EETech News 2021

Edition November 2021

School of Electrical Engineering,
College of Engineering

EETECH
NEWS

Foreword from
Chief Editor

Nur Idawati Md Enzai

           elcome to the upgraded issue of “...LOOK FOR
SOMETHING POSITIVE
W EETech News. EETech News was
IN EACH DAY,
first published in 2008 and it has EVEN IF SOME DAYS
become an internal bulletin for the YOU HAVE TO LOOK
Electrical Engineering Faculty of UiTM
Terengganu until 2020. This year, 2021 A LITTLE HARDER"
marks the overhaul of EETech News by
opening articles contributions to other EETECHNEWS
faculties and institutions not restricted
to UiTM.

We have also invited two distinguished
external editors to improve the quality
of EETech News. This issue comprises
articles from various faculties and
schools that are related to the science
and technology field. I would like to
thank and extend my gratitude to the
management for approving this
project and to my co-editors, as well as
the contributing authors for this issue.

CONTENTS

TECHNOLOGY

HOTELIERS TECHNOLOGY TREND POST
PANDEMIC COVID-19

DRONE TECHNOLOGY IN MALAYSIA?
WHERE ARE WE AT?

THE FIRST UITM SATELLITE: UITMSAT-1

REMOTE SENSING AND GEOGRAPHIC INTERNET
INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) IN
FISHERIES WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW) AND
ASSOCIATED PROTOCOLS
RESEARCH
DO YOU KNOW WHAT IS 3-D FREQUENCY HEALTH
SELECTIVE SURFACE?
PROTEIN INTAKE IN
ELECTRICAL CABLES: AN CHILDHOOD TO BOOST
INTRODUCTION IMMUNITY AND COMBAT
CORONAVIRUS
ADDRESSING YOUR CONCERN
BEFOREHAND: A REVIEW ON TEACHING
& LEARNING STEM- A PRACTICAL GUIDE

MAJOR HAZARDS IN CHEMICAL
PROCESS INDUSTRY

BIODIESEL AS SOURCES OF BIOFUEL IN
MALAYSIA

TYPE OF EXTRACTION TECHNIQUE FOR KNOWLEDGE REPORT
BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN MEDICAL
PLANTS THE BENEFITS OF CELUR IN REPORT OF WEBINAR:
TRADITIONAL PRACTICES INDUSTRIAL POWER
INTERNET OF THINGS
DISTURBANCES BY
IOT-BASED INTRUSION DETECTION FOR SUPERFOOD PINEAPPLE - PETRONAS GAS BERHAD
AGRICULTURE WHAT IS BROMELAIN AND (PGB)
ITS APPLICATION?

TIPS THE MOBILISATION OF
SOCIAL MEDIA IN
COMMUNICATING
ENVIRONMENTAL
DISCLOSURE

COPY AND PASTE ONTO BACKGROUND
IMAGE USING ADOBE PHOTOSHOP

FKEEETECHNEWS

EETECHNEWS 2021

EETECHNEWS EDITORS

Chief Editor

Nur Idawati Md Enzai
Lecturer

School of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering,
UiTM Cawangan Terengganu Kampus Dungun

External Editors

Prof Madya Dr Naimah Yaakob Dr Azana Hafizah Mohd Aman

Senior Lecturer Senior Lecturer
Faculty of Electronic Engineering Technology Faculty of Information Science & Technology,
(FTKEN), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)

Internal Editors

Syila Izawana Ismail Fatimah Nur Mohd Redzwan Mazratul Firdaus Mohd Zin

Senior Lecturer Lecturer Lecturer
School of Electrical Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering,

College of Engineering, College of Engineering, College of Engineering,
UiTM Cawangan Terengganu UiTM Cawangan Terengganu UiTM Cawangan Terengganu

Kampus Dungun Kampus Dungun Kampus Dungun

2021 EDITION 1 EETECH NEWS

ADDRESSING
YOUR CONCERN
"Welcome to the university;
BEFOREHAND: A there's your office, good luck."
REVIEW ON
TEACHING & The above phrase was the FIRST subtopic of chapter one from the book I am
about to review; Teaching & Learning STEM- A Practical Guide. The term

resonates deeply with what I'm experiencing; hence there is no way that I can

L E A R N I N G S T E M - put it off my mind. I must read the whole book! I could not remember how I came
A P R A C T I C A L across this book as it was four years ago. However, I remember the hurdle to
GUIDE owning this copy that saved me from drowning in the pool of information on
teaching and learning.

By: Siti Nur Amalina Aznam
School of Mechanical Engineering
College of Engineering     It was only a little of two years into teaching engineering students and
UiTM Cawangan Terengganu Kampus Bukit undergoing a week of Kursus Asas Pengajaran (a compulsory course for newly
Besi appointed lecturers). I start to look for practical ways to improve my teaching
and students' learning experience. Out of many materials that I found, this book

covers the right thing needed as an Engineering educator—written by the

engineering Professor himself, Richard M. Felder who has vast and insightful

experience in teaching engineering graduates. Apart from authoring books for

Chemical Engineering students, he and co-author Rebecca Brent (an

experienced researcher in curriculum and instructions) are actively conducting

various international T&L workshops.
Given the duo's expertise and experience, they managed to present this co-

authored book constructively. The book addresses the reader's concern

beforehand. It anticipates the questions you might have in mind before you even

know you are about to pop up questions. The reason is that at each section, they

will present a scenario (even the cultural setting is different, but we resort the

same as a STEM educator and learner), followed by what educators usually do,

and next proposing what we can do. However, educators might encounter

certain hurdles in applying the change in practice, so the authors listed the

recommendation and takeaways to minimize the load. Remember that all these

suggested takeaways are from experience and backed up by educational science

and research.
The arrangement of the topics is in a manner of a stand-alone subject. In other words, the reader need not read it page

by page. Just pick on your concern area, start simple, experiment with the methods, and observe the changes. If things

do not work as expected as you hypothesize or follow your inference, you can get back to the particular section and

look for suggestions to improve. It is written interactively, meanings you can immensely read one chapter, but it will

also suggest you a pop-up to another section of the book to have better insights. The key idea is that you need to carry

out and experience it yourself before digest the tips and takeaway remedy put forward in this book. Please go on, read

it and try it, and let's have a discourse together!

E-ISSN2682-7573 EETECHNEWS   | 01  

2021 EDITION 1 EETECH NEWS

BIODIESEL AS
SOURCES OF BIOFUEL

IN MALAYSIA

By: Aishah Binti Derahman

School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering

UiTM Cawangan Terengganu Kampus Bukit Besi

The National Biofuel Policy (NBP) was established in 2005 to reduce the
dependency on fossil-based fuels and promote sustainable production
and environmentally friendly biofuels. The primary objective of the NBP
is to ensure that Malaysia is becoming a leader in the global biodiesel
industry by creating new demand for palm oil, stabilizing the palm oil
price, and mitigating climate change reducing greenhouse emissions [1].
The urges to find alternatives for fossil fuel-based arise due to the
increase in oil prices, depletion of fossil fuel reserves, and the emergence
of concerns about greenhouse gas emissions on the environment.
Malaysia is the second-largest producer of palm oil globally and is
considered one of the top biodiesel-producing countries.The
development of biodiesel production and technology in Malaysia is due
to the huge growing plantation of palm oil. The crucial aspect
determining the growth of biodiesel are the availability and accessibility
of the resources. Biodiesel produced from palm oil is said to have better
properties as fuel than other feedstock such as soybean and rapeseed
oil. In contrast, biodiesel production from palm oil has also sparked
several controversial issues related to fuel versus food, mass clearing of
the forest for the plantation, loss of biodiversity, and pollution [2].

