Nasjonale retningslinjer for diagnostisering og behandling av voksne med depresjon-IS-1561

NASJONALE RETNINGSLINJER

for diagnostisering og behandling av voksne med depresjon i primær- og spesialisthelsetjenesten

187. Angstlidelser: kliniske retningslinjer for 196. Morley S, Eccleston C, Williams A. System­
utredning og behandling. Oslo: Statens atic review and meta-analysis of random­
helsetilsyn; 2000. Helsetilsynets utrednings­ ized controlled trials of cognitive behaviour
serie 4–99. therapy and behaviour therapy for chronic
pain in adults, excluding headache. Pain
188. Referenceprogram for angstlidelser hos 1999;80(1–2):1–13.
voksne. København: Sundhedsstyrelsen;
2007. 197. Thase ME, Salloum IM, Cornelius JD.
Comorbid alcoholism and depression:
189. Bair MJ, Robinson RL, Katon W, Kroenke K. treatment issues. J Clin Psychiatry
Depression and pain comorbidity: 2001;62(Suppl 20):32–41.
a literature review. Arch Intern Med
2003;163(20):2433–45. 198. Kessing LV. The effect of comorbid alcohol­
ism on recurrence in affective disorder:
190. Carroll LJ, Cassidy JD, Cote P. Depression a case register study. J Affect Disord
as a risk factor for onset of an episode of 1999;53(1):49–55.
troublesome neck and low back pain. Pain
2004;107(1–2):134–9. 199. Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, de lF,
Jr., Grant M. Development of the Alcohol
191. Fishbain DA, Cutler R, Rosomoff HL, Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT):
Rosomoff RS. Chronic pain-associated WHO Collaborative Project on Early Detec­
depression: antecedent or consequence tion of Persons with Harmful Alcohol Con­
of chronic pain? A review. Clin J Pain sumption-II. Addiction 1993;88(6):791–804.
1997;13(2):116–37.
200. Finney JW, Wilbourne PL, Moos RH. Psy­
192. Gureje O. Psychiatric aspects of pain. Curr chososial treatments for substanse use
Opin Psychiatry 2007;20(1):42–6. disorders. I: Nathan PE, Gorman JM, red.
A Guide to treatments that work. New York:
193. Kroenke K, Shen J, Oxman TE, Williams JW, Oxford University Press; 2007.
Jr., Dietrich AJ. Impact of pain on the
outcomes of depression treatment: results 201. Mueser KT, Noordsy DL, Drake RE, Fox L.
from the RESPECT trial. Pain 2008;134 Andersen TM, Linderoth L, red. Integrert
(1–2):209–15. behandling: av rusproblemer og psykiske
lidelser. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget; 2006.
194. Retningslinjer for smertebehandling i
Norge. Oslo: Den norske lægeforening; 202. Miller WR, Rollnick S. Motivational inter­
2004. Tilgjengelig fra: www.legeforeningen. viewing: preparing people to change
no/asset/23457/1/23457_1.pdf. addictive behavior. New York: Guilford;
1991.
195. Lunde L-H. Kognitiv atferdsterapi i gruppe
ved kroniske smertetilstander: erfaringer fra 203. Barth T, Børtveit T, Prescott P. Endrings­
en smerteklinikk. Tidsskr Nor Psykol Foren fokusert rådgivning. Oslo: Gyldendal
2006;43(11):1169–72. akademisk; 2001.

