PILING WORKS IN CONSTRUCTION PREPARED BY : NURAZWANI BINTI MOHD EMMY (2022243696) PUTERA NADY HAIZAL BIN NAZRI (2022402346) MUHAMMAD IZZAT BIN MOHAMAD RAHMAT (2022656542) MOHAMAD FAIZUL AZMI BIN ABD GHANI (2022447984) PREPARED FOR : MISS FAZEERA BINTI UJIN COURSE CODE : AP2463A GROUP : CMA483 3A NAME OF PROGRAMME : BSC (HONS.) CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT FACULTY : COLLEGE OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT SEMESTER : MARCH - AUGUST 2023 DATE OF SUBMISSION : 4TH JUNE 2023 CAMPUS : UITM SHAH ALAM
TABLE OF CONTENTS CONCLUSION & DISCUSSION OBJECTIVE ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF CASE STUDY WHY ACCIDENT & WHO RESPONSIBLE ? FACTORS AND CONTROL MEASURE PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS 4 5 6 7 9 11 12 14 18 REFERENCES HIRARC 20
LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLE Figure 1 - Photo of incident ...................................... 8 Figure 2 - Illustration of casing position before incident .... 8 Table 1 - Factors and control measure ....................... 8 Table 2 - Probability and severity scales .................... 11 Table 3 - Severity indicator .................................... 13 Table 4 - Risk matrix of severity and likelihood ............ 14 Table 5 - HIRARC on piling construction ......................16 Table 6 - HIRARC on piling construction ..................... 17
Abstract provides a concise summary of the key points related to safety and health considerations in piling operations within the construction industry. Piling, a fundamental method for creating stable foundations, poses various hazards and risks that need careful attention. The abstract highlights the importance of identifying and assessing potential hazards, such as trench collapses, equipment malfunctions, and exposure to hazardous substances. It emphasizes the need to implement robust safety measures, including proper excavation procedures, equipment maintenance, and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). The abstract stresses the significance of promoting worker training and competency to ensure a comprehensive understanding of safety procedures and hazard recognition. Furthermore, fostering a safety culture within the construction organization is vital, encouraging open communication, reporting of safety concerns, and active participation in safety initiatives. The abstract underscores the importance of monitoring safety performance through inspections, audits, and incident investigations to identify areas for improvement. Additionally, protecting worker health is essential, encompassing factors such as noise and vibration exposure, rest breaks, and addressing ergonomic considerations. By addressing these aspects, construction companies can effectively mitigate risks, prevent accidents and injuries, and create a safe and healthy working environment during piling operations. Ultimately, prioritizing safety and health not only protects workers but also contributes to the successful completion of construction projects. ABSTRACT 4
Piling is a vital construction technique used to establish strong and stable foundations for buildings and structures. While it is essential for constructing in challenging soil conditions, piling operations come with inherent safety and health risks that need to be addressed. The primary objective of piling safety and health is to protect workers and create a safe working environment throughout the piling process. Hazards associated with piling operations include excavation trench collapses, equipment malfunctions, falling objects, noise exposure, vibration, and exposure to hazardous substances. Working in confined spaces, such as bored piles or caissons, can also introduce additional risks. To ensure safety, construction companies must implement comprehensive safety measures. This includes conducting risk assessments to identify potential hazards and determine appropriate control measures. Proper excavation and trenching procedures must be followed, and equipment should be regularly maintained and inspected. Worker training is crucial to ensure a thorough understanding of safety procedures, equipment operation, and hazard recognition. Personal protective equipment (PPE), such as hard hats, high-visibility vests, safety goggles, gloves, and steel-toe boots, should be provided and used. Addressing worker health considerations is also important. This includes managing factors such as noise and vibration exposure, providing adequate rest breaks, and addressing ergonomic concerns. By prioritizing safety and health in piling operations, construction companies can protect workers, prevent accidents and injuries, and create a safe and healthy working environment. Ultimately, ensuring piling safety and health contributes to the success of construction projects. INTRODUCTION 5
OBJECTIVE To explain background of case study To determine why the incident occur and who should be responsible of any incident To identify the factors and control measure To elaborate the HIRARC in construction of piling There are few objectives to be show in this report; 6