MJatropha curcas has recently drawn the attention of the Malaysian
government as a feedstock alternative production of biodiesel since it is
also producing high yields of oil besides palm oil. The oil is extracted
from the seed and further processed using transesterification to
produce biodiesel [3]. The advantage of using Jatropha biodiesel is that it
is not affected by the controversial issue of food versus fuel.
Furthermore, Jatropha biodiesel can be blended with diesel using any
proportions or can also be used as pure biodiesel compared to palm oil
biodiesel that requires a blend in specific portions before usage. In terms
of economic price, Jatropha biodiesel is cheaper due to its advantage as a
non-edible oil feedstock. Other forms of biofuel that can be obtained
from Jatropha oil include biogas and bioethanol

Despite all the available resources above, the commercialization of biodiesel in REFERENCES
Malaysia is still unclear. They face some challenges, including fluctuations in [1] Johari, A., Nyakuma, B. B., Mohd Nor, S. H., Mat, R., Hashim, H., Ahmad,
international biodiesel prices, decreasing production, engine compatibility with A., Yamani Zakaria, Z., & Tuan Abdullah, T. A. (2015). The challenges and
biodiesel, fuel subsidies, and crude oil prices. It has been reported that the cost prospects of palm oil based biodiesel in Malaysia. Energy, 81, 255–261.
to produce biodiesel in some developed countries is 1.5 to 3 times higher than [2] Zulqarnain, Yusoff, M. H. M., Ayoub, M., Jusoh, N., & Abdullah, A. Z.
the cost to process fossil fuel-based biodiesel due to the higher need for edible (2020). The challenges of a biodiesel implementation program in
oils. In addition to implementing policies and plans with the government's Malaysia. Processes, 8(10), 1–18.
support, extensive plan and more research are required to achieve NBP aims. [3] Farouk, H., Zahraee, S. M., Atabani, A. E., Mohd Jaafar, M. N., &
Alhassan, F. H. (2020). Optimization of the esterification process of crude
jatropha oil (CJO) containing high levels of free fatty acids: a Malaysian
case study. Biofuels, 11(6), 655–662.

E-ISSN2682-7573 EETECHNEWS   | 02  

2021 EDITION 1 EETECH NEWS

DO YOU KNOW WHAT IS 3-D
FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SURFACE?

Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSSs) are planar periodic structures of
identical cells in one or two directions that can behave like filters to
electromagnetic energy

AUTHOR AFFILIATION

Assoc. Prof. Dr Saidatul Norlyana Azemi Advanced Communication Engineering (ACE)
Advanced Communication Engineering (ACE) Centre of Excellence, Centre of Excellence, Universiti Malaysia
Universiti Malaysia Perlis Perlis

INTRODUCTION

FSSs are widely used for shielding of non-ionized radiation. They have
been employed to improve wireless networks, radar system, and scientific
research infrastructures. For practical applications, it is desired to realize
a FSS with miniaturized elements and a stable frequency response for
different polarizations and incident angles. But these features are difficult
to obtain through traditional designs; Thus a large number of structures
and modelling techniques have been proposed. However, most of the
research of the FSSs has been in two dimensional periodic array of
resonant structures, where a single layer FSS is known to suffer from poor
selectivity and narrow bandwidth. Cascading single layer FSSs with the
inclusion of a dielectric spacer is a common technique to increase the
bandwidth.

Recently, an innovative concept of a three-dimensional (3-D) FSS was proven to be
promising for the realization of compact high-performance FSSs. Previous
incarnations of 3-D FSSs consist of a 2-D array of cavities whose modes and
coupling with air can be controlled to obtain a desirable frequency response. The 3-
D FSS is still a relatively new concept, and very few designs have been proposed so
far. It has been reported in literature review to offer greater flexibility and providing
an extra degree of freedom in the design when compared to a conventional 2-D
FSS where the design limitations are relatively well known. A new type of 3-D
frequency selective surface based on a square ring unit element has proven its
flexibility. The FSS was made 3-D by extending ring into a cylindrical element of a
certain length. This extends the potential functionality of the structure and adding
extra degrees of freedom in the design. A 3-D frequency selective surface was
demonstrated to offer great flexibility in terms of controlling the frequency
response as well as the incident angle.

Moreover, the 3-D FSS also facilitates a low profile stable
performance with stable incident angle. One of the applications of
the 3-D FSS is as a sensor for structural health monitoring (SHM)
system. In SHM, FSS is implemented and applied in 3-D form to track
and wirelessly monitor structure tilt without the need for any active
components. The building tilt angle can be more effectively
monitored when it is sensitive to a single-polarized incident wave.
This ideally requires either the TE- or TM-incident waves to cause a
gradual shift of resonance frequency with the changes of building tilt
angle. The orthogonal polarized wave, on the other hand, should be
insensitive to these changes in the incident angles, indicating
minimal resonance shifts with the incident angle variation and this
can be achieved by using 3-D FSSS.

E-ISSN2682-7573 EETECHNEWS   | 03  

2021 EDITION 1 EETECH NEWS

Drone Technology in Malaysia? Where are we at?

By Dr Wan Safra Diyana binti Wan Abdul Ghani
Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, UiTM Cawangan Terengganu Kampus Terengganu

Drone technology is a comparatively modern equipment to be adopted worldwide in various industries.
This technology, also called unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology, has gained rising interest by
individuals and organisations for numerous reasons, especially in aerial surveillance, whether for
commercial or security purposes. Besides being used worldwide in military sector, drones are also used
in other divisions such as agriculture, construction, transport, flood monitoring and courier services. So
how about the adaptation of drone technology in our beloved country, Malaysia? Where are we really
at?

Currently in Malaysia, drone has been found to be useful in construction, agriculture, traffic monitoring, as well as
in oil and gas industries. This shows that the skills in piloting the drone are not only beneficial to the photography
and film-making enthusiasts, but also to the workforces in the relevant industries. A number of Malaysian drone-
related companies such as Aeronerve and Asia Drone IoT Technologies have offered different level of courses with
specific skills in empowering the skillset of workforces in drone technology, thus providing ample opportunities
especially to Malaysian youths to embark upon this interesting arena. Nonetheless, it has been reported that the
drone adoption rate in Malaysian industries is still slower than in other countries [1]. So where did we go wrong?

Several people have blamed the regulations set by the authorities which were deemed to be too rigid, hence not
helping to promote the growth of drone adoption in Malaysia. It would be a waste of many Malaysian drone
technology talents if these issues are not quickly handled. This special technology offers numerous opportunities in
both business-related and academic-related contexts due to its’ science that integrates disciplines of computer,
engineering, business and creative design in one particular technology. Having said that, we need more experts in
remote sensing, Internet-of-Things (IoT), data science, computing, analytics and engineering towards achieving
the success of Industry 4.0 transformation in Malaysia. Several universities such as Universiti Tun Hussein Onn
Malaysia (UTHM) [2] and Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) [3] have successfully developed their own drones for
multiple purposes. This shows the significant interests and progress in technological contexts among
academicians and drone technology practitioners. Therefore, to avoid the brain drain of expertise in near future,
all key players in drone technology services and Malaysian authorities should together find the proper solutions in
accelerating the adoption of drone in Malaysian industries.

References:

[1] https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/drones-hobby-data-analytics-malaysia-dronetech-1321971
[2] https://www.kosmo.com.my/2021/09/19/dron-gergasi-mampu-angkat-beban-200kg/
[3]https://www.upm.edu.my/news/drones_made_from_pineapple_leaves_have_electrical_resistance_
quality-57723

E-ISSN2682-7573 EETECHNEWS   | 04  

2021 EDITION 1 EETECH NEWS

ELECTRICAL CABLES: AN
INTRODUCTION

By : Dr Mohamad Yusof Mat Zain, Mohd Nazrul Sidek, Raja Mohd

Noorhafizi Raja Daud, Abdul Hafiz Kassim

School of Eletrical Engineering, College of Engineering, UiTM Cawangan Terengganu

Kampus Dungun

An electrical cable is created based on one or more conductors having an overall covering. A few
sorts of electrical cables are produced for specific applications. In addition, the electrical cable
has one or more protected conductors ordinarily secured with a protective jacket.

