EDITORS Volume 2 e-ISSN 2682-7565 Electrical Engineering Innovation, Competition & Exhibition 2024 (EEICE 2024) Nur Idawati binti Md Enzai Pengajian Kejuruteraan Elektrik Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Terengganu Kampus Dungun Norfadhilah binti Hasan, Norhasnati binti Abdull Patas, Nazira binti Yunus Jabatan Kejuruteraan Elektrik Politeknik Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Dungun Terengganu
Electrical Engineering Innovation, Competition & Exhibition 2024 (EEICE 2024) e-ISSN 2682-7565 Vol. 2 Online : June 2024 1 Extended Abstracts of Final Year Projects Volume 2 IOT-ENABLED SMART IRRIGATION AND CROP MONITORING SYSTEM Muhammad Nazif Hakimi Bin Zaini, Wan Ahmad Khusairi Wan Chek, Hasrul Hafiz Abu Bakar, Mohd Saiful Najib Ismail@Marzuki page 2 PLANT CARE SYSTEM Nurul Syakinah Masngun, Nur Idawati Md Enzai page 5 SMART INTRAVENOUS BAG TRACKER Wan Nur Damia Arisya Wan Mohd Hisham, Wan Ahmad Khusairi Wan Chek, Hasrul Hafiz Abu Bakar page 8 SMART SAFETY HEADGEAR FOR CLOSED-SPACE MANEUVERING Ahmad Hazim Faiz Bin Ahmad Zakiyon, Mohd Amir Hamzah bin Ab. Ghani page 10 SMART WATER DISPENSER Muhammad Azri Mohammed Zikri, Norhayati Ahmad, Siti Sara Rais page 12 TRACKING GLOVE SENSOR Mohamad Nazrul Amin Mohamad Nazri, Hasrul Hafiz Abu Bakar, Wan Ahmad Khusairi Wan Chek, Mohd Saiful Najib Bin Ismail @ Marzuki page 14 ULTRASONIC SENSOR-BASED OBSTACLE AVOIDANCE ROBOT Miza Qistina Mohd Asri, Wan Ahmad Khusairi Wan Chek, Hasrul Hafiz Abu Bakar page 17 WATER DEPTH OBSERVATION SYSTEM Muhammad Afif Bin Ahmad Shafie, Mohd Amir Hamzah bin Ab. Ghani page 20
Electrical Engineering Innovation, Competition & Exhibition 2024 (EEICE 2024) e-ISSN 2682-7565 Vol. 2 Online : June 2024 2 IOT-ENABLED SMART IRRIGATION AND CROP MONITORING SYSTEM Muhammad Nazif Hakimi Bin Zaini1 , Wan Ahmad Khusairi Wan Chek2 , Hasrul Hafiz Abu Bakar3 , Mohd Saiful Najib Ismail@Marzuki4 1234 School of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Universiti Teknologi MARA Terengganu, Malaysia [email protected] Abstract: This study presents the development of the IoT-based Smart Agriculture Monitoring System, which has been developed to monitor the watering of plants and the temperature of crops. The system integrates sensors such as soil moisture and humidity sensors, as well as a water pump that is controlled through a smartphone application called Blynk. This system enables efficient crop management and data transmission to users through the utilization of IoT technology. The system provides farmers with an easy-to-use solution for effective crop monitoring and irrigation, marking a significant advancement in agricultural technology. It facilitates agricultural processes and enhances crop health. Keywords: IoT, Monitoring system, soil moisture and humidity sensors, Blynk INTRODUCTION The Internet of Things has been used in several environments, such as connected buildings, smart industry, smart agriculture, connected cars, smart cities, smart homes, connected roads, campuses, and other domains [1]. The Smart Agriculture Monitoring System is an Internet of Things (IoT)-based technological innovation that seeks to transform conventional farming methods through automated control mechanisms and real-time information. This system has sensors that measure soil moisture and humidity in addition to a water pump that can be operated with a smartphone app called Blynk. Farmers may efficiently monitor and irrigate their crops with accuracy and seamless data transfer by utilising the Internet of Things (IoT) technology, improving crop health and simplifying agricultural procedures. Farmers can enhance crop management, lower operating costs, and effectively and practically support sustainable farming practices with the aid of this cutting-edge system [2]. METHODOLOGY The components are connected to the ESP8266 as shown in Figure 1. When the microcontroller is powered on, the soil moisture sensor begins detecting the soil moisture level. The ESP8266 reads the sensor data as input and sends it to the LCD display as output. The LCD screen then displays the temperature value and soil moisture level. Based on these inputs, the water pump is switched on or off according to the ESP8266 programming. The ESP8266 also sends the data to the user through the Blynk application, allowing them to receive all information about the process on their phone. Using the Blynk app, users can manually turn the water pump on or off. The ESP8266 will process these commands and control the pump accordingly. The LCD display will indicate the pump status, and users will receive all relevant information about the process on their phones.
