PHYSICS HANDBOOK KSSM2020 -PART 1

PHYSICS

HANDBOOK

KSSM
FORMAT &
ANSWERING

TECHNIQUE

alinaimanarif

SECTION B & C

1PART The BEST and most
BEAUTIFUL

things in the WORLD
cannot be SEEN
or even HEARD,
but must be

FELT with the HEART

-HELEN KELLER-

TABLE OF CONTENTS 3
5
1 FORMAT KSSM 8
2 IDEA & CONCEPT (UNDERSTANDING )QUESTIONS 12
3 COMPARISON 16
4 MODIFICATION (SECTION B) 21
5 DECISION MAKING (SECTION C) 23
6 CALCULATION 35
7 FULL FORMAT SECTION B 41
8FULL FORMAT SECTION C
9 CHARACTERISTICS,

LEVEL & EXPLANATION

amazing Physics with Teacher Alina 2

1FORMAT KSSM
SUBJECT PHYSICS: 4531

ITEM PAPER 1 PAPER 2 PAPER 3
(4531/1) (4531/2) (4531/3)
TYPE OF Experiment Test
INSTRUMENT Written Test
2 PRACTICAL tasks
40 SECTION A:
30
structure: 8 1 Hour 30 Minutes

(answer ALL questions) Recall
(60 marks) Understand

NO. OF SECTION B: Apply
QUESTION Scientific Process Skills
2 questions Manipulation Process Skills

(choose 1)
(20 marks)

SECTION C:

1 question

(20 marks)

TOTAL 40 100
MARKS 1 Hour 15 Minutes 2 Hours 30 Minutes
DURATION

CONSTRUCT Recall Recall
Understand
Understand
Apply
Apply Analyse
Analyse Evaluate
Invent by applying

The key to

success
is to start
before you
are ready

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PHYSICS: 4531/2

SECTION A: Q 1 Knowledge, understanding & application. [4 m]
(Structure) Q 2 Knowledge, understanding & application. [5 m]
Q 3 Knowledge, understanding & application. [6 m]
Q 4 Knowledge, understanding & application. [7 m]
Q 5 Knowledge, understanding, application & conceptualize [8 m]
Q 6 Knowledge, understanding, application & conceptualize [8 m]
Q 7 Knowledge, understanding, application & problem solving [10 m]
Q 8 Knowledge, understanding, application & problem solving [12 m]

SECTION B : Q 9 & Q 10 Knowledge [1 m]
(Essay) understanding [4 m]
conceptualize [5 m]
SECTION C : Q 11 problem solving [10 m]
(Essay)
Knowledge [1 m]
Understanding [4 m]
Application (quantitative) [5 m]
Decision making [10 m]

WITHOUT FEAR
THERE CANNOT
BE COURAGE
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2 IDEA & CONCEPT UNDERSTANDING
QUESTIONS
Trial
MARA 2016

Diagram 1 shows a car collides with a tree.

Diagram 1

Using suitable physics concept, explain how the front bumper and airbag of a car helps the
driver to minimise the injury.

ANSWER:

• Bumper long and made from material easy to crumple
• Prolong the time of impact//reduced impulsive force
• Air bags released automatically on impact
• Reduced impulsive force exerted on the driver//increased time of impact

Trial Diagram 2 show a pile driver used to drive

Terengganu a steel pile to the ground.
The force involved in driving the
2015
steel pile is impulsive force.

Diagram 2

Explain how the steel pile is driven to
the ground.

ANSWER:

• Both pile driver and steel pile are material with hard surface
• Place the pile driver at a certain height
• Release the pile driver onto the steel pile
• Short time of impact between the pile driver and the steel pile
• Produces high impulsive force to drive the pile into the ground

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Example Diagram 3 shows a Taekwondo exponent smashing
a wooden block using his hand.

Diagram 3

Explain how the wooden block is smashed by the Taekwondo exponent.

ANSWER:

• The hand of the athlete is moving fast.
• The hand that hit the hard surface of the wood is stopped in split second.
• A high rate of the change in momentum is experience by the wood and the hand.
• A great impulsive force that is generated causes the wood to be broken.

Example Diagram 4 shows a thermometer clinic is used by
a doctor to check the temperature of a patient's body.

Diagram 3

Explain how a doctor
can check her
patient temperature.

ANSWER:

• When the thermometer is put under the tongue (thermal contact)

• The heat energy is transfer from patient’s body to the thermometer
(heat transfer)

• Net flow of heat is zero

• Temperature of thermometer = patient’s body

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Example Diagram 4 shows a cooling pad used to lower the
temperature of a person having a fever.

The pad consists of a gel and is cooled in a refrigerator

before it is placed on the forehead
of the patient for faster body heat removal.

Diagram 4

Using physics concept, explain why gel is a good cooling agent in a cooling pad.

ANSWER:

• Gel has a high / big specific heat capacity.
• When stored in the refrigerator, it experiences a big temperature drop // releases

a large amount of heat.
• Hence it can absorb a large amount of heat from the patient’s body / head,
• before reaching thermal equilibrium with the patient’s head/body.

Example Sketch a graph to show the heating curve of water to steam.

