Cozine-12

COZINE

WHATS INSIDE Volume 12 | July 2021 | CSI-RAIT
ROBOTS IN HOSPiTALS
BLOCKCHAiN & STOCK MARKET
DATA PRiVACY
VR: THE FUTURE OF THERAPY

OUR INSPIRATION

GOOD WISHES

Dr. D. Y. Patil Mrs. Shivani V. Patil Dr. Vijay D. Patil

Founder President, Managing Trustee Beloved President
RAES

Formed in 1965, the Computer Society of India has been instrumental in guiding
the Indian IT industry on the right path since its formative years. Today, the CSI
has 70 chapters all over India, 418 student branches and more than 90000
members including India’s most famous IT industry leaders, brilliant scientists
and dedicated academicians.
CSI Faculty Member Benefits :
CSI individual members have full access to CSI knowledge portal with unique
login id and a password. CSI provides an excellent opportunity for virtual
networking with other members using blogs, communities and forums.
Members get an opportunity to offer workshops/trainings on profit sharing
basis in collaboration with CSI and also get opportunity to deliver guest
lectures in educational institutes associated to CSI across India.
CSI Student Member Benefits :
CSI student members get access to CSI knowledge portal with unique login id
and a password. CSI student members enjoy discounts in participation fees for
participation in competitions in all CSI student chapters. CSI also provides
opportunities for students for different industry approved certification
programmes. CSI also provides opportunities to interact with different industry
professionals who can guide in chalking out a proper career.
SBC : Dr. Leena R. Ragha
Faculty Co-ordinator : Prof. Tushar Ghorpade

BEST WISHES

I am happy to see RAIT students
participating in activities outside of their
regular curriculum. This magazine is a
project of the CSI-RAIT technical
committee to keep students informed
about the latest technological
developments around the world. This new
version of COZINE includes a lot of new
ideas for reaching out to students and is a
great read. Team COZINE has done an
excellent job, and I congratulate them on
their dedication. In all of their future
endeavours, I wish CSI-RAIT the best of
luck.

Dr. Vijay D. Patil

President,
Dr. D Y Patil University

Going through the most recent issue of
Cozine, CSI's magazine, gives me a lot of
pleasure. It is educational, and the
articles have been thoroughly researched.

I applaud the team on their efforts and
wish them further success in the future.

Mrs. Shivani V. Patil

Managing Trustee,
Dr. D. Y. Patil University

FROM THE PRiNCiPAL

RAIT aspires to produce engineers that Dr. Mukesh D. Patil
are both technically and ethically sound,
as well as socially aware. It provides a Principal,
wide array of opportunities that help Ramrao Adik Institute of Technology
students develop into thought and action
leaders who are practical and creative
thinkers. CSI-RAIT is a technology-driven
society that fosters technology and
leadership capabilities among its
members in order to address society's
rapidly changing needs. COZINE, an
annual technical magazine, aims to
achieve these objectives. I applaud the
Cozine team for releasing the 12th issue in
keeping with RAIT's vision and objectives.
COZINE, you've done a fantastic job! Enjoy
your reading and learn something new!

FROM THE SBC

Dr. Leena R. Ragha This year brought in many new
challenges and was highly unpredictable.
The Head Of Department, Even though the students missed out on
Computer Engineering, most of their nurturing time, they did the
most with what they had, ensuring
Ramrao Adik Institute of Technology involvement from everyone. This is
indeed commendable. The spirit to learn
and adapt is highly demonstrated by
CSI-RAIT through their participation in
almost every activity including technical
hands-on workshops, expert sessions and
article writing. The Decrypt, Technophilia
and Cozine platforms are used effectively
to express their thoughts. The zeal and
confidence in students is upheld through
their dedication to achieving the best in
an adverse environment. The Cozine
Magazine is a result of this and the
fabulous presenting skills exhibited in the
articles will definitely appeal to everyone
alike.

From The President

With the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the world has witnessed unseen events and challenges.
However, with increased difficulty comes the ability to solve the problem and that is how
technology has marked its contribution. After the huge success of 'Technophilia' and 'Decrypt',
which made their best efforts to share and educate the masses of these technological
advancements, CSI-RAIT is all set to launch the 12th edition of its annual magazine Cozine v12.0.
CSI RAIT always tries to set the bar higher than before. It gives me immense pleasure and delight
to recognize the amazing, diligent and meticulous efforts put in by the Cozine team this year.
Cozine is a reflection to showcase the diversity of minds, thoughts, creativity, and skills. We are
confident that this edition of Cozine will be engaging and a delight to the readers.

I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincerest gratitude to Hon. Shri Vijay D. Patil
sir, President, Padmashree Dr. D. Y. Patil University and Dr. Ajeenkya D. Patil, Pro-Chancellor,
Padmashree Dr. D. Y. Patil University for their constant support. I would like to deeply thank Dr.
Mukesh Patil, the Principal of RAIT, for being a source of inspiration to us, as well as, Mr. Tanmay
J. Sinnarkar, Registrar of RAIT for his support to the committee. I am also extremely grateful for
Dr. Leena R. Ragha, HOD of Computer Engineering Department, for her words of encouragement
and guidance in all of CSI-RAIT’s activities, along with the faculty coordinator of CSI-RAIT, Mr.
Tushar Ghorpade, for his invaluable help and support to all our initiatives. I am also thankful to
all the teaching and non-teaching staff of RAIT for their co-operation with the committee.

And finally, I would like to thank the Core and Joint Core of CSI-RAIT and all the members for

their amazing contributions and marvellous commitment this year. All the activities and events

carried out this year received wonderful support and were a huge success. And lastly, I would

like to wish the greatest of luck to the EIC of COZINE v12.0 and their team members.

Congratulations and well done! With Best Wishes,

Riya Parte

President

CSI-RAIT

From The Guide

Cozine has performed admirably, as has been the case in the past. The articles provide

technological updates in a fair manner that is also appealing to laypeople. The design is

appealing. Students have created an interesting and educational magazine. It's been a

delight to advise and guide pupils when they've tried their hand at writing and expressing

themselves. WELL DONE, and keep up the good work. Prof. Anupama Shenoy

Editor’s Note

We are all well aware of the pandemic looming over us since last year and the abrupt changes
that it has brought about in our daily lives. But one thing that stood out during these dark
times is the remarkable role technology has played in helping humanity steer through this
pandemic and get accustomed to the new normal.

It has only intrigued us to think about what role technology would play in shaping the
Utopian future that humanity dreams of — will it steer us towards the utopian goal or detour
us to a dystopian reality? Well, with this edition of Cozine, let us embark on a journey to seek
an answer for the same. We will peek into the varied perspectives of some beautiful minds
and try to hone our notion about the inseparable link between technology and development.
With this edition, we hope to put forward the recent advancements in technology in a fun,
lucid and captivating fashion. You will also come across four interviews presenting an
experienced individual's perspective about topics that may prove helpful on your eventful
journey ahead in life.

I take this opportunity to thank the team behind the magazine, comprising of the wonderful
Co-EICs Mukulika Pahari, Ovee Jawdekar and Anushka Pansare, and the talented designers
Anuj Patil and Shreya Barhate, whose dedication and hard work cannot be fathomed by even
the most profound adjectives out there. I would also like to thank the mentors, Makarand
Madhavi and Rajat Kapgate, for their insightful inputs. I also congratulate the talented
authors for such noteworthy articles and thank them for their dedication and efforts.

It would be my honour to put forward my gratitude towards our Principal, Dr. Mukesh D. Patil
Sir, the Student Branch Coordinator of CSI-RAIT and HOD of Computer Engineering
Department, Dr. Leena Ragha Ma'am, the Faculty Coordinator of CSI-RAIT, Prof. Tushar

Ghorpade Sir and our guide, Prof. Anupama Shenoy Ma'am, for their unprecedented guidance,
without which this wouldn't have been possible.

I would also like to take this opportunity to express my appreciation towards every individual
who took a chance with their own lives to help humanity steer through this pandemic and
assist the ones in need. We at CSI-RAIT would love to extend our gratitude for their
unparalleled service and sacrifice to make the world a better place.

I now take your leave before I bore you any further and let you dive into the marvellous world
of technology and its wonders that lie ahead.