Lifting operations – the construction crew was using 80-ton crawler crane to lift and positioned tubular steel casing with the measurement of 1.5m width x 17m length with weight of around 9 ton. Inserting of casing to the ground – the steel casing was inserted at around 5m depth into the ground and being let in free standing position while waiting for vibration hammer to be use in order to further drive the casing fully into the ground. Falling of steel casing – while waiting for the vibration hammer to be lifted and positioned on top of the casing, the tubular steel casing topples over towards the crane body and hit it on the side causing damage to boom stopper of the crane. Case: Bore pile steel casing topple over and hit to crane body. Location: Kuching, Sarawak Date: 18th November 2021 Background of the incident: The construction project involved the development of a large factory area consisting of multiple buildings. The construction site was bustling with various activities including the construction of foundation piles to support building structures. Crawler crane were employed to lift and position the steel tubular casing and insert it into the ground. Incident details: During the construction work, the incident happened due to the following sequence of events: 1. 2. 3. BACKGROUND OF CASE STUDY 7
Figure 1 - Photo of incident Figure 2 - Illustration of casing position before incident BACKGROUND OF CASE STUDY 85
WHY THE INCIDENT OCCUR ? Inadequate Stability Assessment: Insufficient assessment of the soil conditions and ground stability at the construction site can lead to accidents. If the soil composition, strength, or other geological factors are not properly evaluated, it may result in underestimating the risks associated with pile installation and casing stability. Improper Casing Installation: Errors or negligence during the installation of the bored pile casing can contribute to accidents. If the casing is not securely embedded or properly aligned with the pile, it can become unstable and prone to toppling over. Equipment Failure: Malfunction or failure of the equipment used in the casing installation process, such as cranes or lifting mechanisms, can cause accidents. If the machinery used to handle the casing is not adequately maintained, inspected, or operated, it can lead to instability and the casing toppling over. Soil Movement or Shifting: Unforeseen soil movement or shifting during the construction process can cause the bored pile casing to become unstable and topple over. Factors such as groundwater levels, soil settlement, or unexpected changes in soil conditions can contribute to this. Adverse Weather Conditions: Extreme weather events, such as heavy rainfall, strong winds, or earthquakes, can increase the likelihood of accidents involving bored pile casing toppling over. These conditions can affect the stability of the soil, weaken the casing's support, or compromise the equipment's performance. Lack of Supervision and Training: Inadequate supervision and lack of proper training for workers involved in the casing installation process can contribute to accidents. Without proper guidance and knowledge of safety protocols, workers may unknowingly make mistakes that compromise the stability of the casing. Accidents involving bored pile casing toppling over can occur due to a combination of factors, including: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 9
WHO SHOULD BE RESPONSIBLE ? Construction Company: The construction company overseeing the project holds overall responsibility for the safety of the construction site. They should have established safety protocols, provided adequate training to workers, and implemented procedures to prevent near misses and accidents. Design Engineers: The design engineers involved in the project are responsible for ensuring the structural integrity and stability of the bored pile casings. They should conduct thorough design calculations and assessments to prevent potential failures and near miss incidents. Geotechnical Engineers: Geotechnical engineers play a crucial role in assessing the soil conditions and ground stability. They should provide accurate geotechnical information and recommendations to mitigate risks associated with bored pile installation. Site Personnel: Site supervisors and project managers are responsible for monitoring the construction site and ensuring that safety measures are implemented correctly. They should conduct regular inspections, identify potential hazards, and take appropriate actions to prevent near misses. Workers: Construction workers involved in the installation of bored pile casings should follow established safety procedures and report any near misses or safety concerns to their supervisors. Their active participation in maintaining a safe work environment is crucial. In a near miss incident involving a bored pile casing toppling over, the responsibility for identifying and addressing the near miss typically falls on multiple parties involved in the construction project. The specific responsibilities may vary depending on the contractual agreements and the roles of the parties involved. However, the following entities generally bear responsibility: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 10