Using theory kinetic of matter explain why the temperature
remain unchanged while the heating is still on.

ANSWER:

Heating Curve

• Heat absorb is to overcome
the forces attraction

between the molecules
• kinetic energy remains constant

and the temperature
remain unchanged

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3COMPARISON

Force & Motion

1. ANALYSING MOMENTUM, IMPULSE AND IMPULSIVE FORCE
Diagram 1.1 and 1.2 show two watermelons fall off a table and drop on to surface A and surface B
respectively.

Surface A Surface B

Diagram 1.1 Diagram 1.2

With reference to Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2,

(i) Compare the force on the watermelons that strike on surface A and surface B.
Force on the watermelons that strikes on the surface A is bigger than on surface B.

(ii) Compare the time of impact of the watermelons on surface A and surface B.

Time of impact of the watermelons on surface A is smaller than on surface B.
(iii) State the relationship between the force produced in a collision and the time of impact.

Time of impact increase, the force produces in a collision decrease

2. UNDERSTANDING GRAVITY
Diagram 2.1 shows the effect of a man falls from a high position to the ground without opening the
parachute. Diagram 2.2 shows a man with the same mass falls from the same height when the

parachute is open.

Diagram 2.1 Diagram 2.2

Based on Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2, compare the acceleration, the rate of change of momentum
and the time of impact. Relate the rate of change of momentum with the time of impact to make
deduction on the relationship between the acceleration and the rate of change of momentum.

• The acceleration for in Diagram 2.1 is higher than in Diagram 2.2.
• The rate of change of momentum in Diagram 2.1 is more than in Diagram 2.2.
• The time of impact in Diagram 2.1 is smaller than in Diagram 2.2.
• The rate of change of momentum decrease as the time of impact increase.

• The acceleration is increase as the rate of change of momentum increase.

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3. UNDERSTANDING INERTIA
Diagram 3.1 shows a car and a lorry stopping at a red traffic light. When the traffic light turns green as

in Diagram 3.2, the car is found to move ahead of the lorry.

Diagram 3.1 Diagram 3.2

Based on Diagram 3.1 and Diagram 3.2, compare the masses of the vehicles and their ability to speed
ahead. Relate the mass of the vehicle and the way it can start moving from rest to deduce a concept
in physics with regard to the motion of objects.

• The mass of the lorry is more than the car causing the lorry has less ability to speed ahead.

• The bigger mass of lorry causes the lorry harder to start moving from rest.

• The physics concept involved is the inertia.

EVERYTHING IS

ENERGY
YOUR THOUGHT BEGINS IT,

YOUR EMOTIONS AMPLIFIES IT,

AND YOUR ACTION

INCREASE ITS MOMENTUM

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Heat

1. UNDERSTANDING THE THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM
A student carries out an activity to record the temperature change of oil and water as shown on Diagram
1.1 and Diagram 1.2.
Both liquids are heated by identical heaters for two minutes. The initial temperature of oil and water are
30°C.

Thermometer

1 kW heater 1 kW heater

Oil
Water

Measuring
scale

Diagram 1.1 Diagram 1.2

Observe Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2. Compare:
(i) the mass of oil and mass of water.

The mass of oil is more than the mass of water.
(ii) the temperature change in oil and also in water

The temperature change in oil is less than in water
(iii) Compare the amount of heat supplied by the heater to the oil and to the water.

Amount of heat supplied to the oil is same with the water
[same power of immersion heater which is 1 kW]
(iv) Compare the amount of heat absorbed by oil and water
Amount of heat absorbed by the oil is less than the water

2. UNDERSTANDING GAS LAWS
Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2 shows an experiment to study the relationship between the pressure and
volume of air trapped in an air-tight container. The pistons for both diagrams are pushed down slowly.

Bourdon Force Bourdon Force
gauge Piston gauge Piston
0 kPa 30 0 kPa 30
Gas
Diagram 2.1 Gas
Diagram 2.2

(i) Compare the volume of the gas in the air-tight container
Volume of gas in the air-tight container in Diagram 2.1 is more than in Diagram 2.2

(ii) Compare the reading of Bourdon gauge
The reading of Bourdon gauge in Diagram 2.1 is lower than in Diagram 2.2

(iii) Compare temperature of the gas in the air-tight container
The temperature of the gas in the air-tight container for both diagram are same.

(iv) Using your answer in 2(i) and 2(ii), state the relationship between the volume of gas and the reading of
Bourdon gauge.
Volume of gas is increase as the reading of Bourdon gauge decrease

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3. UNDERSTANDING THE SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
Diagram 3.1 and Diagram 3.2 show the heating curves obtained when 50 g and 80 g of the solid substance
are heated respectively. The melting point of the substance is 78°C.

Thermometer Temperature/oC

Mass = 50 g 78

30 2.6 Time / min
0 1.0

Diagram 3.1

Thermometer Temperature/oC

Mass = 80 g 78

30
0 1.8 4.7 Time / min

Diagram 3.2

Based on the information and the observation on Diagram 3.1 and Diagram 3.2, compare the mass, the time
taken to reach the melting point and the time taken by the substance to change into liquid completely.
Relate the mass and the time taken by the substance to change into liquid completely to make a deduction
on the relationship between the mass and the latent heat of fusion absorbed by the substance.