Electrical Engineering Innovation, Competition & Exhibition 2024 (EEICE 2024) e-ISSN 2682-7565 Vol. 2 Online : June 2024 3 NodeMcu ESP8266 Soil Moisture Sensor LCD Display Water pump Blynk App Figure 1. Project block diagram RESULT AND DISCUSSION The results of the soil moisture sensor system are displayed on both the LCD screen and the Blynk mobile application. If the soil moisture percentage exceeds 70%, the LCD will show "Pump OFF" along with the current soil moisture value. Conversely, if the soil moisture is less than or equal to 70%, the LCD will display "Pump ON" and the corresponding soil moisture percentage. The Blynk app provides real-time updates on the water pump status, notifying the user whether it is currently "ON" or "OFF". Additionally, the app displays the latest soil moisture percentage. Users can manually control the water pump through the Blynk app by pressing a pushbutton switch. When the button is pressed, the LCD will show "waterPump:ON", and after 10 seconds, it will change to "waterPump:OFF". This manual control process and the pump status are also visible on the Blynk app interface.In summary, the system provides a comprehensive monitoring and control solution, with the LCD screen displaying local pump and soil moisture information, while the Blynk app offers remote access to the same data and the ability to manually operate the water pump as needed. CONCLUSIONS The integrated soil moisture sensor system with ESP8266 and Blynk offers efficient smart irrigation management. It automates water pump control based on soil moisture levels, enhancing irrigation practices. The LCD display and Blynk app provide a user-friendly interface for remote monitoring and manual pump control. Notifications ensure timely responses to changing conditions. Data accessibility on both displays enables users to track soil moisture and pump status conveniently. This system promotes water conservation, improves plant care practices, and enhances irrigation efficiency, making it a practical solution for optimizing watering processes and ensuring healthy plant growth.
Electrical Engineering Innovation, Competition & Exhibition 2024 (EEICE 2024) e-ISSN 2682-7565 Vol. 2 Online : June 2024 4 REFERENCES [1] M. K. Saini and R. K. Saini, “Agriculture monitoring and prediction using Internet of Things (IoT),” in PDGC 2020 - 2020 6th International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Grid Computing, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. , Nov. 2020, pp. 53–56. doi: 10.1109/PDGC50313.2020.9315836. [2] A. Morchid, R. El Alami, A. A. Raezah, and Y. Sabbar, “Applications of internet of things (IoT) and sensors technology to increase food security and agricultural Sustainability: Benefits and challenges,” Ain Shams Engineering Journal, vol. 15, no. 3, p. 102509, Mar. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.asej.2023.102509.
Electrical Engineering Innovation, Competition & Exhibition 2024 (EEICE 2024) e-ISSN 2682-7565 Vol. 2 Online : June 2024 5 PLANT CARE SYSTEM Nurul Syakinah Masngun1 , Nur Idawati Md Enzai2 12School of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Dungun Terengganu [email protected] Abstract: This system is an Arduino-based prototype for automated plant care. It utilizes a DHT11 sensor for humidity and temperature, a soil moisture sensor, and a relay module to control a water pump. The system provides real-time data on an I2C Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), enabling users to monitor conditions and automate watering based on soil moisture levels. By reducing manual monitoring and optimizing watering practices, this plant care system could contribute to sustainable and mindful plant cultivation. Future enhancements may include additional sensors and wireless connectivity for expanded functionality. Keywords: Arduino, plant, humidity, temperature, water INTRODUCTION In conventional gardening practices, the manual nature of plant care poses challenges, leading to suboptimal growth and resource inefficiencies. The absence of an intelligent and automated system hinders the ability to dynamically respond to changing environmental conditions, resulting in overwatering, underwatering, or inadequate monitoring. Efficient plant care not only promotes healthier plant growth but also aligns with global initiatives toward responsible resource management and environmental conservation. Many related works have been proposed such as work in [1] that designed an agriculture monitoring system through an Android-based device for notifications. Another similar project is the Monitoring Soil Moisture Levels for Smart Irrigation by [2]. It explains how the capacitive soil moisture sensor works. The capacitance is varied based on the water content present in the soil. The project showed the connection between the LCD, microcontroller, soil moisture sensor, and the relay connected to the water pump. This project aims to develop a system for continuous monitoring of environmental factors namely humidity, temperature, and soil moisture to automate plant care processes. DHT11 sensor is utilized for reading humidity and temperature values. A soil moisture sensor is used for real-time measurement of soil moisture content. An Arduino-based microcontroller is employed to process sensor data and trigger actions based on predetermined conditions. A relay-controlled water pump is integrated to activate when the soil moisture falls below a predefined threshold. METHODOLOGY This section explains the operation of the Plant Care System project. The project’s block diagram is shown in Figure 1.
Electrical Engineering Innovation, Competition & Exhibition 2024 (EEICE 2024) e-ISSN 2682-7565 Vol. 2 Online : June 2024 6 Figure 1. Block diagram of Plant Care System Arduino reads the values read by the sensors. If the soil moisture is less than 500 and/or the temperature is more than 20°C, the water pump will be turned on. LCD displays the obtained readings. RESULT AND DISCUSSION The prototype is tested in various scenarios as shown in the results below: Table 1. Sensor readings based on time Time 7 am 12 pm 8 pm Moisture 85%-98% 60%-88% 80%-98% Temperature 25°C 32°C 28°C Humidity 89%-98% 79%-91% 87%-98% Table 1 records the observations of sensor readings over three periods of time. Table 2. Water pump actions based on sensor readings Moisture Range (in percentage) Water pump >500 >=40% ON <500 <40% OFF Temperature Water pump >30°C ON <30°C OFF Humidity Range Water pump >500 >=40% ON <500 <40% OFF Table 2 shows the action of water pump based on range of values of moisture, temperature and humidity. CONCLUSIONS The proposed Plant Care System has achieved the objectives of reading temperature, humidity, and moisture values. The water pump is also able to act accordingly to ensure the soil’s conditions are suitable. This project can be enhanced by introducing wireless connectivity options for remote monitoring and control.