204. Brown SA, Inaba RK, Gillin JC, Schuckit

100

Helsedirektoratet

MA, Stewart MA, Irwin MR. Alcoholism and improve depression care. Gen Hosp
Affective­Disorder – Clinical Course of Psychiatry 2007;29(2):91–116.
Depressive Symptoms. Am J Psychiatry 212. Simon J, Pilling S, Burbeck R, Goldberg D.
1995;152(1):45–52. Treatment options in moderate and severe
205. Liappas J, Paparrigopoulos T, Tzavellas E, depression: decision analysis supporting
Christodoulou G. Impact of alcohol detoxifi­ a clinical guideline. Br J Psychiatry
cation on anxiety and depressive 2006;189:494–501.
symptoms. Drug Alcohol Depend 213. Berg RC, Øverland S, Høie B. Effekten av
2002;68(2):215–20. psykoterapi for mennesker med depressive
206. Huibers MJ, Beurskens AJ, Bleijenberg G, lidelser. Oslo: Kunskapssenteret; 2009.
van Schayck CP. Psychosocial interventions Rapport fra Kunnskapssenteret 2009:7.
by general practitioners. Cochrane Data­ 214. Hollon SD, Shelton RC, Wisniewski S,
base Syst Rev 2007;(3):Art. No.: Warden D, Biggs MM, Friedman ES, et al.
CD003494. Presenting characteristics of depressed
207. Bauer M, Bschor T, Pfennig A, Whybrow outpatients as a function of recurrence:
PC, Angst J, Versiani M, et al. World Fed­ preliminary findings from the STAR*D clinical
eration of Societies of Biological Psychiatry trial. J Psychiatr Res 2006;40(1):59–69.
(WFSBP) Guidelines for Biological Treat­ 215. Jarrett RB, Schaffer M, McIntire D, Witt­
ment of Unipolar Depressive Disorders in Browder A, Kraft D, Risser RC. Treatment of
Primary Care. World J Biol Psychiatry atypical depression with cognitive therapy
2007;8(2):67–104. or phenelzine: a double­blind, placebo­
208. Stant AD, Ten Vergert EM, den Boer PC, controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry
Wiersma D. Cost­effectiveness of cognitive 1999;56(5):431–7.
self­therapy in patients with depression and 216. Jarrett RB, Kraft D, Doyle J, Foster BM,
anxiety disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand Eaves GG, Silver PC. Preventing recurrent
2008;117(1):57–66. depression using cognitive therapy with
209. Dalgard OS. Kurs i mestring av depresjon. and without a continuation phase: a ran­
En randomisert kontrollert evaluerings­ domized clinical trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry
studie. Tidsskr Nor Lægeforen 2001;58(4):381–8.
2004;124(23):3043–6. 217. Pampallona S, Bollini P, Tibaldi G, Kupel­
210. Lewinsohn PM, Antonuccio AO, Steinmetz nick B, Munizza C. Combined pharmaco­
JL, Teri L. The Coping With Depression therapy and psychological treatment for
Course: A Psychoeducational Intervention depression: a systematic review. Arch Gen
for Unipolar Depression. Eugene: Castalia Psychiatry 2004;61(7):714–9.
Pub Co; 1984. 218. Schramm E, van Calker D, Dykierek P,
211. Williams JW, Gerrity M, Holsinger T, Dobs­ Lieb K, Kech S, Zobel I, et al. An intensive
cha S, Gaynes B, Dietrich A. Systematic treatment program of interpersonal
review of multifaceted interventions to psychotherapy plus pharmacotherapy for

101

NASJONALE RETNINGSLINJER

for diagnostisering og behandling av voksne med depresjon i primær­ og spesialisthelsetjenesten

