Module_6

MODULE 6

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE FUTURE

As we have seen, today technology dominates most part of our lives. Next
big disruption of Artificial Intelligence and technology is in workplaces.
Today, automation and AI is transforming businesses like never and
already contributing to economic growth1 via contributions to productivity.
These emerging techs will also help address the considered far-sighted
societal challenges in areas ranging from health to climate change2. At the
same time, these technologies will have a huge impact on the nature of
work and the workplace itself. Machines will be tasked to carry out more
of the work done by humans, add more value to the work that humans do,
and even perform some tasks that go beyond what humans can do.

As a result, some jobs will decline, others will grow, and many more will
be transformed. Society will need to struggle with significant workforce
conversions and dislocation. Workers will need to learn new skills and
adjust to the increasingly capable machines next to them in the workplace.
They may have to move from declining occupations to growing and, in
some cases, new occupations.

1 ‘Modelling the Impact of AI on World Economy’ – Discussion Paper by McKinsey Global Institute.
2 Fourth Industrial Revolution for Earth – AI for Earth – Report by PWC, available at
https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/news-room/docs/ai-for-the-earth.pdf, last accessed Feb 20, 2020.

Automation and AI as concepts are not new, but recent technological
progress is rapidly pushing the frontier of what machines can do. Our
research suggests that society needs these improvements to provide value
for businesses, contribute to economic growth, and make once
unimaginable progress on some of our most difficult societal challenges.

Much of this progress has been driven by improvements in software
algorithms and system components, including, but not limited to,
mechanics, sensors, and other hardware components. AI has made
especially great strides in the recent years, as machine-learning algorithms
have become more advanced3 and made use of a massive increase in
computing power and of an exponential increase in data available to train
algorithms. Reports in fact suggest that 90% of the world’s data was
created within the past two years.4

Remarkable discoveries are making the headlines, many involving
beyond-human abilities in natural language processing, computer vision,
and complex gaming field. AI has the potential to change businesses and
contribute to economic growth. These technologies are already generating
value in various products and services, and companies across sectors use
them in a multitude of processes to personalize product recommendations,
find inconsistencies in production, identify falsified transactions, and
more.

3 Schmidt, J., Marques, M.R.G., Botti, S. et al. Recent advances and applications of machine learning in solid-

state materials science. npj Computational Materials (2019), available at

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41524-019-0221-o, last accessed Feb 20, 2020.

4 Jack Loechner, 90% Of Today's Data Created In Two Years, available at

https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/291358/90-of-todays-data-created-in-two-years.html, last

accessed Feb 20, 2020.

In addition to creating new jobs, AI will also help people do their jobs
better — a lot better. At the World Economic Forum in Davos, Paul
Daugherty, Accenture’s Chief Technology and Innovation Officer
summed this idea up as, “Human plus machine equals superpowers.”5 For
many reasons, the optimistic view is likely the more realistic one. But AI’s
ability to transform work is far from preordained. In 2018, workers are not
being adequately prepared for their futures. The algorithms and data that
underlie AI are also flawed and don’t reflect the diverse society it’s meant
to serve.

Potential to help manage a few cultural moon-shot difficulties. Machine
insight can likewise and is being utilized in regions stretching out from
medicinal research to atmosphere science to material science. Use of the
advances in these and different controls could help handle cultural
"moonshot" challenges. For instance, specialists have effectively built up a
calculation that could cut analytic occasions for intracranial draining by as
much as 96 percent.

Another utilization of artificial intelligence is in environmental change.
Analysts at George Washington College, then, are utilizing AI to all the
more precisely weight the atmosphere models utilized by the
Intergovernmental Board on Environmental Change6. While simulated
intelligence will surely dislodge a few employments, such uprooting has
happened some time before computer-based intelligence was on the scene.

5 World Economic Forum Report, Davos.
6 Lucien Crowder , AI and climate: On the “bleeding edge” with a pioneering researcher, available at
https://thebulletin.org/2018/02/ai-and-climate-on-the-bleeding-edge-with-a-pioneering-researcher/, last accessed
Apr 27, 2020.

In the previous century, we've seen the downfall or diminishment of titles
like trip specialist, switchboard administrator, milkman, lift administrator
and bowling alley pinsetter. In the interim, new titles like application
engineer, online networking executive, and information researcher have
risen.

There are various difficulties confronting simulated intelligence and
computerization. The confinements are somewhat innovation and
information related, for example, the requirement for significant preparing
information and complexities "summing up" calculations crosswise
overuse cases. Ongoing developments have recently started to handle these
issues.

