MODULE_2

MODULE 2
CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSPORT

Transport can be classified into four:
1. Roadway
2. Railway
3. Airway
4. Water way

1. Roadways

“Roads are the veins and arteries of a country through whose channels every improvement takes
circulation” – Bentham

Road transport plays a pivotal role in the country’s transport system. Roads enable the social
functioning of the society as it reaches the doorsteps. The road transport industry is the backbone
of strong economies and dynamic societies. It is instrumental in interconnecting all businesses to
all major world markets, driving trade, creating employment, ensuring a better distribution of
wealth and uniting mankind. Road Transport has dominated its contribution to the GDP by
occupying a share of almost 4.8 percent as compared to the other means of transport.

Roads in India have been classified into following:

1. National Highways:

These are the main roads which connect the state, capitals, ports and big cities.
Important Points for National Highways:-

• They traverse the length and width of the country.
• National highways in India are the primary long-distance roadways.
• The Central Government is responsible for its constructions and maintenance.
• At present, out of 115,435 km of National Highways about 24 per cent length is of 4-

lane and above standard,

52 per cent length is of 2-lane standard and 24 per cent length of single and intermediate
standard.
2. State Highways:

These are the main roads of the state that connect the capital and the cities of the state.

Important points for State Highways:

• State Governments are responsible for their maintenance.
• Length of state roadways in India has increased within a span of about four decades and has

increased from 56,765 km in 1971 to 167109.135 km in 2015.
• Although construction and maintenance of state highways is the responsibility of the

concerned state governments, yet with the revamping of the Central Road Fund (CRF) in
2000, the Centre provides about Rs. 1,000 crore for development ofstate roads.
• To promote inter-state facilities andalso to assist the State Governments in their
economicdevelopment through construction of roads and bridges, Central Government
provides 100 per cent grant for interstateconnectivity and 50 per cent grant for projects
ofeconomic importance from CRF.

3. District Roads:

These roads connect district man-dies and production areas. These are maintained by District
Boards or Zilla Parishad.

4. Village Roads:

These roads connect the villages with district roads. Panchayats construct these roads.

5. Border Roads:

These roads are constructed with the help of Border Road Organisation. This organisation has
constructed 18,500 kms long border roads.

2. Railway

In India, railway has been an important form of transport. Britishers built an extensive network
of railway in India. They built it so that they could keep a good control over the vast Indian
Dominion. Railways also enabled them to transport food and raw materials to their industries
situated elsewhere.

Important facts on the Railways:

• The first railway line was laid between Bombay and Thane in 1853.
• After that, rail services have developed a lot. At the time of independence, the total route

length was 53,596 km with 8,209 engines, 19,536 passenger bogies and 2, 06,000 goods
wagons.

Classification of Indian Railway

Based on Route Based on speed criteria
Trunk Route Group A
Main Line Group B
Branch Line Group C
Group D
1. Based on Route Group E
i) Trunk Route- line that is the main route on a railway.
Example- Delhi- Howrah, Mumbai- Chennai

ii) Main line-

− All lines other than trunk routes carrying 10 gross million tonne(s) per km/ annum
(G.M.T.) or more per year for Broad Gauge (B.G.) and maximum permissible speed 100
kmph (kilometer per hour) for B.G. comes under main lines.

− All lines other than trunk routes carrying 2.5 G.M.T. or more per year for Metre Gauge
(M.G.) and maximum permissible speed is 75 kmph for M.G. comes under main lines.

iii) Branch Lines-

− All routes carrying less than 10 G.M.T. per year for B.G. and max permissible speed is
less than 100 kmph for B.G. comes under branch lines.

− All routes carrying less than 2.5 G.M.T. per year for M.G. and max permissible speed is
less than 75 kmph for M.G. comes under branch lines.

2. Based on speed criteria

i) Group A- usually trunk routes on which the speed of train should be kept at 160 kmph or more
are classified in this group. Example: Delhi to Howrah route.

ii) Group B- Under this group those routes have been classified on which the maximum
permissible speed is 130 kmph allowed.Example: (1) Kalyan-Raichur-Chennai.

iii) Group C- All surburban routes of Mumbai and Kolkata comes under this group.

iv) Group D- All routes where maximum sanctioned speed is 100 kmph comes under this group.

v) Group E- The branch lines where maximum speed is less than 100 kmph.