depressed inpatients: acute and long­term and solution­focused therapy on psychiat­
results. Am J Psychiatry 2007;164(5): ric symptoms during a 3­year follow­up.
768–77. Psychol Med 2008;38(5):689–703.
219. DeRubeis RJ, Hollon SD, Amsterdam JD, 226. Leichsenring F. Comparative effects of
Shelton RC, Young PR, Salomon RM, et al. short­term psychodynamic psychotherapy
Cognitive therapy vs medications in the and cognitive­behavioral therapy in depres­
treatment of moderate to severe depres­ sion: a meta­analytic approach. Clin
sion. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62(4): Psychol Rev 2001;21(3):401–19.
409–16. 227. Maina G, Rosso G, Bogetto F. Brief
220. Butler AC, Chapman JE, Forman EM, Beck dynamic therapy combined with pharmaco­
AT. The empirical status of cognitive­be­ therapy in the treatment of major depres­
havioral therapy: a review of meta­analyses. sive disorder: long­term results. J Affect
Clin Psychol Rev 2006;26(1):17–31. Disord 2009;114(1–3):200–7.
221. Churchill R, Hunot V, Corney R, Knapp M, 228. Thompson LW, Gallagher D, Breckenridge
McGuire H, Tylee A, et al. A systematic JS. Comparative effectiveness of psycho­
review of controlled trials of the effective­ therapies for depressed elders. J Consult
ness and cost­effectiveness of brief Clin Psychol 1987;55(3):385–90.
psychological treatments for depression. 229. Greenberg LSWJC. Emotion­focused
Health Technol Assess 2001;5(35):1–173. therapy for depression. Washington D.C.:
222. Cuijpers P, van Straten A, Andersson G, American Psychological Association; 2006.
van Oppen P. Psychotherapy for depres­ 230. Goldman RN, Greenberg LS, Angus L. The
sion in adults: a meta­analysis of compara­ effects of adding emotion­focused interven­
tive outcome studies. J Consult Clin tions to the client­centered relationship
Psychol 2008;76(6):909–22. conditions in the treatment of depression.
223. Abbass AA, Hancock JT, Henderson J, Psychother Res 2006;16(5):537–49.
Kisely S. Short­term psychodynamic 231. Greenberg L, Watson J. Experiential Thera­
psychotherapies for common mental py of Depression: Differential Effects of
disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Client­Centered Relationship Conditions
2006;(4):Art. No.: CD004687. and Process Experiential Interventions.
224. Gallagher­Thompson D, Steffen AM. Com­ Psychother Res 1998;8(2):210–24.
parative effects of cognitive­behavioral and 232. Watson JC, Gordon LB, Stermac L,
brief psychodynamic psychotherapies for Kalogerakos F, Steckley P. Comparing the
depressed family caregivers. J Consult Clin effectiveness of process­experiential with
Psychol 1994;62(3):543–9. cognitive­behavioral psychotherapy in the
225. Knekt P, Lindfors O, Harkanen T, Valikoski treatment of depression. J Consult Clin
M, Virtala E, Laaksonen MA, et al. Random­ Psychol 2003;71(4):773–81.
ized trial on the effectiveness of long­and
short­term psychodynamic psychotherapy

102

Helsedirektoratet

233. Barbato A, D’Avanzo B. Marital therapy for 241. Frank E, Kupfer DJ, Perel JM, Cornes C,
depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Jarrett DB, Mallinger AG, et al. Three­year
2006;(2):Art. No.: CD004188. outcomes for maintenance therapies in
recurrent depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry
234. Foley SH, Rounsaville B, Weissman M, 1990;47(12):1093–9.
Sholomskas D, Chevron E. Individual
versus conjoint interpersonal psycho­ 242. Frank E, Kupfer DJ, Buysse DJ, Swartz HA,
therapy for depressed patients with Pilkonis PA, Houck PR, et al. Randomized
marital disputes. Int J Fam Psychiatr trial of weekly, twice­monthly, and monthly
1989;10:29–42. interpersonal psychotherapy as mainte­
nance treatment for women with recurrent
235. Bodenmann G, Plancherel B, Beach SR, depression. Am J Psychiatry

Widmer K, Gabriel B, Meuwly N, et al. 2007;164(5):761–7.

