BQS554 - BUILDING SERVICES II

BQS554

(BUILDING SERVICES II )

SERVICES FOR

MULTISTOREY
SMART BUILDING

A smart building is a building that employs latest technology and

services to make efficient and cost-effective use of resources.

2022 PREPARED FOR : MADAM NAQIYATUL AMIRAH

NUR IZYAN BINTI HAMZAH

2021491982

NUR RIFQATUN NISA BINTI MOHD AZAM

2021615056

NUR SYAZLEEN BINTI ABDUL RAZAK

2021813694

SYAHRUL NAZRIN BIN OTHMAN

2021477742

Table of Contents

WHAT WE COVERS IN THIS E-MAGAZINE

1 INTRODUCTION 4 SPECIAL SERVICES
INSTALLATION
A brief information of what is

smart intelligent building SENSOR TAP

................................Page 1 Introduction,
Application system,

Installation process,

2 FIRE FIGHTING Benefits,
Problems,

SYSTEM Function, connection and services

SMART SMOKE DETECTOR Principles
Introduction,
................................Page 18-23

Application system, 5 MECHANICAL
Installation process,

Benefits, HANDLING
Problems,
SMART ELEVATOR
Function, connection and services
Introduction,
Principles
Application system,
................................Page 2-7

Installation process,

3 ELECTRICAL Benefits,
Problems,

SUPPLY SYSTEM Function, connection and services

SMART SOLAR PANEL SYSTEM Principles
Introduction,
................................Page 24-29

Application system,

Installation process,

Benefits,

Problems,

Function, connection and services

Principles

................................Page 8-17

Table of Contents

WHAT WE COVERS IN THIS E-MAGAZINE

6 HEATING, 9 REFERENCES
VENTILATION, AND
AIR CONDITIONING List of journal, articles and
(HVAC) website used.

Rooftop air-handling units ................................Page 40-41
(RTU)
Introduction,
Application system,
Installation process,
Benefits,
Problems,
Function, connection and services
Principles

................................Page 30-36

7 CASE STUDY

A case study of Publika Mall,
Solariz Dutamas. the current
and latest technology of
building services is identified.

................................Page 37-38

8 CONCLUSION

Summarization of all topic
and subtopic in this e-
magazine

................................Page 39

INTRODUCTION

A smart or intellient building is a particular kind of structure
with affordable construction costs, effective energy
management, and a comfortable and convenient atmosphere. Its
design must consider the ideal connection between the
structure, system, service, and management. The phrase "smart"
building refers to a structure that goes beyond the typical
building structure and function by having intelligent control
systems and smart, linked devices. The modernised sensor-
embedded home with a variety of integrated systems was first
considered to be the foundation of smart buildings. The system's
internal and external communications were effectively managed
remotely.

Advanced and integrated building technology systems are
installed in and used in a smart building. Building automation,
life safety, telecommunications, user systems, and facility
management systems are some of these systems. In addition, to
enhance environmental quality, smart buildings also offer a
better air ventilation system. The smart devices regulate the
temperature, humidity, and ventilation rates.

Although the focus of current research is on new and modern
technology, the occupants and their level of comfort remain the
most crucial aspects of smart buildings. The primary objective of
using intelligent systems should be this. As a result, while
planning building automation, the preferences of the
inhabitants and occupants are taken into account to balance
occupant comfort with the best possible energy efficiency. The
concept of occupant comfort is broad and includes things like
thermal comfort, visual comfort, indoor air quality, and comfort
with application operation.

BQS554 (BUILDING SERVICES II ) PAGE 1

FIRE FIGHTING
SYSTEM

(SMART SMOKE
DETECTOR)

BQS554 (BUILDING SERVICES II ) PREPARED BY :

NUR RIFQATUN NISA
BINTI MOHD AZAM

PAGE 2

FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM APPLICATION

WHAT IS SMART Smart smoke detectors is look
SMOKE DETECTOR ? as same regular smoke
detectors, where it sound an
Fire is absolutely deadly. it resulting in the alert when smoke or fire is
loss of both human life and property. Fire detected, giving occupants as
detection systems are required to reduce the much notice as possible to
destruction of personal belongings and leave in the event of a house
property caused by both man-made and fire. However, Smart smoke
induced fires (Adenan,2021). This is why timely detectors have the advantage
fire detection is crucial to avoid a risk of fire. when it can send a notification
A smart smoke detector is the one smart to the owner's phone when the
building device that is worth investing in our alarm is triggered, even if the
building. A smart smoke detector is a device owner is not at home.
that must be placed and required in every
building, particularly multi-storey building to Smart smoke detectors use the
detect or sense smoke. By doing that, we can
lower the chance and time of fire to spread most up-to-date sensor
from one level to another.
technology to send alerts when
When a fire occurs out at midnight, a smart
smoke detector will not only sound an alarm they detect smoke or other
but will also send a notification to any phone
that has been linked, allowing the person to harmful substances, as
contact emergency services much more
quickly. As a result, they can not only save opposed to regular smoke
someone's life, but also protect the single
largest financial investment people might have alarms, which will tend to go
which is house.
off at randomly. Connective

technology enabled smart

smoke detectors can be

accessed through a variety of

mobile devices and gadgets,

giving owners the ability to

remotely monitor

circumstances, get updates on

the status of their homes, and

use voice commands to silence

the alarm.

A smart smoke detector

continuously monitors its

surroundings with a UV or

infrared light beam. When the

detector detects a decrease in

light intensity, most likely

caused by smoke particles, the

sensor is activated and an alert

is sent.

BQS554 (BUILDING SERVICES II ) PAGE 3

FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM

HOW TO INSTALL THE
SMART SMOKE
DETECTOR

REQUIREMENTS

Before installing, all necessary equipment
must be prepared, including smart smoke
detector packs, installation equipment, wifi,
and a device (smartphone/tablet).

It is critical to seek expertise LOCATION

or hire someone with The next step is to choose the location for the
smart smoke detector installation. For
certified electrical knowledge example, a bedroom, a kitchen or pantry, a
basement, a hallway, or a business space.
to ensure the proper
SECURE THE MOUNT
installation of hard-wired
Place the mount in the appropriate location at
smart smoke detectors. Smart least 20 inches (50 centimetres) away from the
wall's corner. Install the detectors with
smoke detector can be anchors and screws after drilling a hole in the
ceiling.
mounted on any wall or
TEST
ceiling. Battery-powered
Lastly, Check the device's wi-fi connectivity to
smart smoke detectors are ensure that the detectors are turned on and
connected to the apps installed. Test the
the easiest to install. detector in accordance with the instructions.