There is an international standard organisation that manages the standards of electrical,
electronic and related technologies known as the International Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC), in which Malaysia is one of the members. Generally, the electrical cables could be
categorised based on their applications such as low voltage and high voltage cables. Each
category specifies the range of voltage that the electrical cable could operate ideally. According
to IEC 60038 standard [1], low voltage is specified for the voltage up to 1kV, meanwhile for the
high voltage is specified for the range between 1 kV till 33 kV. Normally, the low voltage cable is
used for power, lighting, control, signal and communication circuits. Meanwhile, the high voltage
cable is used in industrial applications such as feeder and branch circuits for electric utility
service. Mostly, the high voltage cable could work properly in dry, damp or wet locations.
Moreover, the high voltage cable could be implemented either in raceways or underground ducts
or direct buried and so on.

Furthermore, ideal selections of the electrical cable could increase the performance efficiency of
any specific applications. Various considerations that will affect the selection of an ideal
electrical cable such as size and type of electrical cables. Through the sight of the eyes, the
electrical cable might be distinguished according to its colour, brand, and label. There are 2
colour types of the electrical cable which are single colour and bi-colours.

Additionally in Malaysia, an electrical installation is controlled and managed by Suruhanjaya
Tenaga (ST) Malaysia. Thus, all the electrical installation must be agreed with the guideline
issued by ST. According to ST, the usage of single colour cable is typically applied to the wiring
systems in which red/yellow/blue are used for live line, green for earth and black for neutral [2].
In fact, these colour codes are the old version produced by British whereby most of the countries
in the world are currently changing the colour codes according to IEC 60445 [3]. According to
IEC 60445, there are several changes to the colour codes; for instance, colour code for neutral
has been changed from black to blue.

Besides that, the electrical cables could also be distinguished according to the data printed on

REFERENCES the label. Most of the required information such as size and occupied voltage are shown at the
[1] INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION,

“IEC 60038: STANDARD VOLTAGES,” 2009. label. However, there are several theories or information behind the determination of the ideal
[2] SURUHANJAYA TENAGA MALAYSIA, “GUIDELINES FOR

ELECTRICAL WIRING IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS,” 2008. electrical cables. Therefore, users are recommended to know and learn invaluable theories to
[3] A. H. JAAFFAR, M. N. SELAMAT, AND M. N. ISMAIL,

determine“BARRIERS TO STANDARDIZATION OF NEW CABLE COLOUR the ideal electrical cables by referring to many available resources in order to make

CODE FOR ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION,” IN 9TH

INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS an electrical cable selection. This subsequent interesting topic will be discussed in the next

MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE (IEBMC 2019), DEC. 2020, PP.

895–899, DOI: 10.15405/EPSBS.2020.12.05.99. edition of EETECHNEWS.

E-ISSN2682-7573 EETECHNEWS   | 05  

2021 EDITION 1 EETECH NEWS

HOTELIERS TECHNOLOGY 01
TREND POST PANDEMIC
COVID-19

By: Jazira Anuar, Wan Nazriah Wan Nawawi, Dr. Hayati Adilin
Abd. Majid
Faculty of Hotel & Tourism Management,
UiTM Cawangan Terengganu Kampus Dungun

Pandemic of COVID-19 had given dramatic impacts to hotel and tourism
industry worldwide including Malaysia. Several reputable and established
hotels and restaurants have to seize operation due to this unprecedented
pandemic. World Health Organization (WHO) recently announced that COVID-
19 can be classified as endemic, something that belongs to a particular people

02or country. Nevertheless, with 15.4 million population in Malaysia completed

vaccination, according to National COVID-19 Immunization Programme as at
2/9/2021, businesses are slowly resuming their operation back. Given the
current scenario and trend, hospitality providers as well as SMEs demand
strategies that can be adopted to sustain in the intense current market. Here
are five (5) best strategies suggested by authors. First and foremost, the
application of smartphone. Fully utilize the usage of smartphone in hotel and
restaurant operation would serve as an added advantage for hoteliers/
restaurant operators and marketers. Lots of interesting, yet creative marketing
strategies and activities, while creating customer rapport can be done through
smartphone.

Moreover, hoteliers/ restaurant operators and marketers can adopt the EEEETTEECCHHNNEEWWSS   | |0066   
application of WhatsApp, telegram and text messages as the marketing
platform. Hotels and restaurants operators can share their latest promotions
and attractive packages with the regular and potential customers. The

03uniqueness of this application relies in its convenience which allows hoteliers to

directly reach their customer besides the convenience approach and
inexpensive cost. Furthermore, chatbots can be an excellent avenue to engage
with customers queries. Customers demand fast response from the hospitality
providers at all times of the day. Chatbots can take care of the basic queries
from customer with regards to standard setting of the business. The best part
is it can collect customer details such as the email address, contact number as
well as social media account. A more personalized and effective marketing
campaign can be organized by hospitality providers.

In conjunction with that, hospitality providers can introduce facial recognition
for onsite check-in and accessing facilities. As customers need to follow strict
SOPs and minimizing contact and touch, facial recognition would serve as the
best solution. It can be considered as the technological edge to improve
customer’s experience. By using facial recognition, guests can simply check-in
into hotel room (replacing the key card), restaurant for their breakfast/meal
(replacing coupon/voucher) and use it for accessing other facilities at the hotels

04such as the swimming pool, gymnasium and mini shop. Furthermore, energy-

saving technology could also be implemented for in-room services. By adopting
this approach, it can provide a great money saver for hoteliers as well as
creating moment-of-truth that would really impress or ‘wow’ customers.
Example of in-room energy saving technology in hotel is occupancy-based
sensors where it reduces energy costs through motion detectors or thermal
sensors. When a room is unoccupied, it will automatically shut off the power. It
can be placed at public areas too such as the hallways, floor corridor and
walkways to restaurant.

05As technology keep on changing, it is vital for hospitality providers to keep track

with the current trend to cater customers need and requirements.

Reference:
Intermountainhealthcare.org (2020), https://www.revfine.com (2021) The Latest Technology Trends in Hospitality Industry

EE- -I ISSSSNN22668822- -77557733

2021 EDITION 1 EETECH NEWS

MAJOR HAZARDS IN CHEMICAL PROCESS
INDUSTRY

By Muhammad Firdaus Husin, School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, UiTM Cawangan

Terengganu Kampus Bukit Besi

Typically, major hazards occurred in the chemical process industries (CPI) are fire, explosion and toxic release. While the fire
is the most common among these three hazards, the explosion is more critical in terms of its damage potential as well as can
lead to fatalities and catastrophic damage to property, people and environment. On the other hand, toxic release possesses
the greatest potential to kill a large number of people and would cause an area to be damaged if no prompt action is taken.
Details of each hazard is explained in the following paragraphs.

Basically, fire is a chemical reaction in which a substance combines with an oxidant and releases energy. Chemically, fire can
be occurred with presence of fuel, oxidant (air) and an ignition source. Many major fires are vapour cloud fires (Mannan,
2005a). Vapour cloud fires or flash fires are unexpected events in short duration which ignite vapour cloud formed from spills
or leakages (Crowl and Louvar, 2011). In the past, vapour cloud fires were reported at the Port Newark, New Jersey (1951) and
the Mexico City (1984) accidents (Mannan, 2005a).

