Phonology

Phonetics and Phonology Phonetics and phonology are both branches of linguistics. Both study about speech sound that belong to a language. Phonetics is the study of sounds of a human language. On the other hand, phonology studies the classification of the sounds within the system of a particular language. Phonetics studies speech sound of language in general meanwhile, phonology studies speech sound of a particular language. Phonology is a linguistics branch studying how languages or dialects organize their own sound system. For example how English organize its sound system. It must be different from how French, Indonesian, and Javanese organize their sound system. Phonetics consists of three branches of phonetics; 1. Articulatory phonetics, which deals with how the sounds are articulated or produced with the articulators or speech organs. So, articulatory phonetics studies about speech production. 2. Acoustic phonetics, which deals with how the sound waves are transmitted through the air. 3. Auditory phonetics, which deals with how listeners perceive and understand the linguistics signals. Auditory phonetics studies how the incoming acoustics signal is processed to detect the sound sequence originally intended by the speakers. From the description above we can conclude that phonetics studies how to pronounce, how to transmit, and how to receive a sound. Those elements of phonetics (producing, transmitting and receiving of sound) can be found in all languages, however all languages in the world surely have their own rules to organized their own sound system. For example English has its own sound system rules which are different from those of French or Japanese. As English department students, why do we need to know about phonetics? Isn’t it sufficient just to study about English phonology? Which one should we study first? Is it Phonetics first or phonology first? It is recommended to know Phonetics first before knowing Phonology? Phonological data is phonetics. To understand phonology one must have a basic concept of phonetics. Moreover, the very nature of phonological rules depends on phonetics. Studying sound system of a language needs alphabets to transcribe certain speech sounds in the same way we need ordinary alphabets to write words. Many of us probably think that the sounds of speech are made through the medium of the ordinary alphabets instead of the phonetics alphabets. Transcribing speech sounds needs phonetics alphabets, called International Phonetics Alphabets (IPA). IPA is an internationally recognized set of phonetic symbols developed in the late 19th century, based on the principle of strict one-to-one correspondence between sounds and symbols. The aim of the organization was to devise a system for transcribing the sounds of speech which was independent of any particular language and applicable to all languages. IPA is used to transcribe the speech sounds of all languages. It means that IPA consists all language phonetics alphabets of all the sounds of languages in the world as long as the language has been recorded and has a fix sound system. The following is IPA charts Comment [G1]: Oxford language Comment [G2]: https://omniglot.com/writing/ip a.htm

Phonetics and Phonology (http://dialectblog.com/the-international-phonetic-alphabet/ipa-consonants/) . (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5a/IPA_vowel_chart_2005.png) When we discuss about IPA it means we are in the area of phonetic, but when we only focus it in English phonetics alphabets (pic XX), It means we are in the area of Phonology especially English.

Phonetics and Phonology Speech organs We produce speech sounds every day, however, it is not easy for us to explain how the process of the speech sound making. We can produce the word “bird” [bɜːd] but we cannot really recognize how the process of the making of each sound [b] [ɜː] [d]. However, as a student studying language, we need to how each sound on the word “bird” is produced. Human needs speech organs to produce speech sounds. Human speech organs are spread out from inside part (lung) through the outside part (lips/mouth). Apparently, lungs belong to our speech organs. Perhaps, so far we have no idea that lungs are used to produce speech sounds. The main ingredient of human speech sounds is air in their lungs. Here is the picture of the speech organs; http://nikadekyuli.blogspot.com/2014/04/introduction-to-linguistics-organs-of.html

