Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine

658 Section IV. Antimicrobial Drug Use in Selected Animal Species

Aquatic pathogens in Groups 2, 4, and 5 may require for Aeromonas salmonicida for a few antimicrobials.
media other than CAMHB. There are currently no QC These criteria will be included in the next edition of
parameters in place to control these tests. Clinicians CLSI’s M49-A guideline (CLSI, 2006b).
should consult the latest CLSI guideline M49 for
suggested conditions to test other fastidious aquatic Clinical breakpoints are critical values that should
bacterial genera. In addition, the same procedures dis- be specific for a particular pathogen and can be used
cussed above for disk diffusion apply when no QC to predict therapeutic efficacy in the host (chapter 2).
ranges are available. Because fish, unlike terrestrial animals, are reared in
heterogeneous environments that can drastically alter
The agar dilution method is also used to determine depuration rates and drug absorption, the pharma-
the MICs of many aquatic pathogens. MHA is always the cokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) for a given
preferred basal medium and appears to perform well antimicrobial may vary greatly. This has made it diffi-
with non-fastidious aquatic isolates (Ho et al., 2000; Tang cult for researchers to include PK/PD data when
et al., 2002). Supplements may be needed to test some attempting to set clinical breakpoints for aquatic path-
fastidious organisms. MHA with NaCl (Samuelsen et al., ogens (Coyne et al., 2004b). Most pharmacokinetic
2003; Coyne et al., 2004b), seawater (Torkildsen et  al., data have been obtained from studies of healthy fish in
2000), horse serum (Michel et al., 2003) and sheep blood laboratory situations. It will be important to correlate
(McGinnis et al., 2003) have all been used. A  diluted these data with studies conducted under clinical
form of MHA based on a recommendation by  Hawke conditions.
and Thune (1992) has also been used in tests on the fla-
vobacteria (Bruun et al., 2000; Schmidt et al., 2000). Integrated pharmacokinetic and pathogen suscepti-
bility data can be used both in designing dosage regi-
The agar dilution method is considered the “gold” or mens and setting clinical breakpoints. PK/PD
reference standard for dilution susceptibility testing in assessments help clinicians choose the appropriate
mammals. However, because the CLSI has not pub- antimicrobial agent and develop new dosing regimes
lished QC ranges for use in agar dilution tests con- targeted for specific species with specific diseases
ducted at temperatures less than 35°C, we recommend (Maglio and Nicolau, 2004). There is considerable work
using broth dilution tests until standardized methods required to define breakpoints, which will require a
are available. coordinated effort from both clinicians treating aquatic
animals and the research community.
Interpreting Susceptibility Test Results for
Aquatic Bacterial Pathogens Note: The opinions and information in this chapter are
those of the authors and do not represent the views and/or
Clinicians are often expected to rely on their own policies of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
experience and published data to make judgment calls
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Index

For details of antimicrobial susceptibility of individual subcutaneous, 43–5, 598, 603
bacterial and fungal species, consult susceptibility tables topical, 402–5, 599
and antimicrobial activity sections for individual drugs water medication, principles, 554–7, 573,

Abbreviations, xvii 575, 598, 647
Abscesses, 461, 462 Aeromonas hydrophila, 625, 627, 628, 646
Acceptable daily intake, 432 Aeromonas salmonicida, 274, 276, 646
Acinetobacter baumannii, 17, 34, 35, 117, 290 Aerosol therapy, 599, 641
Actinobacillus lignieresi, 511, 513 Age, and drug pharmacokinetics, 70–75,
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, 168, 207,
484, 534
222, 275, 292, 565 Alligator, See Crocodilians
Actinobacillus suis, 168, 222, 558 Allometric scaling, 603, 632–3, 638–40
Actinomyces, 143, 160, 199, 422, 478, 533 Allylamines, 335–7
Actinomyces bovis, 396, 511, 533
Actinomycosis, 478 administration and dosage, 336, 337
Aditoprim, 286–8 antifungal activity, 336
Aditoprim-sulfonamides, See Trimethoprim-sulfonamides clinical applications, 336–7
Adjunctive treatment, 111 drug interactions, 336
Administration, drug, 41–9, 105–15, 457, 485–6, Alpaca, See New World Camelids
Amidopenicillins, 150–151
495–8, 554–7, 603, 604, 631–2, 640–641. See Amikacin, 244–7. See also Aminoglycosides
also Dosage administration and dosage, 241
eggs, 569 antimicrobial activity, 244–5
fish, 647, 652 applications, clinical, 245–6; See also Animal species
implants, 195, 398–9, 619
indwelling devices, 399 (Tables)
intraarticular, 112, 399 Aminobenzylpenicillins, 148–50
intramammary, 520–524, 527 Aminocyclitols, 233
intramuscular, 43–5, 469, 485, 496, 598, 603, 640–641 Aminoglycosides, 233–55. See also Individual drugs
intraosseous, 598
intraperitoneal, 619 administration and dosage, 241
intratracheal, 112, 599 antimicrobial activity, 234–5
intrauterine, 472 chemistry, 233
intravenous, 42–5, 112, 469, 485, 598, 619 clinical use, 239, 241, 246, 249, 254; See also Animal
local, 112, 398
nebulization, 599, 641 species (Tables)
oral, 48–9, 486, 554–7, 598, 630, 640, 652 dosage considerations, 239
prophylactic, See Prophylaxis drug interactions, 236–7
regional, 399–400 mechanism of action, 233–4
risks, 105–6, 443–4 pharmacokinetic properties, 236
routes, 469, 485–6 renal failure, dosage, 239
ruminants, 70–73 resistance, 234–6
subconjunctival, 405, 630–632 toxicity and adverse effects, 237–9, 374
Amoxicillin, 148–51, 499. See also Ampicillin; Animal species

(Tables); Clavulanic acid-amoxicillin
AmpC beta-lactamase hyperproducer, 31, 156–7, 165, 169,

177, 180

Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine, Fifth Edition. Edited by Steeve Giguère, John F. Prescott and Patricia M. Dowling.
© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

663

664 Index

For details of antimicrobial susceptibility of individual defined, 118–19
bacterial and fungal species, consult susceptibility tables education, 125–7
and antimicrobial activity sections for individual drugs formularies, 123–4
Good Stewardship Practice (GSP), 119
Amphotericin B, 337–41 growth promoters, 33, 379–94
administration and dosage, 340 infection control, 129–30
antimicrobial activity, 238–9 new antimicrobials, 128
applications, clinical, 340–341; See also Animal regulatory monitoring, 127–8
species (Tables) resistance management, 35–6, 446–9, 451–2
pharmacokinetic properties, 339 restriction policies, 123
toxicity and side effects, 339–40 stop orders, 124
use guidelines, 119–21
Ampicillin, 148–51. See also Clavulanic acid-amoxicillin; use monitoring, 124
Sulbactam-ampicillin vaccination, 36, 129
Antimicrobial susceptibility, See Susceptibility
administration and dosage, 149 Antimicrobial treatment, principles, 105–15
antimicrobial activity, 148–9 adjunctive treatment, 111
applications, clinical, 149–50 bactericidal drugs, 5, 19, 82
bacteriostatic drugs, 5, 82
cattle, sheep, and goats, 145, 150, 504, 530 (Tables) broad-spectrum drugs, 6, 109
dogs and cats, 145, 150, 413, 475, 480 (Tables) clinical response, 110–112
horses, 145, 150, 459 (Table) choice, 108–9
swine, 145, 150, 558–60 (Tables) considerations, 106
pharmacokinetic properties, 44, 148–9 corticosteroid use, 111–12
resistance, 148 dosage factors, 487
toxicity and adverse effects, 149 dosage modification, 67–8
Amprolium, 491, 531 drug combinations, 9–10, 113–14
Anaerobic infections, 146, 158, 204, 226, 272, 299, 320, 321, drug incompatibilities, 107
drug interactions, 107 (Table)
324, 421–4 drug selection, 108–9
drugs, recommended, 421–4 duration, 62, 110–111, 416, 487
Anaplasma spp., 264, 265, 479, 512, 533 empirical use, 109, 125
Anidulafungin, 348–9 extra-label drug use, 111
Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA), failure, 17, 114, 417, 468
feeding, effect of, 107 (Table)
United States, 449–51, 496–7, 538, 602 guidelines, 119–21, 497
Antagonism, 9–10 immune system, 107
Anthrax, 145, 514 narrow-spectrum, 6, 109
Antibacterial drugs, See individual drugs neutropenia, 365–77
principles of use, 109–15
classification, 5–6; See also Categorization prophylactic use, 361–5
as growth promoters, 379–94 prudent use, See Antimicrobial stewardship
history and development, 3–4, 117 rational use, 105
sites of action, 6–8, 81 residues, 431–44
spectrum of activity, 3, 5–6 risks, 105–6
Antibiotic, 3. See also Antibacterial drugs; individual antibiotics Antiviral drugs, topical, 404–5
Antifungal drugs, 8, 333–55. See also individual drugs Apramycin, 247. See also Aminoglycosides, Species Tables
resistance, 335 Aquaculture, See Fish
systemic, 334–50 Arcanobacterium pyogenes, 145, 363, 507, 513, 558
topical application, 334, 350–352, 404 Area under the curve, (AUC), 5, 51, 54, 58, 84–5, 234,
Anti-inflammatory activity, 213, 259, 266
Antimicrobial stewardship, 117–32 306–7, 335
access to antimicrobials, 126–7
antimicrobial use categories,121–3
antimicrobial use guidelines, 119–21, 497
clinical microbiology laboratory, role, 125, 474, 497
considerations in facilitating, 119–30

