Daman Diu Goa FINAL (2)

MUSEUM OF DIU

The Church of St. Thomas was constructed in 1598, and it served as
one of the major churches of Portuguese India. The Church is one of
the few churches in India that boasts of Gothic style architecture. Its
white washed exteriors still bear the worn out and faded frescoes of
the Portuguese era. It is located on a high ground in the market area
of the fort. It is not functional church now; Mass is held here, only
once a year, on 1 November. Since it was renovated, been converted
into a museum [Diu Museum] in 1998 which is now an
archaeological treasure house.The museum apart from a collection of
local artifacts has numerous stone inscriptions of ancient rulers,
antique idols, statues and sculptures (such as of Christ and Virgin
Mary collected from churches in the vicinity; 400 year old wooden
and marble statues of St. Thomas and St. Benedict), wood carvings
(said to be made out of petrified wood more than 400 years old), and
also displays shadow clocks.The church is well lighted in the evenings
and approached through a garden with a series of fountains. It is a
famous tourist spot within Diu. Some of the beautiful art works of
ancient times still shine and boast the workmanship of Portuguese
and Indian craftsmen .Now these are taken care by Archaeology
Department of India. It looks as if these beautiful art works are 100
years old when they were made 400 years before. These give us a
peek into the history of Diu and its past, when it was colonized by the
Portuguese. The Diu museum unwinds the history of this Portuguese

ruled territory. Most of
things you will find broken
in this museum and belong
to 16th century. Museum
offers a limited collection
so spending less time here
is recommended. Good
place with a nice view. You
can certainly spend some
peaceful and amazing time
here.

There is one shell museum
in Diu which is also know to
be great house of shell
collection. In recent years
the Govt. has made a
beautiful cycle track for the
cyclers to enjoy their ride by
the side of beautiful sea of
the Diu.

L ooking back we find that in 1538, theTurks who were
ill disposed towards the Sultan of Gujarat and the
Portuguese, mobilized a strong naval force

comprising sixty six ships and 20,000 soldiers. Starting from Egypt in

1538 they laid siege to the fort, repeatedly assaulted and intensely

bombarding it. When the fort's forces were about to collapse, the

Turks, for unknown reasons, lifted the siege and turned back to the

Red Sea. Only 40 out of 400 men in the fort's Portuguese garrison

had survived. This ended Turkish attacks on Portuguese India. In June

1538, the Sultan also attacked Diu, since during the previous year the

Portuguese had occupied the fort as well as the city. The rulers of

Gujarat (Mahmud III, nephew of Bahadur Shah) also tried to take

control of the fort in 1545 and 1546. However, they were repeatedly

thwarted by the Portuguese under the military leadership of Dom

João Mascarenhas and Dom João de Castro. After this, the

Portuguese enjoyed uninterrupted control over the fort and Diu

Island, along with Daman and Goa. In 1670 an armed group of

bandits from Muscat pillaged the fort and the town.

In 1960, there were only 350 Portuguese soldiers garrisoned in the
fort. "Operation Vijay" was launched by India on December 19, 1961
to end Portuguese colonial rule in Goa, Daman and Diu.After Diu had
fallen, the Martyrs Memorial was erected close to the Collectorate
office in Diu to commemorate the Indian soldiers who were killed in
the capture of Diu.

places 89

T he strategic significance of Diu-because of its easy Gujarat, the Portugese finally got their lucky break. Pushed into a
accessibility to the Persian Gulf-was a key reason corner, the Sultan signed a treaty with the Portugese in 1535,
why between 1518 and 1535 the Portugese made allowing them to construct a fort in Diu. Within 50 days of laying the
foundation, the construction of the fort was complete. Almost round
several failed attempts to capture Diu. A fort in Diu would have also in shape, the fort had lime and stone walls that were 20 ft high and
12 ft wide.A deep ditch was dug around the fort wall to make it safer
helped consolidate their naval supremacy in the north. from intruders.

It is believed that the human and monetary toll of getting a foothold ENTRANCE ARCH OF THE DIU FORT
in Diu was much greater than their other Indian possessions. When
the mughal forces started nipping at the heels of the Sultan of The fort of Diu became a symbol of Portugese power and prestige. In
1546, the existing fort was further fortified.The new fort was erected

90 diu

around the old fort walls, effectively giving it the protection of a fort was being used by he inhabitants and soldiers of the Portuguese
double moat. This fort-inside-a-fort was virtually unassailable. It was India.
equipped with the finest artillery, gun powder, and other weaponry.
One part of the fort is being used as a jail but the governmental Diu remained in Portugese hands, long after India became
authorities plan to relocate the inmates and hand the fort back to the independent in 1947.A military operation that India launched in 1961
Archaeological Survey of India. finally put an end to the Portugese rule. It's intriguing that while the
British ruled India for 90 years, the Portugese held on to their limited
TOUR OF THE DIU FORT power base, for 424 years!

Fort's exterior and outer moat fed by sea water during high tide. A Now Diu has become a beautiful hub of tourism and being controlled
view inside the fort strategically placed cannon Inscriptions on a by Daman & Diu administration and tourism. There are many places
cannon Armory wing Lighthouse; still functional. A chapel inside the developed by the Govt. for betterment of tourism and visitors.