However, if we need to install

multiple sets, insert the

batteries and finish testing

and pairing before mounting

them on the wall.

BQS554 (BUILDING SERVICES II ) PAGE 4

FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM BENEFITS PROBLEMS

BENEFITS AND PROBLEMS

OF SMART SMOKE

DETECTOR

Ability to Detect Fires Faster

A smart smoke detector has the advantage of detecting a fire much
faster than a traditional one. A standard smoke detector detects
situations in which there is too much smoke in a given room. Smart
smoke detectors go a step further, detecting when a room is too hot or
has experienced a significant temperature increase.

Notifications and Alert Services

A smart smoke detector also has ability to send out a variety of
warnings and alarms to various parties. These smart smoke detectors
can be linked to a system of infrastructure that will alert your
neighborhood fire station if a fire is present. Even if people are not at
home, everyone who has an app connected to the smart smoke
detector will be able to get a notification that a fire is happening.

LOST CONNECTION

One of the biggest issues with the smart smoke detector application is
that it may lose connectivity if the wi-fi service is interrupted. Without a
wifi connection, there is nothing we can manage.

MORE COSTLY

The smart smoke detector are slightly more expensive compared to the
regular one because of the upgraded version. Due to its sensitivity as
opposed to regular smoke detectors, sometimes it tend to make false
alarms.

BQS554 (BUILDING SERVICES II ) 6

PAGE 5

FUNCTION, reallygreatsite.com

CONNECTION&
SERVICES OFSMARTSMOKEDETECTOR

function

To perform its function, this type of service requires the use of a sensor.
It works when the sensor detects smoke in a specific area of the
building.

CONNECTION

Smart smoke detector must be connected with sensors that will gather
ecological data to determine whether a smoke or safety emergency is
occurring. Next, it also must be connected with fire alarm system. A
buzzer with a minimum output of 80dB should be adequate to gain the
attention of the large majority of occupants. Aside from the buzzer,
ultrabright red LEDs would be used to provide visual alarm indications
to people who are deaf.

POSITION

Smoke detectors should be put in high positions
on the walls or on the ceiling since smoke rises.
This helps the alarm's ability to detect smoke and
issue the alert as quickly as possible. Firefighters
advised to place smoke alarms on every floor of
the building, next to stairwells, and in each
bedroom. Lastly, we must k eep them four inches
from the wall or ceiling line when placing on
walls, and at least 12 inches away from the wall or
corner when mounting on ceilings.

BQS554 (BUILDING SERVICES II ) PAGE 6

FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM

PRINCIPLE AND SYSTEM OF
SMART SMOKE DETECTOR

A smart smoke alarm will alert occupants Last but not least, the manufactured item
when something is wrong regardless of should include a guideline for a smoke
where they are, unlike a regular smoke detector. The detector uses an optical laser
detector alarm that needs people to be there beam to find smoke inside the building. All
to hear it. The majority of smart smoke products for smart smoke detectors must
detectors are combination devices that also adhere to this safety feature. This article
detect heat and carbon monoxide (CO), a was written in accordance with the
hazardous gas produced by flames that has "Standard for the Issuance of Material
no smell. Certification" by BOMBA at MS 1745 about
smoke detector
To detect smoke within the building, a smart
smoke detector will be installed on the
ceiling or high up on the wall. This is
because the smoke will spread throughout
the entire building. So, this is the area that
has received certification from BOMBA and
the manufacturer.

BQS554 (BUILDING SERVICES II ) PAGE 7

ELECTRICAL
SUPPLY SYSTEM

SMART SOLAR PANEL
SYSTEM

BQS554 (BUILDING SERVICES II ) PREPARED BY :

NUR RIFQATUN NISA
BINTI MOHD AZAM

PAGE 8

- WHAT IS -
SMART SOLAR
PANEL SYSTEM ?

Every year, the sun provides the earth Of course, employing this solar
around 1000 pW of energy. This energy can help consumers to save.
amount would supply the energy money on electricity while using this
needs of the Earth more than a solar energy. Furthermore, if there is
thousand times over. It is a very great excess energy, consumers can resell
concept to capture sun's energy and it to Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) or
convert them into electricity for daily Sabah Electricity SDN BHD (SESB) via
use (Amin,2019). Solar energy is one the Malaysian Net Metering Scheme.
of the cleanest, emission-free, and
long-term energy sources that has
been introduced as a solution to the
millennium environmental crises
(Sohif,2012).

Solar power, also known as a
photovoltaic (PV) system, is made up
of various energy particles. These
energy particles will convert light
energy into electrical energy, which
can then be used to power the entire
household of the consumer. This is
the most advanced method of
producing electricity for residential or
commercial use, directly from the
sun, regardless of fuel supply so it is
suitable to be adapted in smart
multi-storey building.

In fact, the first solar panels were
created approximately 200 years ago.
Solar PV has improved its
commercial energy storage efficiency
during the past ten years.

BQS554 (BUILDING SERVICES II ) PAGE 9

APPLICATION OFSOLARPANELSYSTEM

There are several applications for solar power that are relevant for multi-story
smart buildings. First, solar energy can be used to heat water in a building. As
we all know, a multi-story building can be transformed into a hotel, so this
service is ideal for use in such a building. Next, Solar power generation is the
most efficient method of power generation because it requires fewer steps (for
producing electricity) than other methods. This two main application will be
explained detail in this subtopic :

A)SOLARWATERHEATING

A solar water heating system is a B)SOLARELECTRICPOWER
device that uses the energy of the GENERATION
sun to help heat water. This service
is ideal for installing in every Solar technologies use photovoltaic
bathroom in order to increase the (PV) panels or mirrors to
value of the building. A very well concentrate solar radiation to
storage tank is required for the convert sunlight into electrical
majority of solar water heaters. An energy. This energy can be
additional outlet and inlet are converted into electricity or stored
connected to and from the collector in batteries or thermal storage.
in solar storage tanks. The solar
water heater preheats water before The way and amount of power
it enters the conventional water generated by a solar cell are
heater in two-tank systems. determined by the amount of
sunlight falling on it. This includes
BQS554 (BUILDING SERVICES II ) factors such as light intensity, angle
at which light falls on it, and cell
area. The higher the light intensity,
the greater the power generated.
The power generated increases as
the cell area increases.