Arthritis, septic, 396–400, 462 Index 665
Aspergillosis, 338, 346, 351, 352, 596
Avilamycin, 385 extended-spectrum, ESBL, 16, 157, 177–8
Avoparcin, 33, 193–4, 196–7, 384 group 3 metallo-beta-lactamases, 157–8, 178
Azalides, 227–30. See also Azithromycin inhibitors, 178–87
Azithromycin, 227–30. See also Macrolides, advanced penicillinases, 138
Bibersteinia trehalosi, 536
generation Bighorn sheep, 641
Azole antifungals, 342–8. See also individual drugs Bioavailability, 51–3, 448
Aztreonam, 186–7 Bioequivalence, 448
Biofilms, 92–3
Babesiosis, 229, 264, 479 Birds, Companion, 589–600
Bacillus anthracis, 143, 160, 514 anatomical and physiological considerations,
Bacitracin, 197
597–8
applications, 197, 403, 560, 580; See also Animal aspergillosis, 346, 596, 599
species (Tables) cause and site of infection, 589–93
drug administration, methods of, 593, 598
and growth promotion, 197, 385 drug administration, routes of, 598–9
Bactericidal activity, 5, 19, 82, 407–8 drug dosage, usual, 594–6 (Table)
Bacteriostatic activity, 5, 82 drugs of choice, 590–592 (Table)
Bacteroides, 225, 274, 442. See also general considerations, 589, 593, 597
Blastomycosis, 344, 346, 460, 479
Anaerobic infections Blood-brain barrier, 62–3, 407–10
Bacteroides fragilis, 151, 164, 321, 458. See also Bones, infection, See Osteomyelitis
Bordetella bronchiseptica, 181, 275, 292, 310
Anaerobic infections Borrelia burgdorferi, 145, 228, 265, 462
Bambermycins, 484 Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, 203, 207, 563
Baquiloprim, 286–8 Brachyspira pilosicoli, 201, 207, 563
Baquiloprim-sulfonamides, 288–94. See also Brain abscesses, 464
Breakpoints, 14–18, 97–8, 413, 427, 467–8, 515–16, 524,
Trimethoprim-sulfonamides
Bartonella spp., 228, 266, 478 637–8, 655, 658
Beta-lactam antibiotics, 135–87. See also Brucellosis, 114, 309, 424–5, 461, 531
Budgerigars, See Birds, Companion
Individual drugs
aminopenicillanic acid, 135 Camelids, New World, 541–51
beta-lactamase inhibitors, 175–187 aminoglycosides, 546
carbapenems, 184–6 antifungal, 550
cephalosporins, 153–73 bacterial isolates, 549
chemistry, 135–6 ceftiofur, 545
clinical use, 145–7, 149–50, 161–4, 167–9, 171, drug dosages, 542 (Table)
extra-label drug use, 541
173, 180–183, 185; See also Animal fluoroquinolones, 547–8
species (Tables) general considerations, 541–2, 545–50
general considerations, 135–8 gentamicin, 251, 546
introduction, 135–8 metabolic scaling, 546
mechanism of action, 136–8 oral administration, 548
monobactams, 186–7 penicillin G, 545
penam penicillins, 138–52 pharmacokinetic data, 543–4, 548
pharmacokinetic properties, 142-3,
158, 180, 185 Campylobacter fetus, 530, 537
resistance, 138, 155–58 Campylobacter jejuni, 217, 311, 476, 530
structures, 136, 154, 176 Candida, 335, 341, 344, 347, 351
Beta-lactamases, 155–58 Carbadox, 328, 385
AmpC hyperproducers, 156–57, 177 Carbapenemases, 178, 185
classification, 176–8
CTX-M15, 178
detection, 178, 184

666 Index

For details of antimicrobial susceptibility of individual gentamicin, 250, 251, 480
bacterial and fungal species, consult susceptibility tables giardiasis, 480
and antimicrobial activity sections for individual drugs griseofulvin, 349–50, 480
Haemobartonella felis, See Mycoplasma haemofelis
Carbapenems, 184–6 Helicobacter gastritis, 150, 481
administration and dosage, 185 ibafloxacin, 300, 480
applications, clinical, 185–6 imipenem, 186, 480
itraconazole, 345, 346
Carbenicillin, 151 ketoconazole, 344–5
Carboxypenicillins, 151 leprosy, 480
Caspofungin, 348–9 lincomycin, 204, 480
Categorization, antibiotics, 451, 484–5 marbofloxacin, 310
meningitis, 482
first-line, 121, 122, 159, 257, 413, 416, 484–5 methenamine, 331
second-line, 121, 122, 484–5 metronidazole, 321–2
therapeutic, preventative, Mycobacterium spp., 480
Mycoplasma haemofelis, 310, 483
growth-promoting, 569 neomycin, 243, 480
third-line, 121, 122, 484–5 neutropenia, 365–76
World Health Organization, 121, 122 nitrofurans, 319, 480
Cats, 473–494. See also individual drugs nitroimidazoles, 321–2
administration and dosage in, 488–92 (Table) oral infections, 481
administration, routes, 485–6 orbifloxacin, 300, 480
amikacin, 246, 480 ormetoprin-sulfadimethoxine, 292, 480
aminoglycosides, See individual drugs penicillin G, 146, 480
amoxicillin, 150, 480 periodontitis, 481
amphotericin, 337, 480 polymyxins, 192, 480
ampicillin, 150, 480 pradofloxacin, 300, 480
antimicrobial drug selection, 482–3 (Table) principles of antimicrobial therapy, 473–4, 485–7
azithromycin, 229–30, 480 prophylaxis, 361–2, 369–71, 493
Bartonella henselae, 266, 483 pyothorax, 481
cephalosporins, 161–3, 171, 480 respiratory infections, 481
cevovecin, 159, 168–9, 480 rhinitis, 481
chlamydiosis, 229, 266, 480 ringworm, 480; See also Ringworm
chloramphenicol, 273–4, 480 skin infections, 481
clarithromycin, 480 streptomycin, 241, 480
clavulanic acid-amoxicillin, 181, 480 sulfonamides, 285, 480
clindamycin, 204, 480 terbenafine, 337
coccidiosis, 482 tetracyclines, 265–6, 480
cryptococcosis, 342, 344, 347 therapeutic compliance, 414, 487
dosage, usual drug, 488–9 tobramycin, 255, 480
drug administration, routes of, 485–6 trimethoprim-sulfonamides, 292, 480
drug, antifungal, 480 tylosin, 219, 480
ear infections, 480 urinary tract infection, 411–17, 482
enrofloxacin, 310, 480 voriconazole, 348
erythromycin, 217, 480 Cattle, 495–517. See also individual drugs
eye infections, 480 actinobacillosis (wooden tongue), 511
feline infectious anemia, 266, 310, 483 actinomycosis, 511
fluconazole, 347, 480 administration and dosage in, 499–514 (Tables)
flucytosine, 337, 342, 480 aminoglycosides, See individual drugs
fluoroquinolones, 308, 310, 480 amoxicillin, 150, 499, 504, 506
food, and oral administration, 107, 486
fusidic acid, 329
gastrointestinal infections, 481–2

Index 667

ampicillin, 150, 499, 504 Histophilus somni, 323, 501, 509
anaplasmosis, 264, 513 infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis, 223, 264,
anthrax, 514
antimicrobial drug selection, 499, 504 (Tables) 275, 405, 501, 510
apramycin, 247 injection site lesions, 497–8
Arcanobacterium pyogenes, 507, 508 iodides, 350
arthritis, 498, 508 Johne’s disease, 426
baquiloprim-sulfadimidine, 284 judicious use, 497; See also Antimicrobial stewardship
blackleg, 499, 511 labelled dosage, indications, United States (Table), 499–503
brucellosis, 264, 424–5 laidlomycin, 317
cardiovascular infections, 513–14 lasalocid, 317, 506, 516
cefoperazone, 171 leptospirosis, 507; See also Leptospirosis
cefquinome, 173, 499, 506 lincomycin, 203
ceftiofur, 158, 167–8, 496, 500, 504, 505, 509, 511, 520, 521 listeriosis, 264, 509
cefuroxime, 164 lumpy jaw, 511
cephalexin, 499 marbofloxacin, 501, 505
cephalosporins, 159, 161, 164, 499 mastitis, See Mastitis, bovine
chloramphenicol, 276 meningitis, 509
chlortetracycline, 264–5, 500 metaphylaxis, 359–61
clavulanic acid-amoxicillin, 181, 505 metritis, 167, 500, 507
clostridial infections, 264, 506, 511 metronidazole, 321
cloxacillin, 147, 520 milk, drug residues, 435–9
coccidiosis, 507 monensin, 317–18, 501, 507
colibacillosis, 501, 505, 515–16, 520, 522, 523 musculoskeletal infections, 508
Cryptosporidium parvum, 506, 516 Mycoplasma bovis, 206, 218, 498, 504, 508, 515
cystitis, 508 natamycin, 512
danofloxacin, 500, 504 navel infection, 512
decoquinate, 500, 516 neomycin, 243, 501
dermatophilosis, 512 nephritis, 508
diphtheria, 504 nervous system, infections, 509–10
drug administration, labelled dosage, 499–503 (Table) nitroimidazoles, 321
drug selection, 504–14 (Table) novobiocin, 332
dry cow therapy, 525–8 nystatin, 351
endocarditis, 513 ormetoprim-sulfonamide, 292
endometritis, 507 otitis media, 510
enrofloxacin, 309, 500, 504 oxytetracycline, See Tetracycline
erythromycin, 217, 500 penicillin G, 145–6, 501, 504, 506, 508
Escherichia coli, 496–8, 500, 531 pirlimycin, 522
extralabel drug use, 496–7 pneumonia, 167, 500, 504, 509, 511
florfenicol, 276, 500, 504 polymyxins, 191
fluoroquinolones, 309, 501, 504, 505, 509 prophylactic antibiotics, 361–5
foot-rot, 167, 276, 323, 396, 499–501, 511 pyelonephritis, 508
gamithromycin, 225, 501, 504 reproductive disease, 507
gastrointestinal infection, 507–8 residue avoidance, 435–7, 439–40
general considerations, 495–8 respiratory disease, 276, 504
genitourinary infections, 508 response to treatment, 496
gentamicin, 250, 501 rifampin, 323–6, 426
Giardia, 506 ringworm, 512; See also Ringworm
griseofulvin, 512 Salmonella, 167, 505, 515–16
guidelines, 497 seminal vesiculitis, 507
halofuginone, 506, 516 soft tissue infections, 510–511
spectinomycin, 254, 502