beach 91

Enchanting Sunrise and Sunset in Diu traditions of the Indian Navy. There is an amphitheater just
adjoining the memorial.
W e both happened to visit this place in Feb.
2014. It is really a wonderful and rare point The memorial was inaugurated on 15th December, 1999 in
from where you can see sunrise as well memory of the officers and the sailors who chose to go down with
sunset. Awesome place to relax in the the warship INS KHUKRI. It exists at Diu. 20°4210N 70°5837E.
morning and evening but majority of people enjoy sunset view.To The memorial consists of a scale model of Khukri encased in a
reach this point you need to have go up by stairs.The place is very glass house, placed atop a hillock facing the sea. The memorial
beautiful with great scenic look. On ground level there is a was inaugurated by Vice Admiral Madhvendra Singh as the flag
memorial of Indian Navy ship INS KHUKRI which had sunk in Indo officer commanding-in-chief.
Pak war of 1971. It was a British Type 14 (Blackwood-class) frigate
of the Indian Navy. She was sunk off the coast of Diu, Gujrat, India Here we would like to describe Heroic story of Ship Captain Mr
by the Pakistan Navy Daphne-class submarine Hangor on 9 Mulla which brings into focus the outstanding character qualities
December 1971 during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. This was of a man that sets him part from other mortals. The principles and
the first warship sunk in action by a submarine since World War II. values which he stood and lived for need to be taken on board by
It remains the post-Independence Indian navy's only warship to all of us so that we can become better citizens of this great
be lost in war to date. country. The manner in which he died upholds the highest the
traditions of the armed forces and exemplifies the upper limits of
Khukri is the only ship lost in combat in the history of the Indian cold courage. He believed that the nation comes first, that the men
Navy. Over 18 officers and 176 sailors were lost in the sinking.The he commands come next, and his safety comes last. This is the
captain, Mahendra Nath Mulla, chose to go down with the sinking motto which every army officer is reared on. It was a naval officer
ship. He refused to abandon ship, and passed his life-jacket to a who made this come true and made it an example for all of us to
junior officer. He has remained so far the only Indian captain to go follow.
down with a vessel. He was posthumously awarded India's
second-highest military honour, the Maha Vir Chakra. The heroic Needless to say, behind every great man is a great woman.
act of Captain Mulla and his valiant crew is a shining example of Officers and men of the Indian armed forces do great things
unyielding spirit and indomitable courage glorifying the heist because their women allow them to do so. It is they who take care
of the children and the home, while their husbands are far away at
92 diu sea or in inhospitable areas. It is they who send their husbands
into battles with a smile on their lips and a breaking heart. It is they
who fend for themselves and their children when the chips are

down. And when the war is over, and some of them don't come
back, it is they who grieve in silence. This story was narrated by
General Cardozo.The name of this hero will be remembered in the
history of IndianArmy.





W ith no tall buildings except the fort and visited landmarks in the district. The Diu fort and the Basilica of Bom
churches, Diu has a characteristically low Jesus in Old Goa were chosen as the two wonders from India, among
skyline. the seven from across the world for voting. Fort is built on a hillock
next to the sea. There are only remains of the fort now but the fort in
Old Diu is known for its Portuguese architecture. It is located at itself must have been a very romantic place once upon a time. There
20.71°N 70.98°E.The island is at sea level and covers an area of 38.8 are three Portuguese Baroque churches, with St. Paul's Church,
km². The climate is extremely warm and humid, with an average completed in 1610, being the only one still in use for its original
annual rainfall of 1500 mm. Diu fort was built in 1535 and purpose. The Church of St. Francis of Assisi, the first church built in
maintained an active garrison until 1960. The Diu fort is the most Diu, in 1593, is now used as a hospital. St.Thomas Church is currently
used as a museum. An ancient Lord Shiva's Temple is located on the
Gangeshwar coast. Naida Caves are located near Jalandhar Beach.

The nearby Nagoa beach and offshore lighthouse are popular tourist
destinations, and the coast is a popular recreational area for
parasailing, boating, and jet skiing.The beautiful jetty of Diu is a nice
place of meeting .People enjoys beautiful scenes in late evening from
jetty. In night the lights on main road parallel to the sea look like a
sparkling necklace from opposite coastal areas. It is undoubtedly a
wonderful town of great charm.

FESTA DE DIU ASIA'S LONGEST BEACH FESTIVAL

Last year the tourism department of Daman & Diu arranged the beach
festival in Diu & Daman. Festa De Diu was the longest beach festival in
Asia spanning across three months from December, 2015 to February
2016. With concerns, carnivals, jam sessions and more than 300
artists such as Shreya Ghosal, Vir Das, Indian Ocean and Milind
Soman set to perform; this beach festival is the epitome of fun and
relaxation.

The 75-Days festival was inaugurated by Hon'ble President of India
Mr. Pranab Mukherjee. During this two-and-a-half month long
festival, tourists also enjoyed the cultural nights held at every week.
The lined up several top singers performed during the festival, such as
Kailash Kher and Shaan.

Government had signed MOU with Air India for the flight service
which were made available for the participants and tourists from
Mumbai which attracted more International tourists to reach Diu and
be part of the this long beach festival in Diu. Government had made
lot of efforts to make this festival a great success, as it was a greatest
festival ofAsia.

culture 97

TOURISTS COMMENT ON DIU BEACHES the attractions of this popular tourist spot. With so much to lure your
senses and offer you recreation at its best, get drenched in the spirit of
''Nagao beach is the most popular beach in Diu. Beautifully shaped adventure that you get to explore at Nagoa beach, Diu. Enjoy
like a horse shoe, this beach has the power to charm any tourist from together all the points of popular interests and bring back several
any part of the world.Travelling to this place will not be a problem as memorable moments. Nagoa beach, Diu is not just the place for
this beach is at a distance of 25 minutes drive from Diu. Located in the sightseeing, but it also enables you to steal a self-indulgent moment
Nagoa hamlet of the Bucharwada village, this popular destination is for yourself as well.
the perfect place to spend an idyllic day, amidst the cool sea breeze,
golden sunshine and, of course, the azure crystal water. So, check out the Nagoa beach tourist spot for all the attractions that
is on offer and visit this spot on weekends for a rejuvenating time.
Hokka trees line the beach and various water sports like Para-sailing, World standards, extraordinary architecture, innovative layouts, and
water-skiing, jet skiing and wind surfing are available for visitors. well- thought execution make place a highly coveted point of tourist
Enjoy swimming in the clear crystal blue water and let the water make interest. Do not forget to carry your camera and capture special
all your stress and worries vanished! moments. Nagoa beach, Diu is the sure way to refresh and relax after
a busy weekday.
It is a perfect destination for a great time with your dear ones. Enjoy

