1
The Art of Indian Classical Dance
Sahana Sainath
2
Table of Contents
Imagine………………………..………………..………………..………………...3
What is classical dance? ………………..………………..………………..…….34
Use of eyes ………………..………………..………………..…………………...45
Use of hands ………………..………………..………………..…………………57
Use of body ………………..………………..………………..…………………..78
Types of dances in India ………………..………………..……………………....89
○ The Eight dances ………………..………………..………………..…...1011
How is classical dance beneficial? ………………..………………..………...1213
Getups ………………..………………..………………..……………………1314
Ending ………………..………………..………………..………………………...14
Glossary ……………………………………………………………………………………15
Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………………..16
3
Imagine, you are in a temple and you see people walk to a podium
to dance. It looks like a very different type of dance. Their eyes opened
wide, their dresses so different from each other, and bells clicking on
their ankles. You have never seen any dance like this. Wow, the energy
they give to each step...it’s amazing how their stamina is maintained for
the rest of the dance. They all look fit, so this is probably beneficial in
certain ways too...right?
Bold eyes, colorful dress, bangles, Chalangas on their feet, and
jewellery. You think about what dance is this. This is the art of
classical Indian dance. According to Hindu belief, dancing came
from the Gods.
4
A book of rules is written by Bharata Muni, who is believed to
have been taught to dance by the God, Shiva. Shiva is called
the lord of dance. Many of the poses you see that are used by
Indian dancers today look just like the poses carved on ancient
temple walls. (Kalman, 24 2009)
However, if you have ever wondered about the different
expressions they give throughout the dance, some dances tell
stories; others entertain audiences with graceful movements.
Many Indian dancers wear bells on their ankles, lots of gold and
silver jewelry, and colorful, flowing costumes. Rather than move a lot, they dance
from a bendedknee position and stamp their feet to sometimes complicated
rhythms. Thus, Indian classical dancers require a great deal of strength, flexibility,
and energy. Without those elements, there won’t be a fine look to the dance. Also,
the mesmerizing aspect about this kind of traditional dance is usually the combined
effect of a dancer’s makeup, dress, and graceful skill. The art of dancing is simply
divine in all forms. The Indian dances are broadly divided into classical dances and
folk dances. Dancers generally dance in temples in praise and entertainment, of one
or many Gods/Goddesses. Thus, this is very different from the other categories of
dances, like: folk dance, cinematic dance, western dance, hip hop, contemporary
dance. This is classical dance.
Have you ever observed a classical dancer’s eyes while
dancing? How do they do that, you may think.You may think
that their eyeballs might pop off any minute!
5
Use of eyes in classical Indian dances is one of the blocks
that build up the dance well. Keeping their eyes open and
wide during dancing is very important. A dancer's center
of expression is their face. Sometimes, according to the
story they are dancing to, they’d have to make a pleading
expression, or an angry expression, or a joyful expression;
and to make the perfect expression, you must know the
feeling of the character in the story and engage your eyes
by that. Along with the eyes, the eyebrows should move
and it won't be that hard since the flow of the rhythm will
sometimes move the eyebrows and eyes itself.
Additionally, a dancer is trained to turn into a lifesized puppet, or which means to
visualize the actual story to get the right expression. That's why, most trainers
always mention what part of the story they are dancing to, while teaching.
So, to use the eyes perfectly in Indian dance, you must use your
eyelids, eyebrows, and eyeballs effectively. They even carry out
the usage of mukhaja bhava in their dance. Thus, the use of eyes
from a dancer is what pleases the audience usually because there
is drama and feel to it.
The dancer’s palm rounded delicately, fingers folded under their thumb,
fingers curled around….does this sound hard or easy to you?
Dancers delight their audiences with much of those Mudras, along
with their many dramatic facial expressions. It is vital and
challenging for the mudras shown to be stiff and accurate. It doesn't
look as easy to make, and while dancing, the dancer might forget
6
about the mudra they are about to show in midst of worrying about other things
like expressions, and what the next step is. The trick I found out to make the
mudras, through my experience as an intermediate, is that you just need to know
what the meanings of them are. That technique works because each scene in the
dance has a different story and meaning. So then, you will know that putting up the
right mudra will have to make sense with the part of dance, no
matter what. Why care about knowing mudras, that are just
hand gestures? They mean a lot to what the dance is trying to
teach us, and thus, support the balance of representing
In general, mudras are divided into two types: Asamyukta
Hastas and the second type which is Samyukta Hastas. There
are even special hand gestures or Mudras which denote all the
Gods and Goddesses, the four different castes, different
relations (mother, daughter, etc.), the nine planets, rivers
(Ganga, Yamuna, etc.), animals and so much more. Any
sincere student of Indian Classical Dance has to learn all the 28
single and 24 combined Mudras. Each of these Mudras has a
Sanskrit name. It’s almost like learning alphabets or a language. Each mudra has a
meaning, and the gesture represents the meaning. Mudras definitely have healing
powers to the muscles, of the wrist and arms. By stretching or bending the fingers
or exerting pressure on fingertips or palms, unbalanced energies in body and mind,
causing diseases, can be balanced, tensions can be released.