PAGE 10

INSTALLATION
PROCESS OFSOLARPANELSYSTEM

In general, the cost of installing photovoltaic panels is determined by a number of factors, including
the type the building. It is critical to consider the type of building and location, which is whether it
is on a land or a high-rise building. It is because solar installation is technically easier to install in
landed houses rather than high rise buildings, so it can can have a greater impact in terms of cost.

Site And Roof Assessment 01

The site assessment's initial stage of any building solar installation is
this. The space needed to install this system in a building must be
provided by the client. For example, they should give a considerable
space on the building's roof or in the grounds for the installation of solar
panels.

02 Design Approval.

The client must seek approval or advice from the contractor,
engineer, or architect on the design or location of the solar
equipment. This is done in order to avoid troubling others who are
working or passing by. Each client should research and comprehend
all relevant information regarding solar panel equipment,
installation methods, and electricity generation plans. Not only that,
but consumers should understand all of the details outlined by
SEDA, such as the rules and regulations governing Malaysia's Feed in
Tariff (FiT).

Permits and Paperwork. 03

A client must have permits or a licence in order to install a smart 6
solar system. As a result, some paperwork must be completed and
sent to the authorities in charge of this profession. Once approved,
the consumer must sign a Renewable Energy Power Purchase
Agreement with SEDA and the Distribution Licensee. Following that,
the consumer must sign a financial agreement outlining the
conditions for the first withdrawal. This is done to make it possible
for service providers to install solar PV panels and FiT metres in user
buildings.

BQS554 (BUILDING SERVICES II ) PAGE 11

INSTALLATION
PROCESS OFSOLARPANELSYSTEM

Installation of solar panel 04

Once all requirements have been met, the Specialist will begin the
installation of solar panels on the selected area, based on the amount of
usage that has been agreed upon.When it comes to installing solar
system equipment, the client will need to hire specialists who are
knowledgeable and skilled. This is done to ensure that the system works
properly.

05 Approval. Inspection, Approval, And

Interconnection.

After the installation process is done, This solar system will be
evaluated in a few years by qualified professionals to ensure that it
can be used for a long period time

BQS554 (BUILDING SERVICES II ) 6

PAGE 12

BENEFITS OFSOLARPANELSYSTEM

LEAST Impact on the Environment LEAST Impact on the Environment

We will use less electricity from the When compared to other energy
energy supplier if we generate our own. sources, solar energy has the least
This will result in immediate savings on negative impact on the environment. It
our energy bill. Furthermore, We can emits no greenhouse gases and does
generate income by selling unused not pollute the environment. It also
electricity generated by us back to the requires very little water for
grid. The primary advantages of solar maintenance, as opposed to nuclear
panels are energy savings rates, such as power plants, which require 20 times
lower consumer electricity bills. Solar the amount of water. Solar energy
energy is also a renewable and free production produces no noise, which is
source, so solar panels will not incur a significant benefit given that many
any additional costs. solar installations are located in urban
areas.

Low maintenance costs

With the introduction of new
technologies that are easily obtainable,
maintaining solar panels is becoming
easier. The majority of companies that
sell these solar panels will also include
a long warranty, which minimizes the
need for solar panel maintenance.
Customers do not even have to worry
anymore because these solar panels do
not have to be repaired or inspected on
a regular basis. The maintenance of a
solar panel system is not something
that every user has to pay extra money
for.

BQS554 (BUILDING SERVICES II ) PAGE 13

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PROBLEMS OFSOLARPANELSYSTEM

We may be considering solar energy as a CAN BE COSTLY TO INSTALL
potential alternative energy source
because the price of power is increasing Although solar panel installation can be a
by 3 to 5 percent annually. However, cost-effective method in the long run, it can
there are several major disadvantages be costly to install. The initial cost of
that need to be considered before installing solar panels is high, and not
installing a solar system on a smart everyone can afford to have them installed
multi-story building. on their home. Although solar panels are
now more affordable than ever before, the
market price remains high. With the
availability of government initiatives aimed
at advancing technological advancements,
the cost should become more affordable in
the future.

IT DEPENDS ON SUNLIGHT USED A LOT OF SPACE

The main disadvantages of solar energy are We will need extra solar panels to produce
its relying on weather and its inability to more electricity if we want to collect as
store electricity. Solar energy output is much sunlight as we want to. Many roofs are
primarily acquired through direct sunlight. A too small to accommodate the number of
cloudy day can reduce electricity generation solar PV panels we would like to have. It is
by up to 80%. Although solar panels can because, solar PV panels use up a lot of
generate electricity on cloudy days through space. Installing part of the panels in the
UV light, they only work best on a clear day. ground is a best solution, but they must
As a consequence, batteries are required to have access to sunshine. And also extra
store the electricity for a constant supply space must be allocated.
throughout the cloudy weather and at night
so that the performance of solar panels will
not be affected.

BQS554 (BUILDING SERVICES II ) PAGE 14

FUNCTION, reallygreatsite.com

CONNECTION&
SERVICES OFSOLARPANELSYSTEM

function

Solar panels generate electricity by utilising natural resources,
specifically sunlight. Apart from that, solar panels can be used to gather
and store electrical energy produced by the panels in solar batteries,
which can subsequently be used at night.

CONNECTION

Positive and negative terminals are discovered on solar panels. Solar
panels can be connected in parallel (the positive terminal of one panel is
connected to the positive terminal of another) or series (the positive
terminal of one panel is connected to the negative terminal of another).

Parallel wiring allows multiple solar panels to produce energy without
exceeding the operating voltage limit of the inverter. The inverter also
has an amperage limit, which is noticeable when parallel solar panel
wiring is used. Meanwhile, series panel wiring tends to raise the array's
voltage. A series configuration ensures that the solar energy system
operates at a constant voltage, allowing the inverter to function
properly.

POSITION

Solar panels must be installed with an angle between 18 and 36 degrees
and must be placed where they receive the most sunshine in order to
capture the most amount of light.