98 diu

You can Explore interesting themes, fabulous designs, colorful your daily hectic life don't waste any time and come here.
landscapes, amusing characters, ambient music, props and
merchandise available in nearby stores- all at one place. Nagoa ''The most relaxing place to visit.This is a site where you do not have
beach, Diu is the best way to have a memorable time with kids and to worry about people much as they do not visit here. This is a calm
family. So, enjoy a fulfilling outing at Nagoa beach in Diu. place where you can forget the city.This is a beautiful place where you
can sit for long hours and just enjoy the sea.
''Our group visited Diu 3 times but didn't visit this beach any time,
last time a new friend from Diu suggested us to go there, as he told Nagoa beach draws a special mention. A unique shape beach is a
we went there and that was actually good beach, we had took many great place to enjoy and is admired for swimming and other exciting
selfies there. Beach is awesome in short. Seriously relaxing moment water sports. Vanakbhara beach which is about 5 kms from Nagoa
we had there. beach is another beach perhaps the quietest with the tenors of
civilization yet to knock on its doors. Other nearby beaches is
If you really want some peace in your life do visit this beach.The beach Chakratirtha beach to the southwest commanding a breathtaking
is silent and peaceful, sit relaxed and spend some beautiful time here. view of the sunset.
It was like heavens beach only few people can feel this. If you tired in

beaches 99

EDUCATION is a major need of the time and land. Diu is a district of a the last few years. The central government is of the opinion that only
small union territory of India. It is also one of those areas in the proper education can help the people of Diu develop from the stage
country which is still at its developing stage. A scenically beautiful of poverty and emerge as one of the leading territories of India.
location, Diu is known not only for its tourism opportunities but also
for its growing education sector. According to a report submitted as The census reports of the year 2011 says that the literacy rate of Diu
part of the census reports in the year 2011, the central government of stands at 87.07% which is indeed impressive, but the truth is that
India and the local government authorities in the union territory have most residents of this union territory migrate to the neighboring
decided to introduce several schemes to improve the state of states of Gujarat and Maharashtra to pursue higher education. The
education. Ever since the days of Portuguese occupation the area has population of Diu is also very low; there is total of 91.48% literate
been used as a channel for conducting trade with neighboring states men and 79.59% literate women in Diu.
and countries. Neither the colonists nor the later government
authorities worked for the development of the region and hence the Education System in Diu: Like in all other states and union
residents of this union territory remained in their usual backward territories of India, the education system Diu is also divided into the
state, until the introduction of several schemes by the government in respective categories of Primary, Secondary, College, and University
Education Professional Studies.

100 diu

Due to its proximity to the state of Gujarat, Gujarati, English are the today, migrate to neighboring states or to other countries from Diu to
most commonly spoken languages in Diu education institutions and seek higher education.
society.
Diu has also set up an animation course learning center to meet the
A couple of primary and secondary schools have come up in Diu in the growing demands of web designing and work on the internet in the
recent past. School education is impressive here. Good quality union territory. There are plans by the government to increase the
learning is imparted by well trained teachers in the schools of this number of professional institutes in the union territory like Animation
union territory. The government has also introduced schemes for free and Digital Media Education Center.
primary education of Diu children, especially the girl children. The
Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) and the Indian The immigration of students from other parts of the country and from
Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) syllabuses are studied in other countries of the world to enroll in study courses in Diu is rare but
Diu schools. Diu is still developing when it comes to higher education. not unseen. The foreign / NRI nationals have to qualify the Ed. CIL
The colleges of this union territory have been provided with aids from (Education Consultants India Limited) admission test before enrolling
the government so that there may be more efforts towards the in any course of study in this union territory. There is also a foreign /
building of more colleges in this part of the country. Most students, NRI quota, decided by government authorities every year, in all
institutes across Daman and Diu.

art & craft 101

G hoghla Beach is one of the cleanest and lonely beach in For those seeking adventure, this beach presents the perfect
Diu. It is situated in the village of Ghoghla around 15 opportunity for swimming, sunbathing, parasailing or surfing. Food
and accommodation are easily available. Ghoghla beach offers
km from the main town. This beach is popular tourist splendid views with occasional sightings of dolphins.

spot that has necessary facilities like food and accommodation. Visitors Views: "Awesome place to visit, its crowd less and most imp.
Its clean beach I have ever seen in Diu beaches. Cool place with water
Considered to be one of the most beautiful beaches in Diu District, sports.And for couple its best place for roaming and relaxing within. I
suggest to visit this place once, you'll forget all the beaches in Diu. I
this beach has a tourist complex that provides all basic amenities. will give 10/10 for these beaches."

Parasailing and water scooters are the two most popular adventure "It's an excellent beach for swimming and for adventure, do
everything you like. it's a clean and best beach in Diu. Some people
activities at this beach.

Famous for its golden sands, is a largest beach on the island of Diu.

102 diu

like Nagoa beach but this also a nice."

"A good attraction is beach and garden; there are very good resorts
there but no food zone in local market we have to go Diu. The clean
and good managed city with greenery."

"This beach may not be as popular or active as Nagoa beach, but this
is an equally beautiful beach with some water sports options. It is
approx 5km away from the city. One can enjoy sunrise as well as
sunset here. You also get a distant view of Diu fort from this beach.
Unlike Nagoa, food/restaurant options are very limited. It is an
enchanting and peaceful beach in Diu that makes you feel relaxed
and happy mentally and physically.

