiology, Marcell Dekker Inc.,

NY.
• Mathews, R.E.F. 1991. Plant Virology, (3rd Ed.),

Academic Press Inc.
• Powell, C.L., and Bagyaraj, D.J. 1984.

Vamycorrhiza, CRD Press, Florida.
• Prescott, S.C., and Dunn, C. 1984. Industrial

microbiology, McGraw Hill, NY.
• Prescott, L.M., Harley, J.P. and Klein, D.A. 1966.

Microbiology, Wm C. Brown Publishers.
• Schlegal, H.G. 1993. General microbiology, (7th

Ed.) Cambridge University Press.
• SubbaRao, N.S. 1997. Soil microorganisms and

plant growth. Oxford and IBH Publication Co.,

New Delhi.
• Sullia, S.B., and Shantharam, S. 1998. General

ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS)

M.Sc. BOTANY Semester - IV
BO 0515 (PAPER IV)

ELECTIVE PAPER II: SYSTEMATICS OF ANGIOSPERMS
(60hrs)

Unit I Introduction and scope of systematics. A critical study of 05 hrs
Unit II angiosperm classifications of Bessey, Dahlgren and Thorne.
Unit III Angiosperm phylogeny groups (a brief idea)
Unit IV
Angiosperm origin: first traces, early and upper cretaceous; nature 12 hrs
Unit V of probable ancestors. Theories on origin and distribution of
Unit VI Angiosperms (Isoetes-monocotyledon; Coniferales-Amentiferae;
Unit VII Gnetales Angiosperm; Anthostrobilus; Caytonian; Pteridosperm;
Pentoxylales; Darian; Stachyspory-phyllospermae theories)

Evolution of Angiosperms: Role of ecology and genetics; insects 05 hrs
and evolution, cradle of Angiosperms, hypothetical construction of
first formed Angiosperms.

Field and Herbarium methods : Plant collection, preparation and 06 Hrs

Field and Herbarium methods : Plant collection, preparation and
preservation of herbarium specimens; role of herbaria; important
herbaria of India and the world. Role of botanical gardens. Keys:
Types and construction of Keys ( Single Access, Multi Access and
Computer-aided).

Databases in Systematics: Plant identification packages; storage and 08hrs
retrieval of herbarium specimen information; electronic herbarium;
open ended floras, computer based mapping of plant distribution and
vegetation change; cluster analysis, construction of phenograms and
cladograms; websites related to plant systematic.

Modern Systematics (a brief idea); Utility and limitations of the 08hrs

following: ultrastructural characters; methods of protein analysis and

protein data; immunological data. Methods of obtaining and utilizing
data from nucleic acids in phylogenetic evaluation.

Species concept: Nominalistic, typological, biological, ecological 08 hrs
and evolutionary concepts
Clausen et al, Turresson's experiments, patterns of ecotypic variation,
ecotypes and ecads and their taxonomy.

Unit VIII Evolution and Differentiation of Species: Abrupt and gradual 08 hrs
speciation, races, species and isolating mechanisms: geographical
and ecological, seasonal and temporal, mechanical and ethological
isolation; hybridization and speciation; stabilization of hybrids.

PRACTICALS BO 10P3

LABORATORY WORK

• Identification of plants with the help of Flora.
• Construction of artificial dichotomous keys to the Plants.
• Solution of selected nomenclatural problems with the

help of ICBN.
• Application of biosystematic methods in taxonomy.
• Preparation of biographical sketches of selected taxonomists.

SCIENTIFIC VISITS
The students should be taken to any one of the following :
• A protected area viz., National Park / Sanctuary /

Biosphere reserve; Botanical gardens / research institutes
/ museum.
• Observation of different types of vegetation.

REFERENCES
• Anonymous (1997) National Gene Bank : Indian Heritage

on Plant Genetic Resources (Booklet). National Bureau of
Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi.
• Arora, R.K. and Nayar, E.R. (1984) Wild Relatives of
Crop Plants in India. NBPGR Science Monograph No.7.
• BECK CB (ed.)(1976) Origin and Early Evolution
of Angiosperms,Columbia university press, New
York
• BHATTACHARYA B & BM (eds) (1998) Flowering
Plants: Taxonomy and Phylogeny Narosa Publishing
House, New Delhi
• CARLQUIST S (1961) Comparative plant anatomy- A
guide to taxonomic and evolutionary application of
anatomical data in angiosperms.
• Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (1948-
1976) The Wealth of India. A Dictionary of Indian Raw
Materials and Industrial Products. New Delhi. Raw
Materials I-IX Revised Vol I-III (1985-1992)