• The mass in Diagram 3.1 is less than in Diagram 3.2.
• The time taken to reach the melting point in Diagram 3.1 is less than in Diagram 3.2.
• The time taken by the substance to change into liquid completely in Diagram 3.1 is less than in

Diagram 3.2.
• When the mass increases, the time taken by substance to change into liquid completely

increases.
• Mass increase, latent heat of fusion absorbed by the substance increase.

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4 MODIFICATION section B

1. Diagram 1 shows an ammeter to measure an electric current.

Diagram 1 Using suitable concepts of physics,
suggest and explain the necessary

adaption to be made so that the ammeter

can give readings that are more sensitive,
consistent and accurate.

State two precautionary steps that must

be taken when taking the reading through

the ammeter.

Modification / Characteristics Explanation

Small size of scale Can detect smallest change in current flow

Mirror strip To avoid parallax error

Zero adjuster To avoid zero error

To adjust the pointer at the zero mark

Lighter needle (pointer) Easy to detect current

Sensitive to the change of current flow

Precautionary steps:

- make sure our eye perpendicular to the reading of ammeter to avoid parallax error

- switch off the circuit the after taking the reading to avoid over heating

2. Diagram 2 shows a loaded lorry.

Explain the suitable loaded lorry which
can carry liquid, such as petrol.

Diagram 2

Modification / Characteristics Explanation
Use ABS/air brake
Lorry does not stop immediately
Use Two tyres // Double tyres // Many Increase the time for lorry to stop
tyres //More than one Lorry does not skid
The load of lorry should be divided into More friction with ABS
many small tanks Prevent wheel lock // wheel does not lock
Far gap distance between tractor and Prevent lorry spinning on wet surface
trailer
Can support heavy load
Less damage to the road
Low pressure coz surface area is high

Does not shake easily
To increase stability

To prevent collisions between the trailer & the
tractor
To reduce force // velocity

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3. Diagram 3 shows a car.

Using appropriate physics concept, explain

the modifications needed to be done to the
car so that it can be used as a safe racing car.

Diagram 3 Explanation
To reduce air friction
Modification / Characteristics
Aerodynamic shape Can move in high speed //
Light materials accelerate easily

Strong material Not easily to break
Tyre with more thread More grip //
to increase the friction between the tyre & the road
Spoiler
Increase the power of the engine To stabilize the car

4. Diagram 4 shows a sailboat. accelerate easily

Give suggestion to design a sailboat
which can travel faster and smooth.

Diagram 4 Explanation
Reduce water resistance
Modification / Characteristics // increase lifting
Streamline Reduce friction towards water
// aerodynamic shape of board
Smooth surface board Lighter
// coat with wax // easier to float and sail faster
Low density material Withstand strong winds
// not easily damage
Strong material Greater lifting force
// more wind are captured
Wider sail Sail would not get wet easily

Waterproof sail

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5. Suggest the suitable cloth and the best techniques
to catch the ball to prevent injury for goalkeeper.

Modification / Characteristics Explanation
Wear glove Reduce painful of the player’s hands when touching the
ball with big impulsive force
Use soft material for the glove Increase the time impact, reduce the impulsive force
Wear cloth which is made from The cloth can absorb more heat when the player is
material with moderate specific sweating to maintain temperature of player
heat capacity
Base of shoes has stud Player give great pressure to make stud sink into
ground and give stronger support without slipping
When catching the ball, the goal To lengthen the time impact, to reduce the impulsive
keeper should move his hands force
backwards
The ball should have enough air To shorter the time impact between the foot and ball to
pressure inside increase the impulsive force //
The ball has high speed and travel far away // further

6. Diagram 5 shows an ordinary bicycle.

Diagram 5
You are required to give some suggestions to enable a cyclist to ride the bicycle
safely at a higher speed.
Using your knowledge on forces and motion and properties of materials, explain your
suggestions based on the following aspects:
(i) the mass of the bicycle
(ii) the type of material for the body of the bicycle
(iii) the width of the tyre in contact with the road surface
(iv) the type of the braking system
(v) the attire or accessories of the cyclist

Modification / Characteristics Explanation

Smaller mass Higher acceleration
Low density // name the material Lighter mass

Wider Bicycle more stable

Hydraulic disc brake Can stop the bicycle in a short distance more effectively

Wear tight attire // glove // To reduce air resistance // Better grip on handles //
helmet Protect the
head from injury during a fall

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6. Suggest the characteristic of material to build
food container which can keep the food warm.

Modification / Characteristics Explanation
Food container should made of low Lighter, the container able to be move from one place
density material
to another.

Melting point of container should To prevent the container from melting up when hot
be high
food is store inside

Specific heat capacity should be So, the container will not get hot easily. Safe to touch
high and handle.
Thermal conductivity is low Good heat insulator, to ensure the heat not loss and
the food remains hot.

Double wall To prevent heat loss.

7. Explain the build of solar cooker oven that been use
in science month competition at your school to boil
500ml water in short time.