NO FACTORS CONTROL MEASURE 1 Equipment failure Machineries that used to handle the piling works must be properly inspected and maintained to avoid malfunctioning machineries during the piling process. 2 Soil movement Geotechnical engineers need to provide an accurate information including the ground stability and soil conditions to reduce the risks of unexpected changes in soil conditions. 3 Improper casing installation Site supervisors need to monitor all the process while ensuring all safety measures are executed correctly to prevent errors during the installation of the pile. FACTORS AND CONTROL MEASURE The accident at a construction site in Kuching, Sarawak involved bore pile steel casing topple over and hit to crane body. This accident happened may be caused by: Table 1 - Factors and control measure 11
Hazard identification The safety of workers and the successful completion of construction projects depend on the prevention of accidents in piling procedures. By identifying hazards, evaluating risks, and putting in place the necessary control measures, the HIRARC (Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, and Risk Control) process provides a methodical approach to preventing accidents. Here are a few crucial HIRARC-based preventative method: 1. Evaluate the job site in detail to find any potential dangers related to piling construction. This includes risks including operating heavy machinery, working at heights, exposure to noise, unstable surfaces, and potential contact with subsurface utilities. To ensure thorough hazard identification, gather knowledgeable experts, examine historical data, and study pertinent standards and regulations. 2. Risk assessment Analyse the risks connected to the dangers discovered. Evaluate the likelihood and seriousness of each risk, accounting for elements including the frequency and length of exposure. Prioritise hazards according to how they might affect workers, the general public, and the environment. The crucial areas that need immediate attention and management measures are identified with the help of this assessment. 3. Regular review and monitoring Continuously review and update the HIRARC process throughout the project duration. Regularly assess and reassess hazards, risks, and control measures to adapt to changing conditions. Conduct regular inspections and audits to ensure compliance with safety protocols. Encourage open communication channels for workers to report potential hazards and nearmiss incidents. PREVENTION ACCIDENTS FROM HAPPENED 12
HIRARC FOR PARTICULAR WORK CONDITION Form for Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, and Risk Control. The formula below may be used to determine risk: The probability and severity scales that were used depended on the particular job activities: Likelihood (L) EXAMPLE RATING Most Likely The most likely result of the hazard/event being realized 5 Possible Has a good chance of occuring and is not unusual 4 Conceivable Might be occur at sometime in future 3 Remote Has not been occur after many years 2 Inconceivable Is practically impossible and has never occured 1 L x S = Relative Risk L = Likelihood S = Severity Table 2 - Probability and severity scales 13
HIRARC FOR PARTICULAR WORK CONDITION Severity (S) EXAMPLE RATING Catastrophic Numerous fatalities, irrecoverable property damage and productivity 5 Fatal Approximately one single fatality major property damage if hazard is realised 4 Serious Non-Fatal injury, permanent disability 3 Minor Disabling but not permanent injury 2 Negligible Minor abrasions, bruises, cuts, first aid type injury 1 The following values are use to indicate severity: Table 3 - Severity indicator 14
Thus, risk is defined as the likelihood that employees will sustain injuries (physical or mental) due to hazards. The risk matrix table can therefore be simplified as shown below: Severity (S) Likelihood (L) 1 2 3 4 5 5 5 10 15 20 25 4 4 8 12 16 20 3 3 6 9 12 15 2 2 4 6 8 10 1 1 2 3 4 5 High Medium Low Piling equipment in poor condition. Severity= 5 Likelihood = 3 Relative risk = 5 x 3 = 15 (High risk necessitates prompt action to control the hazard, as outlined in the hierarchy of control. The date for each action must be recorded on the risk assessment form. Table 4 - Risk matrix of severity and likelihood 15
