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Published by wonghwaiying, 2021-03-22 23:55:50

assignment 1b

assignment 1b

ASSIGNMENT TITLE: Assignment 1b: ARCHITECTURE ANALYSIS REPORT
COURSE CODE & NAME: ATBR2313 HISTORY OF WESTERN ARCHITECTURE
STUDENT NAME AND ID: WONG HWAI YING (20WVD03761)
SEMESTER & YEAR: 2020/2021 SEM 3

1

TABLE CONTENT
INTRODUCTION TO ASSIGNMENT 1………………………………………………....1
INFORMATION OF BUILDING NO 1………………………………………………..…2
INFORMATION OF BUILDING NO 2………………………………………………..…4
COMPARISON 1: BUILDING MATERIALS…………………………………………....6
COMPARISON 2: SPACE PLANNING………………………………………………..…7
COMPARISON 3: OPENING ……………………………………………………….....…8
COMPARISON 4: AMBIANCE………………………………………………………..….9
COMPARISON 5: SCALE………………………………………………………………..10
COMPARISON 6: PROPORTIONS………………………………………………………11
COMPARISON 7: STRUCTURES……………………………………………………..…12
CONCLUSION…………………………………….………………………………………13
REFERENCE…………………………………….………………………………………...14

2

INTRODUCTION TO ASSIGNMENT 1
The objectives for assignment are to study and understand Western Architecture development
throughout the case study. At the same time, we also do the analysis of the selected case studies
buildings by comparing and contrasting the similarities and differences in the application of
Western Architecture ideas in the East. In this assignment, we are required to examine and
differentiate important architectural ideas from historical buildings for architectural design.
The task for this project is to select a building in Malaysia which possess a strong application
of Classical architecture characteristics or qualities and study on the elements and details of
selected buildings such as building material, space, opening, lighting ambiance, scale,
proportion and structure. A comprehensive information of buildings for assignment 1a and 1b
will also be included in this report as well as related drawings and sketches to have a better and
clearer substantiation for the analysis and observations.

1

INFORMATION OF BUILDING NO 1

Figure 1.1: Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine (Colosseum Rome Tickets, 2018)
Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine is selected for the building in assignment 1a and it
is located in Clivo di Venere Felice, 00186 Roma RM, Italy. It is an ancient building and the
its construction began in 308 AD and completed by 312 AD by Constantine I. Basilica of
Maxentius also known as Basilica Nova, which served many functions, including a meeting
hall, council chamber and court-house (Wikipedia, 2021).
The Basilica Nova took advantage of vast and huge interior space with its emotional effect.
Before the building was destroyed, it was white in colour and stood on a rectangular and
concrete platform with 100 by 65 m. The central nave of the basilica was 80 m long, 25 m wide,
35 m high, with side aisles 16 m wide and 24.5 m high. At the corners of the nave were placed
with eight massive marble columns of 5.4 metres in circumference and 14.5 metres high. The
building comprised a central nave which was covered by three groin vaults suspended 39 m
above the floor on four large piers and a colossal statue of Constantine stood in an apse at the
western end (Wikipedia, 2021).
The span of aisles were three semi semi-circular barrel vaults and it was perpendicular to
the nave, narrow arcades ran parallel to the nave beneath the barrel vaults. Arcade was being
projected along the length of eastern façade while prostyle porch with four columns in tetrastyle
were projected on the south facade of building. Both central and south sections as well as the
vault of the nave were destroyed and collapsed in earthquake only the north aisle with three
concrete barrel vaults are remained until today. Advanced weight-saving skill with octagonal
ceiling coffers can be seen on the ceiling of the barrel vaults (Wikipedia, 2021).