Electrical Engineering Innovation, Competition & Exhibition 2024 (EEICE 2024) e-ISSN 2682-7565 Vol. 2 Online : June 2024 7 REFERENCES [1] K. Abhinayalalitha and P. Ramadoss, “ARDUINO BASED AGRICULTURAL MONITORING SYSTEM IN MOBILE APPLICATION,” International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET, vol. 4, no. 5, p. 786, May 2017. [2] “Monitoring Soil Moisture Levels with Arduino and LCD Display for Smart Irrigation – DIY Projects Lab.” Accessed: Jan. 22, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://diyprojectslab.com/monitoring-soil-moisture-levelswith-arduino/
Electrical Engineering Innovation, Competition & Exhibition 2024 (EEICE 2024) e-ISSN 2682-7565 Vol. 2 Online : June 2024 8 SMART INTRAVENOUS (IV) BAG TRACKER Wan Nur Damia Arisya Wan Mohd Hisham1 , Wan Ahmad Khusairi Wan Chek2 , Hasrul Hafiz Abu Bakar3 123 School of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Universiti Teknologi MARA Terengganu, Malaysia [email protected] Abstract: This project focuses on creating a prototype of an Intravenous (IV) drip tracker to enhance patient monitoring by addressing the limitations of current IV fluid administration systems, particularly in remote monitoring and control. The system incorporates a weight sensor to measure the water level in the IV bag, with the Arduino microcontroller processing signals from the sensor to determine the fluid quantity. The fluid level information is then displayed on an LCD screen, and a buzzer is activated to alert the user. This development is crucial as it will aid nurses in monitoring IV drip levels and notifying healthcare professionals of potential IV-related risks, ultimately reducing IV-related incidents. Keywords: Intravenous (IV) drip, Arduino microcontroller, weight sensor, buzzer INTRODUCTION Intravenous therapy (IV therapy) is a medical procedure that directly injects medication into the body through the veins. One potential complication is an air embolism, where air bubbles enter the bloodstream and obstruct blood flow to vital organs, potentially causing a heart attack, stroke, or even death. This can occur when an empty IV bag is not replaced prompt. Another issue is reverse blood flow, which can lead to a decrease or complete stoppage in the infusion of the IV solution into the bloodstream [1][2]. To address these problems, this project proposes using a weight sensor, Arduino microcontroller, LCD display, and buzzer. The weight sensor monitors the level of IV fluid and displays it on the LCD. When the fluid level drops below a certain threshold, the buzzer activates to alert medical staff, allowing them to replace the IV bag and prevent complications [3]. METHODOLOGY Figure 1 illustrates the overall block diagram of the proposed project. The weight sensor serves as the primary input. When an IV bag is placed on the weight sensor, the Arduino microcontroller receives the signal from the weight sensor. The LCD displays the IV level, and once the IV level becomes depleted, the buzzer is activated to indicate that the IV drip needs to be replaced. Weight sensor (Load cell) Arduino Uno LCD display Buzzer Figure 1. Project block diagram
Electrical Engineering Innovation, Competition & Exhibition 2024 (EEICE 2024) e-ISSN 2682-7565 Vol. 2 Online : June 2024 9 RESULT AND DISCUSSION When the weight sensor detects that the weight of the water exceeds the baseline level (i.e. 150 g), the current water level is displayed in both grams (g) and ounces (oz) on the LCD, indicating that the IV is full. In this situation, the buzzer remains silent. If the weight sensor detects that the IV level drops below the baseline level, the LCD screen displays that the IV fluid is low, and the buzzer is activated to sound an alert. CONCLUSIONS The IV drip tracker prototype successfully integrates a weight sensor, Arduino microcontroller, LCD display, and buzzer to enhance patient monitoring by accurately measuring and displaying IV fluid levels. This solution improves healthcare practices by aiding nurses in monitoring IV drip levels, alerting users of low IV fluid levels, and notifying healthcare professionals of potential risks, ultimately reducing IV-related incidents and enhancing patient safety. REFERENCES [1] S. Bandari, “IV Drip Monitoring and Control System,” Int J Res Appl Sci Eng Technol, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 3383–3386, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.22214/ijraset.2022.44635. [2] M. Rifat Kabir, S. Shifat Ahmed, L. Chandra Paul, T. Rani, and M. Karaaslan, “Development of an Intravenous Fluid Monitoring, Warning, and Reverse Flow Blocking System,” in Proceedings of 2022 IEEE International Women in Engineering (WIE) Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, WIECONECE 2022, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2022, pp. 89–94. doi: 10.1109/WIECONECE57977.2022.10150612. [3] M. Jeba Rani, P. P. Bharathi, M. M. Sri, and A. Professor, “Issue 3 www.jetir.org(ISSN-2349-5162),” 2024. [Online]. Available: www.jetir.org
Electrical Engineering Innovation, Competition & Exhibition 2024 (EEICE 2024) e-ISSN 2682-7565 Vol. 2 Online : June 2024 10 SMART SAFETY HEADGEAR FOR CLOSED-SPACE MANEUVERING Ahmad Hazim Faiz Bin Ahmad Zakiyon1 , Mohd Amir Hamzah bin Ab. Ghani2 12School of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering University of Technology MARA Terengganu *[email protected] Abstract: Prioritizing safety enables us to create an environment where everyone feels secure. In a working environment that is done in closed space would place safety as its top priority. A smart safety head gear that is incorporated with sensors can help greatly in reducing the risk of hazard. The safety head gear allows individuals to navigate with speed and confidence by detecting surrounding impediments using ultrasonic waves and alerting them with a buzzer sound. It would be helpful for workers to maneuver in closed space as the helmet warns users to keep away from the object. It operates by triggering a buzzer that will indicate a minimal distance between two objects and will sound an alarm if the distance is too close. Arduino NANO was used as its main controller and integrated with ultrasonic sensors, buzzer, LED and LCD. Keywords: Arduino NANO, buzzer, LED, LCD, Ultrasonic sensor, head gear. INTRODUCTION The main goal of safety measures is to protect our well-being and make sure that daily activities are done without unnecessary risks. A helmet or headgear is a device that is widely used and considered as mandatory equipment in most worksites especially when a worker needs to be situated in a closed or confined space. The purpose of the head gear system is to aid workers while maneuvering in a closed space environment as the device is equipped with sensors that correspond to any blocking object ahead of the helmet wearer. By having this head gear, users may know their distance between the objects ahead through the detection from ultrasonic sensors and information displayed on the LCD screen. Estimation of the distance can also be made aware through the buzzer sound if the distance of the blocking