Different challenges are in the utilization of computer-based intelligence
rehearses. For instance, clarifying choices made by AI calculations is in
fact testing, which especially matters for use cases including monetary
loaning or lawful applications. Potential inclination in the preparation
information and calculations, just as information protection, malevolent
use, and security are for the most part gives that must tended to. While
Europe is leading the space with its latest GDPR guidelines, which
codifies more rights for users over data collection and usage. A different
sort of question concerns the ability of corporations to adopt these
technologies, where technology, data availability, people, and process
readiness often make it difficult.

Another test is selection of these new advancements. It is seen that
osmosis of these new tech is as of now uneven crosswise over fluctuated

parts and nations. It is seen that the car, fund, and media communications
parts are driving in computer-based intelligence selection.

In any event, when we see at the advantages that man-made intelligence
and mechanization bring to the business and to the general public, we
should grasp for significant disturbances in work.

It will probably take around 10 years or so until some computer-based
intelligence advances become the standard. While that gives a lot of lead
time to the change, barely any organizations are making a move currently
to prepare their laborers. Another little-saw issue is that the computer-
based intelligence frameworks themselves are being made with
information and calculations that don't mirror the various society.

We are already experiencing the impact of AI in fields of FinTech,
Robotics, Medical, Transportation, Academia, to name a few. Automated
machines are being deployed to “rate” a potential customer in a bank to
understand his creditworthiness before processing his loan. Robots are on
the way to become more sentient and “aware” of their surroundings thanks
to the intelligent algorithms in them, now more than ever. Computers are
now equipped to read the medical reports of a patient and tell him what
disease he suffers from, what stage the disease is at and prescribe
appropriate.

About portion of the exercises (not occupations) completed by laborers
could be robotized. Certain classifications of exercises are more
effectively automatable than others, physical exercises in profoundly
unsurprising and organized situations, just as information assortment and

information preparing are increasingly inclined to mechanization and in
this way, powerless. Among the least agreeable classifications are
overseeing individuals, giving capability, and collaborating with partners.
The exercises which are monotonous and have a pattern are more
vulnerable and easily replaced rather than the ones which require an
expertise.

6.1. JOBS LOST

It is anticipated that a few occupations will see noteworthy decays by
2030. Mechanization will uproot a few labourers. The wide choice
underscores the different elements which will affect the pace and extent of
man-made intelligence and robotization reception. Specialized possibility
of computerization is only the essential affecting issue. various factors
exemplify the cost of sending; work advertise elements, just as work offer
sum, quality, and in this way the related wages; the preferences on the far
side work substitution that add to business cases for appropriation; and, at
last, social standards and acknowledgment. Selection can at present shift
significantly crosswise over nations and areas because of varieties inside
the over components, especially work advertise elements: in cutting edge
economies with relatively high pay levels, similar to France, Japan, and
along these lines the us, computerization may uproot twenty to twenty five
of the labour by 2030, in an exceedingly focus appropriation situation,
over twofold the speed in India.

6.2. JOBS CREATED

In a similar period, employments will likewise be made. Indeed, even as
staff are uprooted, there'll be development sought after for work and
therefore employments. we tend to create outcomes for work request to
2030 from numerous impetuses of interest for work, just as rising wages,
swelled defrayment on tending, and proceeded or ventured up interest in
framework, vitality, and innovation advancement and preparing. some of
the most significant increases are in rising economies like Republic of
India, any place the working-age populace is as of now developing
expediently.

Extra financial procedure, just as from business dynamism and rising
profitability development, likewise will in any case produce employments.
a few elective new occupations that we tend to can't by and by envision
likewise will develop and should represent the most extreme sum as ten %
of employments made by 2030, if history might be a guide. In addition,
innovation itself has generally been a web work maker. for instance, the
presentation of the private PC made army occupations not just for
semiconductor makers, anyway furthermore for programming framework
and application designers of various types, customer administration agents,
and information experts.

6.3. JOBS TRANSFORMED

A larger number of employments than those lost or picked up will be
changed as machines supplement human work in the work environment.
Incomplete mechanization can turn out to be increasingly overflowing as

machines supplement human work. for example, computer-based
intelligence calculations which will peruse demonstrative outputs with a
high level of precision will encourage specialists analyse persistent cases
and build up suitable treatment. In elective fields, employments with dull
assignments may move toward a model of overseeing and investigating
machine-driven frameworks. At merchant Amazon, laborers World
Wellbeing Association previously raised and stacked articles have become
robot administrators, perception the machine-driven arms and parcelling
issues like an interruption inside the progression of objects. Key work
power changes and difficulties while we tend to expect there'll be enough
work to affirm monetary condition in 2030 upheld the vast majority of our
circumstances, the advances that may go with computerization and
artificial intelligence selection are fundamental. the mix of occupations
can adjustment, as can capacity and scholastic necessities. Work can get
the chance to be updated to affirm that people work on board machines
most successfully.