Modification Reason
Build the solar cooker with shiny // The light will reflect to the cooker and heat up the
silver colour reflector inside water
Use metal cooker Good conductor
Paint the outside part of the solar cooker To absorb heat
and the cooker (contain water) with black Avoid heat from release to surrounding
colour To absorb heat, the water boil faster
Wrap the cooker with plastic or glass
To trap heat, the temperature will increase

DON’T BE THE SAME

BE BETTER!

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section C DECISION

5MAKING

1. You are asked to investigate the characteristics of each backhoes in Table 1.1 and choose a

backhoe that can do heavy works, an example of a backhoe is shown in Diagram 1.2.

Explain the suitability of the characteristics each backhoe. Determine the most suitable backhoe.
Give reason for your choice

Type of Size of Fluid used in Mass Base area Centre
Backhoe tyre hydraulic system of
Large Large
P Large Liquid Small Large gravity
Q Large Liquid Large Small
M Large Gas Large Medium Low
N Medium Liquid Large Medium
S Large Liquid Low

High
Low

High

Table 1.1

Diagram 1.2

ANSWER:

Characteristics Reason
The size of tyre must be big To prevent the backhoe from sinking into
soft ground
Fluid used in the hydraulic system is Liquid has very low compressibility
liquid
The mass must be big The backhoe will be more stable
The base area must be big Ensure that the backhoe will not collide
The center of gravity must be low Stable from falling

So, the backhoe P is chosen because its tyre is big, fluid used in hydraulic system is liquid, has
large mass, the base area is large and has low center of gravity.

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2. Diagram 2.1 shows an air bag being inflated during collision which stops the car abruptly.
The purpose of the airbag is to protect the driver and passenger from injury when the car is

involved in a crush.

Diagram 2.1

Table 2.2 shows the characteristics of different materials. You are required to select the best
material use to make the car airbag.

Type Material Tensile strength Density Cost (RM)
(MPa) (g cm-3)
P Nylon 75 1200
Q Rubber 15 1.14 1000
R Polyester 37 1.50 2500
S Nylon 70 1.39 2000
1.62

Table 2.2

Explain the suitability of each characteristic and determine the most suitable material for making
the car airbag.

ANSWER:

Characteristics Reason
Material product from nylon Strong // light // not easily heated up
Tensile strength must be high
Material must be strong so that it will not
Density of the material must be small break easily.
Low cost
Lightly // reduce the mass
P Affordable

Because material product from nylon,
tensile strength must be high, small
density and low cost.

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3. You are asked to investigate the features of cooling material and the design of a car
engine radiator.
Explain the suitability of each feature and then determine the most suitable car engine
radiator to be used.
Give a reason for your choice.

The features of cooling liquid

P • Boiling point 100 oC
• Specific heat capacity 4200 J kg-l
oC-1

The features of cooling liquid

Q • Boiling point 100 oC
• Specific heat capacity 4200 J kg-l
oC-1

The features of cooling liquid

R • Boiling point 100 oC
• Specific heat capacity 4200 J kg-l
oC-1

The features of cooling liquid

S • Boiling point 78 oC
• Specific heat capacity 2450 J kg-l
oC-1

T The features of cooling liquid
• Boiling point 78 oC
ANSWER: • Specific heat capacity 2450 J kg-l

Characteristics oC-1
High boiling point
High specific heat capacity Reason
Big fan Not evaporate
A large number of fin blades Absorbed more heat from engine
R is chosen Movement of air faster, more heat can be brought
away
Increases the surface area as so releases heat
faster
High boiling point
High specific heat capacity
Big fan
A large number of fin blades

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4. Diagram 4.1 shows an ice cream container used by an ice cream seller using his
motorcycle.

Diagram 4.1

Table 4.2 shows the specification of four types of ice cream containers P, Q, R and S,
that can be used by an ice cream seller to carry ice cream.

Type Specific heat Size of ice Material of Colour of
capacity of the cream box outer box outer box
P ice cream box
Q Large Copper Dark
High Small PVC Bright
R plastic
S High Small PVC Bright
Large plastic Dark
Low
Aluminium
Low

Diagram 4.2

You are required to determine the most suitable ice cream container to carry ice cream.
Explain the suitability of the aspects.

ANSWER: Reason

Characteristics Good heat insulator
High specific heat capacity box
Small size of ice cream box Easy and more safe carry by motorcycle
PVC plastic outer box Not conduct heat
Bright colour outer box
Q is chosen Reflect heat

High specific heat capacity box
Small size of ice cream box
PVC plastic outer box
Bright colour outer box

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5. A manufacturer wants to produce a new product as one of the kitchen utensil.
The new spatula is either short, thick or slim handle. Five models of the spatula are given.

Table 5 shows the shape and the characteristics of the spatula.

Material Specific heat Melting point Density Shape of
capacity oC-1 kgm-3 handle
A Jkg-1oC-1
B 27 910 Short
C 1720 2000 4000 Tick
D 2400 1050 Slim
E 750 670 2680 Tick
1350 1100 2500 Slim

850

700

Table 5

Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the materials in Table 5. Determine the
most suitable spatula for marketing purpose. Give reasons for your choice.