SPORTS IN DIU C. K. NaiduTrophy, Open Saurashtra and various other district level
matches.
The beautiful serene island of Diu is known for its numerous
tourist attractions and its rich attractive blend of Indian and WATER SPORTS IN DIU
Portuguese culture. The people of Diu are vibrant and fun loving
and celebrate various festivals in a grand and pompous manner. The beautiful beaches of Diu offer to the tourists a variety of
The people in Diu are fond of sports and actively participate in entertainment options. Apart from swimming, collecting sea
various sports activities. Cricket is among the favorite sports of the shells, enjoying the sun set, gorging on some delicious snacks,
people in Diu. There is an international cricket stadium RMC, beach shopping, the more adventurous ones can indulge in a
where a number of international matches have been played. The variety of entertaining water sports, a major attraction of these
Sports section in Diu is responsible for organizing and beaches. The Nagoa Beach and the Ghoghla Beach are famous
coordinating various sports activities in the district.Apart from the destinations for water sports activities in Diu. An ideal time to
regular sports activities, owing to the beautiful beaches, enjoy these activities would be during the period from October to
adventurous water sports activities are also quite popular among May, when the weather is pleasant and one can enjoy nature at its
the locals as well as the tourists visiting Diu. peak. The different Water Sports that you can enjoy in these
beaches include
SPORTS SECTION OF DIU
PARAGLIDING
There is a separate Sports section in Diu that manages various
sports activities organized in the region. Its responsibilities include An aerial adventure where you are attached to a parasail or a
organizing various sports activities at the primary and secondary parachute, towed behind a vehicle.WIND SURFING:A fun activity
school level, various tournaments and shows etc. It also monitors that combines the joy of surfing as well as sailing.Water ZORBING
the work of Diu District Sports Council with time to time guidance BALL:A joyous ride along the water surface in a giant ball.
of the collector of Diu. It is equipped with a large multipurpose
hall, reserved for indoor games like carom, chess, badminton, WATER SCOOTER
table tennis etc. It also has two gym rooms, a volley ball ground, a
tennis court and a newly developed football ground. There is the An adventurous and a speedy ride in a jet boat. SCUBA DIVING:
Padmabhushan Sports Complex and the Cricket ground, where An exciting underwater journey. SPEED BOAT: A thrilling speedy
locals as well as outsiders come to play cricket, table tennis, drive along the water. BANANA RIDES: An adventurous fun ride
football, volleyball etc. and various tournaments, exhibitions and for the entire family. BUMPER BOATING:A fun filled ride, favourite
shows are held. Tournaments played here include Jai Hind Trophy, among the kids. It has lot of adventure, excitement and fun that
make you happy and cheerful.
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beach 105

SECOND SIEGE OF DIU was prepared, and the building of a canal was started between the
Nile and Suez in 1531-1532. There were delays however due to the
In the Indian Ocean, Hadim Suleiman Pasha, the governor of Ottoman Siege of Coron in the Mediterranean, and the Ottoman-Safavid war of
Egypt, led several naval campaigns against the Portuguese in an 1533-1535. Meanwhile, the Portuguese continued their progression,
attempt to remove them and re-establish trade with India. In 1509, and killed Bahadur Shah in February 1537 during a diplomatic
the major Battle of Diu took place between the Portuguese and a joint encounter on a Portuguese ship Aden in Yemen was captured by the
fleet of the Sultan of Gujarat, the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, and the Ottomans under Suleiman Pasha in 1538, in order to provide an
Zamorin of Kozhikode with support of the Ottomans. Since 1517, the Ottoman base for raids against Portuguese possessions on the
Ottomans had attempted to combine forces with Gujarat in order to western coast of India. The Sultan of Aden, Sheikh Amir Bin Dawaud,
flight the Portuguese away from the Red Sea and in the area of India. an ally of the Portuguese, was hanged when he was invited on the
Pro-Ottoman forces under Captain Hoca Sefer had been installed by Ottoman ships, and the city was captured without a siege. The
Selman Reis in Diu. Surat and Diu were main points of spices to Ottoman fleet, consisting of 72 ships, left Aden on 19 August 1538
Ottoman Egypt at that time. However, Portuguese intervention and arrived at Diu on 4 September 1538. It was the largest Ottoman
thwarted that trade by controlling the traffic in the Red Sea. In 1530,
theVenetians could not obtain any supply of spices through EgyptThe
Ottomans under the Governor of Yemen Mustafa, fought the
Portuguese at Aden (1530-31), and sent a fleet to Diu in Gujrat in
order to repel a Portuguese siege of the city under Nuno da Cunha.
The Portuguese retreated in February 1531, soon after however, the
Sultan of Gujarat Bahadur Shah, who was under threat from the
Mughal emperor Humayun made an agreement with the Portuguese,
who took the opportunity to build a strong fort in front of Diu. The
Portuguese seized the stronghold of Ghoghla near the city, and built
the Diu Fort. Once the threat from Humayun was removed, Bahadur
tried to negotiate the withdrawal of the Portuguese, but on 13
February 1537 he died drowning during the negotiations on board of
a Portuguese ship in unclear circumstances, both sides blaming the
other for the tragedy.

The Ottoman governor of Egypt since 1525, Hadim Suleiman Pasha,
obtained an agreement from Istanbul to launch an attack against the
Portuguese. A fleet of 80 ships, including 17 galleys and 2galleons,

106 diu

fleet ever sent into the Indian Ocean. The Ottoman fleet laid siege to
Diu with 130 cannons and bombarded the city. Soon however, news
were received of the arrival of a strong Portuguese relief fleet. At the
same time, it seems that the new ruler of Gujarat was weary of
Ottoman control, and did not support them adequately during the
siege.The Ottomans finally had to lift the siege.

