DK DISCOVERIES ALEXANDER THE GREAT

DISCOVERING KING PHILIPS TOM

A grid of squares allows the Rebuilding Philip's face

position of each find
to he recorded

Although the body buried in
the tomb had been cremated, there

were enough pieces of the skull left to

Areconstruct the dead man's face. plaster

cast was made of the skull, and clay was used
to build up the layers of muscle and skin.

Pottery 5f The shape The wound
fragmen Archaeologists of the heard An exciting discovery was
collected for working on a dig was based
cleaning and on portraits a notch on the skull's right
if possible, of Philip
restoration eye socket. Its angle
Reconstruction showed that it was a
of king philips
HEAD wound caused by a blow

from above. We know

from accounts of Philip's

life that he lost his right

eye to an enemy arrow

3 Digging the site 4 The tomb

Excavating a site often means destroying its The king was buried
evidence, preserving only finds, such as
bones and treasure. It is important for with a magnificent set
archaeologists to measure, examine, and of armor, including
record even small finds. They take a quiver and gilt leg
photographs and keep site notebooks in greaves (coverings
which they record the position of their finds. Unlike most ancient
royal tombs, Philip's
grave had never been

robbed. The armor
was found in 1977
exactly where it

had been placed at

Philips funeral in

336 BC, perhaps by
Alexander himself.

The lid was decorated with a starhurst, the
emblem of Macedonia s royal family

5 Wreath Larnax
After his body had been
Gold wreaths such burned King Philip's bones
as this one have were carefully wrapped in
sometimes been a purple cloth. They were
found in Macedonian then placed with his
and Greek tombs. wreath inside this gold
They were modeled larnax 'ancient Greek
on different types of casket i The larnax was
leaf, and each leaf then put inside a marble
was linked with a sarcophagus 'coffin for
god. The olive tree extra safekeeping
was sacred to Athena,
while the oak was Rosettes inlaid
Zeuss holy tree. with blue glass paste

1

T1 Demaratus 33 Hephaestion 1 NO seers, 17, 24
doctors 17, 30 21, 30 Seleucid empire, 43
Index drunkenness, 10, 35 Nearchus. 40, 41 shield bearers 16
Ecbatana, 33 Heracles, 12 14 Nicaea, 38
A Bessus 31 education, 12,13 Olympias, 12 20, 37
booty, 31 Egypt 8, 24 hetairai, 10, 1 1 omens 17. 24, 28 shields. 14, 20, 21
Achilles 12, 13 elephants, war 9, ships 40
agora 25 bows and arrows, 45 Homer 1 3 P shipbuilding 41
bridges, floating, 39 29 36 37 Sidon 22
Ahura Mazda, 8, 32 Bucephala, 38 empires 44—45 hoplites, 16 palaces, 10-11 24 siege engines 23
Alexander IV King Ephesus 43 Hyphasis, river, 39 32-3 3 silver, 8, 33
Bucephalus, 13, 20, slaves, 11, 15
of Macedon 42 37, 38 F U Parthenon 8
Alexander the Great Pella, 10-11 soldiers:
builders. 17 farming, 10, 1 1 Iliad, 13 Persepolis. 31, 32-33
army of, 16 17 Byblos, 22 tish-eaters 41 Immortals, 30, 32 Persian empire 6 Greek, 7, 16
death ot 42 43 fleets, 22. 23, 40, India, 35, 36-41 Macedonian, 1 1,
in Egypt 24 c 8-9, 14, 16,
as living god. 41 45 Indian Ocean 41 32-33, 34. 41 14 16-17, 20
Caesar, Julius, 44 food, 10, 38 Indus River 40 Persian 6
25, 34 Callisthenes 16 funeral carriage Persian Gulf, 40 Roman 44
as Prince 12 13 caltrops, 29 infantry, 16, 20, 21 phalanx, 20, 21
at war 14 15, 20, Cambyses King ot 42-43 Islamic empire, 45 pharaohs, 25, 43 Sparta. 8
Isocrates, 8, 9 Pharos lighthouse, 25 sphinx, 8
22, 26-31 34 Persia, 8 G Issus, battle ot Philip, King of Stateira 2
42 camels, 9 Susa, 30, 32 41
; alleys 40 20 21, 26, 27, 28 Macedon, 10, 11,
Alexandria Carmania 40, 41 Gaugamela, battle Japan, 45 12, 14, 46-47 swords, 12, 20
24-25 42 Carthage, 22
library ot 24 catapults, 23 ot 28-31, 32 KL Philip of Acarnania, T
Gedrosian desert 40 17, 30
Ammon, 25, 35 cavalry, 16, 20, 21, Genghis Khan 45 Kalash people 43 Thebes 14-15
28, 29 31 girls, 13 kopii. 12 philosophers 1~ Thrace 15, 16
Amphilolis 1 1 gods: Koran, 45 Philotas 34 Timocleia 15
Arbela, 31 Cerberus 41 Phobos, god, 28 tombs, 46—47
archaeology 46—47 chariots 29 Alexander as living Kublai Khan 45 Phoenicians, 22 tools, 41 46
Aristander 17 24, city-states, 8, 10 god 25 larnax, 47 Porus King 36 Trajan's Column 44
Cleitus, 35 treasure, 33, 39
25 28 clothes 1 3 Babylonian 32 M 37, 38 trophies, 30
Aristotle 1 3 Coenus, 39 Egyptian 25 priests Persian, 8, 9 tumuli 46
armies coins, 33, 38 Greek, 28 Macedonia proskynesii ^4 Tyre, 22-23, 28
Craterus, 12, 40-41 Persian 8, 32 10-1 1 46 Ptolemy. King of
Macedonian, 16-17 crocodiles, 39 gold, 11, 33 WX
Persian, 28-31 Cyrus the Great, Gordian knot, 18-19 magi, 8, 9 Egypt 24 42 43
armlet, 33 Granicus, 20 Mallians 40 Punjab 39 warships 2~
armor 7 20, 21, 47 King of Persia, 8 Media 31 weapons 20, 21 45
Arrhidaeus 42 - Mediterranean Sea QR
art, 7, 16 DE greaves 21 4 women 13, 17
Asia Minor, 20 44 roads Roman 44
Athens, 8, 9, 33 Darius 1 King ot Greece 6 8,9 14 mercenaries 2 B Roman empire 44 wonders of the
Persia 7, 8, 9, 34 gunpowder 45 mole, land bridge Roxane 42 world 25
B
Darius III, King ot H 22 s wreaths 4"
Babylon 32 42 Persia 20,21 writers, 16
Baghdad 4^ 26-27, 28-31 harbors, 25 Mongol empire 45 satraps, 31 Xerxes King of
Bel Marduk 32 Hellenistic age 4^ Muhammad,
helmets 20 21 Scythians, 29 Persia. 6, 8
prophet 45 secretaries, 16
murex, 22
music 12, 16
Muslims 45