Explosion is the second major hazard which usually happened in chemical process industries. As stated by Lees (2005),
explosion can be expressed as a sudden and violent release of energy for which the extent of violence depending on the rate
of energy released. Main causes of explosions involve uncontrolled and accidental chemical reaction, combustion explosion in
equipment, unconfined vapour cloud, overpressure, decomposition, combustion sparks, pressure vessel failure and improper
operation (Khan and Abbasi, 1999).

The toxic release is any spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, discharging, injecting, escaping, leaching, or dumping
of toxicants into the environment during chemical transport, storage, use or waste disposal. Toxicants are compounds that
are carcinogenic, teratogenic, or mutagenic when consumed, breathed, or absorbed by living creatures, causing severe
illness, poisoning, birth defects, disease, or death (Crowl and Louvar, 2011). The most significant toxic release in the industry
occurred in the Bhopal (1984) disaster when 40 tons of methyl isocyanate escaped, erupted and released fume causing 3,000
deaths due to respiratory failure and 500,000 civilians suffered aftermath. When compared to unignited dispersions of
flammable, toxic, and corrosive chemicals, liquid dispersions, spills, and vapour clouds are the most typical toxic release
phenomena.

To summarise, most process safety accidents in the CPI involve multiple major hazards. Catastrophic accidents result from
the interaction of fire, explosion, and/or toxic releases. Therefore, extensive mitigation strategies should be implemented in
order to prevent the recurrence of similar accidents and to strengthen preventative measures in chemical

References.
Crowl, D.A. and Louvar, J.F. (2011). Chemical Process Safety - Fundamentals with Applications, 3rd. Ed. New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.
Khan, F.I. and Abbasi, S.A. (1999). Major Accident in Process Industries and Analysis of Causes and Consequences. Journal of Loss Prevention in Process Industries,
12, 361-378.
Mannan, M.S. (2005a). Lee’s Loss Prevention in Process Industry-Hazard Identification, Assessment and Control, vol. 1, 3rd. Ed. Burlington: Elsevier-Butterworth
Heinemann.

E-ISSN2682-7573 EETECHNEWS   | 07   

2021 EDITION 1 EETECH NEWS

World Wide Web BY SITI SARA BINTI RAIS

(WWW) and SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

UITM CAWANGAN TERENGGANU

Associated Protocols KAMPUS DUNGUN

Web or World Wide Web (www) is an information

system [1] of interlink hypertext documents. It can

be accessed via the internet using Uniform

Resource Locators (URLs) such as

https://www.netacad.com/. Hypertext Transfer

Protocol (HTTP) is used to transfer web resources,

which users may access using a software

application known as a web browser and

published by a web server [1].

Tim Berners-Lee, an English scientist, is an Oxford

University graduate. He proposed the world wide

web at his company, CERT, Geneva, Switzerland,

in 1989. He created his web browser in 1990, had

it adequately implemented via HTTP by the end of

1990, and invited the public to join the new web

community in 1991. For additional information and

history, please see the reference section. [1,3]

The web browser connects users to the web

resources. It is an internet browser that is

capable of displaying a range of multimedia. It

can be used for various purposes, including file

transfer/sharing, e-mail, online banking, and

video streaming. Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome,

Apple Safari, Microsoft Edge, and Opera are a

few examples of web browsers. Additionally,

mobile browsers are designed for portable

devices with Android, iOS, and others. [2]

Browsers translate Hypertext Markup Language
(HTML) commands into web pages. Web pages
are hypertext documents formatted in HTML.
Special HTML syntax enables users to navigate to
other web resources via integrated hyperlinks
with URLs. Along with text, web pages may
contain references to images, video, audio, and
software components displayed or executed
internally by the user's web browser to produce
pages or streams of multimedia material.
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), JavaScript, AJAX,
and Applets are the technologies used to create
highly interactive and animated web pages. [1,2]

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2021 EDITION 1 EETECH NEWS SLOCOTORP DNA BEW

When a user navigates to a web page by typing a URL into the browser's address bar or clicking on a hyperlink, they
(the client) request a web page from the webserver. This process involves the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) in
the Transport Layer of the TCP/IP model. Let us take this URL as an example:
https://www.netacad.com/courses/all-courses. Https is an application layer protocol in the TCP/IP model for
secure communication across the internet. www.netacad.com represents the web server name. Courses/all-courses
is the specific file name requested. [4]
In data networks, devices are assigned numeric IP addresses in order to send and receive data. Domain names were
designed to simplify the process of converting a numeric address to a recognized name. On the internet, domain
names such as https://www.netacad.com are far easier for users to remember than the server's actual numeric
address, 2600:1417:3f:1382::1e70. Suppose NetAcad decides to modify the numeric address of www.netacad.com. In
that case, the user will not notice because the domain name will remain unchanged. The new address is associated
with the same domain name, preserving connectivity. The protocol used for this system so-called Domain Name
System (DNS). [4]
As a closing, it is recommended to use a private browser for security. Private browser for chrome is an incognito
window, Microsoft Edge; InPrivate window and Mozilla Firefox; private window. When a computer user browses the
web in a private mode, cookies are disabled, temporary internet files and browsing history are removed after closing
the window. Lastly, browse wisely and do not misuse today's technology.

[1] "World Wide Web." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web (accessed Sep. 27, 2021).
[2] T. J. O'Leary, L. I. O'Leary, and D. A. O'Leary, Computing Essential: Making IT Work For You, Complete E. New
York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2017.
[3] "History of the Web," World Wide Web Foundation. https://webfoundation.org/about/vision/history-of-the-
web/ (accessed Sep. 27, 2021).
[4] "Introduction to Networks," Cisco Networking Academy. https://static-course-
assets.s3.amazonaws.com/ITN6/en/index.html (accessed Sep. 27, 2021).

E-ISSN2682-7573 EETECHNEWS   | 09  

2021 EDITION 1 EETECH NEWS

The Mobilisation of Social Media in

Communicating in Environmental Disclosure

Environmental Disclosure (ED) is increasingly demanded
by a multitude of constituents to support decision-making
processes. In generic terms, ED refers to any form of
disclosure that indicates the extent of the impact of
organisational activities on the physical environment it
operates. The heightened environmental awareness among the
relevant public is contributed by the intense media coverage
on the detrimental environmental disasters such as
indiscriminating land clearing, illegal toxic waste dumping
sites, soil erosion fatalities that claim the lives of innocent
victims, and frequent flash floods. The massive losses of
private properties, to highlight a few, have exerted some
pressures on the corporate citizens to supply EDs in a myriad
of communication channels as an attempt to notify the range
of initiatives and efforts that the companies have undertaken
in protecting the environment. These disclosures represent a
communication strategy to build a favorable corporate
reputation and image and to mitigate any potential scrutiny
from the stakeholders that may adversely affect the
organizational legitimacy. In the past, EDs have either been
integrated with the paper-based annual report or produced as a
stand-alone document in the form of environmental and
sustainability reports to complement the readily available
financial information.

Nonetheless, this mode of reporting mechanism has some
inherent drawbacks. Besides being too costly to report, it
appears that the page of limitations often constrains
information disclosed on the conventional approach.
Therefore, priority has to be practiced in deciding which
information is warranted to be disclosed. Consequently, the
information that is considered insignificant is often
marginalized and left unreported. Of late, the rapid
advancement in information and communication technology
(ICT) has propelled the infusion of an array of the innovative
platform to disseminate EDs. Social media, for example, has
been gradually mobilized as an alternative medium of reporting
to supply EDs. Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, and
TikTok are among the predominant social media applications
that have gained some momentums by the corporate citizens
to spread their organizational information, including EDs.
Increasing Internet penetration and availability of smart mobile
gadgets enable corporate information and EDs to be extracted
anywhere and anytime.