After they failed siege, the Ottomans returned to Aden, where they
fortified 100 pieces of artillery. One of them is still visible today at the
Tower of London, following the capture of Aden by British forces in
1839. Suleiman Pasha also established Ottoman suzerainty over
Shihr and Zabid, and reorganized the territories ofYemen andAden as
an Ottoman province. Suleiman Pasha intended to launch a second
expedition against the Portuguese in Diu, but this did not happen. In

beach 107

1540, the Portuguese sent a retaliatory expedition to the Red Sea, RARE BUT TRUE
attacking Suakin and Kusayr, and attempted to take Suez with a fleet
of 72 ships in 1541. In 1546, the Ottoman established a new naval The illustrious Nuno da Cunha, Governor of India, to rescue the
base in Basra, thus threatening the Portuguese in Hormuz. The fortress of Diu that the Turks have dangerously surrounded, resorted
Ottomans would suffer a strong naval defeat against the Portuguese to a most unique artifice. Having sent some ships to give battle, in
in the Persian Gulf in 1554. Further conflict between the Ottomans each of them had four torches placed before arriving by night. The
and the Portuguese would lead to the Ottoman expedition to Aceh in small fleet started firing their artillery, among the war cries and shouts
1565. which caused great effect among the Turks who thought the lights

108 diu

corresponded to a much bigger fleet, seeming like the whole of most certain victory.
Portuguese India was after them, immediately raised the siege, not Exploding a mine that they have placed below the tower of St.
wanting to taste their fortune against the Portuguese. Thomas which was destroyed, the Turks attacked from all sides with
such might that the Portuguese resisted in a very costly way. The
In the second siege of Diu, the place became so narrow that the battle was burning everywhere, often with the enemy riding on the
captain-major of the fortress proposed to his council that they got out fortress walls, fighting at close quarters. Many fell, but more took their
of the fortress and at the enemy's ground would give them battle place.
and die over the bodies of the Turks. The enemy did not ignore
the state of the fortress, deciding on a final assault, hoping for a beach 109

The Man Who Did It...

Vasco Da Gama
Arrives at

Calicut, India on
(20 May, 1498)

Daman, Diu, Goa, D. & N.H. under

HOW PORTUGUESE ARRIVED IN INDIA ? rewarded him by appointing him chief Aguazil of the city, an
administrator and representative of the Hindu and Muslim people; he
V asco Da Gama joined the Portuguese navy as a was a learned interpreter of the local customs.Albuquerque made an
young man, where he learned navigational skills agreement to lower yearly dues and taxes. In spite of frequent attacks
and served with distinction in the war against by raiders, Goa became the centre of Portuguese India, with the
Castile. He set off from Lisbon in 1497 and a year later, landed in conquest triggering the compliance of neighboring kingdoms; the
Calicut on 20th May, 1498, India, and broke the Arab monopoly of Sultan of Gujarat and the Zamorin of Calicut dispatched embassies,
trade. offering alliances and local concessions to be fortified.

In 1510, Portuguese admiral Afonso de Albuquerque attacked Goa at Albuquerque and his successors left the customs and constitutions of
the behest of the local chieftain Thimayya. After losing the city briefly the thirty village communities on the island almost untouched,
to its former ruler, Ismail Adil Shah, the Muslim King of Bijapur, abolishing only the rite of Sati, in which widows were burned on their
Albuquerque returned in force on 25 November, with a fully husband's funeral pyre. A register of these customs (Foral de usos e
renovated fleet. In less than a day, the Portuguese fleet took costumes) was published in 1526; it is among the most valuable
possession of Goa from Ismail Adil Shah and his Ottoman allies, who historical documents pertaining to Goan customs.
surrendered on 10 December. It is estimated that 6,000 of the 9,000
Muslim defenders of the city died, either in the battle in the streets or Goa was granted the same civic privileges as Lisbon. Its senate or
while trying to escape. Albuquerque gained the support of the Hindu municipal chamber maintained direct communications with the king
population, although this frustrated the initial expectations of and paid a special representative to attend to its interests at court. In
Thimayya, who aspired to control the city. Afonso de Albuquerque

Portuguese Regime (1510-1961)

Estado português da India
Portuguese India

1563 the governor proposed to make Goa the seat of a parliament proverb said, "He who has seen Goa need not see Lisbon."
representing all parts of the Portuguese east, but this was rejected by
the King. In 1556 the printing press was first introduced to India and Asia at
Saint Paul's College in Goa; through the spread of the printing press,
The Portuguese set up a base in Goa to consolidate their control of Goa led the acceleration of the availability of the knowledge and
the lucrative spice trade. Goods from all parts of the East were customs of Europe. After getting established in Goa, the Jesuits
displayed in its bazaar, and separate streets were designated for the introduced the printing press technology for the first time in history
sale of different classes of goods: Bahrain pearls and coral, Chinese into Macau-China in 1588 and into Japan in 1590. The Jesuits
porcelain and silk, Portuguese velvet and piece-goods, and drugs and founded the university of Santo Tomas in the Philippines, which is the
spices from the MalayArchipelago. oldest existing university in Asia .In the same period, Goa Medical
College was established as the first European medical college inAsia.
In 1542, St. Francis Xavier mentions the architectural splendor of the
city. It reached the height of its prosperity between 1575 and 1625. In the year 1600 António de Andrade made the long voyage from
Travelers marveled at Goa Dourada, or Golden Goa. A Portuguese Lisbon to Goa, where he pursued his higher studies at St. Paul's

114 portuguese rule

city of Goa.The Goa Inquisition was the office of the Inquisition acting
within the Indian state of Goa and the rest of the Portuguese empire
in Asia. It was established in 1560, briefly suppressed from 1774-
1778, and finally abolished in 1812.
MARATHA'S FIGHTS: After escaping from Agra, Shivaji slowly
started gaining the areas which he lost in Treaty of Purendar to
Moghuls. In this he conquered most of the area adjoining to Old
Conquests of Goa. He captured Pernem, Bicholim, Sattari, Ponda,
Sanguem, Quepem, and Canacona. Sawantwadi Bhonsale and
Saudekar Rajas became his vassals.
In 1683 Sambhaji, the son of Shiva ji, tried to conquer the entirety of
Goa, including the areas then in Portuguese control. He almost
ousted the Portuguese, but to their surprise a Mughal army prevented
the city's capture by the Marathas. In 1739 the whole territory of
Bardez was attacked by the Marathas again in order to pressure the
northern Portuguese possession at Vasai, but the conquest could not
be completed because of the unexpected arrival of a new viceroy with
a Fleet.