Piling Work Activities Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC) Hazard Identification Risk Assessment Risk Control No. Activities Hazard Consequ ences Likelihood (L) Severity (S) Risk Control Measure 1 Survey work for piling marking & piling cap work. Knockdo wn Accident /falling object 2 1 2 Wear Luminous Safety Vest 2 Excavation works Knockdo wn Accident /struck 1 1 1 Standby Worker near Activity 3 Pre-borehole and inserting casing Boring/D rillinghol e opening Fall 3 3 9 Barricade or cordoned off working area Moving loads/ Machine ries or Part Struck by moving machine ries/part 3 2 6 Worker to stay off working area during machineries movement and remain visible Failure of steel casing Struck by moving load 3 4 12 Constant supervision by working site supervisor Noise and Vibratio n Loss of Hearing (Vibratio n Syndrom e (HAVS)) 2 2 4 Workers to Full PPE (Safety Helmet, Safety Vest, Safety Shoes and Ear Plus) Table 5 - HIRARC on piling construction 16
Hazard Identification Risk Assessment Risk Control No. Activities Hazard Conseque nces Likelihood (L) Severity (S) Risk Control Measure 4 Lifting Vibro Hammer to insert/extract of steel casing Failure of Machineri es operation al condition during mobilizati on and demobiliz ation load Dropping Load 3 4 12 Constant supervision by working site supervisor Casing Falling Damaged to equipmen t 4 3 12 Follow SWL load chart for every lifting, safety warning device on machine Boring/ Drilling hole opening Fall of person into bore pile hole 2 2 4 Cover the bore hole opening Uneven platforms / surface Topple of Machineri es 4 3 12 Steel Plate as Platform for Piling Machine Table 6 - HIRARC on piling construction Piling Work Activities Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC) 17
Hazard identification, risk assessment, and risk control, or HIRARC, is an important procedure in the construction sector, particularly in the case of piling projects. Piling labour includes the construction of deep foundations to support structures, and it frequently involves serious risks for both the environment and the employees. The project team can efficiently identify hazards, evaluate risks, and put into place suitable control measures that reduce possible dangers by using HIRARC principles. Different hazards related to piling work must be recognised during the hazard identification phase. Working at heights, exposure to noise, unstable ground, the use of heavy machinery, and potential contact with underground utilities are some of these dangers. Hazards can be more precisely determined by undertaking a complete investigation of the site, taking prior experience and industry standards into account, and so on. This procedure assists in making sure that every potential risk is taken into consideration and addressed all over the risk assessment process. Analysis of the likelihood and severity of identified hazards includes risk assessment. Each risk is examined in accordance with its potential to harm workers, the general public, or the environment. Considerations like the duration and frequency of exposure are taken into account when determining the likelihood of recurrence and the potential effects. With the help of this assessment, the project team can categorise risks and identify the issues which require the most immediate concern. After the identification and assessment of the risks, appropriate precautions are set in place to reduce or eliminate the hazards. Engineering controls, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment (PPE) are a few examples of these control methods. For instance, guardrails and safety harnesses can be constructed to reduce the risk of falls from heights, and workers can receive the necessary fall prevention training. DISCUSSION 18
In conclusion, HIRARC is a crucial process to ensure worker and environmental safety and wellbeing during piling operations. The project team can manage the possible risks connected with piling operations by methodically identifying hazards, assessing risks, and putting control measures in place. Moreover, construction companies may establish a safer working environment, lower the risk of accidents, and minimise the effect of potential hazards by following the HIRARC principles. This results in more production, fewer delays, and better project outcomes overall. However, it's crucial to keep in mind that HIRARC is a continuous process that needs to be evaluated and revised frequently over the course of the project. The risk assessment needs to be updated as new dangers are identified or as circumstances in the environment change. Hence, HIRARC must be applied for successful risk management in piling activities. It improves the safety of employees, reduces possible risks to the general public and the environment, and helps construction projects get done successfully. Construction businesses can develop a culture of safety and reduce hazards related to piling operations by prioritising safety and taking a proactive approach. CONCLUSION 19
REFERENCES SKM-Doc HSE Ref 012-04 - Incident Report Sato Kogyo Safety Work Practice Guide Rev.03 Section 15, Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 Section 20, Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 Section 24, Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 20