2

DRAWINGS

.
Plan

Section
Elevation

3D drawing

3

INFORMATION OF BUILDING NO 2

Figure 2.1: St. George's Church (Travel Penang, 2021)
St. George's Church is selected as the second building for the assignment 1b which is also
to be analysed in the report. St. George's Church is the oldest Anglican church in Southeast
Asia which was built by the East India Company and the construction work began in 1817 and
completed in 1818. This building was designed by William Petrie and Robert N. Smith. It is
located in 1 Farquhar Street, George Town, Penang, Malaysia (Wikipedia, 2021).
Architectural style of the church is built with a combination of Neo-Classical, Georgian and
English Palladian. St. George's Church was built by Indian convict labour entirely and they
made use of brick on a solid plastered stone base as building material. An octagonal shape spire
was used to top the apex of the roof of church. The Church features a portico of Doric columns
(Wikipedia, 2021). A pointed pediment was placed on the top and supported by the portico of
dramatic and Doric columns at the entrances site. Along the side elevations of the church were
also built with curved pediments which act as the embellishments over the doors and windows.
The roof of the church was originally flat, but it was converted to a pitched roof in 1864 as
the original flat roof was found to be not so suitable in the tropical climate. Due to World War
II, the building was heavily looted but was restored later (Asian architecture, 2011). Moreover,
a working replica of 1.27 m of clock was fixed onto the north side of steeple. The clock
consisted of aluminium minute markers, stainless steel hour and Roman numerals.

4

DRAWINGS
Plan Section

Elevation 3D drawing
5

COMPARISON 1: BUILDING MATERIALS St. George's Church
Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine

Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine was St. George's Church was built of brick
built of brick- faced concrete on a concrete masonry on a solid plastered base of stone.
platform. The construction of Basilica The church was placed to stand on a base
employed brick-faced concrete and the brick which was made of stone in order to protect
covered in stucco. the more vulnerable elements from rising
damp, termite infestation as well as
contamination.

Eight giant monoliths of Proconnesian The construction of church employed walls
marble were adorned in the interior hall of made of bricks held together with cement
the Basilica. Massive stone monoliths were mortar and were plastered with lime plaster
transported across the Mediterranean, on both surfaces as wall finishes. Paint work
dragged up the Tiber River, paraded down was applied to the wall to cover the plastered
Roman streets to arrive and be erected at the walls to protect the surface from atmospheric
building site. influences and preserve them from oxidation
and decay.

The walls were covered in gilded bronze Terrazzo tiles were used as the interior floor
tiles and decorated with marble revetments finishes which also provide an elegant look
on the walls. The floors were paved with to the church.
coloured marble.

6

COMPARISON 2: SPACE PLANNING St. George's Church
Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine

St. George's Church was flanked by two
Basilica of Constantine consisted a central lateral aisles and three sections were divided
nave flanked by two lateral aisles which among the spaces.
divided the space into three sections.

The gateway or entrance was facing north
The entrance was facing to the south with a

with a Tuscan order colonnaded portico
monumental staircase and four red porphyry under pediment.
columns along the Via Sacra.

On the north side of the building possessed South end of the church was projected with a
an apse which was aligned with the entrance. small vaulted recessed which contained the
In the west apse of Basilica was placed with altar.
a colossal statue of Constantine.

7

COMPARISON 3: OPENING St. George's Church
Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine

Underneath the vaults were enormous Arched timber main door is placed at the
windows that lit the interior hall. Clerestory entrance.
windows which located above the central
aisle allowed light penetration into the
structure of basilica.

Louvered doors painted in white located
along both sides of the building facade

Louvered windows were placed in the wall
of projection of vault at south end of the
church.

8

COMPARISON 4: AMBIANCE St. George's Church
Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine

Today, this basilica also provides a reprieve Light comes in from the openings of doors
from the outside world by blocking out street which located along both sides of the church
noises and chaos as well as cooling the and light reflection on the surroundings walls
visitor with its shade. creates calmness and serenity ambience in
the church.

Bronze gilded wall coverings and a The interior walls of the St. George's Church
delightful coloured marble flooring were painted white in colours which provide
contribute a luxurious and classy ambience an elegant ambience and fresh feeling to the
of the Basilica of Maxentius. occupants.

Light penetration into the interior hall
through the clerestory windows illuminates
the space and brings out the gracefulness of
the basilica by giving a vivid impression of
its immense grandeur.

9

COMPARISON 5: SCALE St. George's Church
Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine

The basilica is one of the largest concrete St.
structures built in ancient Rome, with George's Church has smaller scale
remains that still stand as the tallest structure compared to Basilica of Maxentius and
in the ancient Roman Forum.
Constantine.