3. Airways

The movement of men and material by air is called air transport. It is the fastest means of
transport. It is very useful for long distances and saves time. Air transport is an important enabler
to achieving economic growth and development. Air transport facilitates integration into the
global economy and provides vital connectivity on a national, regional, and international scale. It
helps generate trade, promote tourism, and create employment opportunities. It carries goods and
passengers through airways by using different aircrafts like passenger aircraft, cargo aircraft,
helicopters, etc. Besides passengers it generally carries goods that are less bulky or of high value.
In hilly andmountainous areas where other mode of transport is not accessible, air transport is an

important as well as convenient mode. It is mostly used for transporting goods and passengers
during natural calamities like earthquake and floods, etc. During war, air transport plays an
important role in carrying soldiers as well as supplies to the required areas.

CLASSIFICATION OF AIR TRANSPORT

Domestic air transport International air transport
Facilitates movement within the country
Facilitates carrying passengers and
goods between different countries.

4. Water Way

It refers to the movement of goods and passengers on waterways by using variousmeans like
boats, steamers, launches, ships, etc. With the help of these means goods and passengers are
carried to different places, both within as well as outside the country. Within the country, rivers
and canals facilitate the movement of boats, launches, etc.

Classification of Water transport

Inland Water transport Ocean Transport

• When goods and passengers move inside the • When the different means of transport are
country, this type of transport is called inland used to carry goods and passengers on the
water transport. sea route it is termed as ocean transport.

• Inland water transport use boats, launches, • Ocean transport can be divided into two:
barges, streamers, etc., was enabling the • i) Costal transport- Coastal Transport is
transportation.
also used within the national waters along
• This can be for navigation but only 700 kms. the coast. It is an inland transport. It is
• Rivers in north India are more used for mainly used to carry cargo from one port to
another port. Cargo ships are used to carry
navigation than the rivers of peninsular India bulky goods to distant ports.
because they have water throughout the year. • ii) Overseas Shipping- This is used in the
Rivers of peninsular India have sufficient case of overseas transport i.e. between
water only in rainy season otherwise they are countries.
dry during the hot summers.

LICENSES AND PERMITS

1. ROADWAYS

LICENSE

In India, the driving license is the official document which authorises its holder to operate
various types of motor vehicle on highways and some other roads to which the public have
access. It is administered by the Regional Transport Authorities (RTO) in various states. A
driving license is required in India by any person driving a vehicle on any highway or other road
defined in the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988.

The license is defined u/s 2 (10) of the Motor Vehicles Act,

“Driving Licence” means the license issued by a competent authority under Chapter-II
authorizing the person specified therein to drive, otherwise than as a learner, a motor vehicle or
a motor vehicle of any specified class or description.”

Applications for a provisional driving license can be made from the age of 16, this license is
valid for driving a moped or gearless motorcycle (with a capacity of up to 50 cc). License to
drive a car or any other type of vehicle will be given only on attaining 18 years of age.

Provincial License

Until a driving test (which consists of three sections: verbal or written test (depending on the
state), road sign test followed by a supervised driving examination) has been passed a driver may
hold only a provisional license and be subject to certain conditions. The conditions attached to
provisional licenses of a particular category of vehicle are:

• L-plates must be conspicuously displayed on the front and rear of the vehicle.
• Learner drivers of a particular category and transmission type of vehicle must be

accompanied by somebody who has held a full driving licence for that category and
transmission type, except in the case of solo motorcycles and vehicles of certain
categories designed solely for one person.
• Motorcycle riders must not carry any pillion passenger.
• Bus drivers must not carry any passenger except a person giving or receiving instruction.

After passing a driving test, the provisional licence may be surrendered in exchange for a full
Indian licence for the relevant kind of vehicle. Full car licences allow use of mopeds,
motorcycles and cars.

Validity of a license

A license if valid for 20 years from the date of issue or till the license holders turns 50 years of
age, whichever happens earlier. The driving license is required to be renewed after expiry of its
validity.

This is a list of the categories that might be found on a driving license in India.

a) MC 50CC (Motorcycle 50cc) — motorcycles with an engine capacity of 50 cc or less.
b) MC EX50CC (Motorcycle more than 50cc) — motorcycles and (Light Motor Vehicle)

car.
c) FVG—Motorcycles of any engine capacity, but without gears, including mopeds and

scooters.
d) MC with Gear or M/CYCL.WG (Motorcycle With Gear) — all motorcycles.
e) LMV (Light Motor Vehicle) — including motorcars, jeeps, taxis, delivery vans.
f) LMV-NT (Land Motor Vehicle—No 4 wheeler Transport) — for personal use only.
g) LMV-TR (Light Motor Vehicle—Transport) — for commercial transportation including

light goods carrier.
h) HMV (Heavy Motor Vehicle).
i) HPMV (Heavy Passenger Motor Vehicle).
j) HTV Heavy Transport Vehicle (Heavy Goods Motor Vehicle, Heavy Passenger Motor

Vehicle).
k) TRAILER — a person holding a heavy vehicle driving license can only apply for heavy

trailer license.