Effects of coping­oriented couples therapy
on depression: a randomized clinical trial. 243. Paykel ES, Scott J, Teasdale JD, Johnson
J Consult Clin Psychol 2008;76(6):944–54. AL, Garland A, Moore R, et al. Prevention
of relapse in residual depression by cogni­
236. Henken HT, Huibers MJ, Churchill R, Restifo tive therapy: a controlled trial. Arch Gen
K, Roelofs J. Family therapy for depression. Psychiatry 1999;56(9):829–35.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(3):Art.
No.: CD006728. 244. Reynolds CF, III, Frank E, Perel JM, Imber
SD, Cornes C, Miller MD, et al. Nortriptyline
237. Bockting CL, Schene AH, Spinhoven P, and interpersonal psychotherapy as main­
Koeter MW, Wouters LF, Huyser J, et al. tenance therapies for recurrent major
Preventing relapse/recurrence in recurrent depression: a randomized controlled trial
depression with cognitive therapy: a ran­ in patients older than 59 years. JAMA
domized controlled trial. J Consult Clin 1999;281(1):39–45.
Psychol 2005;73(4):647–57.
245. Ma SH, Teasdale JD. Mindfulness­based
238. Fava GA, Rafanelli C, Grandi S, Canestrari cognitive therapy for depression: replica­
R, Morphy MA. Six­year outcome for tion and exploration of differential relapse
cognitive behavioral treatment of residual prevention effects. J Consult Clin Psychol
symptoms in major depression. Am J 2004;72(1):31–40.
Psychiatry 1998;155(10):1443–5.
246. Teasdale JD, Moore RG, Hayhurst H, Pope
239. Fava GA, Ruini C, Rafanelli C. Sequential M, Williams S, Segal ZV. Metacognitive
treatment of mood and anxiety disorders. awareness and prevention of relapse in
J Clin Psychiatry 2005;66(11):1392–400. depression: empirical evidence. J Consult
Clin Psychol 2002;70(2):275–87.
240. Vittengl JR, Clark LA, Dunn TW, Jarrett RB.
Reducing relapse and recurrence in unipo­ 247. Teasdale JD, Segal ZV, Williams JM, Ridge­
lar depression: a comparative meta­analy­ way VA, Soulsby JM, Lau MA. Prevention of
sis of cognitive­behavioral therapy’s effects. relapse/recurrence in major depression by
J Consult Clin Psychol 2007;75(3):475–88. mindfulness­based cognitive therapy. J
Consult Clin Psychol 2000;68(4):615–23.

103

NASJONALE RETNINGSLINJER

for diagnostisering og behandling av voksne med depresjon i primær- og spesialisthelsetjenesten

248. Bockting CL, Spinhoven P, Koeter MW, therapy, and their combination for the
Wouters LF, Schene AH. Prediction of treatment of chronic depression. N Engl
recurrence in recurrent depression and J Med 2000;342(20):1462–70.
the influence of consecutive episodes on 256. Efficacy and safety of electroconvulsive
vulnerability for depression: a 2-year therapy in depressive disorders: a
prospective study. J Clin Psychiatry systematic review and meta-analysis.
2006;67(5):747–55. Lancet 2003;361(9360):799–808.
257. Lisanby SH, Maddox JH, Prudic J, De-
249. Segal ZV, Pearson JL, Thase ME. Challeng­ vanand DP, Sackeim HA. The effects of
es in preventing relapse in major depres­ electroconvulsive therapy on memory of
sion. Report of a National Institute of Mental autobiographical and public events. Arch
Health Workshop on state of the science of Gen Psychiatry 2000;57(6):581–90.
relapse prevention in major depression. J 258. Kornør H, Kirkehei I, Høie B. Skade­
Affect Disord 2003;77(2):97–108. virkninger av elektrokonvulsiv behandling
(ECT) for stemningslidelser. Oslo:
250. Leader JB, Klein DN. Social adjustment in Kunnskapssenteret; 2007. Notat fra
dysthymia, double depression and episodic Kunnskapssenteret Oktober 2007.
major depression. J Affect Disord 259. Guidance on the use of electroconvulsive
1996;37(2–3):91–101. therapy. London: National Institute for
Health and Clinical Excellence; 2003.
251. Keller MB, Hirschfeld RM, Hanks D. Double Technology Appraisal 59. Tilgjengelig fra:
depression: a distinctive subtype of unipo­ www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/
lar depression. J Affect Disord 1997;45 pdf/59ectfullguidance.pdf
(1–2):65–73. 260. Vedrørende utskrivning av pasienter fra
døgnopphold i psykisk helsevern. Oslo:
252. Riso LP, Miyatake RK, Thase ME. The Sosial- og helsedirektoratet; 2004. Tilgjen­
search for determinants of chronic depres­ gelig fra: www.helsedirektoratet.no/vp/
sion: a review of six factors. J Affect Disord multimedia/archive/00001/IS­
2002;70(2):103–15. 17_2004_1073a.doc
261. Rosenthal NE, Sack DA, Gillin JC, Lewy AJ,
253. Arnow BA, Constantino MJ. Effectiveness of Goodwin FK, Davenport Y, et al. Seasonal
psychotherapy and combination treatment affective disorder. A description of the
for chronic depression. J Clin Psychol syndrome and preliminary findings with
2003;59(8):893–905. light therapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry
1984;41(1):72–80.
254. de Maat SM, Dekker J, Schoevers RA, 262. Mental Health: new understanding, new
de Jonghe F. Relative efficacy of psycho­ hope. Geneva: World Health Organization;
therapy and combined therapy in the 2001. The world health report 2001.
treatment of depression: a meta-analysis.
Eur Psychiatry 2007;22(1):1–8.