Stay Safe and Happy Reading! Vignesh Vijaykumar
Editor in Chief

14 VR: The Future Of Therapy
16 Aiding Virtual Assistants

Using IoT

18 Seamless Telecommunications
With 5G Technology

20 Nanotechnology: Changing The
Face Of Dentistry

22 Connected And Autonomous
Vehicle Technology

24 Augmented Reality: A New
Way Of Online Shopping

26 Surveillance Capitalism
And Data Privacy

28 Gravitational Wave Detection:
A Leap In The Field Of Science

30 How Can Blockchain
Revolutionize The Stock Market?

32 Neural Architecture Search
With Microsoft Petridish

34 Augmented Reality:
Revolutionizing Healthcare

36 High Touch - High Tech:
Robots In Hospitals

38 Deep Learning In Gravitational
Waves Detection

40 AI As A Sociological
Phenomenon

42 An Adventure In Advertising
44 Ordinary To Extra Ordinary
46 Bombay To Broomfield
48 Behind The Scenes Of SDG-RAIT
50 Carbon Dioxide Capturing Drones
52 The One With Immortality

WWAAYYFFIINNDDEERR TTOO AA
UUTTOOPPIIAANN WWOORRLLDD

EEiinvnveettrrhhyyeetthbhbililnininnggkkiissooffaaalalttnenerreeiinynygege..jjuusstt

Technology is the stimulus for an idealistic world. It is evolving at a
mind-boggling rate and has been a leading force through all walks of life -
from something as basic as a light bulb to as extraordinary as self-driven
cars. Technological utopia is a futuristic or ideal society where technical
innovation boosts our standard of living immensely. This issue of Cozine
tries to contemplate questions pertaining to the ways this magical power:
technology, can be used to achieve this ideal world we speak of. How has it
helped us realise our dream so far? These progressions are fueling
innovation, boosting e ciency, and re ning the domain. It can decipher
some of our most crucial issues, solve our most complex crises, and help us
better understand our surroundings. We are on the brink of a utopian world,
and technology is serving as the Way nder navigating us through all the
perils en route.

FACES BEHIND
THE MAGAZINE

Prof. Prof. Vignesh Vijaykumar
Mrs. Anupama Shenoy Mr. Tushar Ghorpade
BE, CE
Guide Guide Editor In Chief

Makarand Madhavi Somesh Koli Rajat Kapgate

BE, IT BE, CE BE, CE
Chief Design Officer Mentor Mentor

Ovee Jawdekar Anushka Pansare Mukulika Pahari

SE, CE SE, CE SE, CE
Editor Editor Editor

Shreya Barhate Anuj Patil Vaishnavi Dwivedi

TE, EXTC SE,CE TE, CE
Design Head Designer Writer

Amogh Raut Apurva Mali Arryan Singh

TE, EXTC SE, CE SE, CE
Writer Writer Writer

Piyul Patel Atharv Yadav Akanksha Bose

SE, CE SE, CE SE, EXTC
Writer Writer Writer

Raj Nishad Ishwari Garge Aditya Anurag

FE, CE FE, CE FE, CE
Writer Writer Writer

VR: The Future of Therapy

Arryan Singh

Virtual Reality (VR) was one of the biggest To explain how these illusions work in a
technologies to hit the commercial markets in dedicated psychotherapy system, we will take
the last decade. However, VR has been around the example of systems in work at PTSD or
for quite some time. The first system, named phobia treatment centres.
‘Sword of Damocles’, was put together by
computer graphics legend Ivan Sutherland and A very well-known method of treating
his team in 1968. A good VR experience purely phobia is ‘Exposure Treatment’. In this
depends on the ability of the system and the technique, the patient is slowly exposed to
software to create a strong illusion to trick your their phobia to eventually treat it. VR is perfect
brain and align with your sensorimotor for this treatment, as it allows one to face their
contingencies (that is, ways in which we engage fears without actually being in the situation in
our sensory abilities to perceive our real life by tricking the brain to believe it is
surroundings) successfully. real. Also, the fact that these virtual
environments can easily be tweaked and
There are 3 types of illusions a VR system modified by simply editing the software makes
must successfully create to provide a complete VR the perfect fit for such applications.
and immersive experience- place illusion,
plausibility illusion and embodiment illusion.
Place illusion tends to visual parameters
wherein you feel you are somewhere else.
Plausibility illusion tends to your movement
parameters, wherein you can move around in
the virtual environment once the place illusion
is established. Embodiment illusion, as the
name suggests, is the illusion
of having a virtual
body within the
system.

14

Another case highlighting the various
possibilities of VR in psychology is for
therapy of gender dysphoria of
transgender youth. Gender dysphoria is
when an individual feels discomfort in
the gender assigned to them by birth
and prefers other genders and gender
roles. Embodiment illusion in VR
effectively provides the transgender
individual with a sense of embodying a
virtual character of their preferred
gender, which creates a comfortable
environment that helps in their therapy.
VR also helps simulate any form of
therapy involving a conversation with a
psychotherapist, which is beneficial,
especially in the current scenario where
a physical session is not feasible.

We are witnessing the early stages of

virtual reality becoming a household

name, but its significance can only be

realised with improved

implementations and apps, which is a

challenge that the tech industry is

trying to overcome to better the VR

experience. As seen in this article, VR

has enormous potential in the field of

psychology, and it can only get better

from here as better hardware that

enhances the system's immersion

emerges on the horizon.

References:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality_
therapy
https://youtube.com/watch?v=s7hPBZxHvk4&ab_
channel=VICENews

In the case of acrophobia (the fear of
heights), an illusion of you on top of a high
structure establishes place illusion. A virtual
body that successfully tricks you into believing
it is yours sets up embodiment illusion, and
providing motion to your virtual body creates
plausibility illusion.

Virtual Reality is also being used in prisoner
rehabilitation programs to help prisoners
serving long sentences get accustomed to
newer technologies, customs and practices
introduced to the world during their prison
term. It helps alleviate the psychological impact
that the prison term had on the prisoners and
make it easier for them to get accustomed to
the new world after their release.

15

Aiding Virtual Assistants
using IoT

Ishwari Garge

Virtual assistants like Google Assistant, Siri, Alexa, Virtual assistants are allowed control over other
Cortana have become familiar names in our daily home devices through IoT. This integration makes
life. They are used extensively in making household the network stronger since virtual assistants can
activities easy. As the name suggests, these are now take commands for additional devices
machines made to assist us in our everyday tasks. connected. The assistant takes a request: if the
They can do about anything from telling us jokes instruction requires an appliance, a signal sent
and playing games to reporting news, setting through the sensors attached asks the device to
timers, and a myriad of other things. These carry out the specific task. These assistants have
assistants comprise artificial intelligence, which mobile-based applications that are used to
gives them a human-like thinking ability. The use of perform some actions without any physical labour.
speech recognition makes access effortless and For instance, you can use your phone to turn on
more efficient. They are powered by machine the AC even when you are not present in the room!
learning, which enables them to understand and For such use, sensors are the most crucial part of
execute tasks like analysis and many more. It helps digital assistants. The sensor delivers an essential
in understanding the emotions and tone of the responsibility by connecting the cloud to reality.
speaker and responding aptly. These sensors carry out a wide range of tasks,
from sensing proximity motion to other physical
In recent years, the Internet of Things, more quantities. They make the user interface much
commonly known as IoT, has increased the bounds smoother.
of tasks simple robots can do. It forms a network of
daily-use devices such as air conditioners, fans, This combination brings into the picture the
lights and connects them, enabling them to share possibility of more easy access. The appliances
data. In other words, a network of 'things' formed connected can become access points to the virtual
using sensors to exchange data with each other assistant. Meaning it can be activated from
over the 'Internet.' IoT integrated into digital anywhere in the house, even if the original device
assistants brings the portrayals of technology in is not in the vicinity. This utility is a
the world of cinema closer to reality. This comprehensive step forward into home
association makes chores more efficient and saves automation.
us a lot of valuable time and money.
Such extensive use of the technology brings
IoT integrated some concerns to our attention, which include
into digital privacy and security issues. Daily data transfer
assistants brings through all home devices makes your data
the portrayals of vulnerable, which can cause other problems. An
technology in the up-and-coming technology, edge computing,
world of cinema comes in very handy in such cases. Edge
computing is processing information where its
production and consumption happens before it
reaches the data centre: on the 'edge'. This kind of
utilization also makes the overall process faster.

closer to reality. After J.A.R.V.I.S. and F.R.I.D.A.Y. debuted in Iron
Man, everyone dreams of having a quirky, robotic

companion. They are a perfect example of what

References: the future holds for digital assistants.