BQS554 (BUILDING SERVICES II ) PAGE 15

PRINCIPLE AND SYSTEM

OF SOLAR PANEL SYSTEM

Smart solar power systems must meet As a result, the battery will not need to be
certain requirements in order to collect the replaced in a short period of time. Thus, we
most sunlight energy. To avoid unintended can save the maintenance cost.
consequences, the safety feature must also
be taken seriously. There are some Next, because this mechanism deals with a
requirements for using a smart solar power large amount of electrical energy, the safety
system. feature is critical. A smart monitor must be
used to monitor the voltage that is
The angle of the photovoltaic panel, which is distributed from the solar panel.Before
the solar plate, is the first thing to consider being stored in the inverter, the solar panel
when using a smart solar system. The can generate at least 3 to 6 Watts of power.
photovoltaic panel's tilt angle must be 15 The monitor can control how much power is
degrees. As a result, when the sun rises, the distributed to the electrical consumer.
energy can be extracted at full capacity and
stored in the battery. This allows it to
achieve maximum the production of solar
power energy.

Other than that, one of the safety features is
the use of appropriate batteries in the solar
inverter. The purpose of this battery is to
store the power generated by the solar
panel. This will keep the solar system from
having broken. It will also prevent a large
amount of electrical power from exceeding
the capacity to be stored.

BQS554 (BUILDING SERVICES II ) PAGE 16

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WHERE TO INSTALL THE SOLAR PANEL SYSTEM

ATTACHED TO 01
WALL

Roof-mounted and ground-mounted solar

panels generate more electricity than wall-

mounted solar panels. Panels must be

installed on one side where the sun can

reflect off of them.

02 INSTALLED ON
GROUND

Ground solar panels function similarly to
rooftop systems, but are typically more
efficient. Ground-mounted solar panels
are typically more expensive than
rooftop installations.

INSTALLED AT 03
ROOF

Solar panels can be attached to most

roof types, and whether flat or

sloping. Roof installation are slightly

more cheaper than installation on

ground.

BQS554 (BUILDING SERVICES II ) PAGE 17

SPECIAL SERVICES
INSTALLATION

SENSOR TAP

BQS554 (BUILDING SERVICES II ) PREPARED BY :

NUR SYAZLEEN BINTI
ABDUL RAZAK

PAGE 18

THE PAGE 19

HISTORICAL OF

SENSOR TAP

Sensor taps, commonly known as
automatic water taps, were developed
in the 1950s; however, Norman
Wareham was the first to implement
them in 1981. In O'Hare Airport's labs,
sensor taps make their first public
appearance. This automatic sensor tap is
called by a variety of names in other
countries, and it is starting to emerge in
Malaysia.

Automatic sensor taps are equipped
with a hands-free mechanism that
opens and shuts the valve when the
sensor is engaged. On the other hand,
the automatic sensor tap has become a
popular toilet feature since it enables
users to get water without pulling the
faucet all the way up, which might
spread germs.

In addition, sensor taps are recognised
as living facilities and locations where
they support the elderly or disabled at
home by sensing human movement on
the sensor tap.

BQS554 (BUILDING SERVICES II )

SENSOR TAP PAGE 20

HOW DOES THE SENSOR
TAP WORKS

On the stem there is an infrared beam
that controls the sensor tap. The
infrared beam is emitted and disrupted
by the presence of human hands. The
sensor was then communicated to the
control box via the infrared beam. As
soon as the infra-red is broken, it
triggers the electronic valves to open
automatically, allowing water to flow
depending on a timer. As a result, it will
turn off automatically when it has
reached the length of time that only
needed a very low voltage of power to
be functional in order for it to run
consistently.

Depending on the water pressure flow
rate, a sensor tap might reduce water
use by 35 to 50 percent. However, this
also implies that the sensor tap would
restrict the flow of water by limiting the
duration time, so that consumers will
use less water as a result of nature. Due
of the limited duration on the sensor tap
compared to a conventional wash hand
basin, users will typically use the sensor
tap twice.

BQS554 (BUILDING SERVICES II )

SENSOR TAP

THE INSTALLATION SENSOR TAP

1 Turn off the 2 Installation
water supply of sensor tap

To prevent leaks during Connect the inlet pipe to the
installation, turn off the sensor tap controller box's
main valve of the existing
faucet, drain all water from inlet point, then connect the
the faucet, and remove it. outflow pipe to the water
supply.
ABOUT US

3 Wire the 4 Turn off the
WHAseTnWsoEr OtaFpFER wWaHtYerUsSu?pply

Connect the sensor cables of After activating the water
the sensor taps to the supply, move your hand in
controller box and the front of the infrared sensor.
transmission line. Thus, if water is flowing, the

installation has been
successfully done.

BQS554 (BUILDING SERVICES II ) PAGE 21

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BENEFITS To guarantee that all technologies
OF are broadly adopted by customers, it
SENSOR is essential that each has its unique
TAP benefits. Additionally, sensor taps
have various advantages, including:

EXCELLENT HYGIENE ACCESSIBILITIES

Since sensor taps only release Sensor faucets are simple to
water when there is motion, the use and release water
area around the sink will not get depending on the motion of all
flooded as a result of water waste users, making them ideal for
by users. In other words, tapping youngsters, the elderly, and the
on the handle design may limit the handicapped.
transmission of bacteria.

WATER CONSERVATION

The working mechanism of sensor faucets is designed with a
low flow rate to avoid leakage in the inlet or outlet pipe. On
the other hand, the sensor tap will only flow for a certain
amount of time, preventing users from wasting water.

BQS554 (BUILDING SERVICES II ) PAGE 22

SENSOR TAP

In Malaysia, sensor taps are commonly employed in public bathrooms as a
modern technology in a single structure. A sensor faucet is a faucet that
utilises a sensor to enable water to flow. This sensor tap will be powered
either by a battery or an outlet socket. Therefore, if it utilises a battery, it will
undoubtedly change with time.

In addition, the sensor tap uses its infra-red beam as the sensor to activate
the water flow. Typically, the sensor will be situated on the stem of the faucet.
Therefore, when hands are put in front of the sensor, the beam will be
disrupted and the water will begin to flow. Therefore, when there are no
obstructions in front of the sensor or tap, the device will transmit the
appropriate signal. The water from the faucet will eventually stop to flow.

Moreover, there are a variety of features that may be adjusted remotely, such
as the response or sensitivity of the sensor for water flow. Whenever making
any adjustments, you must turn off the water supply to prevent any damage.
This function helps save water and protects the services from harm.