Workers can like totally different skills to thrive within the geographical
point of the long run Automation will accelerate the shift in needed work
force skills we've seen over the past fifteen years. Demand for advanced
technological skills like programming can grow. Social, emotional, and
better psychological feature skills, like creative thinking, crucial thinking,
and sophisticated information science, will see growing demand. Basic
digital skills demand has been increasing which trend can continue and
accelerate. Demand for physical and manual skills can decline, however
can stay the only largest class of work force skills in 2030 in several
countries.

This will guarantee that there is additional weight on the previously
existing work power which aptitudes challenge, still as the requirement for
fresh credentialing frameworks exists. Though some inventive measures
are rising, arrangements which will coordinate the size of the test are
required. A few jobs can without a doubt go to alternative occupations, in
a mid-point circumstance, around three percent of the world work power
can go to change action classes by 2030, despite the fact that
circumstances shift from in regards to zero to fourteen percent some of
these movements can occur at interim enterprises and areas, anyway a few
can happen crosswise over segments and even geographies.

Occupations which require physical manoeuvre in very organized
conditions or in handling or collection can see a potential decrease.
Developing occupations can grasp those with hard to automatize exercises
like supervisors, and individuals in capricious physical situations like
handymen. Elective occupations that may see expanding interest for work
incorporate scholastics, nursing assistants, and school and elective experts.

6.4. EFFECT ON GIG ECONOMY

The ascent of advanced ability programs, the gig economy, and tech-
empowered free work are likewise influencing the eventual fate of work.
A gig economy is a labour market characterized by the prevalence of
short-term contracts or freelance work as opposed to permanent jobs. They
are as of now trans formatively affecting a few segments, and they can
possibly help address a portion of the activity advertise' challenges in
coordinating occupations to laborers and in flagging data to planned
managers. Simultaneously, they challenge some settled-in methods for

working and, in certain nations, the activities of social frameworks.
Advanced ability stages make straightforwardness and proficiency in work
markets. By improving specialist fulfilment over the economy, these
stages can drive efficiency. By bringing more individuals into increasingly
formal work, these stages can raise work power investment. Such stages
are turning out to be a piece of a fundamental suite of HR selecting
devices. To bridle them, organizations should investigate their ability
needs and adjust their HR capacity to adjust it all the more plainly with the
CEO motivation.

While just around 15 percent of autonomous work is led on advanced
stages now, that extent is developing quickly. Free laborers length every
single statistic gathering: about portion of senior workers have taken an
interest in autonomous work, and youth make up about a fourth of the free
workforce.3 While the individuals who seek after free work (carefully
empowered or not) out of inclination are commonly fulfilled, the
individuals who seek after it out of need are unsatisfied with the salary
changeability and the absence of advantages regularly connected with
conventional work. Approach creators and trend-setters should ponder
answers for these difficulties.

6.5. TRANSFORMATION IN WORKPLACES

As smart machines and programming are incorporated all the more
profoundly into the working environment, work processes and workspaces
will keep on advancing to empower people and machines to cooperate. As
self-checkout machines are presented in stores, for instance, clerks can
become checkout help assistants, who can help answer questions or

investigate the machines. More framework level arrangements will
provoke re-examining of the whole work process and workspace.
Stockroom configuration may change essentially as certain parts are
intended to suit principally robots and others to encourage safe human
machine association. Robotization will probably place pressure by and
large wages in cutting edge economies.

The word related blend movements will probably put weight on
compensation. A significant number of the present centre pay
employments in cutting edge economies are commanded by exceptionally
automatable exercises, for example, in assembling or in bookkeeping,
which are probably going to decay. High-wage occupations will develop
essentially, particularly for high-aptitude restorative and tech or different
experts, however a huge segment of employments expected to be made,
including educators and nursing associates, commonly have lower wage
structures. The hazard is that mechanization could compound pay
polarization, pay disparity, and the absence of pay headway that has
described the previous decade crosswise over cutting edge economies,
feeding social, and political tensions.14 notwithstanding these approaching
difficulties, workforce challenges as of now exist Most nations as of now
face the test of satisfactorily instructing and preparing their workforces to
meet the present necessities of businesses.