object ahead is considered close and might create danger to the wearer. This helmet is also suitable to use at construction sites with low visibility as it will notify the users if there are obstructions nearby. The helmet will emit sound from the buzzer and light up the Red LED to indicate that the distance between the helmet and the object is too close and in range. The LCD is used to show the distance between the object and the helmet in centimetre (cm). METHODOLOGY This project consists of two parts which are software and hardware. Firstly, for the software part, Proteus software was used to run the simulation of the designed circuit of the project. The combined circuit uses the Arduino NANO as its main controller, and is connected to ultrasonic sensors, buzzer, LCD and LED. The sensor and components were assembled in a step-by-step process to ensure the circuit can be simulated through the software. Any errors from each step of assembly would halt the software from running the simulation [1]. Secondly, the hardware part, the initial process was to use a breadboard that combined and connected all the electronic components in the designed circuit. The Arduino NANO is considered as more breadboard friendly compared to its brother model, Arduino UNO [2]. Once the circuit is properly connected, testing was done to make sure all the components are working in tandem with the instructions provided by the microcontroller Arduino NANO. Next step once breadboard testing is completed. The component is transferred to printed circuit board (PCB) before the final assembly on the head gear.
Electrical Engineering Innovation, Competition & Exhibition 2024 (EEICE 2024) e-ISSN 2682-7565 Vol. 2 Online : June 2024 11 Figure 1. Block Diagram for Arduino NANO and output components (left), and Figure 2. Components assembled on breadboard for Smart Safety Head Gear (right) RESULT AND DISCUSSION The output from the head gear comes from three separate components. Wearers can be notified through buzzer, LED, or LCD. The controller, Arduino NANO, will receive the signals from ultrasonic sensors that are placed at the front and top of the safety headgear. If the distance is not in the range of the ultrasonic sensor, the buzzer and LED will not switch on. If the distance is in range, the buzzer will activate and create loud noise to alert the wearer while simultaneously, the controller switches on the LED. The LCD automatically displayed the information of the distance detected by the ultrasonic sensor. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the system created managed to act as an extra or added protection by providing aid to the wearer albeit not in a conventional manner. The sensor assembled on top of the head gear might seem like an extra weight being put on by the wearer but in a situation where low visibility is considered a hazard, the extra pair of alternative eyes is much welcomed. Consequently, the system will give assistance to users while minimizing hazard and boosting safety. REFERENCES [1] Singh, Rajesh & Gehlot, Anita & Choudhry, Sushabhan & Singh, Bhupendra. (2018). Introduction to Arduino, Arduino IDE and Proteus Software. 10.2174/9781681087276118010003. [2] Hasyim, Mochamad & Ahfas, Akhmad. (2024). Revolutionizing Distance Measurement with Arduino Nano. Indonesian Journal of Innovation Studies. 25. 10.21070/ijins.v25i2.1138.
Electrical Engineering Innovation, Competition & Exhibition 2024 (EEICE 2024) e-ISSN 2682-7565 Vol. 2 Online : June 2024 12 SMART WATER DISPENSER Muhammad Azri Mohammed Zikri1 , Norhayati Ahmad2 , Siti Sara Rais3 123School of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Universiti Teknologi MARA Terengganu, Malaysia [email protected] Abstract: In this study, a microcontroller-assisted water dispenser system is developed. This study aims to enhance user convenience and optimise water consumption more effectively. An ultrasonic sensor is used in this study to detect glass or bottles. The Arduino Uno, the primary component of this investigation, will receive information from the signal from the ultrasonic sensor. Upon detecting an object, the Arduino Uno instructs the relay module to control the water pump, enabling it to turn the dispenser on or off as needed. Based on the realtime presence of containers in the designated area, this automation ensures accurate and effective water dispensing. Within the system, a buzzer is integrated to improve user awareness and interaction. When the water dispenser is turned on, users are informed by the buzzer, which acts as an auditory notification. By ensuring that users are informed of the dispenser's operational status promptly, this feature contributes to its increased intuitiveness and user-friendliness. Keywords: ultrasonic sensor, Arduino Uno, detect object INTRODUCTION A startling array of intelligent appliances is poised to transform our interactions with essential resources in an era of rapid technological advancement and growing emphasis on sustainable living [1]. This resulted from the intersection of invention and necessity. Among these innovative creations, the smart water dispenser is particularly noteworthy since it offers a fresh perspective on a time-honoured method of dispensing water [2]. Water is a precious resource, and with the growing global population, it is more important than ever to manage water use efficiently [3]. There is no international consensus among all nations regarding energy conservation and pollution reduction [4]. This is a big step in the direction of a future that is more sustainable. Each person can make a big difference in the world by working together to safeguard the environment [5]. Many homes and workplaces have standard drinking water dispensers, and their annual power consumption can be extremely concerning [6]. However, due to poor management, flaws in drinking water dispenser design, and other problems, the majority of the electric energy used is squandered [7]. Whether or not water is utilised, a standard water dispenser periodically boils and cools down, as a result, significant energy and water losses occur [8]. METHODOLOGY To complete this study, Figure 1 depicts the block diagram of the smart water dispenser. Arduino, an ultrasonic sensor, a buzzer, a relay, and a water pump are used. An electrical supply can be used to power this project and turn on the Arduino Uno. Ultrasonic sensors are used to detect glass in its range. The Arduino Uno, a microcontroller device, that can be programmed to control circuits. As such, it can be applied in our project to operate the ultrasonic sensor and turn on the water pump. To detect an object, the system uses an ultrasonic sensor. The water pump will activate upon detecting a glass, within the range of the ultrasonic sensor. Water pumps are used to carry water from the container to the glass. When the ultrasonic sensor is active, it will turn on; when the water level reaches a certain point, it will turn off. The water pump will not operate when nothing is within its detection range because of these characteristics. Water waste does not result from this.