E-ISSN2682-7573 EETECHNEWS   | 10  

2021 EDITION 1 EETECH NEWS

Moreover, social media permits an active engagement with
the stakeholders in a timely, effective manner and relatively
low cost. It facilitates the sharing of information, ideas, and
suggestions by building what is known as virtual networks
and communities. This unique two-way communication
serves as an effective dialogic communication where
organizations can share their corporate environmental
activities and simultaneously obtain valuable real-time
feedback from the stakeholders. In return, the feedback
secured from the interactive conversations can provide
critical inputs for any amendments and improvements to the
organizations’ environmental policies and strategies. Unlike
conventional reporting mechanisms, social media is more
flexible, and its non-linear format allows information to be
uploaded and accessed more readily. The dynamic nature of
social media has brought considerable changes in how
corporate information and EDs are prepared, reported, and
retrieved. Therefore, social media has become an
indispensable reporting tool, and its mobilizations should be
promoted. The challenge now lies in ensuring that the EDs
reported on social media have all the qualitative
characteristics of useful information such as relevant,
reliable, and transparent so that the relevant stakeholders
can reap the benefits. Perhaps, a third-party assurance, for
example, by the independent auditor, may become
inevitable to help assess the authenticity of EDs reported
on social media.

By Che Ku Hisam Che Ku Kassim, Nur Raihana Mohd Sallem

Faculty of Accountancy, UiTM Cawangan Terengganu Kampus Dungun




E-ISSN2682-7573 EETECHNEWS   | 11  

2021 EDITION 1 EETECH NEWS

I SUPERFOOD Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is one of the most important species of
PINEAPPLE- Bromeliaceae family grown commercially for its fruits. Costa Rica is the
largest producer of pineapple globally, totaling 7.5 million tonnes,
WHAT IS followed by Brazil, Thailand, Philippines, and Indonesia. The fruit is
BROMELAIN AND naturally used as processed products such as juice, canned sliced, jam,
TS APPLICATION? and ice cream. However, only 25 percent of the fruits are used as
marketable products, while the remaining 75 percent (leaves, crown,

stem, and bark) is treated as agricultural waste [1]. A large amount of
the waste generated in the industrial process involving pineapples
contains a significant amount of Bromelain. Bromelain is a powerful
enzyme as an alternative medicine with various applications in industrial
and therapeutic perspectives [2], [3].

By Dr Fatahiya Mohamed Tap and Mohd Shahrul Nizam Saleh, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering,

UiTM Cawangan Terengganu Kampus Dungun

Bromelain belongs to proteolytic enzymes because of its catalytic
function to degrade other molecules into smaller parts [4]. Bromelain is
present in all aspects of the pineapple plant. However, the properties
and characteristics of the enzyme are distinguished by its sources,
either from the stem, fruits, or core of the pineapple [5]. This enzyme
has attracted great attention in therapeutic applications because of its
non-toxic properties. Bromelain has been used extensively in industrial
and pharmaceutical applications such as baking, meat tenderization,
wine production, textile, and cosmetics [6], [7]. In the food industry,
Bromelain is used commercially for meat processing to tender and
soften the meat. The more purified the Bromelain, the higher the
tendency for the Bromelain to rupture the myofibril. In addition, it is also
used as an effective agent for enzymatic browning inhibitors in apple
juice [8]. It has also been used in the cosmetic industry, especially for
external use like cleaning and protection purposes [9]. The use of
Bromelain as a hydrolyzing agent on releasing the antioxidant and
antimicrobial peptides had also been reported [10].

E-ISSN2682-7573 EETECHNEWS   | 12  

2021 EDITION 1 EETECH NEWS

As mentioned above, Bromelain has become the current attention as a
protease enzyme because of its extensive applications both in industrial
and pharmaceutical areas. Therefore, a wide range of extensive studies
on extraction, purification, nutritional values, and biochemical properties
and characteristics of Bromelain must be conducted to further
understand this enzyme's properties. It hopes that the outcome from
these extensive studies may shed light on developing a new remedy
from pineapple.

References

[1] S. Ketnawa, P. Chaiwut, and S. Rawdkuen, “Pineapple wastes: A potential source for bromelain
extraction,” Food and Bioproducts Processing, vol. 90, no. 3, pp. 385–391, Jul. 2012, doi:
10.1016/j.fbp.2011.12.006.

[2] N. Mirabella, V. Castellani, and S. Sala, “Current options for the valorization of food manufacturing
waste : a review,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 65, pp. 28–41, 2014, doi:
10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.10.051.

[3] R. Sahoo and P. Das, Bromelain: Applications and Purification Strategies, vol. 5. 2017.
[4] J. A. Mótyán, F. Tóth, and J. Tőzsér, “Research Applications of Proteolytic Enzymes in Molecular

Biology,” Biomolecules, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 923–942, Dec. 2013, doi: 10.3390/biom3040923.
[5] Z. Manzoor, A. Nawaz, H. Mukhtar, and I. Haq, “Bromelain: Methods of Extraction, Purification and

Therapeutic Applications ,” Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology , vol. 59. scielo , 2016.
[6] Z. I. M. Arshad, A. Amid, F. Yusof, I. Jaswir, K. Ahmad, and S. P. Loke, “Bromelain: an overview of

industrial application and purification strategies,” Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, pp. 7283
7297, 2014, doi: 10.1007/s00253-014-5889-y.
[7] W. Bengal, “Bromelain : An Overview,” vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 359–363, 2008.
[8] N. T. Bitange, Z. Wang, S.-Y. Xu, and W. Zhang, “Therapeutic application of pinapple protease
(Bromelain): A Review,” Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 513–520, 2008.
[9] I. Rocha, A. Pereira, I. Tadeu, L. Bresolin, P. G. Mazzola, and E. Basile, “Incorporation of Bromelain
into Dermatological Bases: Accelerated Stability Studies,” vol. 8, pp. 270–277, 2014.
[10] J. Salampessy, M. Phillips, S. Seneweera, and K. Kailasapathy, “Release of antimicrobial peptides
through bromelain hydrolysis of leatherjacket ( Meuchenia sp .) insoluble proteins,” Food Chemistry,
vol. 120, no. 2, pp. 556–560, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.10.054.




E-ISSN2682-7573 EETECHNEWS   | 13  

2021 EDITION 1 EETECH NEWS

PROTEIN INTAKE IN CHILDHOOD
TO BOOST IMMUNITY AND

COMBAT Coronavirus

By Adida Muhammud Dr. Hayati Adlin Abd Majid, Dr. Hasiah There are 20 types of amino acids
Mohammed, Syarifah Nurulhikmah Syed Yasin, Norizan Mohamad. required by the human body, and ten
Faculty of Applied Science UiTM Cawangan Terengganu Kampus Bukit of them cannot be synthesized by the
Besi and Faculty Of Computer And Mathematical Sciences UiTM body and must be supplied in the diet.
Cawangan Terengganu Kampus Kuala Terengganu Proteins are important in building new
tissues and replacing dead, injured, or
Proteins consist of carbon, hydrogen, damaged tissues. Proteins are also the
oxygen, nitrogen (C, H, O, N), and main component to produce enzymes,
antibodies, hemoglobin, carotene, and

occasionally sulfur (S) atoms. Proteins hormones. Instead of building tissues
and forming muscles, breaking down
are made up of thousands of protein into carbohydrates may
polypeptide chains, and each chain is produce energy.
made up of thousands of its basic units
called amino acids. The amino acids Protein is a macronutrient that is vital
bind to each other with peptide bonds. for child growth and development.
The carbon element of the amino acid Childhood is a fragile stage, and lots of
is linked to four groups, an amino energy is needed. Therefore, a good
group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen diet to build up tissues, muscles, and
atom, and a side group which antibodies is very important.
determines the type of protein
molecules formed. Protein is absorbed
into the cell in the form of amino acids.