https://www.leverege.com/iot-ebook/what-is-iot

https://www.wired.co.uk/article/internet-of-things-what-is-explained-iot

https://www.jabil.com/blog/how-voice-assistants-will-transform-the-iot-ecosystem.html

16

17

Seamless Telecommunications
with 5G Technology

Amogh Raut

“5G just got real” was both Apple’s signal. This not only makes download
slogan for their latest iPhone release as speeds up to 1Gbps possible on mobile
well as the highlight of their offering. networks, but also makes the network
Even though Apple was late to the party, trustable enough for real-time data
this was an impressive step, as it ensured transmission. One of the applications of
that all of the big flagships launched last this is that it will allow doctors to
year had 5G connectivity. It was clear that perform surgery remotely without any
they were banking hard on 5G when all significant delay. Telemedicine being just
their releases, even the smallest ones, one of the many evolving applications,
were made 5G compatible. 5G is the future 5G is more than just a grade of the
and will influence many subsequent cellular network. Rather, it is a standard
innovations- be it ubiquitous, low latency on which future technologies will rely on
mobile connectivity, self-driving cars, and be built upon.
dense IoT networks, remote healthcare,
advances in AR and VR, or other upcoming The most exciting aspect of 5G is still
technologies expected to be out in this the bandwidth offered for mobile
decade. connections. Data rates now rival Wi-Fi
for the first time on any broadband
All networks on 5G means technologies network, and with the arrival of 5G
can assume an Ultra-Reliable Low Latency laptops, you can finally ditch your home
Communication (URLCC) level of the router. Gigabit-class speeds are made

18

possible in high-band 5G (25-40 GHz, as network by incorporating more base
opposed to 2-8 GHz in 4G/LTE) by an stations and radio access nodes (cells) in
interesting technology that uses an array the given area than before. Now the user
of small antennas that operate in can be both connected to the high-speed
extremely high frequency (EHF) or network and handed off seamlessly when
mmWaves. After determining the position they move to another. And this is the
of the receiving unit, these antennas use secret to how 5G can offer those
a technique known as "beamforming" to enormous claims in speeds, latency, and
transmit waves directly to the receiver reliability.
rather than radiating elsewhere. This
translates to strong signals wherever you 5G undoubtedly would be a huge part of
go, at whatever speed. the future we have always imagined. Just
take a look at all the tech we’ve been
But the problem of using such high talking about. Be it self driving vehicles,
frequency is that the signals being smart wearables, cloud gaming, real-time,
microwaves (shorter than typical radio or edge computing- Better connectivity
waves) are severely range-limited. The would improve the functionality of these?
range of these mmWaves is just a fraction Yes, and it is quite evident how
of the previous 4G signals (500m vs 15 connectivity plays a significant role in all
km). Also, the fastest of the 5G bands these technologies. That's why a mobile
require a near line-of-sight standard was needed to connect all of
communication, meaning buildings or these smart solutions. And it’s going to be
even foliage can be an obstruction, not to here by the end of this year. Happy future
mention losses due to rain or bad to you!
weather. The solution; create a denser

References:‌ ‌
https://www.gsma.com/spectrum/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/mmWave-5G-benefits.pdf
https://www.huawei.com/en/industry-insights/outlook/mobile-broadband/wireless-for-sustainability/cases/worlds-first-remote-
operation-using-5g-surgery
https://spectrum.ieee.org/energywise/telecom/wireless/will-increased-energy-consumption-be-the-achilles-heel-of-5g-networks

19

Nanotechnology:
Changing the Face of Dentistry

Akanksha Bose

Imagine something of the size of
one-thousandth of a micrometer - almost 1
lakh times smaller than the size of a
biological cell on our fingertips - having the
potential to unravel a plethora of options
regarding treatment and research in the
healthcare industry. Nanotechnology is
currently considered a groundbreaking
means in the field of Dental Science.

Isn't it mind-boggling how a thing that is
one-billionth of a meter can be of such
importance that it can turn any industry
upside down? Nanotechnology generally
deals with the matter in nanoscale -
broadening the way we perceive basic
health issues and more significantly
contributing to finding better ways in
diagnosis and treatment.

Teeth are composed of dentin, enamel,
cementum, pulp, and periodontal ligament.
They cut, crush, smile, give you confidence
and improve the quality of life. Thus, the
loss of teeth can hamper aesthetics and
have a significant impact on the overall
personality.

Nanoparticles have distinct biological

properties that are important in restorative

dentistry, prosthetic dentistry,

endodontics, implantology, oral cancers,

and periodontology.

Nanoparticles have immense potential in

the field of dentistry because of their

prophylactic properties, such as

antimicrobial, antiviral, and antifungal

References:
https://www.dovepress.com/nanotechnology-in-dentistry-prevention-diagnosis-and-
therapy-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJN
https://www.ijdr.in/article.asp?issn=0970-9290;year=2006;volume=17;issue=2;spage=62;epa
ge=5;aulast=kumar
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4212373/

20

properties. Even in Orthodontic prevention of peri-implant diseases. The

Treatment, Nanoparticle-incorporated implants are being protected from

adhesive systems used in fixed appliances surface oxidation by the use of

prevent white spot lesions. Few studies mouthwashes that contain

showed that nanoparticles act as a cork carbonate-hydroxyapatite nanocrystals.

and stops further crack propagation. It

also strengthens ceramic or porcelain So in the near future, there's a high
possibility of living in a world where
crowns, bridges and veneers. nanotechnology is being used as
nanodevices or even can be injected
When consulted with some local Dentists directly into the bloodstream to have a
regarding the introduction of closer look at one's health. This
Nanotechnology in dental science, they advancement in the field of dentistry will
said due to the widespread application of have a significant impact on the entire
this emerging technology, a new frontier industry. On the other side, the
of NanoDentistry is gaining recognition. implementation and maintenance of the
very same technology demand patience
For example, mechanical dentrif robots and persistence. Also, there are many
(nanorobotics dentifrice) destroy caries challenges like intricate manufacturing
causing bacteria. It repairs stains where and structural processes, which includes
decay has set in. This type of technology the cost of mass production, storage and
has found its use in tissue engineering, distribution. Issues like compatibility,
which plays a significant role in the cost-effectiveness are also taken into
cartilage regeneration of TMJ and implant consideration while talking about the
osseointegration. It also plays a role in practical approach of Nanotechnology.
pulp repair using nanocrystalline
hydroxyapatite in bone grafts, which Nanotechnology basically opens up the
improve cell build-up in periodontal floodgates of information related to the
tissue regeneration. topic under consideration by digging
deeper and fetching us the small details
Even when the implant care aspect of about Dentistry we thought never
dentistry is considered, nanotechnology existed.
plays a vital role in the treatment and

21

Connected and Autonomous
Vehicle technology

Raj Nishad

Transportation, in a nutshell, propels Connected Vehicles. Consider vehicles
the world forward. It moves people and that communicate with one another as
goods across the globe using varieties of well as with the vital infrastructure in the
infrastructural systems and vehicles. region. By enabling secured wireless
Jobs, people and businesses need a communication between automobiles,
steady movement that keeps the world infrastructures, and public
moving forward. communication, connected vehicle
technology has the potential to transform
We have noticed radical changes and our transportation system. This
improvements when it comes to road dream-come-true project aims to develop
transport. No doubt, road transport is a smart vehicle communication
much more efficient now, but it needs to technology that focuses on wireless
be improved further in some aspects, communications:
such as public safety. Every year, more
than a million people succumb to •Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V)
vehicular accidents, around 87% of which •Vehicle-to-Infrastructure/ Surrounding (V2I)
are caused by human errors. We need to •Vehicle-to-Cloud (V2C)
develop intelligent vehicles that can help •Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P)
make driving safer and achieve better •Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X)
traffic management. Thus, one of the
most predictable solutions from the Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication
Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is allows vehicles to exchange information,
such as speed, position, and direction of

22

the surrounding vehicles, with each other.

In Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I)

communication, the traffic data collected

by the vehicle is shared with the cloud

wirelessly and provides information such

as mobility, surrounding environment

conditions, signal timing, and even speed

management, extending the

crash-reduction capacity of the vehicles.

A real-time cloud connection with the

vehicle helps record real-time

surrounding information like traffic and

road conditions, all the time keeping

vehicles’ personal information secure. processing power, such as deep learning
models, to analyze all the possible
This technology can help pedestrians as roadway outcomes and then analyze the
appropriate action. LIDAR uses GPS and
well. For example- a mobile application an Internal Measurement Unit sensor
(IMU) to pinpoint the car’s exact location.
such as ‘Mobile Accessible Signal System’ An additionally installed radar control
kicks in an automatic braking system
sends a call to the traffic controller from when an object shows up between 15 to
30 feet from the vehicle. Ultimately, the
the individual’s phone, causing the signal project of autonomous vehicles is to
to stop so that the pedestrian can safely build intelligent cars where no driver is
cross the road. needed.