College and was ordained a Jesuit priest. He eventually became rector
of the same college. He made a landmark missionary expedition from
Goa, across the length of India and intoTibet.
Antoniode Andrade, Jesuit priest became the first European Priest to
cross the Himalaya Mountains into Tibet. The 16th-century
monument, the Cathedral or Sé, was constructed during Portugal's
Golden Age, and is the largest church in Asia, as well as larger than
any church in Portugal. The church is 250 ft in length and 181 ft in
breath.The frontispiece stands 115 ft high.The Cathedral is dedicated
to St. Catherine of Alexandria and is also known as St. Catherine's'
Cathedral. It was on her feast day in 1510 that Afonso de
Albuquerque defeated the Muslim army and took possession of the





Possibility of Christianity in Goa Pre- de Albuquerque, a few days after the conquest of Tiswadi in
Portuguese November 1510.A road was later named after this crucifix @ "Rua de
Crucifixo". The document of a gift (doacao) on a metallic plate given
Christianity in Goa has pre-Portuguese roots, according to a few to a "pagoda" of Goa Velha by a Hindu king in 1391 which speaks of
scholars such as H.O. Mascarenhas and Jose Cosme Costa. These trinity and divine incarnation, and later produced in the court of the
roots are probably the same as those of the Saint Thomas Christians city of Old Goa in 1532. Ibn Batuta's testimony that in 1342 AD, he
or Nasranis of Kerala. Christianity, here at this time, was believed to be found Christian settlements on the banks of the River Agashini (river
spread by Saint Thomas and/or Saint Bartholomew who preached in Zuari). The Saint Thomas Cross with Pahlavi inscription found by Fr J.
the Malabar and Konkan coasts respectively. Cosme Costa on the banks of the river Zuari. An article in the
Examiner (Bombay) on Pre-Portuguese Christianity which speaks of
EVIDENCES Thomas crosses on the Hill of Colvale (Bardez) which people would
hide in olden days, fearing their destruction by the Portuguese.
The metallic crucifix found in a wall of a house at Old Goa by Afonso

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Most of the churches in Goa were built during the time of Portuguese period from 1760 to 1899 and the Modern period, from 1900 to
rule, and many of them in Old Goa, which are a World Heritage site. current times.
Goan churches are renowned for their interesting architecture which The following is a list of must-see churches in Goa
is a blend of two or more styles and influences.Today the churches are Ÿ Church of Our Lady of the Rosary
all part of the Archdiocese of Goa. The oldest church in Goa is the Ÿ Church of St. Francis ofAssisi
Church of Our Lady of Rosary on Monte Santo in Old Goa.The style of Ÿ The Se Cathedral
church at the time that this church was built is known as Manueline Ÿ Basilica of Bom Jesus
after King Emmanuel of Portugal. The churches that were built in the Ÿ St. Cajetan Church
period between 1510 and 1550 are known as the churches of the Ÿ Church of Our Lady of Immaculate Conception
early period. A prime example of a church from this period is the Ÿ Chapel andTomb of St. Francis Xavier
Church of Our Lady of Rosary. The period between 1550 and 1660 is Ÿ St.AugustineTower.
known as the Baroque period, and the best examples of churches
from this period are the Basilica of Bom Jesus, the Se Cathedral, the
Church of St. Cajetan and the Augustine Church of Our Lady of Grace,
which is now in ruins. The other architectural periods are the Rococo

churches 119

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Currency-coins and Paper Money were copper coins in denominations of 3, 4 1/2, 6, 7 1/2, 9, 10, 12
and 15 réis, 1/2 and 1 tanga, silver coins for 1/2 and 1 tanga, 1/2 and
Goa, Damão and Diu issued their own coinages until the middle of 1 pardau, and 1 Rupia, and gold 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 xerafins. The Goa
the 19th century. Damão issued copper 3, 15, 30 and 60 réis coins mint was closed by the British in 1869. Following the closure of the
until 1854 when the mint closed. Diu issued lead and tin 5 and 10 last local mint, coins were imported from Portugal beginning in 1871.
bazarucos together with tin 20 bazarucos, copper 30 and 60 réis and This new coinage coincided with the reform of the subdivisions of the
silver 150 and 300 réis and 1 Rupia.The Diu mint closed in 1859. Rupia. Copper coins were introduced in denominations of 3, 5, 10
and 15 réis, 1/2 and 1 tanga. In 1881, copper 1/8 tanga and silver
It has been found that first coin of Portuguese in Goa, Diu and Daman 1/8, 1/4, 1/2 and 1 Rupia coins were introduced. Bronze replaced
came in existence in 1686 but it has also been mentioned that coins copper in 1901, whilst cupro-nickel 2 and 4 tangas were introduced
were in existence in Portugal in 14th century. Goa issued the most in 1934, followed by 1/2 and 1 Rupia in 1947 and 1952, respectively.
diverse coinage of the three mints. In addition to tin bastardo, there

