Composite Materials - Paper Mache

SEK. MEN. KEB. SUNGAI PASIR
08000 SUNGAI PETANI, KEDAH

KSSM CHEMISTRY FORM 4

PBL 3 REPORT

TITLE:

COMPOSITE MATERIALS – PAPER MACHE

THEME Industrial Chemistry
LEARNING AREA
CONTENT STANDARD 8.0 Manufactured Substances in Industry
8.4 Composite Materials and Their
LEARNING STANDARD Importance
8.4.1 State the meaning and properties of
composite materials.
8.4.2 Describe with examples the uses of
composite materials.
8.4.3 Compare and contrast the properties of
a composite material with its constituent
materials.

NAME:
NURUL IZZATI AZMADI
MAISARAH BINTI MOHD GHAZALI

CLASS:
4 STEM A

TEACHER’S NAME:
PN. ARINA BINTI ABDUL RASHID

CONTENTS PAGE
3
NO. CONTENTS 4
1. ACKNOWLEDMENT 4
2. INTRODUCTION 5
3. OBJECTIVE 6
4. MATERIALS AND APPARATUS 7
5. PROCEDURE 8
6. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 9
7. DISCUSSION 10
8. CONCLUSION 11
9. COST ESTIMATION
10. REFERENCE 12-13
11. ATTACHMENT

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, a great gratitude towards The Almighty for all the
opportunities and blessings. We Nurul Izzati Azmadi and Maisarah Binti
Mohd Ghazali are able to complete our third Project-Based Learning for
Chemistry class of 2021/2022. We would love to thank our Form 4
Chemistry teacher, Puan Arina Binti Abdul Rashid for her effort and
patience in teaching us both online and offline. Also, Thanks to our
guardians, Azmadi Bin Abdul Ghani (Izzati’s father), Suriani Binti Abdul
Ghani (Izzati’s guardian), Mohd Ghazali Bin Suratman (Maisarah’s
father) and Zulaiha Binti Osman (Maisarah’s mother). Without them, we
might never get to complete this task due to the lacking of needs. Last
but not least, thank you to our fellow classmates in 4 STEM A for their
endless support throughout the period of the task. May God bless all of
the people involved in our project assignment.

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INTRODUCTION

A composite material is a material made from combining two or more
non-homogeneous substances, that is matrix substance and
strengthening substance. The matrix substance surrounds and binds the
strengthening substance together. Both components of a composite
material have different physical and chemical properties. When
combined, the composite material formed has better properties than the
original components.
Students are required to gather information and design multimedia
presentation about the properties, examples and comparison of
composite materials with their constituent materials.
Students must create an object made of composite material using
various substances such as egg trays, cotton wool, plastic or paper,
example wire-reinforced paper mache. This object should combine at
least two constituent materials like metals, glass, ceramics, alloys and
others

OBJECTIVE

1. Understand and appreciate the importance of composite materials
in daily life.

2. Reduce the burden of waste by creating composite materials using
recycled materials.

3. Create a creative product of composite materials as a solution to
problems in everyday life.

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MATERIALS AND APPARATUS

Materials:
-cardboard
-used papers
-white glue
-water
-wooden stick
-spray paint
-hot glue
-paper tape

Apparatus:
-utility knife
-coping saw
-pencil
-ruler
-set square

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PROCEDURE

1. Cardboard is cut according to the sizes on template 8.1.
2. Used papers are tore into small pieces.
3. Tore papers are soaked in water until soft.
4. Soaked papers are squished to remove excess water, crushed and

mixed with white glue into a sticky spreadable mixture.
5. Wooden sticks are arranged on the cardboard and are surrounded

with the paper mixture.
6. Another piece of cardboard is put on top as a flat block. The flat

block is let dry.
7. The block is put together into a shelf with hot glue according to the

template 8.2.
8. The shelf is painted with spray paint and is let dry.

Template 8.1

Template 8.2

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EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

Weight of load Stiffness of product
(kg) (✓/)
1.0 ✓

2.0 ✓

3.0 ✓

4.0 ✓

❖ the product (desk shelf) can carry up to 4.0kg of load

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DISCUSSION

Concrete is an example of composite material that
has been used since ancient times.

1. State the definition of composite materials. (2 Marks)

Composite materials are materials made from combining two or
more non-homogeneous substances, that is matrix substance and
strengthening substance.

2. Is concrete suitable to be used to build the pillars of buildings?

Explain. (8 Marks)

No, concrete alone is not suitable to build the pillars of buildings
because it has low stretching strength. Even though concrete can
withstand high compression force, it will break due to high
stretching force. This makes the pillars brittle rather than ductile. It
is dangerous especially for tall buildings. Buildings need to have
both high compression strength and high stretching strength. So,
they can withstand strong wind at higher level or natural vibration.

3. Explain how concrete may be reinforced. (6 Marks)

Concrete may be reinforced with steel bars or wire mesh. Steel
bars and wire mesh have high stretching strength. This will
compliment the weakness of concrete which has low stretching
strength. This makes the reinforced concrete more ductile.
Therefore, reinforced concrete can withstand both high
compression force and high stretching force. For example, strong
wind towards tall buildings. The easily corroded property of steel
bars is also overcame by the concrete around it.

4. State two uses of reinforced concrete. (4 Marks)

Reinforced concrete is used for tall buildings to withstand strong
wind. It is also used for dam to withstand strong water waves.

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CONCLUSION

Cardboard and papers are lightweight but not stiff. Meanwhile, wood is
stiff but is quite heavy. When wooden stick is used to reinforce the paper
mixture, composite material is made. The composite material is much
stiffer and is light in mass. The composite material is then used as the
main component to produce a desk shelf.
The stiffness of the product (desk shelf) is tested by using a few
packages of sugar and flour as load. Each package is 1kg in mass. After
4kg of weight is loaded, the desk shelf is still firm. This prove that the
product can carry load up to 4kg.
Therefore, composite material is a great technology in industry. It helps
us gaining most of the good properties in one component. It also helps
to produce products with better characteristics and functions. This
technology of composite material is one of the vital enhancements in the
industry with help of material science field.

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COST ESTIMATION

NO. ITEM PRICE UNIT TOTAL
PER UNIT (RM)
1. Cardboard (24” x 34”) 2
2. White glue (250ml) (RM) 2 9.00
3. Wooden stick (50pcs) 4.50 2 10.00
4. Spray paint 5.00 1 8.00
5. Hot glue (5pcs) 4.00 1 9.30
6. Masking tape 9.30 1 3.00
7. Used paper 3.00 0.5kg 2.00
2.00
-
- RM 41.30

TOTAL

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REFERENCE

Chemistry Form 4 Textbook (DLP)
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia, 2019
Lim Kuok Chen, Dr Nur Jahan Ahmad, Dr Chua Kah Heng, Wong Choy
Wan, Lee Sze Yien
Internet Sources:
https://www.amazon.com/mini-shelves-
desk/s?k=mini+shelves+for+desk
https://www.britannica.com/technology/reinforced-concrete
https://youtu.be/aoI-iXy7ppo

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ATTACHMENT

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End Product: Desk Shelf

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