Most of the legislation regarding licensing is in the Rules of the Road Regulation and the Motor
Vehicles Act, 1988. Private/Commercial drivers should have an additional Badge if they are
driving a taxi or any other public transport vehicle.

Permit

The common "All India Permit" allows the licensee to drive throughout the country. For driving
commercial/transport vehicles, one should obtain endorsement (and a minimum age of 20 years,
in some states) in the driving license to effect under s.3(1) of The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988..

2. Waterways

License

Part XIV of the Merchant Shipping Act, 1995 deals with the Control of Ships

S. 405 of the Act applies to the sea-going ships fitted with mechanical means of propulsion of
not less than one hundred and fifty tons gross; but the Central Government may, by notification

in the Official Gazette, fix any lower tonnage for the purpose of this Part. Section 406 of the Act
provides that no Indian ships and no other ship chartered by a citizen of India or a company [or a
co-operative society] shall be taken to sea from a port or place within or outside India except
under a license granted by the Director-General under this section.

Provided that the Central Government, if it is of opinion that it is necessary or expedient in the
public interest so to do, may, by notification in the Official Gazette, exempt any class of ships
chartered by a citizen of India or a company [or a co-operative society] from the provisions of
this sub-section.

Section 406(2) provides that alicensegranted under this section maybe,

(a) a general license;

(b) a license for the whole or any part of the coasting trade of India; or

(c) a license for a specified period or voyage.

Section 406(3) of the Act further goes on to provides that a license granted under this section
shall be valid for such period as may be prescribed, and shall be subject to conditions specified
by the Director -General. License of ships for coasting trade is governed by the conditions given
in section 407 of the Act.

Section 407 provides that:

(1) No ships other than an Indian ship or a ship chartered by a citizen of India [or a company or
a co-operative society which satisfies the requirements specified in clause (b) or, as the case may
be, clause (c) of section 21], shall engage in the coasting trade of India except under a license
granted by the Director-General under this section.

(2) A license granted under this section may be for a specified period or voyage and shall be
subject to such conditions as may be specified by the Director-General.

(3) The Central Government may, by general or special order, direct that the provisions of sub-
section (1) shall not apply in respect of any part of the coasting trade of India or shall apply
subject to such conditions and restrictions as may be specified in the order.

Note- The Director-General may, at any time if the circumstances of the case so require, revoke
or modify a license granted under section 406 or section 407.

3. Airways

The principal regulatory body in the field of civil aviation in India is the Directorate General of
Civil Aviation (DGCA), headed by the director general under the supervision of the Ministry of
Civil Aviation (MoCA). The DGCA is responsible for air transport regulation, air safety and
airworthiness. It issues licences to aerodromes and air carriers. It oversees regulation of air
transport, airworthiness, air safety, training and licensing and aerodrome standards. The DGCA
prescribes the necessary safety requirements and is responsible for their oversight. The Aircraft
Rules, 1937 contain conditions for operators, crews, airworthiness, flights, etc.

License

• The DGCA does not grant a carrier an operating permit (licence) until the carrier or the
operator has had its safety manual approved with appropriate trained personnel available
for safety purposes and an appropriate insurance policy in place for crew passengers and
property to be transported by air.

• Each aircraft receives a certificate of airworthiness and the DGCA regulates air safety in
conjunction with the BCAS.

• In 2011, the Aircraft Rules were amended to ensure that all aircraft operators and
aerodrome operators, air traffic service providers, the personnel involved in training,
aviation personnel, etc were mandatorily required to establish and maintain a safety
management system (SMS) and SMS manual. The rules now provide for the DGCA's
officers to monitor and inspect not only the SMS but also its implementation.

• An old 1996 CAR (revised 17 April 2009) on 'Flight Safety Awareness and
Accident/Incident Prevention Programme' requires all operators to prepare a flight safety
manual and obtain approval from the director of air safety of the DGCA.

• Every operator must have a chief of flight safety who shall be responsible to the DGCA
for ensuring compliance of all operational requirements and responsible for
implementation of policies laid down in the flight safety manuals and all other safety
measures required by law.. The DGCA has safety audit teams to carry out safety audits of
the operators periodically.

Permit

• Access to the market for provision of air transport services is regulated under parts XIIA
and XIII of the Aircraft Rules, 1937. Rule 134 introduces requirements for an operating
permit to be issued by the central government in relation to scheduled air transport
service from, to, in, or across India.

• Access to the Indian market may be considered regulated by reference to the provisions
of schedule XI to the Aircraft Rules setting out the requirements for a scheduled air
transport service.