Electrical Engineering Innovation, Competition & Exhibition 2024 (EEICE 2024) e-ISSN 2682-7565 Vol. 2 Online : June 2024 13 Figure 1: Block diagram of the smart water dispenser RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The Arduino Uno will get a signal from the ultrasonic sensor when it finds a glass, alerting the water pump, relay module, and buzzer. When a glass is within the ultrasonic sensor's detection range, an alert will sound, and the water pump will begin to operate. An automatic water dispenser's function is to notify the user when it is in operation, whereas a water pump's purpose is to force water from a container into a glass. After the water level rises by nine centimetres, another ultrasonic sensor will detect it. It happens because a signal is sent to the water pump and buzzer to turn them off. It also prevents water spills from glass. Consequently, when it is time to pour another glass, the automatic water dispenser will be in standby mode. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, a smart water dispenser has been effectively developed using an Arduino, a water pump, a relay, ultrasonic sensors, and a buzzer. The system's main objective is to intelligently modify the water pump according to the water level in the dispenser and the presence or absence of a glass. When the ultrasonic sensor detects a glass within its detection range, the operational logic triggers the water pump and buzzer. The devices become inactive when the water level reaches the set point. This system uses an iterative method for water level monitoring, pump activation, and glass detection, which results in a practical and effective solution. A balance between energy efficiency and responsiveness is achieved by ensuring that the water pump, relay, ultrasonic sensors, and buzzer are only turned on when necessary to maximise resource utilisation. REFERENCES [1] Dauvergne, P. (2020). AI in the Wild: Sustainability in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. MIT Press. [2] Guma, P. K., & Wiig, A. (2022). Smartness beyond the network: water ATMs and disruptions from below in Mathare Valley, Nairobi. Journal of Urban Technology, 29(4), 41-61. [3] Tzanakakis, V. A., Paranychianakis, N. V., & Angelakis, A. N. (2020). Water supply and water scarcity. Water, 12(9), 2347. [4] Wu, H., Xue, Y., Hao, Y., & Ren, S. (2021). How does internet development affect energy-saving and emission reduction? Evidence from China. Energy Economics, 103, 105577. [5] Javaid, M., Haleem, A., Singh, R. P., Suman, R., & Gonzalez, E. S. (2022). Understanding the adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies in improving environmental sustainability. Sustainable Operations and Computers, 3, 203-217. [6] Jay, O., Capon, A., Berry, P., Broderick, C., de Dear, R., Havenith, G., ... & Ebi, K. L. (2021). Reducing the health effects of hot weather and heat extremes: from personal cooling strategies to green cities. The Lancet, 398(10301), 709-724. [7] Pambudi, N. A., Sarifudin, A., Firdaus, R. A., Ulfa, D. K., Gandidi, I. M., & Romadhon, R. (2022). The immersion cooling technology: Current and future development in energy saving. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 61(12), 9509-9527. [8] Chou, S., Dewabharata, A., Bayu, Y. C., Cheng, R., & Zulvia, F. E. (2021). An automatic energy saving strategy for a water dispenser based on user behavior. Advanced Engineering Informatics, 51, 101503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aei.2021.101503
Electrical Engineering Innovation, Competition & Exhibition 2024 (EEICE 2024) e-ISSN 2682-7565 Vol. 2 Online : June 2024 14 TRACKING GLOVE SENSOR Mohamad Nazrul Amin Mohamad Nazri1 , Hasrul Hafiz Abu Bakar2 , Wan Ahmad Khusairi Wan Chek3 , Mohd Saiful Najib Bin Ismail @ Marzuki4 1234 School of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Universiti Teknologi MARA Terengganu, Malaysia [email protected] Abstract: The project "Tracking Glove Sensor" aims to develop a wearable device equipped with sensors to accurately track hand movements in real-time. This innovative glove utilizes a combination of accelerometers, gyroscopes, and possibly other sensors to capture intricate hand gestures and motions. The data collected is processed through advanced algorithms to interpret and translate the movements into actionable commands for various applications such as virtual reality, gaming, sign language translation, and human-computer interaction. The tracking glove sensor offers a portable, intuitive, and precise solution for capturing hand movements, providing users with a seamless and immersive experience in diverse interactive environments. Keywords: Tracking glove sensor, sensor, gyroscopes, accelerometers. algorithms INTRODUCTION The project aims to create a compact, efficient, and easy-to-use mobility aid device for the visually impaired to help them navigate safely and independently in unfamiliar environments. The device utilizes non-visual senses like sound and touch to compensate for the lack of sight, enabling blind people to reach their destinations without facing difficulties or accidents [1][2][3]. The motivation behind this project is to empower visually challenged individuals and reduce their reliance on external help, which can sometimes undermine their confidence and independence. By providing a reliable assistive technology solution, the project seeks to enable blind people to actively participate in society and perform daily activities with greater autonomy. The proposed device is designed to require minimal training, making it accessible to a wide range of visually impaired users. It will help prevent common issues faced by the blind, such as collisions with objects or people