currency 121

PAPER MONEY for 50 and 100 réis, and the Banco de Portugal introduced notes for
200, 500, 1000 and 2500 réis, followed by 100,000 réis notes in
The first paper money issued specifically for Portuguese India was 1894.
issued by the Junta da Fazenda Pública in 1882 in denominations
of 10 and 20 Rupias. These were followed in 1883 by notes issued INDO-PORTUGUESE ISSUES
by the General Government (Governo Geral) for 5, 10, 20, 50, 100
and 500 rupias. In 1906, the Banco Nacional Ultramarino took over India had extensive links with the Hellenic and Roman civilizations
the issuance of paper money, issuing notes for 5, 10, 20 and 50 between the 4th century BC and the 4th Century AD. Alexander's
Rupias. In 1917, notes were added for 4 and 8 Tangas, 1 and 2 1/2 invasion of the Punjab gave rise to the Hellenic links and very
Rupias. These were the only issue of Tanga denominated notes, considerable maritime trade established links with the Roman
whilst the 2 1/2 Rupia notes were issued until 1924 and the 1 Empire. Renewed contact with the West began with the arrival of
Rupia until 1929. 100 and 500 Rupias notes were reintroduced in the Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama at Calicut in 1498.
1924.Portugal's first paper money was introduced in 1797 by the Francisco de Almeda and Afonso de Albuquerque helped establish
government. Denominations issued until 1807 included 1200, and consolidate Portuguese power in India and the East. The
2400, 5000, 6400, 10,000, 12,000 and 20,000 réis. Some of territory of Goa in western India was seized in 1510. The
these notes were revalidated for continued use during the War of Portuguese enjoyed virtual monopoly of trade with India for more
the Two Brothers (1828 to 1834).From the 1820s; several private than a century till the arrival of the Dutch and the English. They,
banks issued paper money. The most extensive issues were by the however, retained the territories of Goa, Daman and Diu till 1961.
Banco de Lisboa, whose notes were denominated in both réis and The first Indo-Portuguese issues of paper currency were the 'Rupia'
moedas, worth 4800 réis. This bank issued notes for 1200 and denominated notes put into circulation around 1883. These notes
2400 réis, 1, 4, 10, 20, 50 and 100 moedas.The Banco Commercial incorporated the portrait of the King of Portugal. These were
de Braga, Banco Commercial do Porto, Banco de Guimaraes and issued in denominations of 5,10,20,50,100 and 500. In 1906,
Banco Industrial do Porto also issued notes, with bearer cheques 'Banco Nacional Ultramarino' was entrusted with the
issued by a number of other banks between 1833 and 1887.In responsibility of issue of paper money in India for the Portuguese
1847, the Banco de Portugal introduced notes for 10,000 and held territories. The early notes issued by the bank carried the seal
20,000 réis. 5000 réis notes were issued from 1883, followed by of the bank. New denominations of 4 Tangas, 8 Tangas and One
50,000 réis in 1886. In 1891, the Casa de Moeda introduced notes Rupia and 21/2 Rupias were introduced in 1917. Most issues

122 portuguese rule

carried the Commerce and Sailing Ships motifs common to many colonial issues.
Indian symbols and motifs (architectural and exotic fauna) were adopted on some
notes. Later notes carried the portrait of Afonso De Albuquerque.

The monetary system in vogue in Goa consisted of the Reis, the Tanga and the Rupia
with one Rupia consisting of 16 Tangas. In 1959, the denominational unit was
changed from Rupia to Escudos with one Escudo consisting of 100 Cent avos. New
notes with the denominations of 30, 60, 100, 300, 600 and 1000 were introduced.
These remained in circulation till 1961. When Goa was annexed to the Indian Union,
these notes were replaced by Indian currency.

PROPERTIES AND FACE VALUE OF COINS

1 Tanga (60 Reis). Year: 1934. Weight: 3.92g. Metal: Bronze. Diameter: 22.00 mm.
Edge: Plain. Alignment: Medal. Mint: N/A. Obverse Legend: "REPUBLICA
PORTUGUESA" at the top. Divided shield in center. Date at the bottom. Reverse
Legend: ESTADO DA INDIA. Five shields in one shield in center. "1 Tanga" at the
bottom. Mintage: 100,000. MintedYears: One year type.

2Tanga (120 Reis).Year: 1934.Weight: 2.96g. Metal: Copper-Nickel. Diameter:

19.00 mm. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Coin. Mint: N/A. Obverse Legend: "REPUBLICA
PORTUGUESA" at the top. Divided shield in center. Date at the bottom. Reverse
Legend: ESTADO DA INDIA. Five shields in one shield in center. "2 Tangas" at the
bottom. Mintage: 150,000. MintedYears: One year type.

1/2 Rupia. Year: 1936. Weight: 5.70g [6.00g]. Metal: 0.917 silver. Diameter: 25.00
mm. Edge: Reeded. Alignment: Coin. Mint: N/A. Obverse Legend: REPUBLICA
PORTUGUESA 1935.

currency 123

124 portuguese rule

Portuguese Postal commemorated with a pair of stamps; one reproducing the design of
the first issue, the other depicting St. Francis Xavier.A definitive series
Stamps In India in 1956 commemorated the 450th anniversary of Portuguese
settlements in India, and included portraits and maps of old forts,
The first postage stamp of Portuguese India while a 1959 series depicted various coins.
was issued 1 October 1871. These were
issued for local use within the colony. Stamps LAST STAMPS
of British India were required for overseas
mail. The design of these first stamps simply consisted of a The last regular issue was on 25 June 1960, marking the 500th
denomination in the center, with an oval band containing the anniversary of the death of Prince Henry the Navigator. Stamps of
inscriptions "SERVIÇO POSTAL" and "INDIA PORT." The dies were India were first used 29 December 1961, although the old stamps
re-cut several times and printed on several kinds of paper, resulting in were accepted until 5 January 1962. Portugal continued to issue
an extremely complicated situation that has been intensively studied; stamps for the lost colony, yet none of these were ever offered for sale
about 55 types have been identified as appearing between 1871 and in the colony's post offices and are thus not considered valid stamp.
1877, some of which are quite rare. From 1886 on, the pattern of
regular stamp issues followed that of the other colonies closely, the REGULAR ISSUES
main exception being a series of surcharges in 1912 produced by
perforating existing stamps vertically through the middle and In 1877, Portugal included India in its standard "crown" issue, with
overprinting a new value on each side. In 1925, a commemorative nine values ranging from 5r to 300r. These stamps ran out in 1881
stamp marked the 400th anniversary of the death of Vasco da Gama and the old local stamps were surcharged with various values,
and in December 1931 a set of six promoted the Exposition of St. resulting in nearly 100 distinct types. Additional "crown" stamps
Francis Xavier held at Goa. Sets of stamps in 1946 and 1948 arrived in 1882, but in the following year were supplemented by
commemorated notable historical figures related to the colony. additional values of the original local design.