A different but similar technology is One of the most advanced automobile
companies, Tesla, also offers self-drive
autonomous vehicle technology. mode, but it is still under improvement.
Many features, like adaptive and
Autonomous vehicles are self-driving automatic cruise control, over speed
alarm, alert when the car slips out of the
vehicles that run on an automatic driving lane, parking the vehicle in a tight spot
and automatic emergency braking, are
system, and its famous example is the currently offered by several automobile
companies. The advancements towards
Google Self-Driving car. an era of autonomous, connected
vehicles will eventually help us achieve a
After many years of testing, these utopian world with some bang on
vehicles use a combination of optical technologies.
cameras, GPS, LIDAR (similar to sonar but
with lasers), and a time sequence References:
https://www.govtech.com/transportation/How-
Transportation-Technologies-Will-Change-Everything-.html
http://autocaat.org/Technologies/Automated_and_
Connected_Vehicles/

23

Augmented Reality :

A New Way of Online Shopping

Ovee Jawdekar

Augmented reality (AR) is an interactive experience
of a real-world environment where the objects that
reside in the real world are augmented by
computer-generated perceptual information,
sometimes across multiple sensory modalities,
including visual, auditory, haptic, somatosensory,
and olfactory. First developed in 1992 by the US Air
Force’s ‘Armstrong Laboratory’, Augmented Reality
has come a long way. With the enhancements in the
fields of science and technology and the dawn of the
21st century, Augmented Reality has found its way
into the vast world of eCommerce.

The applications of AR in eCommerce include
providing the users with an opportunity to view the
insides of a packaged product without actually
opening it. It helps in giving the users an insight into
what a desired tangible commodity will look like in
real-time. Viewing an image in its 3D form gives
customers a better opinion of the shopping
experience and even the product in general. AR
offers a wide range of customization options. Many
online shopping platforms have turned around the main reason why online apparel
shopping is avoided by the masses- the inability to see how a certain outfit would look on
you –and used it to their benefit by making use of Augmented Reality.

The widespread use of AR started in the late 2000s. By 2010, the use of virtual dressing
rooms came into power. 2018 was the turning point for Augmented Reality. Many
mega-businesses started using AR software for their company’s growth. In 2018, USDZ AR
file support was introduced by Apple for iPads and iOS12. Apple had also created an
Augmented Reality ‘QuickLook Gallery.’ This allowed the people to experience AR on their
own mobile Apple devices. Augmented Reality even expanded outside the US. By 2018, the
Canadian e-commerce company Shopify had announced an ARkit2 integration. Their
merchants were able to use AR tools to upload models of their products in three
dimensions. Users were able to tap on the goods on their web browser to view them in a
real-life environment. In 2018, Twinkl, a British online educational publishing house,
released a free classroom application. Students were able to view present-day York in the
1900s. They also launched their first-ever multiplayer Augmented Reality game for kids.
The game 'Little Red', had over 100 free AR scholastic models. The Swedish furniture
company Ikea has also integrated artificial reality with their application called ‘Place.’ The
clothing company GAP has developed an app, ‘Dressing Room.’ This app is greatly
instrumental in providing users with an AR alternative. Even makeup and beauty brand
Sephora has started its AR application.

24

Augmented Reality has made its way into Indian shopping as well.
Recent developments in AR technology have predicted growth of
76% for the next five years annually in the business. By 2022,
Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality markets are expected to
grow at an estimate of 6.5 billion. Indian eye-wear company
Lenskart has been making use of Augmented Reality to a great
extent. Their website boasts greatly about providing the users with
an opportunity to view themselves in a certain type of spectacles in
three dimensions. Myntra, an online clothing retail store, has taken
inspiration from GAP and is creating a similar user experience. With
the pandemic upon us, shopping with AR has seen a boom since
in-person shopping ceased completely.

All in all, the Augmented Reality Industry is not declining any time
soon. The future of AR in online business is promising and the
pandemic gave us a good insight into its inevitable takeover. It is
safe to assume that Augmented Reality will help us achieve a safe
and idyllic world!

References:
https://www.bigcommerce.com/blog/augmented-reality-ecommerce/
https://about.crunchbase.com/blog/augmented-reality-ecommerce/
https://www.enginecreative.co.uk/blog/augmented-reality-shopping-and-the-future-of-retail/

25

Surveillance Capitalism
and Data Privacy

Piyul Patel

Have you ever talked to your friend more than almost 90 million Facebook
about some product and then seen an users without their consent and
advertisement for it the next time you created psychographics based on their
are surfing the web? Well, it may be profiles to change their political
fascinating how specific target inclinations.
marketing has grown all over the
internet in the last decade. This is an The root of the problem is that
example of data collection that the big instead of considering all this data as
tech companies have been doing since public information and using it for
forever. It does not sound as concerning public welfare and improving
when seen from a distance, but the individual lives, it is being exploited.
ownership of user data provides these People are now starting to notice and
tech giants with power and influence oppose this invasion of privacy and
over the market. manipulation done by inducing anxiety
and creating addictive platforms.
It starts from accepting the “Terms of Shoshana Zuboff, an internet privacy
advocate, says that there is a serious
Service” of literally every app, website need for drawing a line to what should
be considered as data. The value of
or device wherein they gain access to data depends on how this personal
information can be utilized by various
user activity by tracking their cookies, structures in the society like the
advertising, political, socioeconomic
collecting user data more than industries to make money and gain
power. The race for perfecting the
necessary for the service in question. predictability model to optimize
behaviour is huge. An ideal solution to
Data vacuuming is done by this would be to bring up laws that
clarify the ownership of user data and
implementing euphemism and a tech environment for the users to
control their data and determine
embroidery by the tech companies, and whether to share that personal
information with someone. Though it
the users remain unaware of their real seems necessary, governments won't
take this step, as they need to keep
purpose. Every action on the web is tabs on their citizens, which is also
done by collecting data.
considered as “data” which is supplied

to anyone willing to buy it. A particular

user’s data, when collected from all

over the internet and analyzed, allows

companies to potentially know

everything about the user, including

their behavioural patterns which can be

used to shape their preferences. Tech

giants like Facebook have enough data

to know their users’ political views and

even influence them. Cambridge

Analytica, a data analytics firm, which

was funded by a Trump supporter to

work for Trump’s campaign in the 2016

US elections allegedly collected data of

26

However vulnerable this situation social platforms and separating work
seems, users can always take it upon and professional life by creating
themselves to protect their data by different emails for each.
being relatively invisible. Some
precautionary measures are: 4. “Fortification” of data can be
ensured by using data encryption tools
1. The less data we cultivate, the and browsing only via HTTPS protocol.
better. This is the “Reduction”
strategy, which can be followed by Privacy is a human right and a matter
deleting unwanted apps/software, of dignity, as stated in Article-21.
using Privacy Badger and NoScript to Sharing of data is necessary, but we
block cookies and third parties from have to make sure that it is not at the
collecting data. cost of our privacy and morals. We can
only hope to achieve a system where
2. Using VPNs and tools like we need not be anxious about our
Adnasium and TrackMeNot, making it privacy - neither would there be a
difficult for algorithms to predict need for this article. That would
one's online behaviour. indeed be a utopian world.

3. “Compartmentalization” of data
by having different usernames on

References:
https://www.ritimo.org/Privacy-Surveillance-and-Data-Tracking-Why-Does-it-Matter-for-Human-Rights
https://www.forbes.com/sites/richardlevick/2019/09/09/surveillance-capitalism-monetizing-our-thoughts/?sh=2d84ef584138

27

Gravitational Wave Detection:

A leap in the field of Science

Vignesh Vijaykumar

Before we take a look into LIGO's gravitational wave detection that left the entire
physics community and most of the world bewildered, let us take a peek into what
gravitational waves actually are. Gravitational waves are ripples in spacetime, just
like the ripples in the pond when one tosses a stone in it, triggered by some violent,
vigorous processes in space. These waves propagate outwards from their source at
the speed of light. The idea was first put forward by Henri Poincaré and later
predicted in the renowned General Theory of Relativity by Albert Einstein. To
understand why this is a big deal, let us first get acquainted with the significance of
this very phenomenon in the world of physics. Gravitational waves provide us with
a slightly different view of the universe and carry salient information about its
origin. Unlike EM radiation, gravitational waves interact weakly with matter, as an
effect of which they reach us without significant alterations.

Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory or LIGO, is the largest
gravitational wave observatory in the world. It houses two laser interferometers
situated in isolated regions approximately 3000 kilometres apart, one in the state
o f Washington an d th e o th er i n Lo uis ia n a . Ea ch o f t h e s e fa cil it ie s is L- s h a p e d w i t h
two arms spanning four kilometres from the central building, positioned at right
angles to each other. The structure at its core resembles the Michelson
Interferometers. The interferometer creates an interference pattern by merging two
or more light sources.

Now let us understand how this setup assists
in detecting gravitational waves. It would be
only appropriate to realize that it is a
herculean task to detect gravitational waves as
they stretch spacetime by only a tiny amount
while interacting only weakly with matter. A
laser beam splits into two beams that travel
within the two arms of the setup. The mirrors
within these arms reflect these beams that
converge at the confluence of the arms,
cancelling each other out completely. Thus, no
light reaches the photodetector. Now, in the
presence of gravitational waves, it will cause
one arm to stretch and the other to compress
(note that this stretching and compression
takes place at a minuscule scale). Due to this
change, the lights from the two arms will no
longer superpose to give destructive
interference, resulting in the detection of

28

some light by the photodetector. This importance as these waves reach us
light pattern helps in understanding the with minimal alterations. LIGO has
degree of variation in the arm length been designed in such a way that it
and thus shine some light on the can detect a change in the length of
properties of the gravitational waves the arms at a very small scale, which
and their source. All this may seem makes it possible to detect the
straightforward and downright easy, but otherwise elusive gravitational
it is not. For starters, the fluctuations in waves. By detecting these waves, LIGO
spacetime due to gravitational waves bestows upon us the ability to “hear”
are minuscule. Also, many other factors the universe, which allows us to learn
may trigger the sensitive mechanism to more about the stuff invisible to us so
detect an anomaly, such as vibrations of far (like a Blackhole merger). The
the Earth, slight temperature detection of gravitational waves is by
differences between the detector arms, far one of the cardinal events in the
etc. Hence, countermeasures have been history of physics.
administered by the LIGO team to
prevent erroneous readings by the To conclude this short journey
setup. through the land of gravitational
waves, it would be apt to state that
So far in this journey, we have had a the detection of gravitational waves
brief look into the structure and opens up a whole new perspective of
working of LIGO. But when we try to get the universe that will help us
acquainted with something new, it is understand the universe with much
always better to know its significance more clarity.
and impact on society. We have already
come across the fact that it is pretty References:
tough to detect gravitational waves as it https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/page/ligos-ifo
interacts weakly with matter. But this https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/page/what-are-gw
feature makes it of paramount https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/gravitational-waves/en/

29

How can Blockchain revolutionize
the Stock Market?

Vaishnavi Dwivedi

“I don’t have the time to talk about the Blockchain is a decentralized public
blockchain, but we can hash the details (or private) ledger where sensitive
later!” information is encrypted and tracked.
This information is shared with
Now you may not entirely understand transparency among the parties
the above pun if you’re not aware of involved. A blockchain can be public or
what blockchain is, apart from the fact private, depending on the use case. In
that it has been a buzzword in the the case of stock market trading, it can
finance sector since early 2019. All I can be truly beneficial to those who invest
assure you is that by the end of this their hard-earned money into stocks
article, I might be able to pique your and shares, as it provides the
interest in it and perhaps convince you transparency needed to avoid
how it can revolutionize the stock deceptive accounting practices. If
market. But first, let us understand what you’ve watched The Wolf of Wall Street,
exactly blockchain is?

30

you might be aware of the Blockchain can be used to simplify
post-trade events and settlements
shenanigans that go behind the broker using smart contracts technology. It is
an automated contract generation
system. Additionally, you may also be system wherein if a certain
pre-requisite criterion for trade has
aware of the involvement of been fulfilled or if the parties involved
have agreed on a price point, then the
intermediaries who can plunder your contract is executed immediately. It
automates the process and reduces
wealth with their crafty strategies. time lags. Shorter time lags free up the
equity needed to keep wheeling and
Fast-forward to today, that situation dealing. It can also help the regulators
of the investment sector to do their
has improved with the advent of more jobs in the most efficacious ways.
Blockchain is the way to go for the
secure systems. Such systems handle accurate detection of suspicious
transactions.
the load of all the transactions that
Apart from being a secure way to do
happen. Yet, we still follow the old trade, blockchain-powered platforms
provide ways to track exchange-traded
system of trading, consisting of a funds (ETFs), which comprise packaged
securities like stocks, commodities and
complex web of intermediaries that bonds owned by an investor. It will
track the status and value of borrowed
are one of the multiple entities ETFs. Blockchain would also provide
diversified financial assets like mutual
required in the trading of financial funds and ETFs on one common thread.
It will help in the tokenization of ETFs
assets. Additionally, these and mutual funds. This would lead to
the reduction of the price point for
transactions happen through a budget-conscious investors and hide
sensitive information from authorities
centralized authority which offers to prevent misuse.

little to no transparency to the As per the McKinsley&Co report,
which highlights the strategic value of
investor and other parties involved in blockchain, “the core functions of
‘financial services’, verifying and
the trade. transferring financial information and
assets very closely align with
In times of mayhem, innovators have blockchain’s core transformative
impact.”
risen to bless the world with necessary

technologies. Thanks to Satoshi

Nakamoto, we have blockchain to our

rescue. While replacing a traditional

trading system that exists for 300

years may seem pretty daunting, the

process of evolution has started

already. Millennials have started

giving preference to different

blockchain platforms for

micro-investing rather than paying a

hefty amount to a broker who does the

same thing with less transparency and

security. Many companies are

adopting newer use cases of

blockchain and implementing them

with utmost efficiency resulting in

improved performance and

optimization of the current accounting

procedures. In a matter of 5-10 years,

blockchain can easily revolutionize

the finance sector.

References:
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/how-blockchain-will-change-the-way-you-trade-in-stock-
markets/articleshow/62161610.cms
https://www.forbes.com/sites/ericervin/2018/08/16/blockchain-technology-set-to-revolutionize-global-stock-
trading/?sh=3159e2954e56
https://www.investors.com/news/technology/blockchain-technology-blockchain-stock-market-revolution/

31

Neural Architecture Search

with Microsoft Petridish

Mukulika Pahari

Humanity’s obsession with removing human error has given rise to the concept of
automation. A common misconception is that it is making us lazy when, in reality, it is
spurring innovation like never before. In a few decades, we have started developing many
new technologies, like the Internet of Things (IoT), Machine Learning (ML), Deep
Learning(DL), Artificial Intelligence (AI), robotics, etc. One of the interesting algorithms to
explore in DL is the “artificial neural network”. Invented in 1958, neural networks(NN) are
layers of computational parts loosely based on the model of a brain. They are a promising
solution to many real-world complex problems.
Until recently, we had to manually choose a suitable NN, which is quite a
time-consuming and costly endeavour from a business point of view. To replace this
manual process of search and selection, an algorithm called the neural architecture
search (NAS) is used. This algorithm searches for the perfect NN based on its task, how
the data is to be broken down and which will provide the best performance without
actually having to construct the proposed network architecture.
One way to go about it is to compare with existing models and modify them according to
our needs. This is called the backward neural architecture search. Famous NAS in use,
such as Efficient Neural Architecture
Search (ENAS), Differentiable Architecture
Search (DARTS), and ProxylessNAS are all
examples of the backward algorithm.
However, for this to work, we need
pre-existing models, which in turn
require human knowledge. The
alternative approach is the forward
search algorithm, which requires less
human interference. Microsoft’s Project
Petridish is such an algorithm.

Petridish uses stop-forward and stop-gradient technology to provide a host of suitable
architectures to choose from. The algorithm has mainly three phases:
1. Phase 0 – A simple model network with just a couple of layers designed by a human is
selected. It is called the parent.
2. Phase 1 – Several layers from a search space are considered for addition to the parent.
These are called candidate layers. They are attached with stop-forward and stop-gradient
layers. These layers determine what the candidate layers are contributing to the parent
model and if the model will provide the desired output. Through this process, the parent
remains unaffected, and multiple candidates can be evaluated simultaneously.
3. Phase 2 – The candidates that are found eligible are disconnected from the
stop-forward and stop-gradient layers, and the other candidates are discarded. These
candidates are then trained to integrate. The resulting layers are checked for Pareto
efficiency, that is, whether all the objectives of the network are fulfilled without any
compromise. Those which give high efficiencies are considered to be added to the parent.

References:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/project-petridish-efficient-forward-neural-architecture-search/
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/efficient-forward-architecture-search/
https://www.infoq.com/news/2020/02/petridish-deep-learning

32

These three phases are repeated to keep promotes further research and
subsequent development.
building on the parent model to find the

best possible neural network

architectures. Petridish maintains a Microsoft’s Petridish can be called a
significant development in our knowledge
Pareto plot, which provides a host of of NAS. ANNs can accurately control
system designs, make operational
models to choose from depending on the decisions, detect faults and provide
patches for the same industries. It can
requirement. For example, if a network is also be used for improving facial
recognition software to enhance
searched for a task with a particular set of cybersecurity, making stock market
forecasting more accurate, automatically
constraints, we don’t have to repeat the converting old handwritten texts to
digital documents without any human
search for a different set of constraints. intervention, and many more
applications. In conclusion, Petridish and
We just have to look up the plot and pick other such projects are essential for
achieving our dreams of total
a different model. The efficiency of a automation.

network found through the Petridish is

very close to human-made ones. The GPU

time required by Petridish to complete a

search is slightly more than DARTS, ENAS

but needs drastically less manual

expertise. Hence, this algorithm is more

profitable. The source code of the

algorithm is openly available, which

33

Augmented Reality:
Revolutionizing Healthcare

Aditya Anurag

Augmented Reality (AR) is a term that suddenly became notable in recent years. AR is a
technology that lets people superimpose digital content, like moving pictures and
sounds, over real-life scenes. It was first achieved in 1968, when the first AR
head-mounted display was developed by Ivan Sutherland, a computer scientist from MIT.
This laid the groundwork for contemporary AR. Post this development, further research
somewhat subsided, but a resurgence was seen in the 1900s when various researchers
across the USA attempted to incorporate the technology into the theatre and
entertainment industry. Much later, AR was introduced into the healthcare industry to
bring more efficiency into the system.

The most basic and evident application of AR is to educate healthcare workers.
Individuals who aim to become healthcare workers or who are already in the profession
have to learn a lot about human anatomy and its functions. Consequently, Augmented
Reality is one of the best ways to visualize anatomy as a 3-D virtual model in real-time is
much more intuitive than 2-D depictions.

A few US institutions, like the Case Western
Reserve University and Cleveland Clinic, have
partnered with Microsoft to release an application
called HoloAnatomy, which works on a device
developed by Microsoft called HoloLens.
Moreover, physicians can also use AR to educate
their patients on how a certain surgery is
performed or how their prescribed medicine
works.

References:
https://www.dignited.com/60048/how-to-know-if-your-smartphone-supports-augmented-reality-ar/
https://nourishedmedspa.com/how-does-accuvein-vein-finder-work/
https://www.unipi.it/index.php/english-news/item/17565-chirurgia-4-0-condotta-la-prima-operazione-guidata-dalla-realta-
aumentata

34

The most fascinating application of AR and relocate the patient’s upper jaw, thus
in the medical field is to aid surgeons in restoring their biting ability. The surgeon
performing surgical procedures. It wore an AR headset that allowed him to see
projects a three-dimensional holograph the patient’s vitals throughout the surgery.
that surgeons can use to make patients The headset also allowed him to view the
understand surgical procedures or to preoperative images from the MRI and CT
improve the precision of the procedure by scans. In the same scenario, without AR, the
reducing the risk of complications. surgeon would have had to look at multiple
screens to gauge the patient’s vitals, which
AccuVein, an AR system developed to could hamper the surgery’s efficiency.
pinpoint veins, is a simple yet practical
example of this technology being Even though Augmented Reality is in its
incorporated into modern-day healthcare. nascent stage, it has given a hand to the
It helps medical professionals to precisely enhancement of healthcare. Augmented
locate veins, making the process of Reality has a limitless future. Many big
drawing blood or administering IV needles companies are trying to analyze its impact
less tedious for both the patient and the and strengthen their process so that AR
physician. This system uses a technology matures to become more affordable and
called vein visualization, in which infrared user-friendly in the coming years.
light emitted by the device is shone on the
skin of the patient. The hemoglobin
present in the patient’s blood absorbs
this light and creates a specific pattern on
the skin. Since the veins carry
deoxygenated blood, they appear darker
in the pattern, thus helping in locating the
veins easily.

Neurosurgery and orthopedic surgery
are two of the branches of surgery in
which AR is used on a substantial level. In
February 2020, the University of Pisa
claimed that the world’s first AR guided
surgery was performed in Bologna, Italy.
The objective of the surgery was to resect

35

High Touch - High Tech:

Robots in Hospitals

Anushka Pansare

In today’s world, technology is emerging as bright as a beacon. It has become
part and parcel of our life. We can’t think of starting our day without the use of
our smartphone. With the increasing consumption of tech gadgets, the urge for
developing these has increased. The research herein has resulted in the
discovery of many such trendy devices. Computers, laptops were the basic
robots that we relied on. But now, innovations have resulted in many cool
robots, such as SOPHIA- a bot developed by the Hong-Kong-based company
Hanson Robotics. She is a social humanoid robot who is also the very first to own
citizenship. Such enthralling innovations have spiked up the world into a pace
where they are already working. Many news headlines and heated debates are
going on around the world about this new world of robotics.

The current pandemic has made work difficult in every sector. In the present
scenario, the use of robots in the treatment of patients has proven to be a boon
in the hospital sector. Robots work more effectively and efficiently than humans,
and there is no fear of them taking ill. These services help in treating a lot of
patients quickly. The bots will be leading from the testing of patients to
administering them with the required medicines from time to time. The doctors
would just be inspecting the reports, thus reducing the patient visits. This will
make a better environment for the doctors too, as they won’t be piled up with
too many patients to look after frequently. Many hospitals have deployed robots
to assist doctors with the intent of reducing their risk of contracting infections.
This is not only happening in foreign countries but also in India. In AIIMS Delhi,
humanoid robots have been deployed to assist doctors.

The duties of these robots include monitoring the patients admitted, sanitizing
the COVID-19 wards, among other jobs. Not only this, but the doctors can
communicate with these robots from anywhere in the world and take updates
about the patients’ health. The design of these robots is such that you don’t
have to touch them to start or control them. They are programmed so efficiently
that they identify the registered doctor’s data and consider them an authority.
Apart from the mentioned tasks, the robots are programmed to wander, monitor,
and do surveillance of the Covid-19 wards seamlessly.

These machines, which we humans built, programmed, and produced to
perfection, function more efficiently and effectively than we do. We can only
hope that the coming years will see positive growth in this field and not the
hostile robot takeover as witnessed in fictional works. Technology has gifted us
such friendly machines that work with us and help us in our daily life. Here’s to
the hope that in the future, robots and humans coexist and work hand in hand.

References:
https://spectrum.ieee.org/robotics/medical-robots/how-robots-became-essential-workers-in-the-covid19-response
https://www.geospatialworld.net/blogs/covid-19-how-robots-help-in-fight-against-covid-19/
https://m.economictimes.com/industry/miscellaneous/how-robots-around-the-world-are-helping-humans-during-the-covid-19-
pandemic/new-opportunities/slideshow/80611981.cms

36

37

Deep Learning in
Gravitational Waves Detection

Atharv Yadav

About 100 years ago, Einstein came up with the general theory of relativity, which proved
that gravity is the curvature of space-time caused by large masses. When these masses
accelerate through space-time, they continuously squeeze and relax the space-time
around them, resulting in a travelling disturbance called ‘Gravitational waves‘. Due to the
immensity of space-time, when gravitational waves hit the earth, the space around the
earth is contracted only by about a factor of 10-20. This makes the detection of a
gravitational wave very difficult for astronomers. Additionally, it takes highly sensitive
machinery to accurately record the wave signals. The laser interferometry detectors at
LIGO (laser interferometry for gravitational waves observatory) detect a ton of incoming
signals from outer space and separate the gravitational wave signals from the unwanted
noise and glitches. A match-filtering technique is used to achieve this, which involves a
lot of tedious calculations to be performed repeatedly for every signal. In short, it
involves intensive computation.

