9.2

1

9.2

Aktiviti 1 / Activity 1: Aktiviti 2 / Activity 2:
Tujuan: Perbandingan konduktor, semikonduktor Tujuan: Huraikan ciri-ciri atom silicon
dan penebat Aim: Describe characteristics of a silicon atom
Aim: Comparison Between konduktor, semikonduktor
and Insulator 1. Namakan dua bahan semikonduktor tulen.
Name two pure semiconductor.
1. Lengkapkan jadual di bawah. …………………………………………………………
Complete the table below.
2. Berapakah elektron yang terdapat pada petala
Penebat Semi- Konduktor paling luar bagi satu atom silicon?
insulator konduktor conductor What is the value of electrons in the outermost
shell of a silicon atom?
Semi- ………………………………………………………….
conductor
3. Apa yang berlaku apabila setiap atom silicon
Contoh bahan berkongsi empat elektron valensnya dengan
Example of empat elektron valens dari atom-atom silicon
material yang lain?
What happen when each siicon atom share its
Pembawa cas four valence electrons with another four valence
Charge- electrons of other silicon atom?
carriers ………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………….
Rintangan
Resistance 4. Terangkan mengapa pada suhu yang rendah
semikonduktor tulen menjadi penebat.
Kekonduksian Explain why at low temperature a pure silicon is
Elektrik an insulator.
Electricity …………………………………………………………
conductivity …………………………………………………………

2. Terangkan mengapa penebat tidak 5. Apa yang boleh dikatakan tentang rintangan
mengalirkan elektrik. semikonduktor pada suhu yang rendah?
Explain why insulator does not conduct electricity. What can you say about the resistance of the
semiconductor at low temperature?
……………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

3. Terangkan mengapa konduktor mengalirkan
elektrik dengan baik.
Explain why konduktor is a good electric
conductor.

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

4. Definasikan semikonduktor.
Defination of Semiconductors:

6. Terangkan mengapa pada suhu yang tinggi 2
semikonduktor tulen menjadi konduktor.
Explain why at high temperature a pure silicon 10. Nyatakan dua cara untuk meningkatkan
becomes a conductor. kekonduksian elektrik bagi semikonduktor.
State two ways to increase the electricity
………………………………………………………. conductivity of a semiconductor.
………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………….
11. Apakah proses pendopan?
7. Apa yang boleh dikatakan tentang rintangan What is doping process?
semikonduktor pada suhu yang rendah?
What can you say about the resistance of the Aktiviti 3 / Activity 3
semiconductor at low temperature? Tujuan: Huraikan dua jenis semikonduktor
Aim: Describe two types of semi-conductor
…………………………………………………………
1. Rajah 9.2.3 menunjukkan pendopan
8. Namakan dua jenis pembawa cas dalam semikonduktor jenis-n. Lengkapkan jadual
semikonduktor. di bawah.
Name two types of charge carriers in Diagram 9.2.3 shows the doping of n-type
semiconductor. semiconductor. Complete the table below.

………………………………………………………. 2. Apa itu semikonduktor jenis-n?
What is a n-type semiconductor?
9. Apa yang akan berlaku jika satu beza
keupayaan dikenakan merentasi ………………………………………………………………
semikonduktor seperti ditunjukkan dalam ………………………………………………………………
Rajah 9.2.2?
What will happen if a potential difference is
applied across a semiconductor as shown in
Diagram 9.2.2?

Elektron bebas akan tertarik pada terminal ……….
Elektron daripada atom jiran ditolak untuk
mengisi ……………. dan proses ini menghasilkan
lohong yang lain yang seterusnya akan diisi oleh
…………… lain. Pergerakan elektron adalah
…………………. dengan arah ‘pergerakan lohong’.
Pergerakan elektron dan ‘lohong’ menyumbang
kepada pengaliran …………….
The free electrons are attracted to the …………
terminal. The valence electrons in the neighbouring
atoms are then pushed to occupy these ……….. but
in the process create other holes which will later be
occupied by other ……………
Movement of electrons is in the …………….. direction
as ‘movement of holes’. The movement of electrons
and ‘holes’ contribute to the flow of …………………

3

Aspek Semikonduktor jenis-n Aspek Semikonduktor jenis-p
Aspect n-type Semiconductor Aspect p-type Semiconductor
Semikonduktor tulen Semikonduktor tulen
Pure semiconductor Pure semiconductor