in unfamiliar surroundings. In summary, this project aims to enhance the mobility and independence of visually impaired individuals by developing an intelligent, user-friendly device that leverages non-visual senses to guide them safely to their destinations [4][5]. By reducing barriers and promoting inclusion, the project contributes to empowering the blind and visually impaired community. METHODOLOGY The project has been divided into two distinct phases: software and hardware. The software phase focuses on verifying the feasibility of the project through simulation using Proteus 8 software. This stage involves designing the circuit, testing input and output components, and ensuring functionality before transitioning to the hardware phase. In the hardware phase, the validated circuit from the software phase is reconstructed, and the process advances to creating a printed circuit board (PCB) and soldering the components onto it. This phase culminates in the final prototype of the project. The proposed system uses a right-hand glove to alert visually impaired people of upcoming obstacles. The glove is equipped with an Arduino Nano microcontroller board, which serves as the main processing unit and stores the algorithms. The system considers obstacles near the glove and adjusts the intensity of vibration and rate of beeping accordingly, with the intensity increasing as the distance to the obstacle decreases. The glove is designed to be fully automated, with the Arduino Nano interfacing with the ultrasonic sensors (inputs) and vibrator and buzzer (outputs). The battery provides the input voltage to power the system. The block diagram in Figure 1 illustrates the design components of the right-hand glove, including the Arduino Nano microcontroller, ultrasonic sensors, vibrator, buzzer, and battery.
Electrical Engineering Innovation, Competition & Exhibition 2024 (EEICE 2024) e-ISSN 2682-7565 Vol. 2 Online : June 2024 15 ARDUINO NANO BATTERY ULTRASONIC SENSOR PIEZO BUZZER VIBRATOR MOTOR Figure 1. Project block diagram RESULT AND DISCUSSION The project is an innovative assistive technology for visually impaired individuals that utilizes ultrasonic sensors to detect the surrounding environment. It employs both audio and vibration signals to alert the user about approaching obstacles. As the distance between the glove and the obstacle decreases, the frequency of both audio and vibration signals increases, providing a more accurate and timely warning. The sensor module is designed based on the principles of SONAR (Sound Navigation and Ranging) or RADAR (Radar Detection and Ranging), which use ultrasonic waves to measure the distance of objects. This technology aims to enhance the mobility and independence of blind individuals by providing them with real-time information about their surroundings. The hardware used two different microcontrollers - the Arduino Nano and the ESP8266 - while the software only used the Arduino Nano microcontroller. In the hardware, the sensors were connected to the analog input pins, allowing for analog sensor data to be read. In contrast, the software connected the sensors to the digital pins, so only digital input data was sent by the sensors. Despite these differences in the hardware and software components, the overall system flow and functionality remained the same across both implementations. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the Tracking Glove Sensor project is a groundbreaking innovation designed to empower visually impaired individuals to navigate their surroundings with confidence and ease. This wearable device utilizes ultrasonic waves and GPS tracking, integrated with Blynk, to detect nearby obstacles and provide real-time feedback through buzz sounds and vibrations. The device is designed to be portable, cost-effective, and easy to manage, making it an accessible solution for those who rely on assistance. By wearing this device as a band or cloth, visually impaired individuals can move freely and independently, significantly improving their daily lives. This project offers a new and effective method to address the challenges faced by the visually impaired, providing them with the support and guidance they need to live more independently and confidently.
Electrical Engineering Innovation, Competition & Exhibition 2024 (EEICE 2024) e-ISSN 2682-7565 Vol. 2 Online : June 2024 16 REFERENCES [1] C. Oquigley et al., “Characteristics of a piezo-resistive fabric stretch sensor glove for homemonitoring of rheumatoid arthritis,” Proc. - 11th Int. Conf. Wearable Implant. Body Sens. Networks Work. BSN Work. 2014, pp. 23–26, 2014, doi: 10.1109/BSN.Workshops.2014.15. [2] S. Zhu, A. Stuttaford-Fowler, A. Fahmy, C. Li, and J. Sienz, “Development of a Low-cost Data Glove using Flex Sensors for the Robot Hand Teleoperation,” 2021 3rd Int. Symp. Robot. Intell. Manuf. Technol. ISRIMT 2021, pp. 47–51, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ISRIMT53730.2021.9596972. [3] A. Almassri, K. Koyanagi, C. Wada, K. Horio, and W. Z. W. Hasan, “Development of a Robotic Hand Glove System for Secure Grasp with AI Wireless Sensor Data,” 2023 IEEE Int. Conf. Mechatronics Autom. ICMA 2023, pp. 669–674, 2023, doi: 10.1109/ICMA57826.2023.10215914. [4] S. Ghate, L. Yu, K. Du, C. T. Lim, and J. C. Yeo, “Sensorized fabric glove as game controller for rehabilitation,” Proc. IEEE Sensors, vol. 2020-October, pp. 20–23, 2020, doi: 10.1109/SENSORS47125.2020.9278938. [5] J. Wagner, H. Winger, C. Cherif, and F. Ellinger, “Smart Glove With Fully Integrated Textile Sensors and Wireless Sensor Frontend for the Tactile Internet,” IEEE Sensors Lett., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 1–4, 2023, doi: 10.1109/LSENS.2023.3239991.