ANSWER:

Characteristics Reason
High specific heat capacity the handle will not heated
High melting point
Low density the handle will not melt easily

Shape of the handle is slim the handle is lighter and easy
C is the most suitable material to handle.
easy to stir the food

High specific heat capacity
High melting point
Low density
Shape of the
handle is slim

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6 CALCULATION

1. Lee Chong Wei jumped to a height of 80 cm from the floor and smashed with a force of 50 N.
If the mass of Lee Chong Wei and the shuttle cock are 60 kg and 100 g respectively, calculate
(i) the potential energy of Lee Chong Wei.

PE = mgh
= (60)(10)(0.8)

= 480 J

[2 marks]

(ii) the acceleration of the shuttle cock. (Assume that the air resistance is 40 N)

F = ma

50 – 40 = (0.1) a
a = 100 m s-2

[2 marks]

2. A tennis ball of mass 100 g is moving at a velocity of 40 m s-1. A player hits the ball and moves
in the opposite direction with a velocity of 50 m s -1.
The time of collision is 20 ms.

Calculate:

(i) The mass of ball in unit kg. [1 mark]

100 = 0.1 kg
1000

(ii) The time of collision in unit second.

t = 20 x 10 -3
t = 2.0 x 10 -2 s

[1 mark]

(iii) Impulsive force acted on the tennis ball.

F = m (v – u)

t
= 0.1 (-50-40 )

0.02
= - 450 N

[3 marks]

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3. A tanker of mass 1800 kg accelerates from rest to a velocity of 45 km h-1 in 10 s.
(i) Calculate the acceleration of the tanker.

Convert the unit of velocity correctly
45 x 103

3600
= 12.5 ms-1

Shows a correct substitution into the formula
v - u
\a = t

=121.50- 0
Answer with correct unit

1.25ms-2 [3 marks]

(ii) Calculate the force acting on the tanker.
Shows a correct substitution F =ma
F = ma

= 1800 x 1.25

Answer with correct unit
2250 N

[2 marks]

4. The mass of cooling liquid that flows through the cooling channel is 1.0 kg per minute and
the temperature of the cooling liquid which flows out from channel is 0°C.

(i) Determine the mass of cooling liquid flowed in every second.

m = 1000
60

= 16.67g

[2 marks]

(ii) What is the temperature change of the cooling liquid after it flows out of the cooling
channel?

Dq = 0 - (-10) [1 mark]

= 10 oC

(iii) Given the specific heat capacity of the cooling liquid is 2200 J kg–1 °C–1, calculate the
quantity of heat absorbed by the cooling liquid from the water in one second.

Heat = mc Δθ [2 marks]
= 0.01667 x 2 200 x 10
= 366.74 J

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section B ANSWERING

FULL FORMAT 7TECHNIQUE

1. Diagram 1.1 shows a stationary pistol.

Diagram 1.1
Diagram 1.2 shows the pistol and bullet after the pistol has been fired.

Diagram 1.2
(a) (i) What is the meaning of momentum?

[1 mark]
(ii) State the total momentum of the pistol and bullet in Diagram 1.1.

Using Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2, compare the total momentum before and after
the bullet is fired.
Using Diagram 1.2, compare the magnitude and direction of the momentum of the
bullet and pistol.
Name the physics principle that can be applied to the motion of the bullet and pistol.

[5 marks]

(b) Using the principle of conservation momentum, explain the working principle of the rocket.

[4 marks]

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(c) Diagram 1.3 shows a structure of a jet engine for a small jet plane.

Diagram 1.3

You are required to give some suggestions to improve the design of the jet engine so that

it can be used on a larger jet plane that travels at a higher speed.

Using the knowledge on forces and motion and the properties of materials, explain the
suggestions based on the aspects labelled on Diagram 1.3.

[10 marks]

TOTAL 20 marks

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2. Diagram 2.1 shows the effect of a man falls from a high position to the ground without opening
the parachute. Diagram 2.2 shows a man with the same mass falls from the same height when

the parachute is open.

Diagram 2.1 Diagram 2.2

(a) (i) What is the meaning of free fall?

[1 mark]

(ii) Based on Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2, compare the acceleration, the rate of

change of momentum and the time of impact.

Relate the rate of change of momentum with the time of impact to make a deduction
on the relationship between the acceleration and the rate of change of momentum.

[5 marks]

(b) A hovercraft moves on a cushion of air which is trapped underneath it, as shown in
Diagram 2.3. The trapped air reduces the friction. The hovercraft starts from rest and as it
starts, the propeller produces a forward force until it reaches a constant velocity.

Diagram 2.3
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(i) Sketch a velocity-time graph to show the motion of hovercraft.

(ii) Explain why the hovercraft moves with constant velocity in terms of the force acting
on it.
[4 marks]

(c) Diagram 2.4 shows a canoe.

Diagram 2.4

You are required to give some suggestions to design a canoe which can travel faster and
safer.
Using the knowledge on motion, forces and the properties of materials, explain the
suggestions based on the following:

(i) the surface of the canoe
(ii) the shape of the canoe
(iii) the material of the canoe
(iv) the size of a peddle
(v) material used for peddle

TOTAL [10 marks]
20 marks

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3. Diagram 3.1 and diagram 3.2 show the two athletes landing after a high jump in a sport
event.