PAGE 3 | COMIDA EETECHNEWS   | 14  
E-ISSN2682-7573

2021 EDITION 1 EETECH NEWS

High-quality proteins such as milk and milk products,
yogurt and cheese, eggs, meat, poultry, and fish are
some examples of proteins with important nutrients
like vitamin E, B vitamins, zinc, iron, and magnesium.
These vitamins enhance the formation of cell
membranes and organelles and prevent the oxidation
of unsaturated fatty acids. Others, some B vitamins,
function as enzymes and coenzymes to activate cell
metabolism and immune systems.
Therefore, consuming good proteins in the
recommended amount will fulfill the needs of
children's bodies and vital functions. The
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) by the
Health Promotion Board of Singapore said the protein
needs per day per children increase with age.
Children in 3 to 5 years need at least 25grams of
protein per day, whereas a child in 5 to 7 years of age
needs at least 30 grams of protein per day. These
amounts will be considered enough minerals intake
like iron, magnesium, and zinc. Iron is a component of
hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochrome, and other
enzymes which are required for oxygen transportation
and cell respiration, which will boost immune
systems.

A child, who does not get enough protein EETECHNEWS   | 15
may experience health issues, including
fatigue, poor concentration, slowed growth,
bone and joint pain, delayed wound healing,
and decreased immune response.
Therefore, to combat Coronavirus, childhood
needs to consume enough good proteins.
Parents must be creative to get their
children's appetite for protein nutrients. They
must make colorful meals like tofu nuggets,
mini fruit kebabs, steamed beef with
vegetables, mashed potatoes, and fish filet.
Instead of a heavy meal plan with a balanced
diet, protein food also can be eaten as a
snack, as simple as two boiled eggs per day
and peanut butter. Children should also drink
2 to 3 glasses of milk per day as a good
source of protein and calcium. A well and
balanced dietary plan is essential in
childhood to support the development of the
immune system. Therefore, the body may
survive and fight well with any pathogens
such as the flu virus and Coronavirus.
E-ISSN2682-7573

2021 EDITION 1 EETECH NEWS

IOT – BASED INTRUSION
DETECTION FOR

AGRICULTURE FIELD


B Y P R O F M A D Y A D R N A I M A H Y A A K O B , N I Z A M U D D I N K A M A L
FACULTY OF ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY,
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS (UNIMAP)



TRAVEL TRIPS AND MORE

Agriculture is still one of the most crucial sectors in ensuring Malaysia's economic growth, which also
contributes to national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) [1]. Agriculture provides a large portion of the
Malaysian population with food, raw materials, and employment. Nevertheless, land trespassing and
intrusion are still common problems many farmers and field owners face, especially in Malaysia. To date,
traditional agricultural systems like humanoid scarecrows are still being used in our country to stop
animals from disturbing and feeding on growing crops and scare robbers and intruders that intend to
break in. In some cases, farmers also have to take turns keeping an eye on the crop field to prevent any
animal or uninvited human from trespassing the field.
Nevertheless, such ideas consist of many loopholes, results in inefficient monitoring, and are time-
consuming. Therefore, enhancing agricultural field security is becoming one of the major agronomic
issues these days. The main problems faced by many farmers in the existing security agricultural systems
are inefficient intruders' detection and identification. Moreover, it is also challenging to differentiate
between animal or human intruders.

E-ISSN2682-7573 EETECHNEWS   | 16  

2021 EDITION 1 EETECH NEWS

Therefore, it is paramount to propose a system
that can detect intruders, monitor any
malicious activities, and notify owners in
unwanted circumstances. This can be done with
the help of Internet of Things (IoT) technology
that has been proven to play a major role in
improving agricultural productivity, optimizing
yields, and reducing agricultural waste [2]. IoT
provides real-time field data collection, data
analysis, monitoring, and control mechanism
implementation. IoT also plays vital roles in
providing precision farming, greenhouse
automation, smart irrigation, and ensuring
intelligent security systems. To enhance
security, the integration of IoT in agriculture
can help capture intruders' images for
monitoring and help farmers identify and
differentiate different kinds of intruders using
the captured images. Using this method, an
alarm will be turned on, and farmers will be
notified upon detection of any intruders or
abnormal situations.

Images of intruders will be sent directly to farmers' smartphones as well as to the cloud, which can later be
retrieved by the farmers for monitoring and recording, as shown in Figure 1. PIR sensor will first detect any
movement, and the reed switch module will notify farmers when the gate is opened. Camera module is then
used to capture the image of the intruder. Apart from security, the adoption of several sensors in IoT will also
enable farmers to continuously monitor and control their agricultural field's conditions.

Environmental data such as temperature
and humidity of soil can be collected,
viewed, and controlled just from their
smartphones. The temperature and
humidity sensor is placed inside the
greenhouse near the crops to measure
the situation. This method will help
farmers remotely monitor their farm's
condition without the need for their
presence at the field. Remote monitoring
and control can improve production and
hence better yield.

Figure 1: System Overview of IoT-Based Intrusion Detection for Agricultural Field

References:
[1] Rozhan Abu Dardak, 2015, "Transformation of Agricultural Sector in Malaysia through Agricultural Policy"
Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Retrieved 28th July 2021,
https://ap.fftc.org.tw/article/818
[2] IoT Applications in Agriculture Industry | Smart Farming Solutions. (n.d.). Retrieved February 11, 2021, from
https://www.biz4intellia.com/blog/5-applications-of-iot-in-agriculture/

E-ISSN2682-7573 EETECHNEWS   | 17  

2021 EDITION 1 EETECH NEWS

Remote Sensing And Geographic

Information System (GIS) in

Fisheries Management

Fisheries management and planning involve many
spatial components to consider, for example,
movements and migrations of the resources, the
definition of fishing grounds, etc. All parties,
especially fisheries biologists, aquatic resource
managers, and decision-makers, have to solve all the
elements to produce good fisheries management.
Geographic Information System is the best tool to
help them clear up the issues and solve them by
analyzing many spatial components altogether [1]. GIS
is a dynamic tool that can make use of spatial
information and, combined with the location of the
features with the properties of those features, this
will help the researchers to collect, analyze and
visualize the spatial data for different purposes [2].
Remote sensing and GIS can be combined and
function effectively to identify, map and monitor
aquaculture resources, especially in identifying,
mapping, and monitoring the potential fishing zone.
The databases produced by this technology will be a
scientific tool for all researchers to develop proper
planning and strategies to manage fish sectors [3].
The effective management of the Potential Fishing
Zone (PFZ) is essential since it will give more benefits
for the fishing community to reduce and save the
effort on time, money, and cost on fuels to search for
the fish abundance.

E-ISSN2682-7573 EETECHNEWS   | 18  

2021 EDITION 1 EETECH NEWS

By : Nik Nur Shaadah Nik Dzulkefli and
PM Ir. Gs. Ts. Dr. Norsuzila Ya’acob
School of Electrical Engineering, College
of Engineering UiTM Cawangan Terengganu
Kampus Dungun and UiTM Shah Alam

Consequently, it will improve the profit and
socio-economic status of the fishermen. The
solution is needed to find a sustainable long-
term economic management of the resources
by maintaining the exploitable fish stocks with
the management's guidance, thus supporting
the world mission of Sustainable Development
Goal (SDG) 14 programs [4]. GIS is beneficial
since it can manipulate and overlay the data in
several ways and slightly perform many
analytical functions so that the decision-making
process in fisheries can be done faster and
more efficiently [5]. For example, remote
sensing is used to gather all information about
the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and
Chlorophyll Concentration (CC) to analyze the
Potential Fishing Zone (PFZ) at Thoothukudi
coastline, which city lies in the Coromandel
Coast of Bay of Bengal, India. The research used
Landsat 8 images to create the base map of the
Thoothukudi coastline. MODIS-AQUA satellite
data were used to derive the SST and
Chlorophyll-a for the Thoothukudi coast (Bay of
Bengal) from 2013 to 2017 for June [6].