BQS554 (BUILDING SERVICES II ) PAGE 1

PRINCIPLE AND SYSTEM

SENSOR TAP

In order for the sensor tap to be The last requirement for a sensor
utilised in the building, it must be faucet is that the water pressure has
Document M'-certified. This will enable no effect on the water flow. By
all individuals, even those with installing an electronic valve, the water
disabilities, to use the sensor tap. can stay open despite low water
Certification and regulation will make it pressure. Consequently, this will
easier for everyone to use the prevent occupants from being unable
restroom. to use the sensor tap in the toilet.

In addition, the design, technology, and
components such as the aerator of the
sensor tap have been upgraded, and
tapware is becoming quieter.
Therefore, the modern product is below
25 or 20 dB(A) when the water
pressure is below 5 or 3 bars. This will
make the water flow more quietly.

Next, anti-corrosion material must be PAGE 23
applied to the tap to ensure that the
water is pure. Some versions protect
the inside surface of the faucet from
corrosion using plastic.

BQS554 (BUILDING SERVICES II )

MECHANICAL
HANDLING SYSTEM

SMART ELEVATOR

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NUR IZYAN BINTI
HAMZAH

[email protected] 24

MECHANICAL HANDLING SYSTEM

SMART ELEVATOR

SYSTEM

In the past few years, we have witnessed many developments
that will surely shape the future of smart elevator system market.
Nowadays, public buildings like hotels, houses, workplaces, malls,
theatres, hospitals, sports arenas, and even airports or any smart
buildings employ smart elevators.

These are generally designed to decrease overall energy usage
and improve passenger flow inside a certain structure. These
elevators contribute to a public building's overall productivity gain
and visitor safety. For instance, smart elevators will be able to
reduce the number of elevator users and improve everyone's
safety and convenience on the platform at a high end hotel or any
smart multi-storey building.

WHAT IS SMART ELEVATOR ?

A smart elevator is monitored or, in some cases, controlled via
Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, LTE, or another form of connectivity. To begin
with, it can warn a building manager or a homeowner of an
elevator issue before anyone enters the area of the system.
Additionally, thanks to smart access control technology, elevators
can be turned off remotely when necessary. These security
measures deliver obvious advantages in terms of security.

Compared to a conventional elevator, which you enter and
choose the floor by pressing a button, smart elevators are also
proving to be more energy-efficient. You choose the floor you
want to go to from a panel when using smart elevator systems for
commercial use. You are then told which elevator will take you
the shortest distance to your destination. This reduces pointless
stops and ultimately uses less energy.

BQS554 (BUILDING SERVICES II ) [email protected] 25

APPLICATION

SMART ELEVATOR SYSTEM

The operation of smart elevators in business buildings is
particularly fascinating. In order to get going, a keypad
podium is put in a building's lobby. A code or keycard is
given to each passenger to swipe at the podium or manually
enter. The smart elevator system uses this information to
determine which floor the user is travelling to.

Swiping your keycard, for instance, notifies the system that
you are going to the 22nd level of the building, where you
work. Then, an elevator with other passengers headed to
the same or surrounding floors is assigned to you. This
drastically reduces waiting and travel time.

The way that smart elevators keep track of the cab's weight
is one of their other most interesting features. The
technology constantly monitors the number of passengers in
each elevator. This means that if an elevator is full, it won't
stop in vain at a higher floor.

Over time, intelligent elevators also pick up on a passenger's
habits. Let's imagine that you go to the 18th floor for lunch
every day at noon. Based on your past activity, the elevator
will send you exactly there when you swipe your keycard.

BQS554 (BUILDING SERVICES II ) [email protected] 26

SMART ELEVATOR SYSTEM BENEFITS

INSTALLATION 01 INTUITIVE ELEVATOR
TECHNOLOGIES
PROCESS
Smart grouping and destination-based
1.SETTING THE COLUMNS IN models with interactive and innovative are
PLACE characteristics of intuitive elevator
systems. By grouping commuters according
There should be enough space to work to their preferred floors or zones, smart
safely without impacting your workflow. grouping technology organises commuters.
The floors on both levels need to be sturdy For instance, people heading to the same
enough to support the lift system when destination are only assigned to the
loaded. They will also check that there’s elevators that service that set of floors or
enough overhead clearance for loading and zones. As a result, services are delivered
off-loading the cargo. They will bolt the considerably more quickly and efficiently.
columns and guide columns into place.
02 CONNECTIVITY
2. ADDING THE CARRIAGE


Outlines will be drawn on the floor and
walls to ensure that the carriage is placed Smart elevators that are connected to the
in the correct location to travel up the internet are becoming more popular.
columns evenly and level. The carriage is Elevator manufacturers have already begun
placed inside the columns in the exact putting them in smart buildings. This
position indicated by these markings. system works by notifying companies when
issues emerge or are going to appear,
3. RAISING THE DRIVE BASE allowing lift operators to save money and
time on repairs.
The drive base will be lifted into place on
top of the columns. When the motordrive is 03 CLOUD PREDICTIVE
fitted correctly, the drive base will be MAINTENANCE
bolted in place and later, welded to the
supports. The cloud is used to examine the data that
is collected. If operational irregularities are
4. WIRING THE ELECTRICAL found, the information is examined with all
COMPONENTS & CONNECTION legacy data from the supplier's whole
elevator database. The entire process only
The technician will take care of all the takes a few seconds, and service engineers
wiring that makes your lift go up and down. instantly receive signals on their smart
This will ensure that the lift is easily devices indicating which parts need to be
operated at the flick of a switch. They will changed. Engineers may then quickly assess
also make sure that the lift is working the problem and make the necessary
properly. Then, IoT and wireless repairs before the elevator breaks down,
components will be connected. minimizing downtime.