Diagram 3.1 Diagram 3.2
(a) What is meant by impulse?

(b) Based on Diagram 3.1 and 3.2, [1 mark]
Compare : [5 marks]
(i) the ways how the athletes land
(ii) the time of contact when they land
(iii) the force exerted on them.

Relate :
(iv) the time of contact with the force exerted.

Deduce :
(v) A relevant physics concept involved.

(c) Diagram 3.3 shows a golf ball and stick.

Golf Ball Golf Stick
Diagram3.3

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By using the suitable physics concept, explain how the material of the golf stick able
to swing the ball at a far distance.

[4 marks]

(d) When a car travelling at a very high speed crashes into a barrier, the car driver gets a
serious injury.

Using the appropriate physics concept, explain suitable modification that can be made
to the car to reduce the driver’s injury in a car crash. Your answer should include the
following aspects :

(i) Safety features
(ii) Crumple zone of the car
(iii) The material of car frame
(iv) Brake system

[10 marks]

TOTAL 20 marks

“DON’T WATCH
THE CLOCK;
DO WHAT
IT DOES.

KEEP GOING.”

SAM LEVENSON

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4. Diagram 4.1(a) and Diagram 4.1(b) show two cups of coffee with same mass and
same initial temperature. A metal spoon and a plastic spoon of same mass are

placed in the cups of coffee respectively. The temperature of coffee decreases after

several minutes.

Metal spoon Plastic
spoon

Diagram 4.1 (a) Diagram 4.1 (b)

Diagram 4.2 shows the graph of temperature against time for the spoons.

Diagram4.2
(a) What is the meaning of heat?

[1 mark]

(b) Observe Diagram 4.2, compare the final temperature of the spoons, time taken
for spoon to become hot and the rate of change in temperature. Relate the
specific heat capacity with the time taken for the spoon to become hot.
Hence, relate the specific heat capacity and the rate of change in
temperature of the spoons.
[5 marks]

(c) After an hour, the temperature of the coffee in Diagram 4.1 is equal to the
temperature of the surrounding. Explain this situation.
[4 marks]

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(d) Diagram 4.3 shows a thermos flask used to keep the temperature of hot
drink.

Diagram 4.3
You are required to suggest and explain the suitability of the thermos flask
in Diagram 9.3 which can keep the temperature of hot drink effectively based
on the following aspects:
(i) Type of stopper
(ii) Space H
(iii) Double walled tube
(iv) Material of the outer case

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ANSWER FOR SECTION B

NO. ANSWER MARK
1. (a) (i) State the meaning of momentum 1

A product of mass and velocity 1
(ii) Comparison 1
1
1. Total momentum in Diagram 1.1 is zero 1
2. Total momentum before the bullet is fired = total momentum after 1

the bullet is fired 1
3. The magnitude of the momentum of the bullet and pistol are equal 1
4. The direction of the momentum of the bullet and pistol is opposite 1
5. The physics concept is principle of conservation of momentum 1
(b)

1. Fuel burns in the combustion chamber
2. Hot gases expelled at high speed backwards
3. A large backwards momentum is produced
4. The rocket gains forwards momentum of equal magnitude

Or draw the structure of rocket (fully label)

(c) Modification

Characteristics Reason
Increase the air intake
Use bigger blade //
increase the number of blade //
increase the speed of blades

Blade made of strong material Can withstand strong pressure
or it will not break easily
Increase the number of fuel
injection // add more fuel More fuel to be burnt to
injectors produce
greater thrust

Increase the size of combustion More space for the fuel to be 10
chamber burnt 20

Decrease the diameter of the Exhaust gas ejected at higher
nozzle velocity // momentum

TOTAL

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NO ANSWER MARK
2. (a) (i) The motion in which the object falls due to gravitational force only 1
1
(ii) • Acceleration in Diagram 2.1 is larger than in Diagram 2.2 1
• The rate of change momentum in Diagram 2.1 is more than in
1
Diagram 2.2 1

• The time of impact in Diagram 2.1 is smaller than in Diagram 1
2.2

• The smaller the time of impact, the bigger the rate of change of
momentum

• Acceleration increase, the rate of change of momentum
increase

(b) (i)

1. Correct axis and unit 1
2. Correct shape of the graph 1

(ii) • The forward force = friction // forward thrust = drag 1
(c) (i) • The resultant force is zero 1

(ii) CHARACTERISTICS EXPLANATION 2
(iii) Smooth surface Reduce water resistance 2
Aerodynamic // streamline // Reduce drag 2
sharp end // acute end //
torpedo Small mass 2
Strong material Not easy to brake 2
Tough material
Fiber glass Increase the force 20
Big // large // wide Bigger force
Trap more water
Low density Light // Easy to float

TOTAL

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NO. ANSWER MARK
3. (a) Change of momentum 1
1
(b) • Athlete in Diagram 3.1 is bending his leg while athlete Diagram 3.2 1
is straightening his leg. 1
1
• Time of contact for athlete in diagram 3.1 is longer than the time of 1
contact for athlete in Diagram 3.2.
1
• Force exerted on athlete in Diagram 3.1 is less than force exerted 1
on athlete Diagram 3.2. 1
1
• The longer the time of contact, the lower the force exerted.
• Relevant physics concept involved is Impulsive force. 2
2
(c) • Golf ball and stick is made of hard alloy.
2
• The hard surface will shorten the time of contact of the stick with the 2
ball. 2
2
• Therefore, produce high impulsive force. Max 10
20
• Hence, the ball is able to travel at a far distance.