References

1.Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, "The Sate of World Fisheries and Aquaculture - Geographic information systems
in fisheries management and planning- Technical manual", Rome, 2003, FAO 2003, ISBN 92-5-104999-8,pp: 1.

2.Rupam Jyoti Nath, Samar Jyoti Chutia, Nishi Sarmah, Garima Bora, Ankhita Chutia, Kedolhouse Kuotsu, Rajdeep Dutta and Yashwanth B.S,
"A review on applications of geographic information system (GIS) in fisheries and aquatic resources", International Journal of Fauna and
Biological Studies 2020; 7(2): 97-102.

3.Thankam Theresa Paul, A. Dennis, and Grinson George, "A Review of Remote Sensing Techniques for the Visualization of Mangroves,
Reefs, Fishing Grounds, and Molluscan Settling Areas in Tropical Waters", Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016, DOI
10.1007/978-3-319-25121-9_4.

4.Kunal Chakraborty, Sourav Maity, Aneesh A. Lotliker, Alakes Samanta, Jayashree Ghosh, Nagaraja Kumar Masuluri, Naga Swetha & Rose P.
Bright, "Modelling of marine ecosystem in regional scale for short term prediction of satellite-aided operational fishery advisories", Journal
of Operational Oceanography, 12:sup2, S157-S175, DOI:10.1080/1755876X.2019.1574951.

5.Subhendu D., "Application of GIS in Mapping of Fishery Resources", ICAR-CIFE, Kolkata Centr, 142, 2013.
6.S Karuppasamy*,a, T P Ashithab , R Padmanabanc , M Shamsudeend & J M N Silvac , "A remote sensing approach to monitor potential

fishing zone associated with sea surface temperature and chlorophyll concentration", Indian Journal of Geo Marine Sciences, Vol. 49 (06),
June 2020, pp. 1025-1030.

E-ISSN2682-7573 EETECHNEWS   | 19  

2021 EDITION 1 EETECH NEWS

FIGURE 1: UITMSAT-1

THE FIRST UITM

SATELLITE: UITMSAT-1 THE UITMSAT-1 CUBESAT WAS LAUNCHED TO THE INTERNATIONAL
SPACE STATION (ISS) ON 29 JUNE 2018, ABOARD A FALCON 9 FULL
by Wan Ahmad Khusairi bin Wan Chek popular THRUST ROCKET AS PART OF THE SPACEX CRS-15 COMMERCIAL
School of Electrical Engineering RESUPPLY SERVICE MISSION. THE UITMSAT-1 CUBESAT WAS THEN
College of Engineering LAUNCHED INTO SPACE USING THE ISS KIBO MODULE IN AUGUST
UiTM Cawangan Terengganu Kampus Dungun 2018.

CubeSats are becoming increasingly THE MINIMUM TIME REQUIRED FOR THE CUBESAT TO REMAIN IN
ORBIT IS 6 - 9 MONTHS. THIS IS NECESSARY FOR DETERMINING THE
among researchers and universities. It is primarily CUBESAT'S FUNCTIONALITY IN SPACE AND CARRYING OUT THE
MISSION. ON 20 NOVEMBER 2020, THE UITMSAT-1 CUBESAT
due to the nanosatellite's low cost and short ALREADY COMPLETED THE ASSIGNED MISSION AND HAVE
DEORBITED THE SPACE.
development time. The first Malaysian CubeSat, SOURCE :
[1]“UITMSAT-1WIKIPEDIA.”
known as BIRDS 2 UiTMSAT-1, was developed in HTTPS://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/UITMSAT-1 (ACCESSED SEP. 20,
2021).
October 2016 and launched into space in June 2018.
TABLE 1: CATEGORIES OF CUBESAT
The CubeSat was launched at a distance of 400

kilometres into the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) region.

The BIRDS 2 UiTMSAT-1 CubeSat is the second

generation of the JGMNB Project's Joint Global

Multi-Nation BIRDS (JGMNB). The BIRDS 2

UiTMSAT-1's design is depicted in Figure 1.

The BIRDS CubeSat project is an educational

programme that teaches not only traditional space

technologies but also systems engineering, project

management, and cross-cultural teamwork.

Malaysia, as well as the Philippines and Bhutan, are

involved in the BIRDS 2 projects. The BIRDS 2

UiTMSAT -1 nanosatellite is 1U in size. Other CubeSat

categories are shown in the table 1.

Despite its small size, the CubeSat has the same

subsystem as traditional satellite systems. The

Electrical Power Subsystem (EPS), Onboard

Computer (OBC), Attitude Determination Control

(ADCS), Communication (COM), and payloads are

the CubeSats' subsystems. Typically, the payloads

define the CubeSat's mission. Because the CubeSat

is a miniature satellite, it makes full use of off-the-

shelf components (COTS). COTS components are

commercially available electronic components.
Six missions have been assigned to the

UiTMSAT-1 CubeSat. The missions assigned to

the UiTMSAT-1 CubeSat are as follows:

(1) Camera (CAM),
(2) APRS Digipeater (APRS DP),
(3) Store and Forward Demonstration (S&F)
(4) COTS GPS technology demonstration,
(5) Anisotropic Magneto Resistance Magnetometer (AMR-MM),
and
(6) Single Event Lag-up Detection (SEL).

E-ISSN2682-7573 EETECHNEWS   | 20  

2021 EDITION 1 EETECH NEWS

REPORT OF WEBINAR:SEPT. 2020 • VOILNIXDISUS S1 TRIAL POWER
DISTURBANCES BY PETRONAS GAS BERHAD

THE LEARNER(PGB)

PROF. MADYA. IR. DR. ZULZILAWATI JUSOH, KU SITI SYAHIDAH KU MOHD NOH, NUR HAFIZAH RABI'AH
HUSIN, SITI SARA RAIS

W I N S L O W PURIOTMGCRAEWSASNGI VANE TLEEREANRGNGAI NNUGKCAMEPNUTSEKRUA' SLAOTEFRFEINCGIGAALNUN E W S L E T T E R

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING UiTM CAWANGAN TERENGGANU
KAMPUS DUNGUN

Yellow Pre School Students Photo School Newsletter

On 4th of April 2021, UiTM Terengganu collaborated with IEM Terengganu and PETRONAS
Gas Bhd in organizing a virtual webinar on INDUSTRIAL TALK: MANAGING POWER using
Microsoft Teams platform.

The program was conducted for 3 hours starting from 3PM until 6PM and the
respectable speakers were Ir A Karim bin A Rahman, who is a Principle Engineer
(GPU/PGB) and Ir M Rahmat bin M Tahir, a Staff Engineer (GPU/PGB). This program
was moderated by Mr. M Farid bin Sanif, an Executive (GPU/PGB).

The opening speech was delivered by the Rector of UiTM Terengganu, YBhg
Professor Ts Dr Mazidah Puteh while the closing speech was delivered by the Head
of Engineering & Services, PGB, YBhg Tn Hj A Fatah bin Abu Mansor. There were 187
participants involving students and staff of UiTM all around Malaysia, staff from
PETRONAS, private industries and GLC, and some were from other IPTA/IPTS as
well. Thank you to all participants and it is hoped that this program had benefited
everyone involved.

Many thanks and appreciation to PGB who had also sponsored gifts for quiz
activities during the program which was won by 10 lucky participants.