Just a few of the many mudras
7
As you can notice, the fingertips and palm are covered in red. That is
usually in liquid form and is called alta. The alta in the hands make
the mudras pop out because of the bright red. Applying alta is a
necessary part of a dancer’s makeup routine.
Can you keep up with what’s going on with
the dancer’s bodies? Their legs, waist, hands?
Indian classical dancers use every part of their
body, entirely, to sway gracefully, flexibly, and
stiffly and some parts. If their body was placed in
one straight direction, the pose doesn't look good.
The dancers are trained for their legs to reach high
above their head, and their hands to go behind
their body. They never get the skill to do all of that
in just one week, it’s all a matter of just practice over time. Observe how it’s not
about maintaining one same position of the legs and hands throughout the dance; it
will vary several times during dancing. The three different positions for using our
body in classical dance are: Samam, aramandalam, and murumandalam. Samam is
when the dancer is in a standing or straight position. Aramandalam is when the
dancer is in a halfsitting position, and murumandalam is when the dancer is
completely sitting on their feet.
8
Samam Aramandalam Murumandalam
Photo courtesy of imgarcade.com Photo courtesy of newarkarts.org Photo courtesy of bialydom.pl
White and gold clothing in one dance, green makeup in another dance, long
bulky clothing in another. All of these dance forms are so different from each
other! How many different types are there?
There are so many types of dances in India, specifically eight, each from different
states. The eight types of classical dances are: Bharatnatyam (Tamil Nadu), Kathak
(Uttar Pradesh), Kuchipudi (Andhra Pradesh), Odissi (Orissa), Kathakali (Kerala),
Manipuri (Manipur), Mohiniyattam (Kerala), and Sattriya (Assam). Even though
the dances are based on diverse styles, we are all unified as a whole in many
aspects like: they all portrait the Indian culture and all require a great deal of
practice and determination. Just as knowing them, while learning them, you can do
the best only when you understand what each dance truly symbolizes.
The eight styles of Indian classical dances are amazingly different from each other.
For example, their clothing, dance, songs, and of course different stories according
to their state’s tradition.
9
Bharatanatyam Kuchipudi Mohiniyattam
Odissi Kathakali Kathak
Sattriya Manipuri
10
Those eight dances have their own specialities. Bharatanatyam is
a form that is performed in the temples of Tamil Nadu, and is
described in the Natya Shastra by Bharata muni. Lord Shiva in
his Nataraja form is considered the God of this dance. Why know
about the eight different classical dance forms? You might then
know that each dance is not the same and also learn what
traditions each part of the country, India, follow.
Kathak:
Kathak is a dance form in which the feet and body move swiftly along with the
rhythm. It is originated in Uttar Pradesh, around North India. Traditionally it was
dedicated to Lord Krishna but, with the Mughal invasion, Kathak turned into more
entertaining and less religious.
Kuchipudi:
Kuchipudi is the telugu classical dance (from Andhra Pradesh), in which they add
drama to the dance. Kuchipudi is a complicated dance where the footwork needs to
be perfect and balanced. They are trained to dance with the feet on the edges of a
circular brass tray or with a water pot delicately and precariously balanced on the
head.
11
Odissi:
Odissi is the traditional dance in Orissa. It is a soft, lyrical classical dance which
depicts the ambience of Orissa. The head, bust, and torso are moved in soft flowing
movements to express specific moods and emotions, and the body must be
distributed equally to both sides.
Kathakali:
Kathakali is one of the main dances from the state, Kerala. Kathakali means ‘story
play’, and it is an elaborate dance depicting and teaching the victory of truth over
falsehood. The dance has taken its theme from the two great epics, the Ramayana
and the Mahabharata.
Manipuri:
Manipuri is a form of dance that is originated in Manipuri, which lies in
northeastern India. Manipuri dances are performed always in front of deities and
are based on the devotional theme of Krishna and Radha.
