LM-1351 Communication and Pronunciation Techniques I Pronunciation Booklet
Table of contents Material Page Symbols for Phonetic Transcription in the Oral Courses Section 1 An overview of the consonant sounds of American English 4 Consonant 1: /θ/ 12 Consonant 2: /f/ 15 Consonant 3: /ʃ/ 19 Consonant 4: /r/ 24 Consonant 5: /v/ 30 Pronouncing /j/ 35 Lesson 41 /w/ 38 Lesson 42 /l/ 42 Lesson 43 /r// 47 Lesson 47 /m/ 52 Lesson 48 /n/ 55 Lesson 49 / ŋ/ 58 Consonant substitutions: Part 1 61 Consonant substitutions: Part 2 65 Stress in words: Part 1 71 Stress in words: Part 2 83
Universidad de Costa Rica Facultad de Letras Escuela de Lenguas Modernas Sección de Cursos Orales Symbols for Phonetic Transcription in the Oral Courses Section1 A B C D E Symbol IPA Description2 IPA Name Other Name(s)3 Sample Words4 / / Mid central vowel Schwa Unstressed schwa above, photograph, sofa / / Open mid back unrounded vowel Turned V Stressed schwa, Caret us, come /i/ Close front unrounded vowel Lower-case I Tense or long i eat, need, she / / Near-close near-front unrounded vowel Small capital I Lax or short i is, give / / Open-mid front unrounded vowel Epsilon any, bed /æ/ Near-open front unrounded vowel Ash Diagraph apple, bad / Open back unrounded vowel Script a Latin a arm, hot / / Open-mid back rounded vowel Open o Open o all, song, draw / / Near-close near-back rounded vowel Upsilon Lax u, short u good, should /u/ High back rounded vowel Lower-case u Tense or long u ooh, food, do /e /5 Diphthong e eight, same, way / / Diphthong ice, five, my /o / Diphthong o old, boat, toe / / Diphthong out, down, now / / Diphthong oil, avoid, boy / / Schwar, unstressed schwa plus /r/ butterfly, mirror / / Stressed schwa plus /r/ early, bird, her 1 Approved in session CCO-007-2022 of the Oral Courses Section of the School of Modern Languages, dated February 28, 2022. 2 l, and (2) name of the symbol. The IPA does not provide any description or name for diphthongs and rhotic vowels. Visit the following IPA websites for more information: https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/IPAcharts/inter_chart_2018/IPA_2018.html https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/sites/default/files/phonsymbol.pdf 3 Column D presents other names that instructors in the Oral Courses Section have traditionally used to talk about these symbols and the sounds they represent. Use of the name provided by the IPA is encouraged. 4 Column E presents sample words containing the sound at stake in initial, medial, and final position (when applicable). For diacritic and suprasegmental symbols, sample words are provided in phonetic transcription. 5 See the IPA Handbook, pp.42-43 for more information on English diphthongs. 1
Universidad de Costa Rica Facultad de Letras Escuela de Lenguas Modernas Sección de Cursos Orales A B C D E Symbol IPA Description IPA Name Other Name(s) Sample Words /p/ Voiceless bilabial plosive6 Lower-case P Pee pen, paper, shop /b/ Voiced bilabial plosive Lower-case B Bee be robot, job /t/ Voiceless alveolar plosive Lower-case T Tee ten, attend, ate /d/ Voiced alveolar plosive Lower-case D Dee day, adopt, bread /k/ Voiceless velar plosive Lower-case K Kay cover, because, break /g/ Voiced velar plosive Opentail G Gee get, target, flag / / Glottal plosive Glottal stop Gelded question mark cotton, mountain, uh-oh /f/ Voiceless labiodental fricative Lower-case F Eff photo, before, laugh /v/ Voiced labiodental fricative Lower-case V Vee very, convince, live Voiceless dental7 fricative Theta think, birthday, health /ð/ Voiced dental fricative Eth this, other, bathe /s/ Voiceless alveolar fricative Lower-case S Es scene, lesson, face /z/ Voiced alveolar fricative Lower-case Z Zee zoom, cousin, use / / Voiceless postalveolar8 fricative Esh show, social, cash / / Voiced postalveolar fricative Ezh genre, usual, beige /t / Voiceless postalveolar affricate Tee-Esh Voiceless affricate child, future, speech /d / Voiced postalveolar affricate Dee-Ezh Voiced affricate gym, danger, age /m/ Voiced bilabial nasal Lower-case M Bilabial nasal media, compare, come /n/ Voiced alveolar nasal Lower-case N Alveolar nasal news, enter, campaign Voiced velar nasal Eng Velar n angry, sing, going /j/ Voiced palatal approximant Lower-case J Yod young, unusual /w/ Voiced labial-velar approximant Lower-case W Double u weak, always /h/ Voiceless glottal fricative Lower-case H Aitch high, ahead /l/ Voiced alveolar lateral approximant Lower-case L El, lateral liquid life, salad, bill /r/ Voiced alveolar approximant Lower-case R Ar, central liquid red, sorry, are 67 he Oral Courses Section. 8 - zh, and the affricate sounds. 2
Universidad de Costa Rica Facultad de Letras Escuela de Lenguas Modernas Sección de Cursos Orales A B C D E Symbol IPA Description IPA Name Other Name(s) Sample Words / / Voiced alveolar tap Fish-hook R Tap or flap media, water, better Aspirated Superscript H Aspiration [p ] [ k nt] [k t( )9] Long Length mark Lengthening [b :] Voiceless Under ring Voiceless diacritic [t ri:] Primary stress Vertical stroke Primary stress mark [ .p ] Secondary stress Vertical stroke (inferior) Secondary stress mark /d skr .m ne . n/ Syllabic Syllabicity mark Syllabic [e b ] [b ] No audible release Corner Unreleased mark [n ] . Syllable break Period /d skr .m ne . n/ Linking (absence of break) Bottom tie bar Linking mark [f we [ ] Phonetic (detailed) transcription Square brackets [ ] / / Phonological/phonemic (broad) transcription Slashes or slant lines Slant lines /p / | Minor (foot) group Thick vertical line Vertical line [ m l k | f we ] ( ) Optional Round brackets Parenthesis v d n(t)s] 9 Aspiration of /p,k,t/ word-finally is optional, hence the parenthesis around the aspiration diacritic. 3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48