255. Keller MB, McCullough JP, Klein DN, Arnow
B, Dunner DL, Gelenberg AJ, et al. A
comparison of nefazodone, the cognitive
behavioral-analysis system of psycho­

104

Helsedirektoratet

263. Golden RN, Gaynes BN, Ekstrom RD, 270. Vieta E, Colom F. Psychological interven­
Hamer RM, Jacobsen FM, Suppes T, et al. tions in bipolar disorder: From wishful
The efficacy of light therapy in the treatment thinking to an evidence­based approach.
of mood disorders: a review and meta­ Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 2004;(422):
analysis of the evidence. Am J Psychiatry 34–8.
2005;162(4):656–62.
271. Miklowitz DJ, Simoneau TL, George EL,
264. Tuunainen A, Kripke DF, Endo T. Light Richards JA, Kalbag A, Sachs­Ericsson N,
therapy for non­seasonal depression. et al. Family­focused treatment of bipolar
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;(2):Art. disorder: 1­year effects of a psycho­
No.: CD004050. educational program in conjunction
with pharmacotherapy. Biol Psychiatry
265. Ljusterapi vid depression samt övrigt 2000;48(6):582–92.
behandling av årstidsbunden depression:
en systematisk litteraturöversikt: 272. Miklowitz DJ, George EL, Richards JA,
uppdatering av Kapitel 9 i SBU­rapporten Simoneau TL, Suddath RL. A randomized
Behandling av depressionssjukdomar study of family­focused psychoeducation
(2004), nr 166/2. Stockholm: Statens and pharmacotherapy in the outpatient
beredning för medicinsk utvärdering; 2007. management of bipolar disorder. Arch Gen
SBU­rapport 186. Psychiatry 2003;60(9):904–12.

266. Wijkstra J, Lijmer J, Balk F, Geddes J, 273. Frank E, Kupfer DJ, Thase ME, Mallinger
Nolen WA. Pharmacological treatment for AG, Swartz HA, Fagiolini AM, et al. Two­
psychotic depression. Cochrane Database year outcomes for interpersonal and social
Syst Rev 2005;(4):Art. No.: CD004044. rhythm therapy in individuals with bipolar
I disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry

267. Lovdahl H, Andersson S, Hynnekleiv T, Malt 2005;62(9):996–1004.

UF. The phenomenology of recurrent brief
depression with and without hypomanic 274. Lam DH, Watkins ER, Hayward P, Bright J,
features. J Affect Disord 2009;112(1– Wright K, Kerr N, et al. A randomized
3):151–64. controlled study of cognitive therapy for
relapse prevention for bipolar affective
268. Pezawas L, Angst J, Kasper S. Recurrent disorder: outcome of the first year. Arch
brief depression revisited. Int Rev Psychia­ Gen Psychiatry 2003;60(2):145–52.
try 2005;17(1):63–70.
275. Lam DH, Hayward P, Watkins ER, Wright K,
269. Colom F, Vieta E, Martinez­Aran A, Reinares Sham P. Relapse prevention in patients with
M, Goikolea JM, Benabarre A, et al. A bipolar disorder: cognitive therapy outcome
randomized trial on the efficacy of group after 2 years. Am J Psychiatry
psychoeducation in the prophylaxis of 2005;162(2):324–9.
recurrences in bipolar patients whose
disease is in remission. Arch Gen 276. Scott J. Cognitive theory and therapy of
Psychiatry 2003;60(4):402–7. bipolar disorders. Tidsskr Nor Psykol Foren
2007;44(5):647–57.

105

NASJONALE RETNINGSLINJER
for diagnostisering og behandling av voksne med depresjon i primær­ og spesialisthelsetjenesten

277. Miklowitz DJ, Otto MW, Frank E, Reilly­ and associated factors. Br J Psychiatry
Harrington NA, Kogan JN, Sachs GS, et al. 2007;190:27–35.
Intensive psychosocial intervention 285. Marston GM, Perry DW, Roy A. Manifesta­
enhances functioning in patients with tions of depression in people with intellec­
bipolar depression: results from a 9­month tual disability. J Intellect Disabil Res
randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychia­ 1997;41(Pt 6):476–80.
try 2007;164(9):1340–7. 286. Dagnan D, Chadwick P, Proudlove J.
Toward an Assessment of Suitability
278. Miklowitz DJ, Otto MW, Frank E, Reilly­ of People with Mental Retardation for
Harrington NA, Wisniewski SR, Kogan JN, Cognitive Therapy. Cogn Ther Res
et al. Psychosocial treatments for bipolar 2000;24(6):627–36.
depression: a 1­year randomized trial from 287. Radnitz C, red. Cognitive­behavorial
the Systematic Treatment Enhancement therapies for persons with disabilities.
Program. Arch Gen Psychiatry Northvale, NJ : Jason Aronson; 2000.
2007;64(4):419–26. 288. Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Lin H, Nelson
DB. Associations of hormones and meno­
279. Bergdahl E, Gustavsson JM, Kallin K, von pausal status with depressed mood in
Heideken WP, Lundman B, Bucht G, et al. women with no history of depression.
Depression among the oldest old: the Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63(4):375–82.
Umea 85+ study. Int Psychogeriatr 289. Schmidt PJ, Haq N, Rubinow DR. A l
2005;17(4):557–75. ongitudinal evaluation of the relationship
between reproductive status and mood in
280. Roose SP, Sackeim HA, red. Late­life perimenopausal women. Am J Psychiatry
depression. New York: Oxford University 2004;161(12):2238–44.
press; 2004. 290. Parry BL. Perimenopausal depression.
Am J Psychiatry 2008;165(1):23–7.
281. Pinquart M, Duberstein PR, Lyness JM. 291. Forman DN, Videbech P, Hedegaard M,
Treatments for later­life depressive Salvig JD, Secher NJ. Postpartum depres­
conditions: a meta­analytic comparison sion: identification of women at risk. Br J
of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. Obstet Gynaecol 2000;107(10):1210–7.
Am J Psychiatry 2006;163(9):1493–501. 292. Evans J, Heron J, Francomb H, Oke S,
Golding J. Cohort study of depressed
282. Alexopoulos GS, Abrams RC, Young RC, mood during pregnancy and after child­
Shamoian CA. Cornell Scale for Depression birth. BMJ 2001;323(7307):257–60.
in Dementia. Biol Psychiatry 293. Johanson R, Chapman G, Murray D,
1988;23(3):271–84. Johnson I, Cox J. The North Staffordshire

283. Kittelsaa AM. Utviklingshemning og
psykiske helsetjenester: en rapport fra
NAKU. Trondheim: Nasjonalt kompetanse­
miljø om utviklinghemning; 2008.