• These provisions confer some degree of discretion on the DGCA, but also contain
rigorous disclosure requirements that must be met in terms of experience and financial
resources, satisfactory equipment, organisational strength, staffing arrangements, general
competence based on track record, ability to meet liabilities arising from loss or damage
to persons or property, existing/potential need or demand for the relevant service,
adequacy of other air transport services and the possibility of wasteful duplication or
material diversion of traffic, capital expenditure involved, reasonableness of the tariff and
objections or representations made (by any person including a third party).

• The permit follows a recommendation from the civil aviation authority of the
international airline's home country recommending the operator in accordance with a
bilateral agreement between the two governments. Clarifications are provided by this
authority. The bilateral agreement (or air services agreement) finds reference in rule
134(2). The permit itself does not generally contain conditions, but the application sets
out the operator's intended frequencies.

• The DGCA issued a CAR on 1 March 1994 (updated several times up to 9th April 2014),
which sets out minimum requirements for grant of a permit to operate a scheduled
passenger air transport service.

• The relevant CAR specifies minimum capitalisation, requirement of a minimum number
of aircraft, maintenance engineers, flight crew and cabin requirements, etc and also refers
to various permissions needed before an initial no-objection certificate is granted, actions
to be completed before acquisition of aircraft and airworthiness requirements, operational
requirements, etc.

• As per the applicable CAR, full equity as required shall be available with the Company
even at the initial stage so as to demonstrate commitment.

• As per the updated CAR dated 1 March 1994 (revised 09 April 2014) under section 3 –
Air Transport (series 'C', part II), a scheduled operator's permit can be granted only to:
o a citizen of India; or
o a company or a body corporate provided that:
− it is registered and has its principal place of business within
India;
− its chairman and at least two-thirds of its directors are citizens
of India; and
− its substantial ownership and effective control are vested in
Indian nationals.
o An applicant shall have paid-up capital of 500 million rupees for airlines operating
aircraft with a take-off mass equal to or exceeding 40,000 kilograms (up to five
aircraft) and for each addition of up to five aircraft, additional equity investment
of 200 million rupees; and200 million rupees for airlines operating aircraft with
a take-off mass not exceeding 40,000 kilograms (up to five aircraft) and for each

addition of up to five aircraft, additional equity investment of 100 million
rupees.

Permit for Foreign Airlines

The AIC requires designation of the foreign airline subject to the following conditions:

• substantial ownership and effective control of that airline vested in the party designating
the airline or its nationals;

• the designated airline must be qualified to meet conditions prescribed under the laws and
regulations normally applied to operation of international air services;

• the party designating the airline must maintain and administer the standards with regard
to safety and aviation security set forth in the bilateral air services agreement; andall the
other provisions of the bilateral air services must be complied with along with other
requirements set out in the AIC.

• The airline must be officially designated by the country of the airline by reference to the
air services agreement.

• The airline must be formally designated through diplomatic channels or by the
aeronautical authorities of its home country (ie, the country whose government has
signed the relevant air services agreement with the government of India).

• Several documents must be filed before an operating permit can be granted and these
include incorporation documents of the airline, details of the board of directors, copies of
other air operator certificates or equivalent document issued by the state where the
operator is already operating, an operations manual approved by the competent
authorities of the home state, details of the fleet, a detailed security programme etc.

Procedure to obtain the Permit

• Once the application is submitted, approval of the competent authorities involved in
respect of airline level requirements must be submitted (this includes any arrangements
with the Airports Authority, Reserve Bank of India permissions, etc). The slots are
coordinated with the AAI and the schedule is to be filed at least 30 days prior to
commencement of services.

• After the above process is completed, a carrier engaged in international operations must
ensure that all its employees comply with the laws, regulations and procedures pertinent
to performance of their duties.

• The operator must have all necessary operational documents and publications such as an
operations manual, CARs, AICs, NOTAMs, aeronautical maps and charts, operational
circulars, etc, for reference.

• The carrier is required to have and must follow an approved flight safety manual laying
down the policies and procedures for ensuring safety of operations, computerised systems
to analyse digital flight data recorders (DFDRs), solid state flight data recorders

(SSFDRs) to record data of all flights to determine exceedances in flight operations and
to ensure compliance with operating procedures, investigation of occurrences,
implementation of safety recommendations, accident/incident prevention programmes
and safety enhancement measures as per the requirements laid down by the DGCA and
the BCAS.
• Scheduled operations must be conducted from approved operational bases and the
operator is required to ensure that operations are conducted only to and from airports
suitable for the type of aircraft. The carrier must ensure that all security requirements
stipulated by the BCAS are strictly followed in respect of their operations at all airports.