Atom bendasing Atom bendasing
Impurity atom Impurity atom

Contoh bahan Contoh bahan
pendopan pendopan
Example of dopants Example of dopants
material material
Fungsi bahan Fungsi bahan
pendopan pendopan
Function of the Function of the
dopants material dopants material
Elektron valens
bahan pendopan Elektron valens
Valens electrons of the bahan pendopan
dopant material Valens electrons of the
Pembawa cas dopant material
majority
Majority charge Pembawa cas
carriers majority
Pembawa cas Majority charge
minority carriers
Minority charge
carriers Pembawa cas
minority
Minority charge
carriers

3. Rajah 9.2.4 menunjukkan pendopan 4. Apa itu semikonduktor jenis-p?
semikonduktor jenis-p. What is a p-type semiconductor?
Diagram 9.2.4 shows the doping of p-type
semiconductor. ………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

Lengkapkan jadual di bawah.
Complete the table below.

Aktiviti 4 / Activity 4 4
Tujuan: Huraikan diode semikonduktor
Aim: Describe semiconductor diodes 4. Rajah 9.2.7 menunjukkan penyatuan elektron
bebas dengan lohong pada simpang yang
1. Apa itu diod? menghasilkan lapisan susutan.
What is a diode? Diagram 9.2.7 shows the recombination of free
electrons and holes at the junction produces a
……………………………………………………………… depletion layer.
………………………………………………………………

2. Rajah 9.2.5 menunjukkan semikonduktor jenis (a) Apakah lapisan susutan?
p dan jenis-n. Apa akan berlaku apabila What is the depletion layer?
semikonduktor jenis-p dan jenis-n bercantum
bersebelahan? ………………………………………………………………
Diagram 9.2.5 shows a p-type and n-type
semiconductors. What happen when the p-type ………………………………………………………………
and the n-type semiconductors completely touch
each other on the sides? (b) Apakah fungsi lapisan susutan?
………………………………………………………… What is the function of depletion layer?

3. Rajah 9.2.6 menunjukkan simpang p-n. ………………………………………………………………
Diagram 9.2.6 shows a p-n junction.
………………………………………………………………
Apa yang berlaku pada simpang?
What happens at the junction? 5. Rujuk Rajah 9.2.7.
……………………………………………………………… Refer to Diagram 9.2.7.
………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………… i. Di simpang, apakah jenis ion yang
dihasilkan pada kawasan jenis-n yang
disebabkan oleh kehilangan elektron?
At the junction, what type of ions forms at the
n-type region due to lost of electrons?

…………………………………………………………...

ii. Apakah yang boleh ion-ion ini lakukan
kepada lohong daripada kawasan jenis-p
di sebelah kiri simpang?
What can these ions do to the holes from the
p-type region on the left side of the junction?

………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………

iii. Di simpang, apakah jenis ion yang
dihasilkan di kawasan jenis-p yang
disebaban oleh berlebihan elektron?
At the junction, what type of ions forms at the
p-type region due to an excess of electrons?

…………………………………………………………..

iv. Apakah yang boleh ion-ion ini lakukan 5
terhadap elektron daripada kawasan jenis-
n di sebelah kanan simpang? Eksperimen 1 / Experiment 1
What can these ions do to the electrons from Tujuan; Memerhati arus mengalir melalui diod
the n-type region on the right side of the semikonduktor sewaktu pincang ke depan atau
junction? pincang songsang.
Aim: To observe current flow through a
………………………………………………………….
semiconductor diode in forward bias or reverse
…………………………………………………………. bias
Radas: mentol, bekalan kuasa a.t, dawai
v. Ini menghasilkan satu beza keupayaan
yang bertindak daripada jenis-n ke jenis-p penyambung, diod
merentasi simpang. Namakan beza Apparatus: light bulb, dc power supply, connecting
keupayaan ini.
This results in a potential difference acting wires and diod.
from the n-type to p-type material across the 1. Katod satu diod disambung ke terminal –ve
junction. Name the voltage.
bekalan kuasa a.t. seperti dalam Rajah 9.2.9.
…………………………………………………………. The cathode of the diode is connected to the –ve
terminal of the d.c. power supply as in Diagram
vi. Berapakah nilai voltan merentasi simpang 9.2.9.
bagi silicon dan germanium?
What is the value of the voltage across the (a) Lukis rajah litar dalam ruangan di bawah.
junction for silicon and germanium? Draw a circuit diagram in the space below.