668 Index

For details of antimicrobial susceptibility of individual antimicrobial activity, 154
bacterial and fungal species, consult susceptibility tables classification, 153–4
and antimicrobial activity sections for individual drugs clinical usage, 158–9; See also Animal species (Tables)
extra-label use, 159
Cattle (cont’d) generations, 153–4
spiramycin, 220 groups, 154
streptomycin, 241, 502 oral, 161–3, 170–171
sulbactam-ampicillin, 183, 499 pharmacokinetic properties, 158
sulfonamides, 285, 502–3, 507 resistance, 155–8
sulfonamides and trimethoprim, 291, 502, 504, 505 susceptibility testing, 154, 160, 163, 166
susceptibility testing, 497 toxicity and adverse effects, 158
tetracyclines, 264–5, 500–505 Cephalosporins, antipseudomonal, Group 6, 171–2
theileriosis, 264, 503 Cephalosporins, first-generation, Group 1, 160–163
tiamulin, 206 administration and dosage, 161
tildipirosin, 226, 503, 504 applications, clinical, 161–263; See also Animal
tilmicosin, 221, 222, 503, 504
trimethoprim-sulfonamide, 291, 502, 505, 509 species (Tables)
tulathromycin, 223, 224, 503, 504 pharmacokinetic properties, 160–161
tylosin, 218, 503, 504 Cephalosporins, fourth-generation, Group 7, 172–3
wooden tongue, 511 applications, clinical, 173
pharmacokinetic properties, 172
Cefacetrile, 160–161 Cephalosporins, oral first-generation, Group 2, 161–3
Cefachlor, 163–5 administration and dosage, 162
Cefadroxil, 161–3 antimicrobial activity, 162
Cefamandole, 163–5 applications, clinical, 162–3; See also Animal
Cefazolin,160–161
Cefepime, 172–3 species (Tables)
Cefetamet, 170–171 pharmacokinetic properties, 162
Cefixime, 163–5 resistance, 162
Cefmetazole, 171–2 Cephalosporins, second-generation, Group 3, 163–5
Cefoperazone, 171–2 administration and dosage, 164
Cefotaxime, 165–70 antimicrobial activity, 163
Cefotetan, 163–5 application, clinical, 164; See also Animal species (Tables)
Cefovecin, 45, 46, 159, 168–9, 414, 480 pharmacokinetic properties, 164
Cefoxitin, 158, 163–5 resistance, 163
Cefpirome, 172–3 Cephalosporins, third-generation, Group 4, 165–70
Cefpodoxime, 170–171 administration and dosage, 164, 167
Cefquinome, 172–3, 499, 599 antimicrobial activity, 165–6
Cefsulodin, 171–2 applications, clinical, 167–9, 408; See also
Ceftazidime, 171–2
Ceftiofur, 47, 159, 165–70, 496, 500, 504, 509, 511, 520, 521, Animal species (Tables)
extra-label drug use, United States, 159, 450, 496–7, 523,
523, 545, 553, 559, 570–571, 576, 580
Ceftiofur, extra-label drug use, United 553, 571
pharmacokinetic properties, 166
States, 159, 450, 496–7, 523, 553, 571 public health, resistance, 165–6, 570–571
Ceftizoxime, 165–70 Cephalosporins, third-generation oral, Group 5, 170–171
Ceftriaxone, 74–5 Cephalothin, 160–161
Cefuroxime, 163–5 Cephapirin, 160–161, 522
Cephalexin, 161–3 Cephradine, 160–161
Cephaloglycin, 161–3 Cerebrospinal fluid, penetration, 62–3, 407–8
Cephaloridine, 160–161 Cethromycin, 230
Cephalosporins and cephamycins, 153–73. See also Chelonians, 623–6. See also Reptiles
drug dosage, recommended, 631 (Table)
Cephalosporins, groups drugs of choice, 625–6 (Table)

Index 669

Chickens, See Poultry Combinations, drug, 9–10, 113–14 (Table)
Chinchillas, 601–22 Compliance, therapeutic, 414, 487
Concentration-dependent killing effect, 5–6, 83–4, 109–10,
antimicrobial drug toxicity, 601–2
drug dosage, recommended, 604 (Table) 299, 301–2
drugs of choice, 616 (Table) Conjunctivitis, 401–6
Chlamydia, 219, 228, 229, 263, 264, 290, 309, 310, 402, 537, Corticosteroid, use, 111–12, 408
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, 224, 295, 462,
589, 613, 623
Chloramphenicol, 269–73 530, 532, 549
Corynebacterium renale, 145, 508, 530, 533
administration and dosage, 272–3 Cowdria ruminantium, See Ehrlichia ruminantium
antimicrobial activity, 269–70 Coxiella burnetii, 229, 290, 309, 530
clinical applications, 272–3, 404; See also Animal Crocodilians, 623–36. See also Reptiles

species (Tables) dosage, recommended, 631 (Table)
chemistry, 269 drugs of choice, 627 (Table)
drug interactions, 271–3 Cryptococcosis, 341, 342, 344
mechanism of action, 269 Cryptosporidium, 243, 479, 506
pharmacokinetic properties, 270–271
toxicity and adverse effects, 272 DANMAP, Danish Integrated Antimicrobial Resistance
Chlortetracycline, See Tetracycline Monitoring Program, 33, 124, 128
Cilia-associated respiratory (CAR) bacillus, 607,
Danofloxacin, 296, 500. See also Fluoroquinolones
609, 611 Dermatophilus congolensis, 463, 512, 532
CIPARS, Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Dermatophytes, See Ringworm
Diagnostic laboratory, use of, 34, 109, 125, 413, 474
Resistance Surveillance, 33, 128, 166 Diaminopyrimidines, antibacterial, 286–8. See also
Ciprofloxacin, 296. See also Fluoroquinolones
Citrobacter, 607 Trimethoprim
Clarithromycin, 227–30. See also Macrolides, advanced Diaminopyrimidines, antibacterial-sulfonamide

generation combinations, 288–94. See also
Clavulanic acid-amoxicillin, 179–82 Trimethoprim-sulfonamides
Diaminopyrimidines, antiprotozoal, 293–94
administration and dosage, 180 Dicloxacillin, See Cloxacillin
antimicrobial activity, 179–80 Difloxacin, 296. See also Fluoroquinolones
applications, clinical, 180–182, 499; See also Animal Dihydrostreptomycin, See Streptomycin
Dimetridazole, See Nitroimidazoles
species (Tables) Dirithromycin, 227–30. See also Macrolides, advanced
pharmacokinetic properties, 180 generation
Clavulanic acid-ticarcillin, 182 Distribution and elimination, drug, 49–50
Clearance, ClB, 53–4 Dogs, 473–94. See also Individual drugs
Clindamycin, See Lincomycin administration and dosage in, 488–92 (Table)
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, CLSI, 11, 15, 34, administration, routes of, 485–6
amikacin, 246, 490
125, 178, 467, 497, 515–16, 637, 654–658 aminoglycosides, See individual drugs
Clostridial infections, 145, 264, 460, 462, 511 amoxicillin, 150, 488
Clostridium difficile, 158, 165, 166, 194, 469, 564, 612 amphotericin B, 337, 340–341, 491
Clostridium perfringens, 227, 506, 511, 531, 564 ampicillin, 150, 488
Clostridium piliforme, 607, 609 anal sac infection, 475
Clostridium spiroforme, 618 anaplasmosis, 476
Clotrimazole, 342, 351–2 antimicrobial therapy, principles of, 473–4
Cloxacillin, 147–8 aspergillosis, 352, 479
azithromycin, 229–30
administration and dosage, 147 bartonellosis, 478
applications, 147, 521, 524; See also Animal species (Tables) blastomycosis, 346, 479
CMY2 plasmid, 31, 156–7, 165, 169, 177, 180
Coccidioidomycosis, 344, 346, 464, 479
Coccidiosis, 317, 318, 479, 482, 507, 531, 560
Colibacillosis, See Animal species; Escherichia coli
Colistin, See Polymyxins