Portuguese India's first stamp exhibition, in 1952, was Dual franking was tolerated from 22 December 1961 until 4 January
1962. Colonial (Portuguese) postmarks were tolerated until May
1962.

stamps 125





Why Portuguese Came to India ? area; they include both new efforts of missionary activity in India, the
Moluccas, China and Japan, and the encounter of the western
After the fall of Constantinople to the Turks in 1453, the land route to Christianity under the protection and jurisdiction of Padroado, with
India was permanently closed. And the Europeans were, so to say, the ancient Christianity introduced by the St. Thomas Christians in
forced to discover the sea route to India. To their good luck, they did Kerala. In both cases, bright and dark periods accompany the history
find one! An adventurous explorer Vasco da Gama landed in Calicut of Christianity in the following centuries.
on 20th May 1498.With this discovery of the sea route to India, a new
and glorious chapter of the history of Christianity was opened and the The purpose of the Portuguese in coming to India was primarily
expansion of the Catholic Church in the East began. It marked the commercial, of course; they were not directly concerned with
introduction of new factors in the field of evangelization in the whole conquest; they settled in coastal areas as it was necessary to

establish strategic colonies to serve them as trading bases. Goa, with
its ideal central position on the west coast was accidentally
conquered at the invitation of two Hindus whose intention was to do
away with the Muslims from the city of Goa, on the banks of the
Mandovi River. Goa became the center of their administration after
1510, while of the series of trading stations they occupied along the
coastline, Cochin was the most important.While the merchants were
chiefly, if not solely, concerned with commerce, the kings of Portugal
were interested in the spread of Christianity as well.



CHRONOLOGY OF PORTUGUESE BEING IN INDIA

20 May 1498 Vasco da Gama arrives in India.
27 Sep 1503 - 07 Jan 1663 Cochin a Portuguese possession.
1502 – 15 Feb 1663 Cannanore a Portuguese possession.
1502 – 24 Dec 1661 Quilon a Portuguese possession
(Dutch occupation 29 Dec 1658 - 14Apr 1659).

13 Sep 1505 Anjediva (Angediva) acquired by Portugal.

15 Feb 1510 - 30 May 1510 Portuguese occupy Goa.

30 May 1510 - 25 Nov 1510 Bijapur occupies Goa.

25 Nov 1510 Goa a Portuguese colony.

1523 – 15 Jan 1662 Cranganore (Kottappuram) a Portuguese possession.
1523 - 1662
23 Dec 1534 Portuguese settlement of SãoTomé de Meliapore.

Baçaim (Bassein) and its dependencies ceded to Portugal;
organized as the Northern Provinces.

21 Dec 1535 Diu acquired by Portugal.
02 Feb 1559
15 Jul 1580 - 01 Dec Damão (Daman) acquired by Portugal.

1640 Portuguese India along with Portugal a Spanish
possession.

23 Jun 1661 Bombaim (Bombay) and its dependencies ceded to England.

18 Feb 1665 Final cession of Bombay to England (without its dependencies).

1687 - 21 Oct 1749 SãoTomé de Meliapore re-occupied by Portuguese.

23 May 1739 Baçaim lost.

17 Dec 1779 Dadra, Nagar and Haveli acquired by Portugal.

07 Sep 1799 - Nov 1802 British troops garrison Goa, Portuguese rule continues.

03 Sep 1803 - 02Apr 1813 British troops garrison Goa, Portuguese rule continues.

18 Dec 1946 Overseas province of Portugal.

21 Jul 1954 Dadra then Nagar and Haveli (02 Aug 1954) occupied by Indian
nationalists (Aug 1961 annexed by India).

19 Dec 1961 Goa, Damão, and Diu occupied by India.

16 Mar 1962 Annexed by India.

31 Dec 1974 Annexation recognized by Portugal

132 portuguese rule



G oans are commonly said to be born with music and Feast of St. Francis Xavier (Goicho Saib). Goa is also known for its New
football in their blood. This is because football and Year's celebrations. The Goan Carnival is known to attract a large
music are deeply entrenched in Goan culture. number of tourists.

Goa has a history of communal harmony, but is mainly split between EDUCATION: Goa enjoys a place of pride in the country as one of the
Christianity and Hinduism. most literate states of India. It was liberated from Portuguese rule in
1961 and has registered impressive progress in the field of education
FESTIVALS: The most popular celebrations in the Indian state of Goa since then.The State has achieved 87.40 percent literacy as per 2011
are Ganesh Chaturthi, Diwali, Christmas, Easter, Shigmo, Goa population census.
Carnival, Sao Jao (Feast of John the Baptist) and the biggest feast,
The Government of Goa considers education as the foundation for
human development and a source of cultivation of traits for

134 portuguese rule

responsible citizenship. In keeping with the Directive Principles implementation of policies.
incorporated in the Constitution, it has worked toward the objective
of universalization of education, and has almost achieved its target CUISINE: Goans'cuisine: Rice with fish curry is the staple diet in Goa.
at the elementary school stage.The growing demand for education at Goan cuisine is renowned for its rich variety of fish dishes cooked with
the secondary and higher secondary levels have also been met to a elaborate recipes. Coconut and coconut oil is widely used in Goan
large extent. cooking along with chili peppers, spices and vinegar giving the food
a unique flavour. Pork dishes such as Vindaloo, Xacuti and Sorpotel
In view of the above, the main emphasis is on:-Up gradation and are cooked for major occasions among Catholics.An exotic Goan and
qualitative improvement of education. Orientation of teachers to vegetable stew, known as Khatkhate, is a very popular dish during the
keep them abreast with modern techniques in the teaching-learning celebrations of festivals, Hindu and Christian alike. Khatkhate
situation. Vocationalization of Education / Computer Education. contains at least five vegetables, fresh coconut, and special Goan
Strengthening of administrative machinery for effective spices that add to the aroma. A rich egg-based multi-layered sweet

places 135