Acknowledgments *( £*£** -;„'-„ Bridgeman Art Library 14br ©35bl Michael Holford 1 3bl
Persepolis Iran Bridgeman Art
The publisher would like to & Architecture Collection 1 3br 33c Hutchison Library: Mbr
Bridgeman Art Library Library 34br British Museum
thank: _ Kostas Kontos 47cr.
London New York London: 2tr, 8br, 12cl 25tcr
Janet All.s lor visualizing Tin Archaeological Museum 3 3cr, 3 3tr 4lbl 47b Cambridge Manchester Museum 4~tr

SitgtoJTyrt. Polly Appleton and Thessalonik, Greece Bridgeman University Museum of Soprintendenza Archeologica
Naples 7tr Scala 18-19, 26-27
She.la Collins tor design A[[ Ljbrary 47br Hnt|sh Ubnuy Archaeology and Anthropology Telegraph Colour Library: 25br.

assistance and Chris Bernstein London UK Bridgeman Art Cambridge 44c Corbis UK Ltd Additional photography:

for the index, and Arbour Llbrarv 3gbc; Louvre ,, ans 9tr, North Carolina Museum ot The Museum of Archaeology
France/Bndgeman Art Library
Antl(1 ues JOtr Musee des Beaux-Arts Art 21br Ric Ergenbright 39tr. and Anthropology, 45cr, Geoff
Lille/Lauros Giraudon Bridgeman Brightling 45cl John Heseltine
The publisher would like to \ n Library ET. Archive I2tl I3tl 25tc 44crb
32cl, 35br 38tl 44c Mary
thank the following for their - Museo Archaeologico Jacket:
kind permission to reproduce Nazionale Naples Evans Picture Library 44bl
their photographs Sonia Halliday Photographs British Museum tront cover left.
Picture credits: ltaly/Bridgeman Art Library 43tl
t=top b=below, I=left, r=right. National Archaeological 16bl 22bl 33br 43tr back cover left. Sonia Halliday:
c=center Robert Harding Picture Library
Musuem Athens Greece front cover centre ©Michael
6 9b 9br 25cr 43cr 4~cl
The John Hillelsoii Agency: Holford tront cover bottom.
Roland and Sabrina Michaud

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