670 Index

For details of antimicrobial susceptibility of individual marbofloxacin, 307–8, 310
bacterial and fungal species, consult susceptibility tables methenamine, 331
and antimicrobial activity sections for individual drugs metronidazole, 322, 489
monensin, 318
Dogs (cont’d) mupirocin, 330
borreliosis, 266, 478 musculoskeletal infections, 477–8
brucellosis, 265, 424–5, 478 neomycin, 243
cefazolin, 160, 488 neutropenia, 365–77
cefovecin, 159, 168–9, 414, 480 nitrofurans, 318–19
cefpodoxime, 171 nitroimidazoles, 319–22
cephalosporins, 161–4, 171, 488 novobiocin, 331
chloramphenicol, 272–3, 490 oral infections, 476
clavulanic acid-amoxicillin, 181 orbifloxacin, 296
clindamycin, 204, 490 ormetoprim-sulfadimethoxine, 292, 489
clotrimazole, 352 osteomyelitis, 395–401, 477
coccidiosis, 479 penicillin G, 145–6, 488
conjunctivitis, 401–6, 480 periodontitis, 204, 476
difloxacin, 296, 489 polymyxins, 192
discospondylitis, 477 pradofloxacin, 296, 489
dosage, usual drug, 488–92 (Table) principles of antimicrobial therapy, 473–4, 485–7
doxycycline, 265, 490 prophylaxis, 361–2, 369–71, 493
drug administration, routes of, 485–6 protozoal infections, 479
drugs of choice, 475–9 (Table) respiratory infections, 476
ear infections, 475 rhinitis, 476
ehrlichiosis, 265, 479 rickettsiosis, 265, 479
enilconazole, 352 rifampin, 324
enrofloxacin, 307–8, 310, 489 ringworm, 344, 375
enteritis, 219, 476 skin infections, 475
erythromycin, 217 staphylococcal infections, 475
eye infections, 401–6, 475–6 streptococcal infections, 146
food, and oral administration, 107, 486 streptomycin, 241
fosfomycin, 198 surgical prophylaxis, 361–5
fluconozole, 346–7 sulfonamides, 285
fluoroquinolones, 307–8, 310 systemic mycoses, See individual infections, antifungal
fusidic acid, 329
gastrointestinal infections, 476–7 drugs
genital infections, 477 terbinafine, 337
gentamicin, 251, 490 tetracyclines, 266, 490
giardiasis, 477 therapeutic compliance, 487
gingivitis, 476 tinidazole, 489
griseofulvin, 349–50 tobramycin, 255
Helicobacter, 322, 476 trimethoprim-sulfonamides, 292, 489
ibafloxacin, 310 tylosin, 219, 490
imipenem, 185 urinary tract infections, 265, 410–18, 477
itraconazole, 345, 346, 492 voriconazole, 348
kennel cough, 476 Dosage. See also Administration, drug; Individual Animal
keratoconjunctivitis, 401–5
ketoconazole, 344–5 Species (Tables)
leishmaniasis, 479 allometric scaling, 603, 632–3, 638–40
leptospirosis, 266, 429–30, 478 design, 60–62, 93–4
lincomycin, 204 factors affecting, 60–62
linezolid, 327 interval, 60–62
long-acting preparations, 45–8, 166, 168–9, 223, 225, 226
metabolic scaling, 603, 632

Index 671

modification, 67–9 Extra-label drug use, 111, 449–51, 496–7, 523, 538, 571, 602,
neonates, 70–75 638, 654–5
renal disease, 67–9
Doxycycline, 430. See also Tetracyclines Eye, infections, 401–6
Drug approval, See Regulation, veterinary drugs
Drug disposition, See Pharmacokinetics, applied clinical FARAD, 439–40, 496–7
Drugs, growth promoting, See Growth-promoting drugs Feed additives, See Growth-promoting drugs
Drug withdrawal, 114–15 Feeding, and oral drug administration, 107, 486, 555
Dry-cow therapy, 525–528 Ferrets, 601–21
Duration of treatment, 62, 110–111, 416, 487, 496
Dysentery, See Brachyspira hyodysenteriae; Swine antimicrobial drug toxicity, 601–2
drug administration, routes of, 603, 604, 610, 619
Echinocandins, 348–9 drug dosage, recommended, 606 (Table)
Edwardsiella tarda, 274, 646 drugs of choice, 614–15 (Table)
Ehrlichia, 264, 309, 479 Fish, aquaculture, drug use, 641–61
Ehrlichia canis, 265, 479 disease agents, 645–6
Ehrlichia ruminantium, 264 drug dosage, 647–9 (Table)
Eimeria, See Coccidiosis drug selection, principles of, 645–7, 653–
Elephants, antuberculosis drugs, 639–40 environmental constraints, 654
Encephalitis, See Meningitis florfenicol, 276
Endocarditis, 463, 513 half-lives, antimicrobials, 650–651
Endophthalmitis, 401–6 pharmacokinetic considerations, 56–8, 650–651
Endotoxin, 189, 191 regulatory considerations, 654–5
Enilconazole, 352, 463, 512. See also Antifungals drugs, for routes of application, 647, 652
susceptibility testing, 655–8
topical application; Azole antifungals tissue antimicrobial drug residues, 653–4
Enrofloxacin, 296. See also Fluoroquinolones; Individual toxicity, 652–3
Flavobacterium spp., 646, 657
Animal Species (Tables) Flavomycin, 385
Enterobacter, 165 Fleming, Alexander, 3, 11, 135
Enterococcus, 16, 17, 23, 158, 181, 390. See also Vancomycin- Fleroxacin, See Fluoroquinolones
Florfenicol, 274–6
resistant enterococci administration and dosage, 275–6, 547
Environmental effects, 445, 654 clinical applications, 276, 500, 504, 524, 547, 560, 582
Eperythrozoon, See Mycoplasma suis Fluconazole, 346–7
Equine protozoal encephalomyelitis, 293, 294, 464 Flucytosine, 341–2
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, 531 Fluoroquinolones, 295–314
Erythromycin, 213–17 administration and dosage, 307, 309
antimicrobial activity, 298–302
administration and dosage, 216–17 applications, clinical, 309–11
antimicrobial activity, 214–15
applications, clinical, 217 camelids, 542
cattle, sheep, and goats, 309, 504, 530 (Tables)
cattle, sheep, and goats, 217, 504, 522, 530 (Tables) dogs and cats, 310, 475, 480 (Tables)
dogs and cats, 217, 475, 480 (Tables) horses, 310, 459 (Table)
fish, 648 (Table) poultry, 311, 574 (Table)
horses, 217, 459 (Table) swine, 310, 558–60 (Tables)
poultry, 217, 574 (Table) chemistry, 296–8
swine, 217, 558–60 (Tables) classification, 295–6
pharmacokinetic properties, 214–15 drug interactions, 307
toxicity and adverse effects, 215–16 mechanism of action, 298
Escherichia coli, 159, 167, 181, 190, 251, 458, 561 pharmacodynamic properties, 306–8
E test, 13 pharmacokinetic properties, 304–6
Ethambutol, 639 resistance, 25, 303–4
EUCAST, European Committee on Antimicrobial toxicity and adverse effects, 307–8

Susceptibility, 11–12, 19, 24, 125, 178
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, 31, 157–8, 177–8

672 Index

For details of antimicrobial susceptibility of individual drug use, in feed and water, 536
bacterial and fungal species, consult susceptibility tables enterotoxemia, 531
and antimicrobial activity sections for individual drugs erythromycin, 217, 534
eye infection, 532, 537, 538
Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank, FARAD, 439–40, fluoroquinolones, 534
496–7, 538 foot infections, 532, 537
gastroenteritis, 531, 536
Food, drug administration and, 107, 486 (Tables), 555 general considerations, 529, 536–8
Fosfomycin, 197–8 gentamicin, 250
Francisella tularensis, 483 listeriosis, 530
Furazolidone, See Nitrofurans mastitis, 532, 533, 537–8
Fusidic acid, 329 meningitis, 533
Fusobacterium necrophorum, 145, 223, 274, 504, metritis, 530
monensin, 317–18, 539
511, 532 musculoskeletal infections, 532
neonatal enteritis, 536
Garithromycin, 225, 496, 501, 504, 534 penicillin G, 146
Gentamicin, 247–52. See also Aminoglycosides reproductive disease, 530–531
residue avoidance, 538
administration and dosage, 241 respiratory disease, 531–3, 536
antimicrobial activity, 235, 247–8 rifampin, 323–6
applications, clinical, 249–52, 403 skin infections, 532
sulbactam-ampicillin, 183
camelids, 251, 546 sulfonamides, 285
cattle, sheep, and goats, 250, 501, systemic infections, 531
tetracyclines, 264–5, 530
504, 530 (Tables) tiamulin, 206
dogs and cats, 250–251, 475, 480 (Tables) tilmicosin toxicity, 221–2, 532, 536, 544
horses, 250, 459 (Table) toxoplasmosis, 530, 537
poultry, 251, 574 (Table) trimethoprim-sulfonamides, 292, 535
swine, 250, 558–60 (Tables) tulathromycin, 224, 292, 535
drug interactions, 248 tylosin, 218, 532, 535
mechanism of action, 233–4 Good Manufacturing Practice, 444
pharmacokinetic properties, 236, 248 Good Stewardship Practice (GSP), See Antimicrobial
resistance, 234–6
toxicity and adverse effects, 248–9 stewardship
Gerbils, 601–22 Gram stain, 402, 412, 457, 474
antimicrobial drug toxicity, 149, 601–2 Griseofulvin, 349–50, 512
drug administration, routes of, 603, 604, 610, 619 Growth-promoting drugs, 379–94
drug dosage, recommended, 605 (Table)
drugs of choice, 610 (Table) alternatives, 391–2
Giardia, 321, 322, 506, 609 bans, 570–572
Glycopeptides, 193–7 drugs used, 384, 385, 569–70 (Tables)
Glycylcyclines, 266 growth-promoting, 33, 197, 315, 383, 570
Goats, 529–39. See also Individual drugs mechanisms of action, 381–3, 555
abortion, 530, 537 performance uses, 379–94, 569–70
ampicillin, 150 public health and environmental concerns, 30–33, 383,
antimicrobial drug selection, 530–533 (Table)
Campylobacter abortion, 530 388–91, 570–572
ceftiofur, 158, 167–8 regulatory oversight, 383–5
chlamydiosis, 530, 537 usage practices and benefits, 385–91, 571–2
clavulanic acid-amoxicillin, 181 U.S. Food and Drug Administration,
coccidiosis, 531
colibacillosis, 531, 536 Center for Veterinary Medicine, Guidance
drug administration, routes of, 529, 536 document, 33, 383
drug dosage, 534–5 (Table) Guidelines, antimicrobial, 119–21, 497–8
drug use, extra-label, 529, 534–5, 538