Spending on specialist progress and separation help has additionally kept
on contracting as a level of GDP. One exercise of the previous decade is
that while globalization may have profited financial development and
individuals as customers, the compensation and separation impacts on

laborers were not sufficiently tended to. Most examinations recommend
that the size of these issues is probably going to develop in the coming
decades. It has been additionally found in the past that huge scale
workforce advances can lastingly affect compensation; during the
nineteenth century Industrial Revolution, compensation in the United
Kingdom stayed dormant for about 50 years in spite of rising
profitability—a wonder known as "Engels' Pause,"7 after the German
savant who distinguished it.

In the quest for proper measures and approaches to address these
difficulties, we ought not try to move back or moderate dispersion of the
advancements. Organizations and governments should bridle
computerization and AI to profit by the upgraded presentation and
efficiency commitments just as the cultural advantages. These innovations
will make the monetary surpluses that will assist social orders with
overseeing workforce advances. Or maybe, the emphasis ought to be on
approaches to guarantee that the workforce changes are as smooth as could
be expected under the circumstances.

With the advent of technology there has been a tremendous societal
change, from online bank transfers to shopping groceries online everything
is just a click away. The world is growing digitally with everything
gradually shifting to digital platforms and with this even the providers or
producers of goods and services are constantly working on the customer
references to serve the best to the consumers and with this the artificial

7 Allen, R. B. (2009) ‘Engels' pause: Technical change, capital accumulation, and inequality in the british
industrial revolution’ Explorations in Economic History, 46(4), 418-
435, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2009.04.004 last accessed Feb 20, 2020.

intelligence and automation found its way. Artificial intelligence in simple
terms can be defined as the machine intelligence demonstrated by the
machines as they are capable of doing the tasks which require human
intelligence. By the following words it can implied that this technology is
capable of replacing the manual labour to incorporate any task, it
empowers a machine to complete the given instructions with minimal
human interventions. And this has resulted in a threat that artificial
intelligence will soon replace the majority of world’s manual labour
especially in developed countries and such labourers will become jobless
and this has in obvious terms led to fear and concern to the labourers who
are less educated and the source of daily bread depends upon the daily
wage earned in developing and vulnerable countries. In this article the
impact of artificial intelligence upon the jobs will be analysed.

6.5.1. AI leads to job transformation or loses?

The advancements in hardware and decreasing cost of computing
resources have accelerated the application of AI across various sectors.
Accordingly, private organisations, academic institutions and even
government bodies started recognising the plethora of benefits offered by
AI and its potential to help resolve some of the most challenging issues
across the key sectors. However according to the manual labourers this
had led to fear and insecurity of losing their jobs. Though the organisations
believe that artificial intelligence will replace repetition of jobs and reduce
the chances of errors and mistakes which will in turn result in increased
efficiency and productivity. And this would enable the providers and

producers to expand their business and reach out to a larger population and
to better understand their choices and references.

As recommended by the Artificial Intelligence Task Force in its latest
report to the Government of India , the following areas may hold some of
the most pertinent opportunities to realise gains from AI-led
developments:

• Manufacturing and supply chain

• Healthcare

• Financial services

• Education

• Consumer and retail

• Public and utility services

• Agriculture

According to industrialists of the given sectors this would enable them to
complete globally with the international market players and to reduce the
chances of failure and this will lead to more focussed researches and
innovations and through this the true potential of the youth of country will
be recognised. In a study by PWC and AIMA, 49% of the companies have
employed artificial intelligence in their industries and businesses and have

witnessed improved solutions and high rate of productivity and are reaping
benefits.

Roles that are getting rapidly disrupted include data-entry clerk, cashier,
financial analyst, telemarketer, customer-service executive, manual work
operator/executive, factory worker, computer support specialist, market
research analyst, retail salesperson and advertising sales person. However,
several of the people getting replaced by automation will find higher-
value-added jobs, such as with the advent of automation and artificial
intelligence the job of a data entry employee will come to an end but this
job will be replaced by data validation jobs and similarly the role of a
cashier can be replaced by the job the job of query handler and a financial
analyst will become financial adviser and retail sales person can become
an adviser or style assistant. This will result in employees employed in
jobs but with drastically changed and improved skill sets. There will be
more specialised skill sets in the country and the talented youth will have
ample opportunity to showcase their capabilities with increased
employment and remuneration and the employees will be more aligned
with the digital requirements.