Phonetics and Phonology Human speech organs consist of; 1. Lungs/Pulmo This is where the air as the main ingredient of sound comes from. 2. Trachea The air expelled from the lungs then moving up to the trachea. 3. Larynx/Glottis There is a voice box/vocal cords/vocal folds. Vocal folds are two thin sheets of tissue stretching in a V-shaped from the front to the back of larynx. There is an important process of speech sound production occurring here. The process is known as voicing. When the vocal folds are closed, the air from the lungs cannot move freely and result vibration. The sounds produced this way is known as voiced sounds. On the other hand, when the vocal folds are down apart, the air flows freely and there is no vibration. The sounds produced this way are called voiceless. 4. Pharynx 5. Oral Cavity. There are several speech organs inside oral cavity such as: a. Velum It is also known as soft palate. Its mains function is to separate the nasal cavity from oral cavity in order to produce the oral speech sounds. The sounds produced in Velum are called Velar Sounds. b. Palate It is also called as hard palate. It lies in the roof of the mouth so it is often called the "roof of the mouth". The sounds produced in Palate or hard palate are called Palatal c. Alveopalatal d. Alveolar ridge Alveolar ridge is basically hard ridge behind the upper front teeth. It is between the roof of the mouth and the upper teeth. The sounds produced in alveolar ridge are called Alveolar. e. Tongue Tongue plays a very important role in producing speech sounds especially vowel sounds. Tongue is divided into tip, blade, front, back, and root. f. Teeth Teeth are sometimes called as dents. There are upper and lower teeth. The sounds produced by using dents are called dental sounds. g. Lips Lips are also known as labio. There are upper and lower lips. The sounds produced by using lips are known as labial. 6. Nasal cavity It is where nasal sounds are produced. Human use the speech organs to produce the sounds. There are two kinds of sounds generally, namely consonant sounds and vowel sounds. Consonant sounds are sounds produced by obstructing or blocking the air flow along the vocal tract. Some speech organs collaborate in producing certain sound. For example sound [b] is created by the collaboration of our two lips (the upper and the lower lips). The other sounds similar to [b] sound in the way of their production are sound [p] and [m]. The names of the consonant sounds can be identified by observing the speech organs involved during the process of sound making, so sound [b,m,p] are called as bilabial sounds since they are produced by our two lips (bi labio). There are four parameters to describe a consonant sound such as: jfsfhsdhfdlfk, the state of glottis (voicing), the place of articulation, and the manner of articulation. Here is the example of describing the consonant sounds; (Look at the following figure!) Comment [G3]: https://www.academia.edu/224 69759/SPEECH_ORGANS_AND_THEIR_FUNCTION Comment [G4]: tambah jenis hurufnya

Phonetics and Phonology http://teachingpronunciation.weebly.com/consonant--vowel-charts-nae.html Sound [p]: a. State of glottis : voiceless b. Place of articulation : bilabial c. Manner of articulation : stop So we can say that [p] is voiceless, bilabial, stop consonant sound. On the other hand, sounds produced when the air flows freely through larynx and oral cavity are called vowel sounds. There is no blocking or obstructing in the process of producing vowel sounds. The most active speech organs in producing vowel sounds are mouth/lips and tongue. There are two kinds of vowels namely monophtong and diphthong. On the other hand, there are five ways to describe a vowel sound, namely; the frontness, the height, the roundedness, the length.

Phonetics and Phonology Here is the example of describing vowel sounds: https://ininet.org/a-theory--organs-of-speech.html?page=2 sound [u:] a. The frontness : Back b. The height : High c. The roundedness : Rounded d. The length : long So [u:] is back, high, rounded, and long vowel sound. Phoneme There are some definitions of phonemes: 1. A phoneme is typically considered the smallest unit of meaningful sound. 2. In linguistics, a phoneme is the smallest sound unit in a language that is capable of conveying a distinct meaning. 3. A phoneme, in linguistics, smallest unit of speech distinguishing one word (or word element) from another. 4. The minimal unit in the sound system of a language (david Crystal) From all the definition above we can find two similarities on each definition. First, phoneme refers to smallest sound. Second, phoneme distinguishes meaning of one word from another. Look at the following examples: Pan [pæn] Pen [pɛn] Pan consists of three sounds/phones, namely [p] [æ] [n]. On the other hand, Pen has three sounds/phones as well such as [p] [ɛ] [n]. They look similar at glance, both have [p] on the initial sound and [n] on the final sound. However, we can find differences between those two words. Pan consists of [æ] and Pen consists of [ɛ] on their middle sound. The sound [æ] and the sound [ɛ] distinguish the meaning of Pan and Pen. Pan means a broad, shallow, and open container for domestic use (as for cooking) meanwhile Pen means a writing instrument. Sound [p] and [n] on the word Pan and Pen are the same

Phonetics and Phonology sounds/phones/phonemes. Meanwhile the sound [æ] and the sound [ɛ] are different sounds/phones/phonemes. For another example, look at the Indonesian word Harapan [harapan] and Sarapan [sarapan]. Both words have 8 sounds/phones/phonemes. What makes them different is sound [h] and [s] that make them different in meaning as well. Harapan means hope or expectation while Sarapan means breakfast. Allophones What is an allophone? Is an allophone a phoneme? The sound of a word in English does not always match up with its letters. Consider the following four words as phoneme examples: Cat that is transcribed as /kaet/ in its phonetic transcription. Even sometimes, an English sound can be pronounced differently Contoh bahasa Inggris : what [wɒt] [wɒ?] Bapak