Electrical Engineering Innovation, Competition & Exhibition 2024 (EEICE 2024) e-ISSN 2682-7565 Vol. 2 Online : June 2024 17 ULTRASONIC SENSOR-BASED OBSTACLE AVOIDANCE ROBOT Miza Qistina Mohd Asri1 , Wan Ahmad Khusairi Wan Chek2 , Hasrul Hafiz Abu Bakar3 123 School of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Universiti Teknologi MARA Terengganu, Malaysia [email protected] Abstract: This project proposes an autonomous robot design to navigate unknown environments by detecting and avoiding obstacles using ultrasonic sensors and an Arduino microcontroller. The ultrasonic sensor positioned on a servo motor and placed at the front of the robotic vehicle continuously gathers data from the surrounding area. When an obstacle is detected, the robot autonomously adjusts its direction to avoid collision. The collected data is relayed by the sensor to the microcontroller, which then determines the appropriate movement and direction for the robot’s wheels. The integration of ultrasonic sensors and Arduino offers a cost-effective solution for obstacle avoidance, with potential applications in indoor navigation, security, and exploration. The robot that detects and avoids obstacles is a useful tool that has the potential to be used in a wide range of fields. This work advances the development of intelligent systems that can safely navigate their surroundings on their own by fusing robotics, artificial intelligence, and sensor technologies. Keywords: ultrasonic sensor, Arduino microcontroller, robot INTRODUCTION The rapid advancements in robotics have revolutionized various industries, particularly in the realm of automation and intelligent systems. One of the critical challenges faced by robotic systems is the ability to navigate through complex environments while avoiding obstacles effectively. This challenge has led to the development of numerous obstacle avoidance techniques, with sensor-based solutions gaining significant attention due to their adaptability and responsiveness in dynamic settings. Ultrasonic sensors have emerged as a popular choice for obstacle detection and avoidance in robotic systems. These sensors emit high-frequency sound waves and measure the time it takes for the waves to bounce back after hitting an object, allowing them to determine the distance to the obstacle. By strategically positioning ultrasonic sensors on a robotic vehicle, it is possible to create a comprehensive awareness of the surrounding environment, enabling the robot to navigate safely and efficiently [1]. The integration of ultrasonic sensors with Arduino microcontrollers has further enhanced the capabilities of obstacle avoidance robots. Arduino, an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software, provides a versatile and cost-effective solution for controlling and programming robotic systems. By combining the sensing capabilities of ultrasonic sensors with the processing power and programmability of Arduino, it is possible to create intelligent robotic systems capable of autonomous navigation in diverse settings [2]. This study aims to develop an ultrasonic sensor-based obstacle avoidance robot using an Arduino microcontroller. The proposed system will utilize multiple ultrasonic sensors strategically placed on the robot to detect obstacles in various directions. The Arduino microcontroller will process the sensor data and make real-time decisions to navigate the robot safely while avoiding collisions. The modular design of the system will allow for customization and expansion, showcasing the versatility of combining sensor technology and programmable microcontrollers to create intelligent robotic systems.
Electrical Engineering Innovation, Competition & Exhibition 2024 (EEICE 2024) e-ISSN 2682-7565 Vol. 2 Online : June 2024 18 METHODOLOGY The block diagram of the project is displayed in Figure 1, where the ultrasonic sensor is utilized as the primary sensor. When an object is detected, a signal is transmitted to the Arduino microcontroller by the ultrasonic sensor. The L293D motor drivers are then activated by the Arduino microcontroller to control the movement of both the right and left motors. The ultrasonic sensor is attached to a servo motor for navigation by the robot. If no objects are detected by the ultrasonic sensor, the robot will continue moving forward. Upon detection of an object, the robot will stop moving, and the servo motor will begin adjusting its position to scan the surrounding area. If no objects are detected in the new surroundings by the robot, it will resume moving forward. Ultrasonic sensor Arduino Uno Left DC Motor Right DC Motor L293D H- Bridge Motor Driver Figure 1. Project block diagram RESULT AND DISCUSSION The hardware arrangement, which consisted of two motors, a servo motor with an ultrasonic sensor, a 9V battery, a 7.4V rechargeable battery, a switch, and an Arduino Uno connected to the L293D motor driver shield, was tested and found to be effective in obstacle avoidance. The robot moved forward initially, monitoring its surroundings with the ultrasonic sensor. Upon detecting an obstacle within the set collision distance, the robot stopped its motors. It then utilized the servo motor to scan distances and determine the appropriate turn direction by comparing the two distances. Finally, the robot resumed moving forward, demonstrating the efficiency of the combined hardware and algorithms in performing obstacle avoidance. This seamless interaction emphasizes the significance of a well-designed system in enabling autonomous obstacle avoidance capabilities in robotic applications. The effectiveness of the system's obstacle avoidance is demonstrated by successful hardware and code verification tests. Using an Arduino Uno, an ultrasonic sensor, a servo motor, and motor drivers, the robot navigated autonomously. It demonstrated how hardware and algorithms can collaborate with its fast reaction to obstacles and intelligent scanning and decision-making capabilities. This smooth interaction demonstrates that robotic obstacle avoidance requires a well-designed system. CONCLUSIONS This project successfully integrates ultrasonic sensors and an Arduino microcontroller to create an autonomous robot capable of navigating unknown environments by detecting and avoiding obstacles. The robot's ability to adjust its direction and movement based on sensor data offers a cost-effective solution for obstacle avoidance, with potential applications in indoor navigation, security, and exploration.