This is evident that with increasing technology and adoption of artificial
intelligence ample of opportunities will be available and the skilled
employees of the country will be more aligned with digital requirements of
the time, however as compared with developed nations the developing and
underdeveloped or vulnerable nations swill face difficulty in incorporating
the wide adoption of Artificial Intelligence and Automation. Although AI
has its own number of benefits in various sectors such as more

personalised and specialised study plan for both student and teacher in
education sector, AI powered medical systems would provide medical
facility to large extent of population being affordable and with quality,
implement of AI powered systems in financial institutions apart from
serving the customers with accurate advises will prevent heinous crimes as
corruption and money laundering. These were the few benefits of
deploying AI powered systems in various sectors but this would result in
fear and insecurity in the minds of unskilled labourers that soon they will
become jobless. Here the organisations play the key role they should take
steps towards educating and training the workers about the latest
technologies and developments so that their fears and concern can be
reduced and a harmonious employer-employee relationship can be
established.

6.6. KEY RECOMMENDATIONS

This is probably going to require progressively noteworthy and versatile
arrangements in a few key zones:

§ Guaranteeing strong financial and profitability development. Solid
development isn't the enchantment answer for every one of the
difficulties presented via computerization, yet it is a pre-imperative
for work development and expanding thriving. Profitability
development is a key supporter of financial development. In this
way, opening speculation and request, just as grasping robotization
for its efficiency commitments, is basic.

§ Cultivating business dynamism. Enterprise and increasingly fast new
business arrangement won't just lift efficiency, yet in addition drive
work creation. An energetic situation for private companies just as a
focused domain for enormous business encourages business
dynamism and, with it, work development. Quickening the pace of
new business arrangement and the development and aggressiveness
of organizations, huge and little, will require less difficult and
advanced guidelines, charge and different motivating forces.

§ Advancing training frameworks and learning for a changed work
environment. Strategy producers working with instruction suppliers
(conventional and non-customary) and bosses themselves could
accomplish more to improve essential STEM aptitudes through the
educational systems and enhanced the-work preparing. Another
accentuation is required on imagination, basic and frameworks
thinking, and versatile and long lasting learning. There should be
arrangements at scale.

§ Putting resources into human capital. Alter the course of low, and in
certain nations, declining open interest in laborer preparing is
critical.15 6 Through tax breaks and different motivating forces,
approach creators can urge organizations to put resources into
human capital, including work creation, learning and capacity
building, and pay development, like motivators for the private
division to put resources into different sorts of capital, including
Research and development.

§ Improving work showcase dynamism. Data flag that empower
coordinating of laborers to work, credentialing, could all work better
in many economies. Computerized stages can likewise assist
coordinate -with peopling with occupations and re-establish
liveliness to the work advertise. At the point when more individuals
change employments, even inside an organization, proof proposes
that wages rise. As more assortments of work and income earning
openings rise, including the gig economy, we should understand for
issues, for example, convey ability of advantages, labourer grouping,
and pay variability.

§ Overhauling work. Work process plan and workspace configuration
should adjust to another period where individuals work all the more
intimately with machines. This is both a chance and a test, as far as
making a protected and gainful condition. Associations are evolving
as well, as work turns out to be progressively community and
organizations look to turn out to be progressively coordinated and
non-various levelled.

§ Reconsidering salaries. On the off chance that robotization (full or
incomplete) results in a noteworthy decrease in business and
additionally more prominent weight on compensation, a few
thoughts, for example, restrictive exchanges, support for portability,
widespread fundamental salary, and adjusted social wellbeing nets
could be considered and tried. The key will be to discover
arrangements that are financially practical and fuse the numerous

jobs that work plays for laborers, including giving pay, yet in
addition importance, reason, and poise.

§ Reconsidering change backing and wellbeing nets for laborers
influenced. As work develops at higher paces of progress between
areas, areas, exercises, and expertise necessities, numerous laborers
will require help altering. Many best practice ways to deal with
progress wellbeing nets are accessible, and ought to be received and
adjusted, while new approaches ought to be considered and tried.

§ Putting resources into drivers of interest for work. Governments
should consider venturing up speculations that are gainful in their
own privilege and will likewise add to interest for work (for example
foundation, environmental change adjustment). These kinds of
occupations, from development to reworking structures and
introducing sunlight based boards, are regularly center pay
employments, those generally influenced via robotization.

§ Grasping man-made intelligence and computerization securely.
Indeed, even as we catch the profitability advantages of these
quickly developing advances, we have to effectively prepare for the
dangers and relieve any perils. The utilization of information should
consistently consider concerns, including information security,
protection, malevolent use, and potential issues of inclination, gives
that arrangement producers, tech and different firms, and people
should discover powerful approaches to address.