Mohiniyattam:
Mohiniyattam is another form of dance that comes from Kerala. It is a fusion of
Kathakali and Bharatnatyam is known for its soft grace, gliding movements of the
body a circular use of the torso and a revolving in the halfbent position, with the
toe and the heel used in a flowing rhythmic structure.
Sattriya:
Sattriya is a dance, which is part of the culture of Assam. Today both men and
women are seen performing this dance. The ornaments worn are also based on
traditional Assamese designs.
12
Now you think, they dance for a minimum of three minutes in general,
which is actually not easy to do continuously! They finish off and bow down; you
can probably tell that they are very exhausted Is dancing beneficial to our body
then?
What you may not realize about classical dances or any other dance form, is that
it’s not just for performing for entertainment. There are several health benefits to
dancing; all including not only physical health, but mental health also. It’s the
perfect example of a good way to concentrate, since multitasking is required to
use the hands, the body, the legs, the face, etc, during dancing. It’s a great exercise
to dance, let it be slow or fast dance. Also, the fast movements and stretching
movements in Indian classical dances help our body become fit naturally as well as
getting more flexible. We later tend to have more balance too. So, this can be
thought of a more natural and healthy workout, than going to the gym and lifting
weights to become strong. Endurance is one main benefit we accomplish from
dancing; to keep trying and not stopping, we need lots of endurance.
The best way to workout in a very different way is to dance. We can lead a more
stressfree and fit life when we are training for classical dances. The very vital
outcome of Indian dances is the great amount of stamina in our body. Beginners
seem to be fatigued after dancing for one minute only; so, this exercise improves
your body’s energy and strength.
13
While dancing, we relieve all of our thoughts away from our mind. And when we
can’t focus during training for dance, it’s quite difficult to keep up. As Samuel
Beckett says, “Dance first. Think later. It's the natural order.” I believe that this
applies to all genres of dance.
Wow, you think; how much time does it take to get ready like that? Don’t
they feel like they have lots going on in their head? The makeup is so bold that it’s
visible, even way behind the stage!
Indian classical dancers get in pretty get ups that seem to amaze the audiences.
Many Indian dancers wear ‘bells’ on their ankles, lots of gold and
silver jewelry like earrings, bangles, oddiyanam, chains, and finally
colorful costumes (Kalman, 24 2009). For their face, it is covered
in consistent amount of makeup, most important part being the eyes
and the eyebrows. As for their hair, it is worn
with extra hair added (for ones who have short
hair) and a kunjalam added. On the other
hand, the top of the head has a ‘vada’ or ring (usually
something stiff inside it) attached, and to go by that are some
flowers rounded around it.
Usually, one habit or tradition that is always carried
out before a dancer proceeds to dance is that: the
dancer does the guru dakshina and gives a gift or
some money (her/his choice) to the trainer. How is
this related to the way the dancers get ready for a
dance? It’s the last and most important part (carried
out when fully ready, but not yet worn the
14
chalanga), which shows that what the guru has taught has been appreciated. This is
considered as a token of respect to the teacher. After that only we can wear our
chalangas, and there is another process done for that. The guru prays for a
wellperformance to be done by the dancer, and then puts on the chalanga onto our
feet, themselves. It is pleasing to do this act, every time there’s a dance
performance.
Ending
And so, what do you think about Indian classical dances? Do you think
you would like to experience, or not? Dancing has had a great effect on
me and my life, on basis of health, entertainment, relief from academics
and other events, and much more. I always feel like I get to have a
‘break’ after a long day at school or anywhere else. It has a good effect
on our mental and physical health. Your body will definitely feel fatigue
but doing it more will improve the dancing. Finally, you will have an
amusing feeling since you have entertained and pleased the Gods.
Anyone can dance if they’d like to, even if you don’t follow the same
beliefs and traditions. Men and women, both, learn classical dance.
Shocking? But it is common. People all over the world, from various
countries like to learn this artform. All the same, it’s more than a
favourite hobby or exercise!
15
Glossary
Chalangas: Broad anklets that are an important accessory worn. Copper bells on it
make ringing sounds, while dancing.
Mukhaja Bhava: Facial expression.
Mudras: Symbolic hand gestures with meanings to them.
Asamyukta Hasta: Mudras done with one hand only.
Samyukta Hasta: Mudras done by both hands.
Alta: A red liquid or dye that is applied on the hands and feet for classical dance.
Bharata Muni: A saint who wrote the Natya Shastra. Considered ‘father of Indian
theatrical art forms’.
Oddiyanam: Waist belt, usually gold in color.
Kunjalam: Worn at the end of the braid, usually in different designs and shapes.