BQS554 (BUILDING SERVICES II ) [email protected] 27

SMART ELEVATOR SYSTEM

FUNCTIONS, CONNECTION &
POSITION

An increase in connectivity is the future of The constant influx of data from connected
elevators. Internet-connected smart elevators are elevators enables elevator technicians to diagnose
increasingly becoming commonplace. Suppliers of problems before they reach the building. This
elevators have already started installing them in saves time onsite that would otherwise have been
smart buildings. This technology works by alerting spent testing and diagnosing the issue. Without
companies on faults when they appear or are IoT, technicians need to be dispatched to the
about to develop, enabling lift operators to save location to diagnose the fault correctly, before
money and time on repairs. ordering parts if they don’t already have them on
hand. By utilising IoT, the technician immediately
IoT-connected elevator systems' biggest time- knows the elevator is out of service and can
saving capability is to improve the maintenance troubleshoot the issue before reaching the site.
schedule. Devices that monitor changes in
operating conditions, like heat or noise, can be Operators of connected elevator monitoring
used to predict when the elevator requires systems can also catch issues before they become
maintenance. Elevator maintenance is typically a major problem, minimising the potential
run on a calendar-based process with monthly downtime and disruptions of a broken elevator.
checks. However, mechanical parts and elevator
sensors do not always adhere to a timetable and The deployment of IoT elevator technology will
failures can happen sporadically and unexpectedly. continue to gain traction in the coming years due
With IoT, building and elevator operators can take to the implementation of smart equipment in
a proactive approach by utilising remote- building management systems. Robustel’s
monitoring devices, which means repairs and Elevator IoT solutions are completely customisable
maintenance can be planned and performed to suit your project specific needs. Chat to one of
during off-peak hours, minimising user our team members to get connected today.
disruptions.

By collecting data on each component of the
elevator, down to parts like an elevator door
sensor, it can be analysed to understand the
operating performance. This allows issues to be
addressed in advance, while avoiding possible
disruptions, like someone getting stuck inside the
elevator.

BQS554 (BUILDING SERVICES II ) [email protected] 28

According to Uniform Building by Law

01. LIFT 02. LIFT DOOR

Every lift forming part of the vertical The lift doors should be power
access for disabled people should operated
have an unconstructed depth in
front of the lift doors of not less than A clear opening of not less than
1800mm. 1000mm should be provided

It should maintain a for level Sensor devices should be provided
accuracy within a tolerance of to ensure that lift car and landing
10mm throughout the range of doors would not close while the
rated load. opening is obstructed.

The handrail in the if car should not
be less then 600mm long and
1000mm above the finished floor
level and should be fixed adjacent
to the control panel.

BQSS55M4 (ABURILTDIENLGESEVRAVITCEOSRII )SYSTEM [email protected] 29

HVAC

ROOFTOP AIR-HANDLING UNITS (RTU)

INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS HVAC

HVAC means for ventilation, heating, and air conditioning. Both
residential and commercial buildings can be heated and cooled
using the technology. HVAC systems are used to provide a
comfortable environment in everything. This technique, which is
getting more popular in new buildings, utilizes outside air to
deliver better indoor air quality. The process of replacing or
changing the air in a place is known as ventilation, or V in HVAC.
This improves indoor air quality by removing moisture, smoke,
smells, heat, dust, germs, carbon dioxide, and other pollutants,

FIRE FIGHTINGas well as by controlling temperature and adding oxygen.

SFSYHIYRSSTEVTEFEMAIMGHCTINGWHAT IS ROOFTOP AIR-HANDLING UNITS (RTU)

The RTU HVAC unit is an self -contained ventilation system that

(SMART SMOKEis mounted on a commercial building's roof. This technology
D(ESRTMOEACORTFTOTROSM)P OAKIRE-helps in cooling and heating a certain area. It significantly
DHETAENCDTLOINRG) UNITSdifferent from other HVAC systems, such as split system air
(RTU)conditioning condensers and water cooling systems, that are

also installed on roofs. While traditional HVAC systems have
separate sections, the RTU HVAC unit has all of its components
for heating and cooling in a single container.

BQS554 (BUILDING SERVICES II ) PREPARED BY :

SYAHRUL NAZRIN BIN OTHMAN

PPAAGGEE23315

HVAC

ROOFTOP AIR-HANDLING UNITS (RTU)

INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS HVAC

HVAC means for ventilation, heating, and air conditioning. Both
residential and commercial buildings can be heated and cooled
using the technology. HVAC systems are used to provide a
comfortable environment in everything. This technique, which is
getting more popular in new buildings, utilizes outside air to
deliver better indoor air quality. The process of replacing or
changing the air in a place is known as ventilation, or V in HVAC.
This improves indoor air quality by removing moisture, smoke,
smells, heat, dust, germs, carbon dioxide, and other pollutants,
as well as by controlling temperature and adding oxygen.

WHAT IS ROOFTOP AIR-HANDLING UNITS (RTU)

The RTU HVAC unit is an self -contained ventilation system that
is mounted on a commercial building's roof. This technology
helps in cooling and heating a certain area. It significantly
different from other HVAC systems, such as split system air
conditioning condensers and water cooling systems, that are
also installed on roofs. While traditional HVAC systems have
separate sections, the RTU HVAC unit has all of its components
for heating and cooling in a single container.

Figure 1 : Rooftop Units (RTU) Figure 2 : Rooftop Units (RTU)
Figure 1 : Rooftop Units (RTU)
PAGE 31
BQS554 (BUILDING SERVICES II )

HVAC

ROOFTOP AIR-HANDLING UNITS (RTU)

WHAT IS ROOFTOP AIR-HANDLING UNITS (RTU)
(CONT'D)

According to Dave Guckelberger (2000), Rooftop HVAC equipment
provides enticing features for the design engineer and cost advantages
for the owner. Fans, ventilation equipment, a heat source, compressors,
condenser, and controls are assembled in a compact unit ready for
installation on a roof curb. Manufacturers assemble, test, and rate the
entire package as a system. Moreover, locating the unit on the roof frees
up floor space in the building.

THE APPLICATION OF RTU SYSTEMS

The air is cooled by a cooler, which can be either fan-cooled or water-
cooled, in an RTU since they are normally direct expansion union (DX)
systems. Gas, electricity, or water all have the potential to deliver heat.
The RTU functions by returning air from the space where the unit is
ventilated to the packed rooftop unit. To provide fresher air for the room,
some units additionally integrate returning air with outside air. Then, the
air flows through the filter. It then indicated to the evaporator coil, where
it flows over the refrigerant to cool the air. After passing through the
blower, the air is conditioned and ready for space.

Some equipments feature a little heating element next to the blower to
better regulate the humidity of the air. The condenser and compressor
coils, which release heat from the air, are seperated from the evaporator
coil, which helps to cool the return air, by a clear, insulated area. The
rooftop unit is usually handled by the basic thermostat. However, it
could be a component of a more complex control system, depending on
the application.