Guinea pigs, 601–22 Index 673
antimicrobial drug toxicity, 149, 601–2
drug administration routes of, 603, 604, 610, 619 fistulous withers, 461
drug dosage, recommended, 604 (Table) fluoroquinolones, 310
drugs of choice, 612–13 (Table) gastrointestinal infections, 460–461
gentamicin, 250
Haemobartonella, See M. haemocanis; Mycoplasma guttural pouch empyema, 459
haemofelis guttural pouch mycosis, 459
intrauterine, 465, 472
Haemophilus parasuis, 168, 566 itraconazole, 346
Half-life, t1/2, 55–8, 650–651 keratitis, 250, 346, 348, 401–5, 464
Halofuginone, 506, 516 Lawsonia, 217, 265, 460
Hamsters, 601–22 leptospirosis, 429–30, 466
lincomycin toxicity, 203
antimicrobial drug toxicity, 149, 601–2 mastitis, 465
drug administration, routes of, 603, 604, 610 meningitis, 407–10, 464
drug dosage, recommended, 605 (Table) metritis, 465, 472
drugs of choice, 609 (Table) metronidazole, 319–22
Hedgehogs, 601–22 monensin toxicity, 316
antimicrobial drug toxicity, 601–2 natamycin, 351
drug administration, routes of, 603, 604, 610, 619 neonates, 70, 74–5, 458
drug dosage, recommended, 606 (Table) nitrofurans, 318–19
drugs of choice, 619 (Table) osteomyelitis, 396, 462
Helicobacter spp., 227, 322, 607, 613 penicillin G, 146
Hepatozoonosis, 292, 479 peritonitis, 461
Hetacillin, 148–51, 522. See also Ampicillin pleuropneumonia, 460
Histophilus somni, 168, 223, 274, 501 pneumonia, 459–60
Histoplasmosis, 344, 346, 466, 479 polymyxin, 192
Horses, 457–72. See also Individual drugs Potomac Horse Fever, 265, 460
amikacin, 246 protozoal encephalomyelitis, 293, 294, 464
amphotericin, 337, 341 pyrimethamine, 294
ampicillin, 150 regional limb perfusion, 341
anaplasmosis, 265, 466 reproductive tract infections, 465
arthritis, 395–400, 462 rhinitis, mycotic, 459
azithromycin, 230, 471 Rhodococcus equi, 14, 217, 230, 231, 323, 459
bacterial pathogens, susceptibility, 457–8, 466 rifampin, 326
borreliosis, 265, 462 ringworm, 463
ceftiofur, 168, 459, 470 risks, 469
cephalosporins, 161, 162, 171, 173 salmonellosis, 460; See also Salmonellosis
chloramphenicol, 471 Sarcocystis neurona, See Horses, protozoal
clarithromycin, 230, 471
colitis, antibiotic-induced, 469 encephalomyelitis
colitis, treatment, 460 septicemia, 461
contagious equine metritis, 465 soft tissue infections, 461–2
cystitis, 463 strangles, 459, 460
dermatophilosis, 463 streptococcal infections, 457, 459
drug administration, routes of, 469 streptomycin, 241
drug dosage, 470–471 (Table) sulfonamides, 285
drugs of choice, 459–66 (Table) tetracyclines, 265, 460
endocarditis, 463 ticarcillin, 151
enterocolitis, 460 tobramycin, 255
equine protozoal myelitis, 293, 294, 464 trimethoprim-sulfonamides, 292
erythromycin, 217 tylosin, 219
eye infections, 464–5 upper respiratory tract infection, 459
voriconazole, 348

674 Index

For details of antimicrobial susceptibility of individual Kirby Bauer method (disk diffusion), 12–13, 656–7
bacterial and fungal species, consult susceptibility tables Klebsiella pneumoniae, 151, 163, 177, 181, 246, 250
and antimicrobial activity sections for individual drugs
Lactococcus spp., 646
Ibafloxacin, 196. See also Fluoroquinolones Lasalocid, 316, 317, 506, 516, 534
Imidazole antifungals, See Itraconazole; Ketoconazole; Latamoxef (moxalactam), 165–70
Lawsonia intracellularis, 207, 217, 222, 227, 564
Voriconazole Leishmania, 479
Imipenem, 184–6 Leptospira, 145, 146, 150, 228, 265, 429–30
Leptospirosis, 145, 241, 265, 429–30, 478, 533
antimicrobial activity, 184 Lincomycin (clindamycin), 199–205
applications, clinical, 185–6
drug interactions, 185 administration and dosage, 202
pharmacokinetic properties, 185 antimicrobial activity,199–200
Immunodeficiency, See Neutropenia, dogs and cats applications, clinical, 202–4
Immunomodulation, 129, 259
Implants, antimicrobial, 399 cattle, sheep, and goats, 203
Infection control, 129 dogs and cats, 204, 475, 480 (Tables)
Insertion sequence, 27 horses, 203
Integrons, 26–7 poultry, 203, 594 (Table)
Interactions, antibacterial drug, See Drug interaction swine, 203, 558–60 (Tables)
Intra-abdominal sepsis, See Peritonitis chemistry, 199
Intrinsic resistance, 17, 22–3 drug interactions, 201–2
Iodides, 350 mechanism of action, 199
Ionophores, 315–18, 584. See also individual drugs pharmacokinetic properties, 200–201
Ipronidazole, See Nitroimidazoles resistance, 200
Isoniazid, 329–30, 426, 639 toxicity and adverse effects, 202
Itraconazole, 345–7 Lincosamides, 199–205. See also Lincomycin
administration and dosage, 337 Linezolid, 326–7
antimicrobial activity, 333, 345 Liposomes, 115
applications, clinical, 346; See also Animal Listeriosis, 145, 264, 292, 409, 509, 533
Liver failure, drug usage in, 69–70, 484
species (Tables) Lizards, 623–43. See also Reptiles
toxicity and adverse effects, 345 dosage, recommended, 631 (Table)
drugs of choice, 628 (Table)
JETACAR, 389, 390 Llama, See New World Camelid
Judicious use, 118, 497. See also Antimicrobial stewardship Long-acting preparations, 45–8, 166, 168–9, 223, 225, 226
Lufenuron, 350
Kanamycin, 244 Lyme disease, See Borrelia burgdorferi
Kennel cough, 275, 292, 310, 476
Keratitis. See also Individual Animal Species (Tables) Macrolides, 211–27. See also Individual drugs
advanced generation, 227–230
bacterial, 401–5 anti-inflammatory activity, 211, 220
fungal, 348, 351, 352, 404 classification, 211–12
herpetic, 404–5 clinical applications, 217, 218, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, 283 drug interactions, 212–13
Ketoconazole, 343–5 mechanism of action, 211
administration and dosage, 337, 344 resistance, 211–12
antimicrobial activity, 338, 343
applications, clinical, 344–5, 352; See also Macrolides, advanced generation (azithromycin,
clarithromycin, dirithromycin, roxithromycin),
Animal species (Tables) 227–30
pharmacokinetic properties, 344
toxicity and side effects, 344 administration and dosage, 229
Ketolides, 230–231 antimicrobial activity, 228
Kidney failure, 67–9

Index 675

clinical applications, 216, 229; See also Animal MIC, See Minimum inhibitory concentration
species (Tables) Micafungin, 348–9
Mice, 601–22
dogs and cats, 229–30, 475, 480 (Tables)
horses, 230, 459 (Table) drug administration, routes of, 603, 604, 610, 619
reptiles, 625–6, 628 (Tables) drug dosage, recommended, 605
pharmacokinetic properties, 228–9 drugs of choice (Table), 607–8
toxicity and adverse effects, 229 Miconazole, 342, 352
Maduramicin, 316, 317 Microsporum, See Ringworm
Malassezia pachydermatis, 335, 345, 352 Milk, 63–4, 436. See also Mastitis
Mannheimia haemolytica, 145, 146, 168, 221, 223, 274, 292, Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), 5, 80, 86, 87,

500, 504, 509, 511, 536 302, 408, 524
Marbofloxacin, 296, 301, 505. See also Fluoroquinolones; Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), 5, 13, 47, 79–85,

Individual animal species 280, 467–8, 473, 575
Mastitis, bovine, 519–28. See also Individual animal Minocycline, 258, 261, 263. See also Tetracyclines
MLSB cross-resistance, 200
species; Milk Monensin, 315–18
antibiotic selection, 520–524
Candida, 351 applications, clinical, 317–18; See also Animal
coliform, 520, 522, 523 species (Tables)
considerations before treatment, 519–20
dry cow therapy, 525–8 growth promotion, 384, 385
extra-label drug use, 523 toxicity and adverse effects, 316–17
herd-based treatments, 525, 526 Monobactams, 186–7. See also Beta-lactam antibiotics
intramammary use, 520–524 Moraxella bovis, 223, 264, 405, 501, 510
lactating cow, antimicrobial therapy, 519–24 Moritella viscosa, 646
Mycoplasma, 520 MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 30–2,
Pasteurella spp., 521
pharmacokinetic considerations, 63–5 117, 235, 245, 246, 269, 273, 290, 323, 327, 330, 391,
Prototheca zopfii, 520 402, 415, 416
residues, milk, 436–9 MRSP, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
Staphylococcus aureus, 521 pseudintermedius, 31–2, 235, 245, 246, 269, 273, 323,
streptococcal, 522 327, 330, 331
susceptibility testing, 523, 524 Mucor spp., 238
systemic drug use, 523–4 Mupirocin, 330–331
therapeutic protocols, 525, 526 Mutant prevention concentration (MPC), 84, 112
Maximum residue limits, 432 Mutant selection window (MSW), 30, 84, 87, 112–13
MBC, See Minimum bactericidal concentration Mycobacterial infections, atypical, 290, 425–6, 478
Mecillinam, 150–151 Mycobacterium, 227, 309, 425–6
Meningitis, 166, 406–10, 464, 478, 482, 509 Mycobacterium avium, 184, 227, 317, 324, 329,
drugs of choice, 167, 406–10 425–6, 589, 592
treatment, 407–10 Mycobacterium bovis, 329
Meropenem, 184–6 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 639–40
Metabolic scaling, See Allometric scaling Mycoplasma bovis, 206–7, 218, 225, 264, 500, 501, 504, 515
Metaphylaxis, 359–65 (Table, susceptibility)
Methenamine, 330 Mycoplasma californicum, 264
Methicillin, 147 Mycoplasma conjunctivae, 264, 532
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, See MRSA Mycoplasma gallisepticum, 204, 207, 217, 219, 222, 266
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Mycoplasma haemofelis, 266, 310, 483
Mycoplasma haemolamae, 547, 550
See MRSP Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, 207, 218, 265, 564, 566
Metritis, 465, 472, 477 Mycoplasma hyorhinis, 201, 203
Metronidazole, See Nitroimidazoles Mycoplasma hyosynoviae, 203
Mezlocillin, 151–2 Mycoplasma infections, 228, 229, 427–8, 532
Mycoplasma mycoides, 218, 532