…………………………………………………………. (b) Perhatikan kecerahan mentol.
Observe the brightness of the bulb.
vii. Apakah fungsi voltan merentasi simpang ………………………………………………………….
ini?
What is the function of the voltage across the 2. Katod satu diod disambung ke terminal +ve
junction? bekalan kuasa a.t. seperti dalam Rajah 9.2.10.
The cathode of the diode is connected to the +ve
………………………………………………………… terminal of the d.c. power supply as in Diagram
9.2.10
…………………………………………………………

viii. Apakah syarat untuk arus elektrik
mengalir merentasi simpang p-n jika ia
disambungkan kepada bateri seperti
dalam Rajah 9.2.8?
What are the conditions for electric current to
flow across the p-n junction if it is connected
to a dry cell as shown in Diagram 9.2.8?

…………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………...

6

(a) Lukis rajah litar dalam ruangan di bawah.
Draw a circuit diagram in the space below.

(b) Perhatikan kecerahan mentol. (a) Nyatakan cara sambungan
Observe the brightness of the bulb. semikonduktor jenis-p dan jenis-n ke
terminal battery.
…………………………………………………………. State the way to connect the p-type and n-
type semiconductor to the terminals of the
Kesimpulan / Conclusion battery.
1. Perhatikan Rajah 9.2.9 dan Rajah 9.2.10.
………………………………………………………….
Observe Diagram 9.2.9 and Diagram 9.2.10.
Nyatakan perbezaan di antara: ………………………………………………………….
State the difference between:
(b) Bandingkan voltan bateri dengan voltan
(a) Sambungan diod itu simpang.
The connection of the diodes. Compare cell battery with junction cell.

………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………… (c) Huraikan gerakan elektron dan lohong di
dalam sambungan pincang ke depan.
(b) Kecerahan kedua-dua mentol Describe the movement of the electrons and
Brightness of the bulbs. holes in the forward biased connection.

………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………….

2. Dalam keadaan yang manakah diod akan ………………………………………………………….
mengalirkan arus?
In which state will a diode conduct a current? ………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………… (d) Apa berlaku kepada lapisan susutan dan
rintangan diod?
……………………………………………………………… What happen to the depletion layer and the
diod resistance?
3. Terangkan fungsi diod.
Explain a function of diode. ………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………

Aktiviti 5 / Activity 5
Tujuan; Huraikan pincang ke depan dan pincang
songsang
Aim: Explain forward biased and reverse biased

1. Rajah 9.2.11 menunjukkan sambungan diod
secara pincang ke depan.
Diagram 9.2.11 shows the forward biased diode
connection.

(e) Mengapa arus boleh mengalir melalui 7
diod dalam sambungan pincang ke
depan? (d) Apa berlaku kepada lapisan susutan dan
Why current can flow through the diode in rintangan diod?
the forward biased connection? What happen to the depletion layer and the
diode resistance?
………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………….
(e) Mengapa arus tidak boleh mengalir
…………………………………………………………. melalui diod dalam sambungan pincang
songsang?
2. Rajah 9.2.12 menunjukkan sambungan diod Why current cannot flow through the diode in
secara pincang ke depan. the reverse biased connection?
Diagram 9.2.12 shows the forward biased diode
connection. ………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………….

Eksperimen 2 / Experiment 2
Tujuan: Membina litar rektifikasi separuh
gelombang dan rektifikasi penuh gelombang.
Aim: To build a half-wave rectifier circuit and a full-
wave rectifier circuit.

1. Susun radas seperti dalam litar di Rajah 9.2.13.
Set up the apparatus as in the circuit shown in
Diagram 9.2.13.

(a) Nyatakan cara sambungan (a) Lukis isyarat input untuk arus ulang-alik.
semikonduktor jenis-p dan jenis-n ke Draw the input a.c current signal.
terminal battery.
State the way to connect the p-type and n-
type semiconductor to the terminals of the
battery.

………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………….

(b) Bandingkan voltan bateri dengan voltan
simpang.
Compare cell battery with junction cell.

………………………………………………………….

(c) Huraikan gerakan elektron dan lohong di
dalam sambungan pincang songsang.
Describe the movement of the electrons and
holes in the reverse biased connection.

………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………….

(b) Lukis isyarat output yang dipaparkan 8
pada skrin O.S.K.
Draw the output signal shown on the C.R.O (a) Lukis isyarat input untuk arus ulang-alik.
screen. Draw the input a.c current signal.