E-ISSN2682-7573 EETECHNEWS   | 21  

2021 EDITION 1 EETECH NEWS

COPY AND PASTE ONTO BACKGROUND IMAGE USING
ADOBE PHOTOSHOP

By Siti Sara Rais
School of Electrical Engneering,
College of Engineering, UiTM Cawangan Terengganu Kampus Dungun

The use of photographs in producing posters requires an editing process so that the background
of the original photo is not visible. The photo will be given a new background according to the
suitability of the poster. This editing process is easier to do using Adobe Photoshop. Let's see
step by step to crop a photo.

Step 1: If you have a photo to be displayed as a speaker in a poster, you can directly open the
file in Adobe Photoshop. File > Open > Your photo directory.

Step 2: You can choose either Object Selection tool or Magnetic Lasso tool to trim the photo as
shown in Figure 1.

Step 3: Figure 2 shows the selection object to be trimmed. Ctrl+C for copy onto a new file.
Step 4: Open a new file and choose the clipboard layout. File > New > Clipboard > Create as
shown in Figure 3.

Step 5: Ctrl+V for paste onto a new file. Save as a new file with extension .psd. Now you can
export the image to png or other form of image file and save it in your directory. Then, the
image can be used in your poster.

Figure 1: Techniques to trim an object Figure 2: An object selection

Figure 3 : Select clipboard for a new file (a) (b)

E-ISSN2682-7573 Figure 4 (a) : Final step (b) A crop image used
in a poster
EETECHNEWS   | 22  

2021 EDITION 1 EETECH NEWS

The Benefits of Celur in Traditional

Practices Furthermore, blanching can also limit the
degradation of both carotenoids and β-
By Iswaibah Mustafa carotene, as reported in Xiao et al. studies
(1). They found that the contents of
School of Chemical Engineering carotenoids and β-carotene and
antioxidant properties of blanched carrots
College of Engineering significantly increased than untreated raw
carrots. Consequently, blanching does not
UiTM Cawangan Terengganu Kampus Bukit Besi only affect the final quality attributes of
products but is also beneficial in human
Blanching or Celur is one of the universally Because of this, various aspects of health. In today’s advanced food
traditional practices used in culinary and blanching have recently attracted processing, this traditional method should
food processing. Blanching is a cooking several research studies, primarily in be incorporated with other emerging
process in which food, usually a vegetable, the antioxidant retention of plants. technology to achieve the ultimate desired
quality of food products.
is immersed in boiling water or steam for a Antioxidants are essential to balance
short time. This technique is then quickly the production of free radicals in the References
followed by cooling in very cold or ice biological system and protect against 1. Xiao HW, Pan Z, Deng LZ, El-Mashad HM, Yang XH,
water. The purpose of blanching is to i) oxidative stress disorders (3). The Mujumdar AS, et al. Recent Developments and Trends
inactivate the enzymes responsible for effects of oxidative stress on human in Thermal Blanching – A Comprehensive Review. Inf
producing off-flavor and unpleasant odor, health appear to significantly Process Agric (2017) 4:101–27.
ii) maintain the freshness color and stabilize contribute to aging and degenerative 2. Xin Y, Zhang M, Xu B, Adhikari B, Sun J. Research
the texture and nutritional quality, iii) diseases such as inflammation, cancer Trends in Selected Blanching Pretreatments and Quick
remove pesticide residue and toxic promotion, and neurodegenerative Freezing Technologies as Applied in Fruits and
constituents, iv) remove the trapped air diseases (4). Henceforth, blanched Vegetables: A Review. Int J Refrig (2015) 57:11–25.
between the cells v) decrease microbial foods receive higher scores for the 3. Carocho M, Ferreira ICFR. A Review on
load, vi) peel off the products and vii) retention of the phenolic content than Antioxidants, Prooxidants and Related Controversy:
maximize the extraction efficiency of non-blanched samples, which is Natural and Synthetic Compounds, Screening and
bioactive compounds (1,2). For the latter, attributed to the thermal inactivation Analysis Methodologies and Future Perspectives. Food
since blanching involves heat treatment, of undesirable enzyme polyphenol Chem Toxicol. 2013 51:15–25.
changes in plant tissue structure such as oxidase and decreases the rate of 4. Boligon AA, Machado MM, Athayde ML. Medicinal
disruption of cell membranes have enzymatic deterioration of fruits and Chemistry Technical Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity.
improved bioactive compounds' liberation vegetables. It was found that when Med Chem (2014) 4:517–22.
during extraction. Bioactive compounds blanched in steam for 10 minutes, the
such as polyphenolic contents are highly antioxidant activity of olives oil has
important in scavenging free radicals and increased from 4 – 13 times compared
play various medicinal and physiological to unblanched samples (1).
functions in living nature.

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2021 EDITION 1 EETECH NEWS


TYPE OF EXTRACTION
TECHNIQUE

Dr Nur Syukriah Ab Rahman
School of Chemical Engineering

College of Engineering
UiTM Cawangan Terengganu Kampus Bukit Besi

Sample pre-treatment is one of the most critical steps in this Supercritical fluid has several major advantages over liquid
research area because the desired bioactive compounds will be solvents because the density of the fluid can be highly
isolated at this stage. The extraction process involved adjustable by changing the temperature and pressure, thus
conventional and modern methods which have its own improving the dissolving power. Other than that, SFE has
advantages and disadvantages. Conventional extraction methods favourable mass transfer due to its higher diffusion
consist of Soxhlet extraction, maceration extraction, shaking or coefficient, lower viscosity and surface tension compared to
stirring extraction and hydro distillation technique, while the liquid solvents. However, the application of SFE in
modern methods involved microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), industry is very limited due to the lipophilic nature of CO2,
ultrasound-assisted extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction expensive and lack of technical expertise.
(SFE) (Azmir et al., 2013). Soxhlet extraction technique is one of
the well-established conventional methods and the main References
advantage of this method is only one batch of solvent will be
recycled, but this method is not suitable for the extraction of Azmir, J., Zaidul, I.S.M., Rahmana, M. M., Sharif, K.M., Mohamed,
thermolabile compounds. Maceration technique is one of the A., Sahena, F., Jahurul, M.H.A., Ghafoor, K., Norulaini, N.A.N., and
traditional methods suitable for use in the case of thermolabile Omar, A.K.M. (2013). Techniques for Extraction of Bioactive
compounds. Plant materials will be soaked in the solvent for Compounds from Plant Materials: A Review. Journal of Food
each specific period and temperature with frequent agitation Engineering, 117: 426-436.
until the powdered plant drug is fully dissolved (Ncube et al.,
2008). Ultrasound-assisted extraction is one of the inexpensive Ncube, N. S., Afolayan, A. J., Okoh, A.I (2008). Assessment
and simple extraction methods but the main benefit by using Technique of Antimicrobial Properties of Natural Compounds of
this method is it can produce high extraction yield and faster Plant Origin: Current Methods and Future Trends. African Journal
kinetics. However, it is important to control the extraction of Biotechnology, 7(12): 179701806.
temperature precisely since this method generates heat and the
filtration step is also a mandatory when using this method. In Kratchanova, M., Pavlova, E., and Panchev, I. (2004). The effect of
MAE, the microwave radiation caused pressure to build up Microwave Heating of Fresh Orange Peels on the Fruit Tissue and
inside the plant matrixes, which change the physical properties Quality of Extracted Pectin. Carbohydrate Polymers, 56(2): 181-185.
of the plant materials. Hence, this change will increase the
porosity and allow better penetration of solvents into the Yeoh, S., Zhang, S., J., and Langrish, T. A.G. (2008). A comparison of
biological matrix (Kratchanova et al., 2004; Yeoh et al., 2008), Different Technique for Water-Based Extraction of Pectin from
while SFE works based on the supercritical state of solvent of Orange Peels. Chemical Engineering Communications, 195 (5): 511-
fluid when the temperature and the pressure are raised over its 520.
critical value (Wang and Weller, 2006).

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