676 Index

For details of antimicrobial susceptibility of individual Nocardia, 285, 290, 428–9, 478, 520
bacterial and fungal species, consult susceptibility tables Nocardial infections, 428–9
and antimicrobial activity sections for individual drugs Norfloxacin, See Fluoroquinolones
Nosocomial infections, 34–5, 473
Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae, 532 Novobiocin, 331–2, 584
Mycoplasma synoviae, 219, 266 Nystatin, 351
Mycoses, See Antifungal drugs
Ofloxacin, See Fluoroquinolones
Nafcillin, 147–8 OIE, See World Health
Naftifine, 335–7. See also Allylamines
Nalidixic acid, 295, 297 Organization for Animals
Narasin, 316–17 Olaquindox, 325
NARMS, See National Antimicrobial Resistance Orbifloxacin, 296. See also

Monitoring System Fluoroquinolones
Natamycin, 512 Ormetoprim, 286–8
National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System Ormetoprim-sulfonamide combination, See

(NARMS), 128 Trimethoprim-sulfonamides
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Osteomyelitis, 395–401, 462
Otitis externa, 475
See Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Oxacillin, 147–8
Nebulization, 599, 641 Oxazolidinones, 326–8
Necrotic enteritis, poultry, 197, 204, 227, 574, 580, 581 Oxolinic acid, 295, 583, 647, 652–3
Neomycin, 242–3, 403, 435. See also Aminoglycosides Oxytetracycline, See Tetracycline
Neonates, 70–75, 484, 534. See also Individual drugs
Paromomycin, 243, 516
drug disposition, 70–75 Parrot, See Birds, Companion
drug selection and dosage, 484 Passerines, See Birds, Companion
Neorickettsia risticii, 217, 265 Pasteurella haemolytica, See
Neospora caninum, 204, 292, 294, 479
Neutropenia, dogs and cats, 365–77 Mannheimia haemolytica
hematopoietic growth factor, 376 Pasteurella multocida, 145, 146, 168, 217,
infections, documented, 375–6
therapy, for febrile illness, 371–5 274, 565
therapy, prophylactic, 369–71 Pasteurella pneumotropica, 608
treatment, empirical, 371–5 Pasteurella testudinis, 626
New antibacterial drugs, 8 Pefloxacin, See Fluoroquinolones
New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1 Penicillin G, 143–7

(NDM-1)-producing Enterobacteriaceae, 117, administration and dosage, 144–5
157, 178, 185 antimicrobial activity,143
Nifuratel, See Nitrofurans applications, clinical, 145–7
Nitrofurans, 318–19, 415, 584, 654
Nitrofurantoin, See Nitrofurans camelids, 542, 545
Nitrofurazone, See Nitrofurans cattle, sheep, and goats, 145–6, 502, 504,
Nitroimidazoles, 319–23
administration and dosage, 321 522, 530 (Tables)
antimicrobial activity, 319–20 dogs and cats, 146, 475, 480 (Tables)
applications, clinical, 321–2 horses, 145, 146, 459 (Table)
dogs and cats, 321–2, 475, 480 (Tables) poultry, 145, 146, 574 (Table)
horses, 321–2, 459 (Table) swine, 145, 146, 558–60 (Tables)
mechanism of action, 319 chemistry, 136
pharmacokinetic properties, 320 drug interactions, 144
resistance, 320 mechanism of action, 140
toxicity and adverse effects, 321 pharmacokinetic properties, 143
resistance, 143
toxicity and adverse effects, 144
Penicillins, anti-staphylococcal, 147–8

Index 677

Penicillins, penam, 138–52 Pharmacokinetics, applied clinical, 49–60
amidopenicillins, 150–151 administration, routes, 41–5
aminobenzylpenicillins, 148–51 bioavailability, 51–3
antimicrobial activity, 140–141 bioequivalence, 52, 448
antipseudomonal, 151–2 camelids, New World, 543–4
anti-staphylococcal, 147–8 changes in drug disposition, 58–60
benzyl penicillin, 143–7 clearance, ClB, 53–4
classification, 138–9 distribution and elimination, 49–50
clinical usage, 143; See also Animal distribution, volume of (Vd), 54–5
species (Tables) dosing rate, 61, 107
dosage, 144 (Table) dosing regimen, 60–62, 93–7
dosage considerations, 142–3 fish, 647–8
drug interactions, 142 food, effect on oral administration, 107, 486
extended spectrum, 148–50 half-life, 55–8, 650
general considerations, 138–43 hepatic excretion, 48–50, 56–9
isoxazolyl penicillins, 147–8 ionization, 55
mechanism of action, 140 lipophilicity, 49
narrow-spectrum, 140 mean residence time, 58
orally absorbed, 147 neonatal animals, 49, 70–75, 484, 534
penicillinase-resistant, 141 pharmacodynamic parameters, 50–62
pharmacokinetic properties, 142 pharmacodynamic relationships,
resistance, 141–2 \See separate heading
toxicity and adverse effects, 142 pharmacokinetic parameters, 50–59
ureidopencillins, 151–2 population effects, 94–7
pregnancy, 64–6
Penicillin-streptomycin, combination, 240, 241 renal excretion, 65–6
Penicillin V, 147 temperature, 647
Performance uses of antimicrobial drugs, 379–94 volume of distribution, 54–5
Periodontal disease, 204, 476, 481
Peritonitis, intestinal spillage, 114, 322, 458, 512, 592 Photobacterium damselae, 646
Pharmacodynamics, See Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic Pigeons, See Birds, companion
Pigs, See Swine
relationships Piperacillin, 151–2. See also Animal species (Tables)
Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships, Pirlimycin, 522
Piscirickettsia salmonis, 646
79–103, 468–9 Pityrosporum, See Malassezia pachydermatis
antifungal drugs, 335 Pivampicillin, 148–51
area under the curve, AUC, 85, 306–7 Pleisomonas shigelloides, 646
breakpoints, 97–9 Pleuromutilins, 205–8. See also Tiamulin
concentration-dependent killing, 83–4, 299, 301–2 Pneumocystis carinii, 290, 293, 476
dose predictions, 93–4 Polyenes, See Amphotericin B; Nystatin
fluoroquinolones, 306–8 Polymethyl methacrylate, PMMA
inoculum effect, 87–9
mutation prevention concentration (MPC), 84 antibiotic beads, 398–9
mutation selection window (MSW), 84 Polymyxins, 189–92
pH considerations, 91–2
PK/PD characteristics, 82 administration and dosage, 191
PK/PD targets, 85–9 antimicrobial activity, 190
population effects, 87–9, 94–7 applications, clinical, 191–2, 403
post-antibiotic effects, 80, 83–5 pharmacokinetic properties, 190
pulse-dosing, 93 toxicity and adverse effects, 190–192
target attainment rate, TAR, 97 Porphyromonas spp., 145, 421
time-dependent killing, 83–4 Post-antibiotic effect, PAE, 80, 83–5
tolerance, 82 Potomac Horse Fever, 265, 460