284. Cooper SA, Smiley E, Morrison J, William­
son A, Allan L. Mental ill­health in adults
with intellectual disabilities: prevalence

106

Helsedirektoratet

Maternity Hospital prospective study of 300. Dennis CL, Hodnett E. Psychosocial and
pregnancy­associated depression. J psychological interventions for treating
Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol postpartum depression. Cochrane Data­
2000;21(2):93–7. base Syst Rev 2007;(4):Art. No.:
294. Josefsson A, Berg G, Nordin C, Sydsjo G. CD006116.
Prevalence of depressive symptoms in late
pregnancy and postpartum. Acta Obstet 301. Nordeng H, Spigset O. Treatment with
Gynecol Scand 2001;80(3):251–5. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the
295. Eberhard­Gran M, Tambs K, Opjordsmoen third trimester of pregnancy: effects on the
S, Skrondal A, Eskild A. Depression during infant. Drug Saf 2005;28(7):565–81.
pregnancy and after delivery: a repeated
measurement study. J Psychosom Obstet 302. Alwan S, Reefhuis J, Rasmussen SA,
Gynaecol 2004;25(1):15–21. Olney RS, Friedman JM. Use of selective
296. Berle JO, Aarre TF, Mykletun A, Dahl AA, serotonin­reuptake inhibitors in pregnancy
Holsten F. Screening for postnatal depres­ and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med
sion. Validation of the Norwegian version of 2007;356(26):2684–92.
the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale,
and assessment of risk factors for postnatal 303. Louik C, Lin AE, Werler MM, Hernandez­
depression. J Affect Disord 2003;76(1– Diaz S, Mitchell AA. First­trimester use of
3):151–6. selective serotonin­reuptake inhibitors and
297. Robertson E, Grace S, Wallington T, Stewart the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med
DE. Antenatal risk factors for postpartum 2007;356(26):2675–83.
depression: a synthesis of recent literature.
Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2004;26(4):289–95. 304. Briggs GG, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ. Drugs in
298. Munk­Olsen T, Laursen TM, Pedersen CB, pregnancy and lactation: a reference guide
Mors O, Mortensen PB. New parents and to fetal and neonatal risk. Philadelphia:
mental disorders: a population­based Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.
register study. JAMA 2006;296(21):2582–9.
299. MacArthur C, Winter HR, Bick DE, Knowles 305. Schaefer C, Peters P, Miller RK, red. Drugs
H, Lilford R, Henderson C, et al. Effects of during pregnancy and lactation: treatment
redesigned community postnatal care on options and risk assessment. Amsterdam:
womens’ health 4 months after birth: a Elsevier; 2007.
cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet
2002;359(9304):378–85. 306. Cole JA, Ephross SA, Cosmatos IS, Walker
AM. Paroxetine in the first trimester and the
prevalence of congenital malformations.
Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf
2007;16(10):1075–85.

307. Kallen BA, Otterblad OP. Maternal use of
selective serotonin re­uptake inhibitors in
early pregnancy and infant congenital
malformations. Birth Defects Res A Clin
Mol Teratol 2007;79(4):301–8.