BQS554 (BUILDING SERVICES II ) PAGE 32

HVAC THE INSTALLATION PROCESS OF ROOFTOP UNITS (RTU)

ROOFTOP AIR-HANDLING UNITS (RTU) Rigging and lifting, constructing curbs, rating short circuit currents, and
multipiece construction are among the processes involved in RTU
installation. Rigging and lifting happen first. RTUs are substantial,
complex pieces of machinery. It's important to install them securely and
successfully. The rigging, lifting, rooftop curbs, and other general
installation rules are covered in this section. Secondly, adding curbs.
There are several uses for roof curbs. For example, it connects the unit
ductworks for vertical supply and return units, supports the RTU, and
distributes the RTU load to the roof structure. The contractor or
construction manufacturer receives roof curbs from unit manufacturers.
They are set in by a skilled installer. The RTUs are put together on the
curbs by the erector according to installation guidelines. Manufacturers
of curbs can offer curb adapters so that a new RTU of a different type
can make use of existing roof penetrations or change a unit's vertical
discharge to horizontal discharge.

Next, short circuit current rating. it is important to take into consideration
the short-circuit current rating and the RTU fault current available for the
supply when installing an RTU into an electrical supply (SCCR). The
momentary power supply allows a high amount of current to flow in the
event of a short-circuit failure before the overcurrent protection
mechanism is in the way of the supply. This is the supply fault current
that is currently open. The SCCR is the maximum fault current that a
device is capable of safely handling. The fault current that can be used
by the supply must be less than the SCCR of the RTU when inserting an
RTU into it.

BQS554 (BUILDING SERVICES II ) PAGE 33

HVAC

ROOFTOP AIR-HANDLING UNITS (RTU)

THE BENEFITS OF ROOFTOP UNITS (RTU)

First of all, the it is energy efficiency. Because the HVAC system's parts
are integrated and set up in the best possible ways to maximize their
efficiency while minimizing the amount of energy it require. As a result,
the energy cost will be cheaper than it would be with conventional HVAC
systems. Second, it doesn't occupy any room inside. Because, aside from
the ducts, the RTU HVAC unit is a small system that is always on the roof.
You don't need to waste interior space that may be used to increase your
bottom line. Next, Lower priced INSTALLATION. Because the RTU
HVAC's components are top-notch, you can always locate them pre-
installed. Fitting the entire system is so simple and affordable. Finally,
normally belt-driven, the fan might also be an energy-efficient EC fan. Air
is drawn in from the outside, pushed through filters, coils, and dampers
by the fan, and then forced into the ductwork.

PROBLEM ENCOUNTED WHEN INSTALL THE ROOFTOP UNITS
(RTU)

RTUs might harm the roof membranes since they are heavy. If this takes
place, water may leak into the building. Any water entrapment from rain
and weather might gradually harm the surface of the roof material on
which the unit is positioned if the installation is done in a poor location,
such as a low place. The fact that a rooftop HVAC unit is "invisible from
the mind" is another disadvantage. It does occur, thus RTU can be
overlooked. Maintenance and maintenance issues may lead to shorter
usable lives and quicker deterioration. By keeping to a regular servicing
schedule, you may avoid this issue. The installation of a rooftop HVAC
unit may result in storm damage from lightning or other weather-related
problems. Although it does happen more regularly than with units
positioned on the ground, it is not unusual.

BQS554 (BUILDING SERVICES II ) [email protected] 34

HVAC CONNECTIONS AND POSITIONS OF
ROOFTOP UNITS (RTU)
ROOFTOP AIR-HANDLING UNITS (RTU)
There are several types of units; some just take new air and do not
recirculate, while others recycle air as much as possible do. In the former,
external exhaust fans are used to remove any return air in order to keep
the air pressure balanced. First, let's take a short look at the building RTU
installations. All of the RTU's mechanical and electrical parts are
physically protected from the elements by the housing, which keeps out
the wind, rain, snow, ice, and sun. The housing must have several access
panels so that maintenance crews may enter and make adjustments
and repairs.

Second, RTUs typically have a hood at one end that allows ambient air
from the outside to access the system. The hood's design makes it
impossible for snow, rain, or other debris to get inside. Most often, a mesh
will cover the air hood intake to keep animals and other objects away,
helping to avoid damage and the potential for blocked airflow. Next,
certain more recent types could be equipped with a damper, a rotating
metal component that lets air into the unit. It is simpler to regulate the
airflow entering the unit when certain types of dampers may go from
being totally open to entirely closed.

After that, the air is then kept clean by filters, which are made to trap any
dirt or debris that may otherwise enter the system with the new air.
Without filters, the other system parts can become covered with dust and
debris, decreasing the performance and efficiency of the entire system,
leading to more expensive operation and higher wear and tear.
Additionally, coils are utilized to remove or supply thermal energy in order
to heat or cool the air. The RTU may only be used for cooling or heating,
depending on the environment in which it is installed and the difficulties it
faces. Also units will be connected to a gas burner, heat pump, or
electrical heating unit, while only-cooling units will have a coil attached to
a refrigeration unit. It will either have two heat exchangers or an electrical
heater if it is designed for both heating and cooling.

Finally, the fan may be an energy-efficient EC fan even though it is
normally belt-driven. Air is drawn in from the outside, pushed through
filters, coils, and dampers by the fan, and then forced into the ductwork.

BQS554 (BUILDING SERVICES II ) PAGE 35

HVAC

ROOFTOP AIR-HANDLING UNITS (RTU)

WHAT IS THE PRINCIPLES OF ROOFTOP UNITS (RTU)
TO PUMP IN FRESH AIR FROM THE OUTDOORS, ROOFTOP UNITS (RTUS) WILL
BE INSTALLED. WHEN THE OUTSIDE AIR TEMPERATURE IS BELOW OR NEARLY
AT THE DESIRED INDOOR TEMPERATURE IN THIS TYPE OF UNIT, 100% FRESH
AIR CAN BE PUMPED INTO THE BUILDING AND NONE OF IT WILL BE
RECIRCULATED; INSTEAD, ALL OF IT WILL BE REJECTED AS THE COOLING
DEMAND IS MET. THIS IS KNOWN AS A FREE COOLING CYCLE OR AN AIRSIDE
ECONOMISER CYCLE.

BQS554 (BUILDING SERVICES II ) PAGE 36

BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

Publika Mall In the enormous up-and-coming residential
development of Solaris Dutamas, Sri Hartamas. Publika is a
large neighborhood shopping centre. There are several luxury
fashion boutiques, novelty stores, and F&B restaurants in the
creative and artistic complex. The building has a very
contemporary design, with sculptures made of steel and
glass hanging from the ceiling, a skylight that fills the area
with light, geometric wire benches, and little shops filled
with good merchandise. A range of entertainment options,
including art galleries, are also available at Publika.