(d)

Characteristics Explanation

Use of air bag To reduce the injuries to the

victims

Use a seat belt that can be To extend the time of collision//

extended further and reduce the impulsive force.

Crumple zone at the front and To prolong the time taken of

back of the car impact

Use a headrest To reduce the inertia of driver’s

head when resist the forward

motion.

The frame of car is made of To produce a strong body

steel frame for the car

Anti-lock Brake System (ABS) To allows the driver to retain

steering control while braking

TOTAL

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NO. ANSWER MARK
4. (a) Form of energy // the energy transferred from hot object to cold object. 1
1
(b) • both have same final temperature. 1
• time taken for plastic spoon to become hot is longer. 1
(c) • rate of change of temperature for plastic spoon is lower. 1
• the higher the specific heat capacity, the longer the time taken for 1
(d)
the spoon to become hot//vice versa 1
• the higher the specific heat capacity, the lower the rate of change 1
1
of temperature//vice versa 1

• the temperature of coffee is higher than surrounding 2
• heat from coffee transfers to surrounding
• heat transfers until achieve thermal equilibrium 2
• rate of heat transfer is equal / /temperature re equal/net rate of
2
heat transfer is zero. 2
2
Characteristics Explanation
Cork // hallow plastic Good insulator/poor heat 20
conductor/less heat transfer trough
vacuum stopper
Heat from hot water cannot lost
Made of glass through conduction and convection
Trap heat in the flask/reduce the
Shinny rate of heat loss
surface/silvered Trap heat in the flask/reduce the
surface rate of heat loss.
Plastic material//metal
material Insulator/reduce heat loss/reflect
heat from surrounding

TOTAL

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8 ANSWERING section C
TECHNIQUE
FULL FORMAT

1. Two identical balloons are heated with same volume of hot water but different quantity of heat.
After 3 minutes, the sizes of both balloons are observed as shown in Diagram 1.1 and Diagram1.2.

Diagram1.1 Diagram 1.2

(a) What is the meaning of temperature?

[1 mark]

(b) Observe Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2. Compare the heat supplied, the temperature of
trapped air and the volume of trapped air in the balloon.
Relate the temperature of trapped air and the volume of trapped air to deduce one physics
law. Name the physics law.
[5 marks]

(c) Diagram 1.3 shows air bubbles produced by a fish in an aquarium.

Diagram 1.3
Explain why the volume of air bubbles increases as it moves towards the surface of water.

[4 marks]

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(d) Diagram 1.4 shows the cross section of the pressure cooker.

Diagram 1.4

You are required to give suggestions in design an electric pressure cooker to cook food in
shorter time. Using the appropriate physics concept, explain your modifications based on
the characteristic of inner and outer pot, the number of lock, the material of sealer and the
additional safety features.

[10 marks]

TOTAL 20 marks

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2. Diagram 2 shows a hole is dug on a block of ice so that the middle part is empty.
Hot water of 99 °C is then poured into the hole until all the ice melts.

Diagram2

(a) (i) What is meant by heat capacity?

[1 mark]

(ii) If the mass of the ice is 8.4 kg, calculate the mass of hot water needed to melt all the
ice at 0 °C.

Specific latent heat of fusion = 3.3 × 105 J kg–1

specific heat capacity of water = 4.20 × 103 J kg–1 °C–1

[4 marks]

(b) Sketch a graph of the change in temperature against time for the heating of ice from solid
state to gas state. Hence, explain the changes that occur in the arrangement of the
molecules during heating by using the kinetic theory.

[5 marks]

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(c) You are assigned to study the characteristics of some material to select a most suitable
material for making a cooking pot.

Material Specific heat Melting Density Rate of
capacity kg m–3 rusting
J kg–1 °C–1 point
°C

W 580 1100 2040 High

X 340 1300 3000 High

Y 770 2000 5280 Low

Z 210 1500 10533 Low

Table 2

From the characteristics in Table 2, decide which one is the most suitable material for
making a cooking pot. Explain your choice.

[10 marks]

TOTAL 20 marks

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ANSWER FOR SECTION C

NO. ANSWER MARK
1. (a) The degree of hotness of an object 1
Comparison
(b) 1
Characteristic Diagram 1.1 Diagram 1.2 1
(c) 1
(d) heat supplied Low High 1
1
temperature of Low High
trapped air 1
1
volume of 1
1
trapped air in the Low High
10
balloon 20

- Temperature of trapped air increase, the volume of trapped air

increase

- Charles’ law

- The depth of water at the base is high
- The pressure of water at base is high
- The depth of water decrease as the bubble move towards the

surface

- The volume of air bubble increase as the pressure decrease

Modification

Characteristic Reason
Outer pot :
Low density // Strong material Lighter
Inner pot : Strong Not easily break
Can withstand higher
Inner pot : pressure
Low specific heat capacity
Outer pot: Become hot faster
High specific heat capacity
Safety valve : Need Act as insulator