678 Index

For details of antimicrobial susceptibility of individual ormetoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 292–3
bacterial and fungal species, consult susceptibility tables penicillin G, 146, 574, 577, 580
and antimicrobial activity sections for individual drugs polymyxins, 192
responsible use, 584
Poultry, 569–87. See also Individual drugs salinomycin, 318
amoxicillin, 576 salmonellosis, 574
ampicillin, 150 semduracin, 318
antibiotic administration, 569, 572–3, septicemias, 574
575, 580 spectinomycin, 254, 577, 581
antibiotic categories, 569 spiramycin, 220
apramycin, 247, 576, 581 staphylococcal infection, 574, 576, 580
avoparcin, 193 streptomycin, 242, 574, 577, 581
bacitracin, 197, 576, 580 sulfonamides, 285, 578–9, 583
bans of antimicrobial drugs, 570–572 tetracyclines, 266, 574, 576, 577, 582–3
ceftiofur, 158, 169, 570–571, 576, 580 tiamulin, 581
Chronic Respiratory Disease, 207, 266, 574, 576 tilmicosin, 222, 581
coccidiosis, control of, 578–9 trimethoprim-sulfonamides, 292–3, 578, 583
coryza, 576 tylosin, 219, 579, 581
drug administration, factors affecting, 572–5 tylvalosin, 227, 579
drug administration, routes of, 569–70 ulcerative enteritis, 576
drug dosage, usual, 574, 576 (Tables) valnemulin, 207
drugs of choice, 576–9 (Table) virginiamycin, 579
egg use, 569, 580 water medication, principles, 575
enrofloxacin, 311, 571, 574, 576 withdrawal time,
erysipelas, 574 Pradofloxacin, 296. See
erythromycin, 217, 574, 576, 581
Escherichia coli septicemia, 573, 574, 576, 580 also Fluoroquinolones
extra-label drug use, 570–571, 576–9 (Table) Precautionary principle, 384
factors affecting administration, 572–3, 575 Pregnancy, 64–5, 345, 484
florfenicol, 276, 582 Pristinamycin, 208–9
fluoroquinolones, 311, 571, 574, 576, 583–4 Prophylaxis, antibiotic, 359–65, 369–71, 397, 493–4, 555,
fowl cholera, 266, 574
fowl coryza, 574 569–70
gangrenous mastitis, 574 Prostatic infections, 292, 477
general considerations, 569–75, 584 Prototheca, 341, 343, 351
gentamicin, 251, 574, 577, 580 Prudent use, 118. See also
growth promoters, 384 (Table)
ionophores, 584 Antimicrobial stewardship
lasalocid, 317 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 151, 171, 177, 192, 244, 246, 250,
lincomycin, 204, 574, 577, 581
maduramicin, 317, 581 255, 265, 285, 404
monensin, 317–18 infections, urinary tract, 414–16
narasin, 318 neutropenia, 367, 372–3
navel infections, 574, 580 Psittacines, See Birds, Companion
necrotic enteritis, 197, 204, 227, 574, 580, 581 Psittacosis, See Chlamydophila psittaci
neomycin, 243, 574, 577 Public health, and resistance, 30–33, 193, 194, 196, 315,
nicarbazin, 318
nitrofurans, 318–19, 584 388–91, 417, 446–7, 473, 553, 570–571
novobiocin, 577, 584 Pyothorax, 481
nystatin, 577 Pyrimethamine, 293–4
omphalitis, 574, 580 Pythiosis, 336, 341, 463

Q fever, See Coxiella burnetii
Quality assurance, 496
Quinolones, See Fluoroquinolones
Quinupristin-dalfopristin, 210

Rabbits, 601–22 Index 679
antimicrobial drug toxicity, 149, 601–2
drug administration, routes of, 603, 604, 606, 610, 619 agricultural use of antimicrobials, 30–33,
drug dosage, recommended, 604 (Table) 388–91, 570–572
drugs of choice, 617–18 (Table)
tilmocosin, 222 Campylobacter jejuni, 570–571
chromosomal mutation, 24
Rats, 601–22 conjugation, 26–7
drug administration, routes of, 603, 604, 610, 619 constitutive, 17
drug dosage, recommended (Tables), 605 co-selection, 29–30
drugs of choice (Table), 611 defined, 21; See also Susceptibility, breakpoints
determination of, 11–19
Regional limb perfusion, 341, 399 environmental issues, 642
Regulation, veterinary antimicrobials, 443–53 epidemiology, 27–30
European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility
animal drug approval process, 443–8
antimicrobial ranking, 451 (EUCAST), 11–12, 19, 24, 125, 178
demonstration of efficacy, 446–7 extent of, 27–9, 35
extra-label drug use, 449–51, 496–7, 529 heavy metal, 391
fish, 654–655 insertion sequence, 27
human food safety, drug residues, 446 integrons, 26–7
resistance, management, 451–3 intrinsic, 17, 22–3, 112–14
risk assessment process, resistance, 446, 447 management, 35–6, 446–9, 451–2; See also Antimicrobial
risk, mitigation, 448–51
Renal disease, dosage and, 67–9, 484 stewardship
Reptiles, 623–4 mechanisms, 21–3, 155–8, 177–8
allometric scaling, 632–3 mobilome, 26
drug administration, principles of, 630–632 movement, 28–32
drug dosage, suggested, 631 (Table) MRSA, 31–2, See MRSA
drugs of choice, for chelonians MRSP, 34, See MRSP
multi-drug resistance (MDR), 25–8
(tortoises), 625–6 (Table) mutation, 24–6, 30
drugs of choice, crocodilians, 627–8 (Table) National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System
drugs of choice, for lizards and snakes, 628 (Table)
drug selection, principles of, 623–4, 626, 629, 632 (NARMS), 128
infectious agents, 623–4 nosocomial infections, 34–5
metabolic scaling, 632–3 origins, 27–8
Residues, drugs, in food animals, 431–41 persistence, 28–30
acceptable daily intake, 432 plasmids, 26–7, 178
causes, 434–5 public health, 30–33, 93, 194, 196, 315, 388–91, 417, 446–7,
fish, 653–4
Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank 473, 553
resistome, 28
(FARAD), 439–40 risk reduction, 446, 451
human health, effects on, 437–9 Salmonella resistance, 31, 34, 35, 165, 287, 289, 379, 562
maximum residue limits, 432 surveillance, 33–4, 452–3
monitoring programs, 433–4 Swann report, 30, 380, 388
rapid screening, 436–9 tolerance, 92–3
regulation, 431–4 transduction, 26–7
residue limits, maximum, 432 transfer of, 25–7
residues violations, in Canada and U.S.A., 434–7 transformation, 26
sensitivities of milk tests, 437 transposons, 26–7
tolerance values, 432 vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), 32–3, 193–4,
Resistance, antibacterial drug, 21–40. See also
196, 389, 390
Individual drugs virulence, 35
acquired, 24–7 Resistance, antifungal, 335
R factors, See Resistance, plasmids
Rhinitis, mycotic, 341, 347, 352, 476

680 Index

For details of antimicrobial susceptibility of individual epididymitis, 530
bacterial and fungal species, consult susceptibility tables erythromycin, 217, 534
and antimicrobial activity sections for individual drugs extra-label drug use, 538
eye infections, 532
Rhizopus, 338 fluoroquinolones, 534
Rhodococcus equi, 114, 217, 230, 231, 323, 459 foot infections, 532, 537
Rickettsia, 263, 265, 309, 479 gastroenteritis, 531, 536
Rickettsia risticii, See Neorickettsia risticii general considerations, 529, 536–8
Rifampin, 323–6 infectious keratoconjunctivitis, 264, 405
leptospirosis, 530
administration and dosage, 325 lincomycin, 203
antimicrobial activity, 323–4 listeriosis, 530
applications, clinical, horses, 325–6, 459 (Table) mastitis, 532, 533, 537–8
drug interactions, 325 meningitis, 533
mechanism of action, 323 metritis, 530
pharmacokinetic properties, 52, 324–5 monensin, 317, 530, 534
toxicity and adverse effects, 325 navel infection, 531
Rifamycins, See Rifampin pasteurellosis, 531
Ringworm, 335, 337, 345, 346, 350, 463, 475, 607 penicillin G, 146, 530, 534
Risks, in antimicrobial therapy, 105–6 pulpy kidney, 531
Rodents, See Individual species (hamsters, Q fever, 264, 530
reproductive disease, 530–531
gerbils, mice, rats) residue avoidance, 538
Ronidazole, See Nitroimidazoles respiratory disease, 531–2, 536
Rosaramicin, 227 salmonellosis, 530, 531
Roxithromycin, 227–30. See also Macrolides, septicemia, 531
spiramycin, 532
advanced generation sulfonamides, 535
tetracyclines, 264–5, 530, 534, 535
Salinomycin, 316, 317, 385, 535 tiamulin, 206
Salmonella, 31, 35, 165, 287, 289, 531, 562 tilmicosin, 221–2, 535, 536
Salmonella Typhimurium, 165, 287, 379, 562. See also toxoplasmosis, 317, 530, 534
trimethoprim-sulfonamides, 291, 535
Salmonella tularthromycin, 224
Salmonellosis, See Salmonella tylosin, 218, 530, 535
Sarafloxacin, See Fluoroquinolones Snakes, 623–36. See also Reptiles
Semduracin, 318 drug dosage, recommended (Table), 631
Sheep, 529–39. See also Individual drugs drugs of choice (Table), 628
Spectinomycin, 252–4. See also
abortion, 530, 537
ampicillin, 150, 534 Aminoglycosides
Bighorn sheep, 641 administration and dosage, 241
brucellosis, 264, 531 antimicrobial activity, 253
Campylobacter, 530, 537 applications, clinical, 254; See also Animal
ceftiofur, 167–8
chlamydiosis, 264, 530, 537 species (Tables)
clavulanic acid-amoxicillin, 181 toxicity and adverse effects, 253–4
coccidiosis, 531 Spectrum, antibacterial, 3, 5–6
colibacillosis, 531, 536 Spiramycin, 220, 385, 532
coxiellosis, 264 Sporotricosis, 335, 346, 463
drug dosage, 534–5 (Table) Spotted fever, Rocky Mountain, See Rickettsia rickettsii
drug selection, 530–533 (Table) Staphylococcus aureus, 147, 158, 163, 203, 204, 221, 332, 522,
drug usage, extra-label, 538
drug use, in feed and water, 536 527, 533, 538. See also MRSA
enterotoxemia, 539
enzootic abortion, 537

Index 681

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, 147, 158, 160, 163, 168, 204, breakpoints, 14–18, 79–81, 97–8, 280, 467–8, 515, 524,
251, 327. See also MRSP 637–8, 655, 658