(b) Lukis isyarat output/Draw the output signal

(c) Terangkan mengapa isyarat output yang (a) Nyatakan arah arus dalam separuh kitar
dihasilkan seperti ditunjukkan di atas. pertama:
Explain why the output signal is produced as State the direction of current in the first half
shown above. cycle:
Dalam separuh kitar pertama:
in the first half cycle: ………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………… Nyatakan arah arus dalam separuh kitar
kedua:
……………………………………………………………… State the direction of current in the second
Dalam separuh kitar kedua: half cycle:
in the second half cycle:
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
(b) Nyatakan arah arus mengalir melalui
……………………………………………………………… perintang R bagi setiap separuh kitaran.
State the direction of current passing through
(d) Apakah peranan diod dalam litar resistance R for each hal of the cycle.
rektifikasi?
What is the function of diode in the ………………………………………………………………
rectification circuit?
Apakah inferens yang boleh dibuat
……………………………………………………………… mengenai arah arus ulang-alik?
What inference can be made about the
……………………………………………………………… direction of the alternate current?

2. Susun radas seperti dalam litar di Rajah 9.2.14. ………………………………………………………………
Set up the apparatus as in the circuit shown in
Diagram 9.2.14. ………………………………………………………………

3. Dengan menggunakan litar rektifikasi separuh 9
gelombang yang dibina dalam soaan 1,
sambung suatu kapasitor secara selari dengan 4. Dengan menggunakan litar rektifikasi penuh
perintang R seperti dalam Rajah 9.2.15. gelombang yang dibina dalam soaan 2,
With the use of the half wave rectification circuit sambung suatu kapasitor secara selari dengan
built in question 1, connect a capasitor parallel to perintang R seperti dalam Rajah 9.2.17.
the resistance R as in Diagram 9.2.15. With the use of the full wave rectification circuit
built in question 2, connect a capasitor parallel to
the resistance R as in Diagram 9.2.17.

(a) Apakah peranan kapasitor dalam litar (a) Lukis bentuk gelombang yang dihasilkan.
rektifikasi? Draw the wave form produced.
What is the function of capacitor in the
rectification circuit?

………………………………………………………………

(b) Terangkan dengan bantuan Rajah 9.2.16
bagaimana kapasitor digunakan untuk
meratakan arus.
Explain with the help of Diagram 9.2.16, how
a capacitor is used to smooth the current.

Kapasitor dicaskan kapasitor dinyahcaskan TUTORIAL 9.2
Capacitor charge up capacitor
1. Diagram 35 shows an electronic symbol
discharge representing an electronic component.

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………… What is the electronic component?(2010)

A.Diode C. Resistor

(c) Lukis bentuk gelombang yang dihasilkan. B.Inductor D. Transistor
Draw the wave form produced.
2. The adding of impurity into pure
semiconductor material is known as ____
(2006)
A. doping
B. rectification
C. amplification
D. thermionic emission

10

3. Which of the following is correct about n-type 7. Diagram 28 shows a p-n junction diode.

semiconductor and p-type semiconductor? When the diode is in reverse biased, the
depletion layer widens because…(2009)
n-type semicon- p-type A. The electrons and holes are pulled away

ductor semicon- from the p-n junction
B. The electrons from the n-type are pulled
ductor
across the p-n junction
A Dopant Antimoni Gallium C. The negative charges flow from the

B Fuction of Acceptance Donor atom negative terminal to the p-type
dopant atom semiconductor.
Trivalents Penta- D. The positive charges flow from the
C Valentce of valents positive terminal to the n-type
dopant holes semiconductor
electron 8. Which of the following resistance, R, versus
D Majority temperature, T, graphs is correct for a pure
charge semiconductor?
carrier

3. Which of the following diagrams is an n-type
semiconductor? (2006)

4. Which statement is correct about n-type 9. Which circuit will light up only one light bulb?
semiconductor? (2012)

A. Doped with pentavalent atom
B. Doped with trivalent atom
C. More free electrons than holes.
D. Holes are the majority charge carrier.

5. Which of the following pairs of atoms can act
as an impurity to produce an n-type
semiconductor when doped into a pure
semiconductor? (2004)
A. Boron and phosphorus
B. Arsenic and antimony
C. Indium and gallium
D. Antimony and gallium

6. What is the function of a diode? (2007)
A. Acts as a current amplifier
B. Acts as an automatic switch
C. Stores electric charge
D. Allows the current to pass in one
direction only

10. A CRO is connected to a circuit as shown in 11
diagram 1. The input terminal, PQ, is
connected to an ac power supply. 13. Two diodes are connected in a circuit as
shown in Diagram 3.

Which of the following is the output wave form
from resistor P?