107

NASJONALE RETNINGSLINJER

for diagnostisering og behandling av voksne med depresjon i primær­ og spesialisthelsetjenesten

308. Diav­Citrin O, Shechtman S, Weinbaum D, 315. Beardslee WR, Versage EM, Gladstone TR.
Wajnberg R, Avgil M, Di Gianantonio E, et Children of affectively ill parents: a review
al. Paroxetine and fluoxetine in pregnancy: of the past 10 years. J Am Acad Child
a prospective, multicentre, controlled, Adolesc Psychiatry 1998;37(11):1134–41.
observational study. Br J Clin Pharmacol
2008;66(5):695–705. 316. Goodman SH, Gotlib IH, red. Children of
depressed parents : mechanisms of risk
309. Chambers CD, Hernandez­Diaz S, Van and implications for treatment. Washington
Marten LJ. Selective serotonin­reuptake D.C.: American Psychological Association;
inhibitors and risk of persistent pulmonary 2002.

hypertension of the newborn. N Engl J Med
2006;354:579–87.
317. Lavoie F, Hodgins S. Mental disorders
among children with one parent with a
310. Kallen B, Olausson PO. Maternal use of lifetime diagnosis of major depression.
selective serotonin re­uptake inhibitors and I: Hodgins S, Lane C, Lapalme M, red. A
persistent pulmonary hypertension of the critical review of the literature on children
newborn. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf at risk for major affective disorders.
2008;17(8):801–6. Ottawa: The Strategic Fund for Children’s
Mental Health; 1994. s. 37–82.
311. Berle JO, Steen VM, Aamo TO, Breilid H,
Zahlsen K, Spigset O. Breastfeeding during 318. Lieb R, Isensee B, Hofler M, Pfister H,
maternal antidepressant treatment with Wittchen HU. Parental major depression
serotonin reuptake inhibitors: infant expo­ and the risk of depression and other mental
sure, clinical symptoms, and cytochrome disorders in offspring: a prospective­
p450 genotypes. J Clin Psychiatry longitudinal community study. Arch Gen
2004;65(9):1228–34. Psychiatry 2002;59(4):365–74.

312. Eberhard­Gran M, Eskild A, Opjordsmoen 319. Weissman MM, Wickramaratne P, Nomura
S. Use of psychotropic medications in Y, Warner V, Pilowsky D, Verdeli H. Off­
treating mood disorders during lactation: spring of depressed parents: 20 years later.
practical recommendations. CNS Drugs Am J Psychiatry 2006;163(6):1001–8.
2006;20(3):187–98.
320. Beardslee WR, Wright EJ, Gladstone TR,
313. Beardslee WR, Salt P, Versage EM, Forbes P. Long­term effects from a random­
Gladstone TR, Wright EJ, Rothberg PC. ized trial of two public health preventive
Sustained change in parents receiving interventions for parental depression.
preventive interventions for families with J Fam Psychol 2007;21(4):703–13.
depression. Am J Psychiatry
1997;154(4):510–5.

314. Kufås E, Lund K, Myrvoll LR. Foreldre med
psykiske problemer: om å styrke muligheter
for vekst og redusere belastninger for barn
og ungdom. Tidsskr Psyk Helsearb
2004;1(3):35–48.

108

Heftets tittel: Nasjonale retningslinjer for diagnostisering og
behandling av voksne med depresjon i primær-
og spesialisthelsetjenesten

Utgitt: Mai 2009

Bestillingsnummer: IS1561

ISBN-nr. 978-82-8081-184-4

Utgitt av: Helsedirektoratet
Kontakt: Avdeling psykisk helse
Postadresse: Pb. 7000 St Olavs plass, 0130 Oslo
Besøksadresse: Universitetsgata 2, Oslo

Tlf.: 810 20 050
Faks: 24 16 30 01
www.helsedirektoratet.no

Heftet kan bestilles hos: Helsedirektoratet
v/ Trykksaksekspedisjonen
e-post: [email protected]
Tlf.: 24 16 33 68
Faks: 24 16 33 69
Ved bestilling, oppgi bestillingsnummer: IS-1561

Illustrasjon: Katrine Lunke
Grafisk design: Aase Bie

Helsedirektoratet
Pb. 7000 St Olavs plass, 0130 Oslo

Tlf.: 810 20 050
Faks: 24 16 30 01
www.helsedirektoratet.no