Streptobacillus moniliformis, 608 camelid bacterial pathogens, 549
Streptococcus agalactiae, 143, 522 cattle bacterial pathogens, 497, 498, 515–16
Streptococcus dysgalactiae, 143, 203 Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, CLSI, 11, 34,
Streptococcus suis, 146, 168, 207, 409, 566
Streptococcus uberis, 143, 203 125, 178, 467, 497, 515–16, 637, 654–8
Streptococcus zooepidemicus, 146, 168, 173, 292, 323 defined, 14
Streptogramins, 32–3, 208–10, 390 diffusion methods, 12–13, 656–7
Streptomycin, 240–242. See also Aminoglycosides dilution methods, 13–14, 657–8
European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility
administration and dosage, 241
antimicrobial activity, 240 Testing (EUCAST), 11–12, 19, 24, 125, 178
applications, clinical, 241–2 extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, 16, 178
failure of testing, 12, 17, 108, 289
cattle, sheep, and goats, 241, 504, 530 (Tables) fish bacterial pathogens, 655–8
dogs and cats, 241–2, 475, 480 (Tables) fungal, 333–5
poultry, 242, 547 (Table) gradient methods, 13
swine, 241, 558–60 (Tables) horse bacterial pathogens, 457–8, 466
resistance, 240 indications, 11
toxicity and adverse effects, 240–242 inoculum effect, 12, 87–9, 280
Sub-MIC effect, 85 interpretative criteria, See break points, above
Sugar gliders, 601–22 mastitis, 523–4
drug administration, routes of, 603, 604, 610, 619 methods, 12–14
drug dosage, recommended (Table), 606 minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), 5, 80, 86–7,
Sulbactam-ampicillin, 182–3
Sulfadiazine, 283 302, 408, 524
Sulfamethazine, 283 minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), 13, 47, 79–85,
Sulfasalazine, 284
Sulfisoxazole, 284, 285 280, 413, 467–8, 473, 575
Sulfonamides, 279–85 mutation prevention concentration (MPC), 84, 112
administration and dosage, 283–4 mutant selection window (MSW), 30, 84, 87, 112–13
antimicrobial activity, 279–82 swine bacterial pathogens, 561–6
applications, clinical, 284–6 testing, 11–20, 108, 125, 178, 289
camelids, 547–8 tolerance, 92
cattle, sheep, and goats, 285, 504, urinary tract, 17, 91, 92, 413
Swann Report, 30, 380, 388
530 (Tables) Swine, 553–68. See also Individual drugs
dogs and cats, 284, 285, 475, 480 (Tables) administration, 554–7
horses, 285, 459 (Table) amoxicillin, 559
poultry, 285, 574 (Table) ampicillin, 150, 557, 559
swine, 285, 558–60 (Tables) apramycin, 247, 560
chemistry, 279 arthritis, 558
drug interactions, 282–3 atrophic rhinitis, 558
mechanisms of action, 279 bacitracin, 197, 560
pharmacokinetic properties, 282 carbadox, 328, 560
resistance, 282 ceftiofur, 158, 168, 559
toxicity and adverse effects, 283 clavulanic acid-amoxicillin, 559
Surgical infection prophylaxis, 361–5 Clostridium difficile, 562
Surveillance, resistance, 33–4 coccidiosis, 560
Susceptibility, antimicrobial, including testing, 11–20 colibacillosis, 190, 310, 557–8
antifungal, 333–5 drug administration, routes of, 554–7
bacterial, 11–20 drug dosages, 559–60 (Table)
biofilms, 93 drug selection, 558–60 (Table)
dysentery, 218, 558

682 Index

For details of antimicrobial susceptibility of individual Tazobactam, 183–4
bacterial and fungal species, consult susceptibility tables Teicoplanin, 195–6
and antimicrobial activity sections for individual drugs Telithromycin, 230–231
Temocillin, 140
Swine (cont’d) Tenibacterium maritimum, 646
edema disease, 561 Terbinafine, 335–7. See also Allylamines
enteric disease, 558 Tetracycline, 257–77
enzootic pneumonia, 265, 558–60
erythromycin, 217, 560 administration and dosage, 262–3
extra-label use, 553–4 anti-inflammatory activity, 259, 266
florfenicol, 276, 560 antimicrobial activity, 259–60
fluoroquinolones, 310, 559 applications, clinical, 263–6, 404, 430
general considerations, 553–4
gentamicin, 250, 560 camelids, 542
leptospirosis, 265, 429–30 cattle, sheep, and goats, 264–5, 504 (Tables)
lincomycin, 203, 561 dogs and cats, 265–6, 475, 480 (Tables)
meningitis, 558–60 horses, 265, 459 (Table)
metaphylaxis, 555 poultry, 266, 574 (Table), 582–3
neomycin, 243 swine, 265, 558–60 (Tables)
nervous diseases, 558–60 chemistry, 257–8
nitrofurans, 318–19 drug interactions, 262
nitroimidazoles, 321 mechanism of action, 259
oral administration, 554–7 pharmacokinetic properties, 261–2
penicillin G, 146, 559 resistance, 259–60
penicillin V, 147, 559 toxicity and adverse effects, 262
pharmacokinetics, 556 Theileria, 264
pleuropneumonia, 558–60 Thiamphenicol, 273–4
polymixins, 191, 559 Tiamulin, 205–8
proliferative intestinal adenomatosis, administration and dosage, 202
265, 558–61, 564 antimicrobial activity, 205
respiratory diseases, 265, 558–60, 563–5 applications, clinical, 206–7
salmonellosis, 558–62 cattle, sheep, and goats, 206–7
skin infections, 558–60 poultry, 207
spectinomycin, 254, 560 swine, 206, 558, 560 (Table)
spiramycin, 254 drug interactions, 206
streptomycin, 241, 560 toxicity and adverse effects, 206
sulfonamides, 283 Ticarcillin, 151
susceptibility, 561; See also different Ticarcillin-clavulanic acid, 182
Tables in 558–560 Tick-borne fever, See
tetracyclines, 47, 53, 265, 559
tiamulin, 207, 559 Anaplasma phagocytophilum
tildipirosin, 226, 560 Tigecycline, 266
tilmicosin, 221–2, 560 Tildipirosin, 47, 226, 496, 503, 504, 560
trimethoprim-sulfonamides, 292, 559 Tilmicosin, 221–3. See also Animal
tulathromycin, 224, 559–60
tylosin, 218–19, 555, 559–60 species specific tables
tylvalosin, 227 administration and dosage, 216, 221
valnemulin, 560 antimicrobial activity, 215, 221
virginiamycin, 209, 555 applications, clinical, 221–2, 503, 504
toxicity and adverse effects, 221, 535, 548
Synergism, antibacterial Time-dependent killing effects, 5–6, 83–4, 521
drug, 9–10, 113–14 Tinidazole, See Nitroimidazoles
Tobramycin, 255, 404. See also Aminoglycosides
Tolerance, drug, 92–3
Tortoises, See Chelonians; Reptiles

Toxoplasma, toxoplasmosis, 204, 220, 478, 537 Index 683
Transposons, 26–7
Triamilides, 223–4 diagnosis, 411–13
Triazole antifungals, See Fluconazole; Itraconazole dosage regimens, 416
Tribactams, 187 drug concentration, 69, 91, 265
Trichophyton, See Ringworm drug selection, 476
Trimethoprim, 286–8 pathogenesis, 411–12
prostatitis, 416
antimicrobial action, 287 therapeutic failure, 417
clinical applications, 288 treatment, 413–17
pharmacokinetic properties, 287–8 urine culture and susceptibility testing, 413–14
resistance, 287 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary
Trimethoprim-sulfonamides, 288–94
administration and dosage, 284, 290 Medicine, Guidance document on Judicious
antimicrobial activity, 289 Use, 33, 383
applications, clinical, 290–293
Vagococcus spp., 646
camelids, 542 Valnemulin, 205–7, 560
cattle, sheep, and goats, 291, Vancomycin, 193–5

416, 504, 530 (Tables) administration and dosage, 194
dogs and cats, 292, 475, 480 (Tables) antimicrobial activity, 193
horses, 292, 459 (Table) applications, clinical, 194–5
poultry, 292–3, 574 (Table) resistance, 32–3, 193–4
swine, 291, 558–60 (Tables) toxicity and adverse effects, 194
drug interactions, 290 Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), 32–,
pharmacokinetic properties, 50, 290
toxicity and adverse effects, 290 193–4, 196, 389
Trovafloxacin, See Fluoroquinolones Veterinarian-client-patient relationships, VCPR, 449
Trueperella pyogenes, See Arcanobacterium pyogenes Vibrio spp., 646
Tuberculosis, 639–40 Virginiamycin, 32–3, 208–10, 385, 390
Tularemia, 483 Volume of distribution, (Vd), 54–5
Tularothromycin, 47, 91, 223–4, 496, 503, 504, 535 Voriconazole, 347–8
clinical applications, 223–4
Turkeys, See Poultry Water medication, principles of, 554–7, 573, 575, 598, 647
Tylosin, 217–219 World Health Organization, 117, 121–4, 128, 389, 431, 451
administration and dosage, 216–18
antimicrobial activity, 215, 218 prescription only, 452
applications, clinical, 218–19 World Health Organization, antibiotic categories,
cattle, sheep, and goats, 218, 504, 530 (Tables)
dogs and cats, 219, 475, 480 (Tables) 121–4, 127, 389
horses, 219 agricultural antimicrobial
poultry, 219, 385, 574 (Table)
swine, 218–19, 385, 558–60 (Tables) recommendations, 389, 451–3
pharmacokinetic properties, 218 Wound classification, 362–3
toxicity and adverse effects, 218
Tylvalosin, 226–7 Yeasts, See Antifungal drugs;
Tyzzer’s disease, 461, 607 Individual yeast species

Ureidopenicillins, 151–2 Yersinia enterocolitica, 230
Urinary tract infections, dogs and cats, 410–417, 476 Yersinia pestis, 266
Yersinia ruckeri, 646
clinical manifestations, 411
Zinc oxide, 560
Zoological animals, 637–43

administration, 640–641
allometric scaling, 638–40
susceptibility, break points, 637–8