BQS554 (BUILDING SERVICES II ) PAGE 37

CASE STUDY - PUBLIKA

This study will investigate the characteristics of the fire protection system and
services offered at Publika Solaris Dutamas. a thorough examination of the
parts and purposes of various systems as they relate to a building's operation.
The understanding of these services in view of the requirements of the
Malaysian Standards as well as other related rules and regulations will lead to
a decision about these systems.

Figure 1

CARBON DIOXIDE FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM (CO2)
Carbon dioxide is used as a suppressant component in a CO2 fire suppression
system. CO2 is an effective fire suppressor because it puts out a fire quickly. It also
leaves no traces behind and is electrically nonconductive, colorless, and odorless. In
terms of fire safety, carbon dioxide refers to gases that prevent electrical
equipment, such as switchgear, transformers, and it sections, from burning up. For a
variety of fire hazards, carbon dioxide works well as a fire suppressant.

HOW CARBON DIOXIDE FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM (CO2) WORK
A CO2 System's Function. When a fire is detected, the CO2 suppression system will
turn on and release a layer of CO2 over the affected area. Because the CO2
interacts with the oxygen in the air, the fire will be put out.

BQS554 (BUILDING SERVICES II ) PAGE 38

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, building services are the systems that are applied in buildings to
make occupants feel comfortable, useful, productive, and secure. Malaysian
building services may include energy distribution, energy supply such as gas and
electricity, and renewable energy sources like as solar, wind, geothermal, and
biomass. Building services are required for every construction. For instance,
electrical lighting, ventilation, and air conditioning are entirely dependent on retail
shops and industrial buildings for their operation.

Architects design and plan the mechanical, electrical, and public health systems
necessary for the safe and environmentally friendly functioning of a contemporary
facility. As for the specialised labourers, they are responsible for supervising the
installation process so that consumers may reap long-term benefits. The building
may have the highest quality of a facility that has a reliable system for customers
and assures the safety of life and property via the use of enhanced lighting, air
quality, convenient electricity, and the capacity of smart devices.

Our proposed latest innovation of building services to the smart multi-storey
building offers several advantages to its customers. There are several
characteristics of the given building services, and each feature has its own
advantages that will help increase the value of money for our building and it is also
the good investment. For example, services that has been proposed is smart smoke
detector, smart solar panel systems, sensor tap, smart elevator systems, and
Rooftop Air Handling unit HVAC systems. Users are able to use the supplied
amenities effectively, and it is quite handy.

The smart smoke detector that will placed in this building may serve as an early
warning, enabling people to quickly evacuate. By doing so, we can reduce the
fatality rate at this planned tower. Additionally, the tap sensor that will be put in the
men's and women's toilets will make them simpler to use, while reducing the
building's energy use. Long-term use is possible for smart solar power systems and
smart elevator systems, for which it provides a variety of benefits, including costs for
maintenance. Finally, the building occupants of the smart multi-storey building will
be able to use the RTU HVAC system. Therefore, it helps to give comfort to residents
while conserving and minimising the building's energy usage. Even though every
system has installation and operation challenges, the benefits readily exceed any
disadvantages.

BQS554 (BUILDING SERVICES II ) PAGE 39

BQS

REFERENCES

Adenan, M. S. M., Erwan, A. N. M., & Alfian, M. N. H. M. (2021).
Smart Smoke Detector. International Journal of Recent Technology
and Applied Science, 3(1), 16-31.

Salleh, N. H., & Mohtar, M. A. W. (2020). ACTIVE FIRE SAFETY
MEASURES IN THE HERITAGE TIMBER BUILDINGS IN MALAYSIA.
PLANNING MALAYSIA, 18.

Sohif, M., Ch, L., & Omidreza, S. (2012). Optimizing tilt angles and
orientations of solar panels for Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Scientific
Research and Essays, 7(43), 3758-3767.

Amin, N., Lung, C. W., & Sopian, K. (2009). A practical field study
of various solar cells on their performance in Malaysia.
Renewable Energy, 34(8), 1939-1946.

ARC Advisory Group (2018) Smart Elevators - Six Major Trends for
2019 https://www.arcweb.com/blog/smart-elevators-six-major-
trends-2019

Robustel. (2018). IoT Solutions for Smart Elevator Management|

Solutions. Robustel. https://www.robustel.com/en/smart-

cities/elevator/

Rise Above Elevator. (2020, July 20). Smart Elevators: The Next
Big Trend? - Rise Above Elevator. Rise above Elevator.
https://riseaboveelevator.com/2020/07/20/smart-elevators-the-
next-big-trend/

VOLANSYS (2021, March 31). How Smart Elevator Solutions are
rising in the world of innovative technologies? VOLANSYS; .
https://volansys.com/blog/smart-elevator-technology/

BQS554 (BUILDING SERVICES II ) PAGE 40

BQS

REFERENCES(Cont'd)

Marvin, J. (2022, May 21). Advantages and Disadvantages of
Sensor Taps. Intelligent | Blog.
https://www.intelligenthanddryers.com/blog/benefits-sensor-taps-
problems

Commercial Washrooms Ltd. (2020, October 23). How does a
sensor tap work? | Commercial Washrooms.
https://www.commercialwashroomsltd.co.uk/blog/washroom-taps/
how-does-a-sensor-tap-work.html

Rosone, M. (2018, July 5). What is an RTU HVAC System?
Retrieved from Arista : https://aristair.com/blog/what-is-an-rtu-
hvac-system/

HVAC, G. (20211, March 1). What is an HVAC RTU (Rooftop Unit)?
Retrieved from Galgon : https://galgonhvac.com/what-is-an-hvac-
rtu-rooftop-unit/

Guckelberger D. , (2000), Controlling Noise From Large Rooftop
Units , retrieve from: ASHRAE Journal practical guide,
https://www.trane.com/content/dam/Trane/Commercial/global/pro
ducts-systems/education-training/industry articles/May2000 ASH
RAE_acoustics.PDF

BQS554 (BUILDING SERVICES II ) PAGE 41

41/41

THANK YOU

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA, SHAH ALAM FACULTY
OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING
BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING (HONS)