As a solution to the above problem, PhD fellows
at the University of Illinois, USA, proposed an
approach called ‘Deep filtering’. This method uses
deep learning to detect the gravitational waves
precisely than the previous match filtering
technique. Deep learning is a subset field of
artificial intelligence in which a computer works
like a human brain in terms of taking decisions by
processing the data and patterns. ‘Deep filtering’
is the approach that involves CNNs (convolutional
neural network), which take signals as input and
extract useful information from them using Deep
learning.

38

Deep learning uses the data recorded by patterns in the waveforms of the signal,
the detectors at LIGO for analysing the rather than just memorizing a lot of data.
gravitational waves originating from distant Once the CNN is trained for every dataset,
astronomical events, such as black hole then the data analysis is carried out very
mergers, merging of neutron stars, etc. The fast. Based on the comparison between these
detection involves extracting gravitational calculated signals and the recorded signals,
waves from the noisy signals. Parameter CNN extracts the actual gravitational wave
estimation involves source, composition, signals from the input signals. Once the
wavelength, intensity, and other kinds of signal is identified as a gravitational wave,
parameters of the gravitational wave in then, depending on its attributes, the CNN
real-time. Deep learning employs a system performs characteristics estimation.
of two one-dimensional deep convolutional
neural networks that directly take inputs in Deep learning can also automatically learn
the form of signals on which it performs the characteristics of noise in the LIGO
classification and characterization of the detectors. Hence, it is resilient to all
signals. CNN helps to process highly noisy anomalies and glitches in the signal. Using
data signals to detect weak gravitational deep learning for gravitational waves
wave signals from it. The required detection is a better and much more precise
mathematical equations are solved using technique, as it demands less computation
supercomputers for every possible event. By and less resource usage than the previous
using this information, astronomers know techniques.
what a gravitational wave signal looks like,
and hence the CNN is trained with every In today's world, using such advanced AI
possible mathematically calculated signal techniques for astronomical data analysis is
pattern. During the training phase, where a decisive step in the evolution of
thousands of templates or datasets (of the technology and the future of human beings.
order of gigabytes) are taken into Deep learning has a range of applications in
consideration, the CNN compresses all this various fields, not only on the earth, but also
into a few megabytes and learns the beyond it!

References:
https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.03121
https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.101.104003

39

AI as a Sociological
Phenomenon

Apurva Mali

Before we dive into the topic, it is curated social media feed, it can all be
necessary to understand what a credited to AI. But this comes at the
sociological phenomenon is. The cost of letting our thoughts be heavily
definition states that ‘A sociological influenced and moulded by targeted
phenomenon is an event or fact that advertisements and the lack of diverse
has changed and shaped the behaviour content.
and life of people significantly.’ There is
no doubt that technology has changed In the industrial expanse, AI has
every aspect of our lives, and even a shaped the industry a lot by automating
5-year-old knows that. But let us dive jobs to increase efficiency in medicine,
into how Artificial Intelligence (AI) acts forensics, automobiles and even
as a sociological phenomenon. day-to-day maintenance jobs. This
leaves behind jobs that are more
Artificial Intelligence can be suitable to us humans and require
categorised as scientific AI, technical AI empathy and creativity, which AI
and cultural AI. These three, in turn, currently lacks. It is an exciting
shape society. Once known to play a big prospect to see to what extent AI can
hand in scientific and technical mimic the human mind in the future.
development, this technology has
turned into a socio-cultural With the myriad applications of AI in
phenomenon in the past two decades, our lives, the prevalent social structure
as we’ve started adopting it in our daily is starting to evolve rapidly. AI has now
lives. There is a drastic difference slowly become a side character in our
between the lifestyle of people and day-to-day lives, a very futuristic
their upbringing, which is evident thought that might leave one shook.
between generation X, millennials and Every organism uses adaptation as a
post-millennials. The generation gap survival mechanism, and we humans are
can be justified by the rapid no exception to this. It is evident that
development of technology and the we must adapt to the constant presence
extensive use of automation in our of AI in our lives, as it will have a
daily lives. significant role in our politics, economy
and society. Thus, is it safe to let your
AI is a non-human social actor mind wander to wonder what dystopia
residing in the society amongst us. the next generation could achieve with
Today, as much as we overlook it, AI the help of AI? As much as an AI
knows our patterns better than we do. takeover seems dramatically scary, we
From regular captchas, fraud detection, can only hope it leads to an intelligent
Instagram filters to an oddly specifically society free of biases.

References:
https://study.com/academy/lesson/social-phenomena-definition-examples-quiz.html
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3341290
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/soc4.12851

40

41

AN ADVENTURE IN ADVERTiSiNG

Krishnakant Mishra

graduated with an engineering degree
from RAIT in 2013 and got a placement
offer at TCS. But when he decided
against pursuing a career in
engineering, he was firm about his
decision. He left everyone in awe as he
got a job with an account management
role for the HUL rural team. It was an
upward climb from there. As he
crisscrossed India for about 1,200 days
over the course of 4 years, the
accolades came pouring in. Mr. Mishra
now holds a ranking in the prestigious
‘Forbes’ 30 under 30’ list of 2020!

What was your original plan and what
changed?
I was originally trying to get into the
medical colleges but had to settle for
engineering for quite some reasons.
And even when I was in engineering, I
was never truly interested in it. I
dropped out of my TCS job the day
before I was supposed to start. I had
seen my seniors dabble in marketing
and got inspired by them in a way. I got
to know of an interview opportunity
with Ogilvy Action, took that chance
and look where it got me!

42

What was life like at RAIT? Tell us a little bit about your book, The
RAIT was never just engineering for Exclamator: Its over but its just
me; it was engineering and MBA. My started!.
college mates were from various I started penning down my thoughts in
backgrounds and they helped me gain college itself. The book is a timeline of
an interesting perspective about life. I young adults who are lost inside their
had the help of a lot of good mentors heads. I have written an account of
and teachers. Constant support from somebody who was asked by society to
my friends and superiors was very do something as per the set norms but
beneficial indeed! I was also fell out of the way and followed their
participating in many extra-curricular own path. The book has got some real
activities all throughout my college drama! It has stories about people I’ve
life. met in real life and has a lot of RAIT
culture all over it.
What are some qualities that one must
possess to stand out irrespective of Do you have advice for people who
the field? haven’t figured out their future?
How effectively you get your work Keep on doing things. Don’t sit back
done is one of the most important and relax waiting for the passion to
qualities. If you have an objective you come to you. Explore new areas and try
want to achieve, then you do it - out million different things to settle on
whatever it takes. There is no specific what you really like. Meet different
hack for achieving this. You must also people and read a lot! Of course, hard
possess the strength to follow your gut work is very important. Rewards for
wherever you go. your hard work are secondary. Keep it
simple, keep it moving!
What are some of the biggest lessons
you have learned in your professional Keep on doing
and personal life so far? things. Don’t
While working, I had to travel to rural sit back and
areas a lot. That is when I realized that relax waiting
rural India is the real India. The only for the passion
way I could deliver growth to these to come to you.
parts of our country was through
advertisements and/or film-making.
There is so much diversity in our
homeland to look up to! This is when I
learned that there are two sides to a
coin; how you can do good for
someone and how they can do good
for you.

43

ORDiNARY TO EXTRA ORDiNARY

Jatin Parab

graduated from RAIT in 2020 with a
bachelor's degree in computer
engineering and is currently employed
at Upraised (a tech startup). He's won
three hackathons and worked as a
freelancer.
He's a whiz kid who's been through a
lot of modern technology. It wouldn't
be incorrect to portray him as a jack of
all trades.

What has been your experience with hackathons? Do you have any suggestions
or tricks to share?
Hackathons helped me boost my confidence. The best thing you could do is read
the problem statement a week prior and focus on the presentation of the
project. The presentation aspect of the end product is considered as important
as the functional aspect to ensure winning the hackathon.

You've also worked as a freelancer. Are there any pointers you'd like to offer to
newcomers?
The first and most crucial move is to get started. It's a fallacy to think of your
first project as your base. Working as a freelancer boosts your morale, and as
you continue to work in this domain, the quality and value of your projects will
improve.

What strengths do you think are most important in a developer?
According to me, a well structured thinking process, good communication skills,
being open-minded and a strong sense of responsibility are important strengths
a developer should have; apart from this one should have a grounded attitude
as a switch from college to work will be a big slap.