Electrical Engineering Innovation, Competition & Exhibition 2024 (EEICE 2024) e-ISSN 2682-7565 Vol. 2 Online : June 2024 19 REFERENCES [1] L.D.Rozenberg, Physical Principles of Ultrasonic Technology, 1st ed., vol. 1. Springer New York, NY, 2013. [2] T. Mahmud et al., “Design and Implementation of an Ultrasonic Sensor-Based Obstacle Avoidance System for Arduino Robots,” in 2023 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology for Sustainable Development, ICICT4SD 2023 - Proceedings, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023, pp. 264–268. doi: 10.1109/ICICT4SD59951.2023.10303550.
Electrical Engineering Innovation, Competition & Exhibition 2024 (EEICE 2024) e-ISSN 2682-7565 Vol. 2 Online : June 2024 20 WATER DEPTH OBSERVATION SYSTEM Muhammad Afif Bin Ahmad Shafie1 , Mohd Amir Hamzah bin Ab. Ghani2 12School of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Universiti Teknologi MARA Terengganu *[email protected] Abstract: Observation or monitoring systems exist to aid humans by giving the information observed that can improve the working environment and speed up the decision-making process when dealing with real-time support. A water tank depth observation system may help small to medium-sized business owners and homeowners to monitor their water needs. The purpose of the system is for users who use pumps to store water in overhead tanks. The system controller uses an Arduino as its main microcontroller and connected sensors and electronic components. The system uses ultrasonic sensors, potentiometer, and switches as its input, and LED, buzzer, and LCD as its output. Each component is responsible for information gathering, data processing, and transmission of processed information. Ultrasonic sensors use high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) to calculate the distance to an object and inform the controller of the reading received. The information given by the sensors was used to determine the current water levels and the output component will correspond to the given status. Keywords: Arduino, Ultrasonic sensor, LED, buzzer, LCD. INTRODUCTION Water reservation system either uses an automated monitoring system or manual. The application of technology to any monitoring system will result in an increase in productivity and boost workplace morale as workers can benefit from the time saved. The water depth observation system provides real-time detection of water levels with differently sized tanks or storage containers. The main objective of this project is to make a water depth or level observation system for homeowners and small and medium-sized business owners who use pumps to store water in overhead tanks. The system uses the Arduino UNO as its brain controller with input and output synchronized by the microcontroller. The controller is connected to the ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04 as its main input. The reading observed by the sensor is sent to the controller and the information is displayed on the LCD screen, allowing users to take corrective action if needed. The resulting observations are categorized into multiple ranges that will inform the user of the current water depth. The LED, buzzer, switches it connected to the main controller and will switch on depending on the current water depth detected. METHODOLOGY The main system was divided into two parts: hardware and software. The software part was introduced early into the development stage as it set up the initial testing and design process. The software stage involves working with circuit construction steps and testing it through simulation. If the simulation stage resulted in an errored output, the next step of the development is halted [1]. Troubleshooting was done to make sure there is no fault in the design. Afterwards, the designed circuit is materialized onto a breadboard for testing. This is the beginning of the hardware stage. The designed circuit was tested on the breadboard and if there is no further fault, the development can enter the final assembly and testing which assembles the component onto the
Electrical Engineering Innovation, Competition & Exhibition 2024 (EEICE 2024) e-ISSN 2682-7565 Vol. 2 Online : June 2024 21 printed circuit board (PCB). If the circuit board does not work, troubleshooting steps will be carried out. Figure 1. Block Diagram for Arduino Uno and input output (left), and Figure 2. Components assembled on the prototype case (right) As previously stated, the main objective of this project is to provide users with real-time information on the status of the water tank. The Arduino device is installed as the microcontroller of the water tank, and that will serve as a receiver and transmitter of all information. The ultrasonic sensor installed on the top of the tank will always measure the height of the water in the tank and inform the Arduino of the status of the water level. The LCD is used to view each piece of information processed by the Arduino [2]. A block diagram of the proposed system is shown in Figure 1, whereas the assembled component on the prototype case is shown in Figure 2. RESULT AND DISCUSSION The experiment was done by collecting ultrasonic sensor readings from seven different heights or distances based on the flat surface. The recorded value from the sensors was analyzed by the microcontroller and the output will correspond to the value received. The sensor reading is categorized into three parts: below 10%, from 11% to 89%, and more than 90%. The corresponding result will trigger the output component by updating the displayed information on the LCD, triggering the buzzer and LED when the reading displayed percentage more than 90% and triggering the LED only when the reading displayed percentage below 10%. Both LED and buzzer are off when the reading is in the range of 11% to 89%. CONCLUSIONS The project has succeeded in designing, constructing, and developing a water depth observation system using an Ultrasonic sensor and Arduino. The water level monitoring system provided information on the condition of the water depth in the water reservoir tank. The system provides users with information via the LCD, buzzer, and LED indicator. The motivation behind the project is due to the limitation of a conventional water tank system that it is quite laborious to keep a real-time track of the water depth inside the reservoir tank. For this reason, the project aims to help the community by providing an easyto-use water depth observation system.
Electrical Engineering Innovation, Competition & Exhibition 2024 (EEICE 2024) e-ISSN 2682-7565 Vol. 2 Online : June 2024 22 REFERENCES [1] Singh, Rajesh & Gehlot, Anita & Choudhry, Sushabhan & Singh, Bhupendra. (2018). Introduction to Arduino, Arduino IDE and Proteus Software. 10.2174/9781681087276118010003. [2] A. Ríos Caicho and R. Peñafiel Adrián, “Prototype of an automated system for small-scale industrial applications based on a mobile graphical interface controlled by arduino,” Universidad de Guayaquil. Facultad de Ciencias Matemáticas y Físicas. Carrera de Ingeniería En Networking y Telecomunicaciones, Guayaquil - Uruguay, 2018.