Number of lock : To release excessive steam
More due to high pressure
Material of sealer :
Made of rubber Prevent lid open easily

Prevent heat lost // air
tight

TOTAL

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NO. ANSWER MARK
2. (a) (i) Heat capacity of an object is the quantity of heat required to raise its 1

temperature by 1°C 1
(ii) Heat released by the hot water = heat absorbed by the ice. 1 (awu)

mwater cθ = mice L
4200 × mwater × 99 = 8.4 × 3.3 × 105

mwater = 6.67 kg
(b)

1

• At PQ, the kinetic energy of the molecules increased because heat 1
energy is absorbed. The state of the matter (solid) does not change. 1
1
• At QR, which is melting point of ice, heat is absorbed to break the 1
bonds between molecules and the kinetic energy of the molecules 1
remain unchanged. A mixture of solid and liquid exists.

• At RS, the temperature increases again because the heat energy
absorbed is used to increase kinetic energy of the molecules. The
state of matter (liquid) does not change.

• At ST, which is boiling point of water, temperature does not change
because heat absorbed is used for breaking bonds between the
molecules of the liquid. A mixture of liquid and gas exists.

• At TU, all the bonds between molecules is broke and the substances
have changed into gas.

(c) Decision making

Characteristics Reason
Material with low specific
heat capacity It gets heated up faster
Material with high melting when heat is supplied.
point
It would not get melted
Material of high density easily at high
Material with low rusting temperature
rate
Stable to be used
Material Z is chosen
It is economical because
can be used for a long 10
period 20

it has low specific heat
capacity, high melting
point, high density and
low rate of rusting.

TOTAL

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CHARACTERISTICS, 9
LEVEL

& EXPLANATION

Force & Motion

NO. CHARACTERISTIC LEVEL EXPALANATION

1 Impulsive force, F LARGE The change in momentum is large //

the time interval of interaction is small

SMALL The change in momentum is smaller // the time
interval of interaction is longer

2 Elastic limit of spring HIGH Larger force can be applied provided the elastic limit

has not been exceeded

LOW If the elastic limit exceeded, spring will not return to its

original shape and size or might snap easily

3 Diameter of coil of SMALL Stronger and stiffer and able to sustain heavier weight
spring (high spring constant, k)

BIG Soft Spring and not able to sustain heavier weight

4 Diameter of wire of SMALL Soft Spring and not able to sustain heavier weight

spring BIG Stronger and stiffer and able to sustain heavier
weight (high spring constant, k)

5 The spring // force HIGH Does not change its shape easily when force is

constant, k or Stiffness exerted (Stronger spring and less elastic)

of spring LOW Change its shape easily when force is exerted
(a larger gradient (Soft spring and more elastic)

indicates a stiffer spring)

6 Strength of spring STRONG Does not break easily // snap when force is given

WEAK Break easily/snap when force is given

7 Rate of rusting HIGH Rust quickly

LOW Hard to/does not/slow to rust//making a durable

material not easily corroded

8 Rate of expansion HIGH Expand more to certain increase in temperature

LOW Not easily expand when temperature increases

9 Position of the centre HIGH Not stable

of gravity from the LOW Very stable
ground

Our greatest weakness lies in giving up.
The most certain way
to succeed is

always to try just one more time

-Thomas A. Edison

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Heat LEVEL EXPALANATION
HIGH
NO. CHARACTERISTIC The collisions between the particles and the walls of
1 Pressure of Gases LOW the container per unit area increase
LARGE The collisions between the particles and the walls of
2 Volume of Gases the container per unit area decrease
SMALL
3 Temperature of gases HIGH When gas expands, the volume of the gas is allowed
to increase freely
4 Freezing point LOW When gas not expands, the volume of the gas is
5 Boiling point HIGH allowed to decreases freely
6 Melting point LOW
7 Specific latent heat of HIGH The average kinetic energy of the gas molecules
LOW increase
vaporization HIGH The average kinetic energy of the gas molecules
8 Specific latent heat of LOW decreases
HIGH
fusion LOW Freeze easily // freeze at higher temperature
9 Specific heat capacity HIGH
LOW Does not freeze in cold weather easily //
10 Thermal conductivity freeze at lower temperature
HIGH
Does not evaporate// does not boil easily
LOW
Evaporate easily /boiling easily
HIGH
LOW Does not melt easily // melting at higher temperature
Melt easily // melting at lower temperature

Large amount of heat for boiling //
Takes longer time to boil

Small amount of heat for boiling //
Takes shorter time to boil

Large amount of heat for melting //
Takes longer time to melt

Small amount of heat for melting //
Takes shorter time to melt

More amount of heat is absorbed to increase the
temperature //
Not easily heated //
Making it a good insulator

Less amount of heat is absorbed to increase the
temperature //
Hot quickly
More heat lost to the surrounding //
Can transfer heat easily

To avoid heat lost to the surrounding //
Cannot transfer heat easily

Pressure can burst a pipe,
But… pressure also make diamonds, so…

PUSH

YOURSELF

No One Else Is Going to Do It for You

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