44

Is there a disparity in the working importance and significance in your
atmosphere at a startup and a large technical journey. Projects expose you
corporation? to a lot of technologies and help you
In large organizations, there are big find the right one, whereas internships
teams, so the individual roles are not will help you in understanding
very prominent, and hence scope to teamwork, the working environment,
learn is reduced whereas in a startup, it communication ethic; practically, it
is a small team and you end up gives you a broader exposure to the
learning a lot. You get exposure to new real world. Only the aspect to keep in
technologies which keep you mind here is you choose internships
motivated. ideally in the field of your interest. I
think freelance projects should help
In your opinion, is it important to you learn newer technologies. The only
maintain your LinkedIn profile and thing to make sure is you don't fall into
GitHub? the trap of earning easy money and
Yes, it is important to keep them up to keep on working with the same
date to be noticed by others and technology, thus compromising on
strengthen your relationship. When it experience and growth. It helps you
comes to recruiting people, the learn client-developer ethics and the
thought process and knowledge of negotiation process.
current issues are crucial. Maintain
your profiles and don't undervalue What qualities have helped you
your abilities. succeed in life?
I'd like to discuss two abilities: the first
We would like to know your is humility, and the second is a desire
perspective about the following: to learn. Openness to correction is a
whether one should develop different crucial attribute, as it has aided me
personal projects, try their hands at greatly in my professional and
various internship opportunities or personal lives.
choose to freelance?
I would say all of the above have their What is the best way to keep one's
professional skills up to date?
Openness to Follow major developers on Twitter
correction is a and keep an eye on what new
crucial attribute, engineering experiments they're
as it has aided working on. Learn new skills and
me greatly in my narrow down your social circle to
professional and prominent individuals working in your
personal lives. field of interest or businesses that you
want to pursue a career with.

45

BOMBAY TO BROOMFiELD

Akash Barve

graduated with a bachelor's degree in
computer science from RAIT in the year
2017. He is currently working at
Fanatics as an SWE III (Broomfield, US).
He qualified with a master's degree in
computer science from the University
of Florida. He is a bright young man
who enjoys interacting and learning
about databases and programming
languages. He is a true tech geek.

When did you start preparing for GRE? What were the factors you were looking
for in colleges and how many did you apply to?
For the first six months, I studied for about half an hour every day, then increased
my study hours as the exam approached. During my TE, I started planning and
analyzed information about the diverse universities' tuition fees, grants, and
living expenses. After exploring and sorting the above considerations, I applied
to ten schools.

Did you seek a counsellor’s help for your master’s application? Are they
required?
Yes, I spoke with one counsellor, but I just pursued his advice about how to
improve my SOP. Counsellors aren't really necessary, in my opinion. Instead, I
recommend that you focus on shortlisting colleges to which you want to be
accredited, developing your own SOPs, and then seeking counsel or advice on
your shortlisted options.

How was the education at the University of Florida different from the University
of Mumbai?
The projects we developed, as well as the teaching and exam method, were the
most significant differences. While the teaching at Mumbai University was more

46

academic -oriented, at the University aspects of a master’s application?
of Florida, we had the freedom to try Especially for third-grade college
and collaborate on projects that we students? Also, what are some things
were interested in. in a student profile that can get them
rejected?
Do you have any advice for students To begin, your CGPA should be
aspiring to study abroad on how to satisfactory. To avoid future headaches
manage the various financial aspects and stress, try to get a decent GRE
like tuition fees, living expenses, etc? score. If you're a recent graduate or
Ok, I'd suggest that for student loans even someone with job experience,
you visit many public and semi-public look for a nice internship and work on
banks. Choose wisely in terms of some productive research papers in
interest. Also, budget for a year's the area in which you want to earn your
worth of expenditures on your part. I master's degree. A low GPA and GRE
would also suggest familiarizing score, a lack of extracurricular
yourself with the course load during activities, and a poorly written SOP can
the first few terms before deciding on a all result in your application being
part-time job. rejected.

You currently work as SWE III at Also, do you have any tips for students
Fanatics. How did you bag the job? who are just beginning to explore the
When the company's recruiters came to possibility of doing their masters
our university for a job fair, I reached abroad?
out to them. However, things didn't Start preparing for your entrances as
click due to the lack of suitable soon as possible. Research well and try
openings within the company. When to publish ample research papers in
one of my friends was interning there your field of interest. While this might
over the summer, he learned that they hamper your social life temporarily but
had an opening and invited me to it has a long term benefit in your
apply. I applied there and had an career. There will always be plenty of
informative one-hour interview with opportunities to pursue your various
them and the next thing I knew was other interests in the future. In order to
they hired me. get into a good university, make sure
you prioritize everything and keep
As an advisory to current aspirants, yourself updated constantly.
what would be the five most important

Start preparing for your entrances as soon as
possible. Research well and try to publish ample
research papers in your field of interest.

47

BEHiND THE SCENES OF SDG-RAIT

Smita Bhoir

Madam is the Internship Coordinator for
the Software Development Group, RAIT. As
an alumnus of RAIT from the 2009 batch,
Smita Madam has always tried to find
various ways in which our college can
bridge the gap between industry
requirements and academics. Her role
with stronger support from Dr. Leena
Ragha Madam, Head of Department of
Computer Engineering in SDG-RAIT has
propelled the committee to great heights.
SDG-RAIT has under its name, plenty of
notable projects pertaining to various
in-demand domains, some of which are
COVID Media Streamer at MCGM, Mumbai
University Student Voting System, Road
Safety App deployed for Navi Mumbai
Traffic Police, Mumbai University
Grievance Portal, and many more.

Could you briefly introduce us to SDG-RAIT and how students can take part in its
activities?
The Software Development Group of RAIT was established in 2013 and formally named
‘SDG-RAIT Internships' in 2016. SDG-RAIT runs project-based internships and skill set
development programs throughout the year. We provide students with internship
options from a wide range of technical domains, allowing them to choose a project
pertaining to the technology they wish to excel in. SDG-RAIT has three types of
internships: in-house projects, outhouse consultancy and research-oriented projects
also now encouraged projects which can participate in hackathons.

Can you tell us in short about your journey as the coordinator in SDG-RAIT and the
motivation behind SDG-RAIT?
My journey started as a programmer for one of our initial projects. Subsequently, I got
promoted as the project mentor, and now I am the internship coordinator for our
committee. As we all know, technology is in high demand in the present day. Thus, the

48

main motivation behind SDG-RAIT is to Ragha Madam, department-level R&D
incorporate in students real-time
problem-solving skills based on the Coordinator, department-level
current industry demands.
Consultancy Coordinator and senior
Can you elaborate on the impact of
internships on a student's profile? Are professors. During this, inputs on
they necessary even if the student has
good academic records? planning and design, provided by
Our current era is of "outcome-based
learning". It is very critical to bridge myself, Dr. Leena Madam, help refine
the gap between academic curriculum
and industrial demands. Students the problem statement and the
need to have experience developing
real-time projects in the domain they proposed workflow. Finally, the list of
want to pursue their career in.
SDG-RAIT provides a platform for projects approved by Dr. Leena Madam
students to partake in internships and
gain hands-on experience. The greater and Principal Dr. Mukesh Patil Sir is
the number of internships, the more
experience the student will have and allocated to the students. We also take
hence greater the chance of students
excelling in their domain of interest inputs from industry experts, alumni
post-UG.
and experienced students that help in
Despite the huge number of student
participation in the SDG programs, how hand-picking unique and up to date
does the committee ensure that it
provides every team with informative problem statements.
projects dealing with up-and-coming
technologies? Out of the numerous projects
SDG believes in providing problem undertaken by the committee, how
statements pertaining to in vogue many are scaled to production level?
topics from various domains that To date, all the projects developed
provide students with experience and under SDG-RAIT are scaled to the
knowledge in their area of interest. To production level. Timely presentations
ensure this, a department level are scheduled to check on the progress
presentation is held by the faculties, of the projects to ensure the students
before floating the problem statements are on the right track. Before the
among the students. During this, the completed projects are sent for
quality of various in-demand project competitions or copyright
topics and their execution flow is procurement, a department-level
presented in front of a panel consisting presentation is held, wherein Dr. Leena
of me, HOD of the Computer Madam evaluates them and provides
Engineering department, Dr. Leena valuable feedback and inputs,
ensuring the projects meet the set
requirements and are ready to be
deployed. A project competition is also
held by SDG to provide a platform for
students to present their projects, out
of which three exceptional projects,
one from Research, Consultancy and
In-house category each, are awarded
the ‘Best Project Award’. We have also
started considering innovative
projects for copyrights that will
positively impact the student’s
resume.

49

50