Which of the following is the output wave form
displayed on the screen?

14. Diagram 4 shows a full-wave rectifier.

11. Which of the following traces displayed on a .
CRO is the rectification of an ac current? Which of the following is the correct path of
the current through diodes K, L, M and N and
12. Diagram 2 shows a rectification circuit for an resistor R?
ac current.
A. L  R  N
B. M  R  N
C. K  R  M
D. N  R  L

15. Diagram 5 shows a circuit of four diodes
which are connected to batteries and a
resistor.

When an output resistor is connected to a
CRO, the shape of the wave form on the
screen is __

Which of the following is the correct path for

the current?

A. L  M  T  S  U  L  M 
N O

B. L  M T R  Q  O  N
ML

C. L  M  T  R  Q  O  N 
SU

D. U  S  T  R  Q  O  N
ML

16. Diagram 6 shows a circuit which has three 12
identical resistors P, Q and R, four diodes and
an ac power supply. 20. The diagram shows a circuit consisting of a
diode and a bulb. When the switch is on, the
bulb does not light up.

Which resistor permitted only direct current What needs to be done to light up the bulb?
(2005)
through it?
A. Replace with a new bulb
(a) P C. Q B. Increase the number of dry cells
C. Reverse the diode connection
(b) R D. P ,Q dan R D. Connect a resistor parallel to the

17. The function of capacitor in diagram below is bulb

21. Diagram below shows a circuit connected to
the cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO).

A. Rectifier Which of the following traces is the correct
B. Flows alternating current one shown on the CRO? (2007)
C. AC and DC filter
D. Voltage smoother

18. In which circuit the bulb does not light up?

22. Diagram 28 shows an electric circuit which
contains 4 identical bulbs, W, X, Y and Z.
Three of the bulbs light up continuously.

19. The diagram shows a circuit containing bulbs
X, Y and Z.

Which bulb in the circuit will light up when the Which bulbs light up continuously? (2008)
switch is on? (2003) A. W, Y, Z
B. W, X, Z
A. Z only C. X, W, Y
B. X and Y only D. X,Y, Z
C. Y and Z only
D. X, Y and Z only

23. Diagram 27 shows a full wave rectifier circuit. 13

PAPER 2 SECTION A
1. Figure (a) shows an arrangement of
apparatus to study the conductivity of
semiconductor diode by a student. When
the switch is closed by the student the
bulb does not light up.

The output wave form is smoothen (i) In the space below draw a circuit diagram
because….. (2009) for Figure (a)
A. The resistance of the resistor is always
(ii) State the characteristic of the diode
increasing and decreasing causes the bulb does not light up?
B. The charges in the capacitor is always
………………………………………………………
increasing and decreasing
C. The number of electrons in the CRO is (iii) State the correction should be done to the
connection of the circuit in Figure (a) to
always increasing and decreasing make the bulb is lighted up.
D. The current flows through the diode is
……………………………………………………………
always increasing and decreasing.
(b) Figure (b) shows circuit X is connected to a
24. Diagram 30 shows a circuit for the transformer, resistor R and a cathode-ray
rectification of an alternating current. oscilloscope. When the switch is opened the
waveform as shown in Figure (b) is formed on
Which is the correct trace on the screen of the CRO screen.
the CRO? (2012)

(i) In the space below draw a circuit diagram
for circuit X.

(ii) In the space below draw a waveform is
produced in the CRO screen when a
capacitor is connected parallel to resistor
R.

(iii) Give the reason for your answer in b(ii).

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

2. SPM 2008: A6 14
Diagram 6.1 and Diagram 6.2 show two circuits
with identical components. Each circuit contains Explain why the output signal is produced as
an ammeter, a cell and a semiconductor diode. shown.
…………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………

(i) Give one example of a semiconductor

material. [1 mark]

……………………………………………………

(ii) Observe Diagram 6.1 and Diagram 6.2. State
the difference between:

(i) The connection of the diodes. [1 mark]

……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………

(ii) The reading of the ammeters. [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………

(iii) Give two reasons that cause the difference
between the reading of the ammeters in
Diagram 6.1 and in Diagram 6.2. [2 marks]

1. …………………………………………………

2. …………………………………………………

(iv) Based on the answers in 6(b) and 6(c), what

is the function of the diodes in these

circuits? [1 mark]

……………………………………………………………

(v) Diagram 6.3 shows the output signal
displayed on the screen of a cathode ray
oscilloscope (CRO) when a diode is
connected to an a.c. power supply.

15