The columns are built high up in both
exterior and interior.
Basilica of Maxentius has a wide scale
because of its enormous height and span of
the vaulted roof made it one of the most
remarkable buildings in Rome. The
individual will feel tiny and small upon
entering the hall of massive basilica.

10

COMPARISON 6: PROPORTIONS St. George's Church
Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine

In the basilica hall,there are three concrete
barrel vaults on the north aisle are in same
proportion as they were equally divided by the
walls which were pierced by wide arches.

The height of the main entrance from
ground floor to the roof top of St. George's
Church was proportioned by 70% of height
from the column with entablature and 30%
of height from the pointed pediment.

11

COMPARISON 7: STRUCTURES St. George's Church
Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine

There were eight monolithic columns in St. George's Church was flanked by two
Corinthian Order which were placed in the lateral aisles of Tuscan columns and the
basilica and supported the vaults. entrance colonnaded by the portico in Tuscan
order.

Walls which were pierced by wide arches There are two arches in the wall between the

divided the aisles into three sections in the arch doorway at the entrance of St. George's

basilica hall. Church.

The ceiling of the basilica was decorated Pointed pediment were supported by the
with deep hexagonal and octagonal coffers. entablature of the portico to provide a centre
point and add grandness to the entrance of the
church.

Curved pediments which placed over the
doors along both sides of façade of the
church which are decorative and enhance the
appearance of the side entrance.

12

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, we can see there are several main differences and similarities the application of
Western Architecture ideas in the East by comparing Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine
with St. George's Church. The main differences between the Basilica of Maxentius and St.
George's Church are scale of these two buildings and building materials as well as the structures
because they applied different order of columns such as Corinthian order for basilica and
Tuscan order for the church. The ambiance in the basilica and the church are also have some
discrepancies as St. George's Church gives a calmness and peaceful mood and ambience to the
occupants while Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine has majestic and splendour ambience
due to its architecture. The main similarities between the Basilica of Maxentius and St.
George's Church are space planning as both of them are flanked by two lateral aisles which its
space was divided into three sections. They also have porticos at the entrance and both of the
have arches in the building such as three arches at the entrance of the church and wide arches
which divided the aisles into three sections in the basilica hall.

13

REFERENCE
Colosseumrometickets, 2018, Basilica of Maxentius, viewed on 20 March 2021,
https://colosseumrometickets.com/basilica-of-maxentius/.

Wikipedia, 2021, Basilica of Maxentius, viewed on 18 March 2021,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Maxentius.

Thomas Ashby, 2021, Basilica Constantini, viewed on 18 March 2021,
https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_T
exts/PLATOP*/Basilica_Constantini.html#:~:text=The%20material%20employed%20in%20
this,most%20remarkable%20buildings%20in%20Rome.

Springer Link, 2010, The Basilica of Maxentius and Its Construction Materials, viewed on 19
March 2021, https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-90-481-2684-2_12.

Escholarship, 2016, The Roman Construction Process: Building the Basilica of Maxentius,
viewed on 19 March 2021, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/39b230f1.

The Byzantine Legacy, 2016, Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine, viewed on 19 March
2021, https://www.thebyzantinelegacy.com/basilica-maxentius.

Brewminate, 2013, The Basilica of Maxentius, viewed on 19 March 2021,
https://brewminate.com/the-basilica-of-maxentius/>

leahs2, 2005, Basilicas in Ancient Rome, viewed on 20 March 2021,
https://depts.washington.edu/hrome/Authors/leahs2/BasilicasinAncientRome/pub_zbarticle_v
iew_printable.html.

Wikipedia, 2021, St. George’s Church Penang, viewed on 20 March 2021,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George's_Church,_Penang.

Timothy M. Ciccone, 2005, St. George’s Church (built 1818 onward), viewed on 20 March
2021, https://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/488/malaysia/georgetown/st-georges-church.

14

travel-penang-malaysia.com, 2021, St George Church Penang, viewed on 20 March 2021,
https://www.travel-penang-malaysia.com/st-georges-church-penang.html.
seek4trip, 2021, St.George's Church, viewed on 20 March 2021,
http://www.seek4trip.com/attraction/921/st.george%27s_church/>

15

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