Science SPM (SPS)

CONTROL VARIABLES

TIPS: MANIPULATED (MV) RESPONDING (RV)
 Type of variables:
Faktor yang diubah-ubah Faktor yang diperhatikan
CONSTANT/CONTROLLED (CV)
Faktor yang ditetapkan ( berbeza / berlainan ) (result of experiment)
(sama / tetap)

 APPARATUS cannot be considered as variables

 COMPULSORY to write parameter for each variables

Format for writing variables:

Example 1:

Parameter + substance/material

Length of spring
Thickness of spring
Types of spring

Example 2:

Parameter + substance/material
Volume of bacteria culture

SOLID LIQUID GAS
Mass of ……… Volume of ………. Volume of …….
Size of …….. Concentration of …….. Number of bubble gas
Type of …………. Type of ……..
Presence of yeast
Presence of salt
Diameter of …….
Thickness of ……..

CONTROL VARIABLES

TIPS:
❖Variables can be identified from:

i. Diagram
ii. Table
iii. Graph
iv. Statement of problems

Variables can be identified from:

1 DIAGRAM

Constant variable
Volume of nutrient broth

Manipulated variable
Temperature

Responding variable
Condition of nutrient broth

Variables can be identified from:

2 TABLE

MV RV Constant variable
Volume of nutrient broth

Manipulated variable
Temperature

Responding variable
Condition of nutrient broth

Variables can be identified from:

2 TABLE

MV
RV

Manipulated variable
Time

Responding variable
Volume of gas

Variables can be identified from:

3 GRAPH

RV

Manipulated variable
Time

Responding variable
Temperature

MV

Variables can be identified from: CV
MV
4 STATEMENT RV

Diagram 2(a) and Diagram 2(b) show the experiment
to study the reactivity of metal L and metal M
with dilute hydchloric acid.

Constant variable Manipulated variable
Volume of hydrochloric acid Type of metals

Responding variable
Reactivity of metal

HYPOTHESIS

TIPS:

❖Relationship between MV and RV

❖Must be specific not general sentence

❖Identify MV and RV first

❖If MV …………………., then RV ……………………….

❖Example : If magnesium is react with oxygen, then it burnt with a bright
flame.

MV – choose 1 RV – condition of flame
type of metal

Colour is not change

If steel spoon is soaked in sodium chloride solution, then
the condition of the spoon is not change.

Alloy (steel spoon) is more resistant than pure metal (iron
spoon)

Diagram 3 show the experiment to study the effect of temperature on
the growth of bacteria, bacillus subtilis

RV MV RV

If temperature 37°C is used, then the condition of nutrient broth is cloudy.
The growth of bacteria is the most active at temperature 37°C

OBSERVATION

TIPS:

• Observe the diagram.
• Find the result/changes in diagram (RV yg nampak)
• Make a comparison if has more than 1 diagram or

according to the questions.

EXAMPLE 1:

Copper block is turns to copper plate.
Carbon block is turns to carbon powder.

EXAMPLE 2:

1

2

Based on Diagram 4, state one observation on the roots of green pea seedling in
culture solution without phosphorus.

The number of roots in culture solution without phosphorus is less
than complete culture solution.

EXAMPLE 3:

MUST COMPARE!!

The number of roots/leaves on the orchid plant P is more than the
number of roots/leaves on orchid plant Q.

INFERENCE

TIPS:

• State the reason for the observation
• LRemember the formula:

Observation MV RV + reason

………………...because …… ……………………

EXAMPLE 1: RV
MV MV

Observation

State one inference for the experiment.

Condition of nutrient broth turns cloudy because the
dark condition is suitable for the growth of bacteria.

COMMUNICATION

TIPS: suhu

suhu

Construct a line graph.

Steps: Time Time
1. Read the scale from x axis and y axis.

2. Plot the point and connect the points.

3. If the points in a straight line, must use a ruler to connect.

4. If the points in a curve shape, cannot use a ruler (Free-hand).

COMMUNICATION

Number of students

TIPS:
Construct a histogram

-commonly related to continuous variation

Steps: Weight (kg)
1. Read the scale from x axis and y axis.
2. Plot the point.
3. Draw a bar that have same width and closely each other.

COMMUNICATION

Number of students

TIPS:

Draw a bar graph/chart

-commonly related to discontinuous variation

Steps: Types of thumbprint

1. Read the scale from x axis and y axis.

2. Plot the point.

3. Draw a bar that have same width and have a space each other.



Example: 1

xxx COMPULSORY :

x For FULL MARK !!!

p – transfer all points
correctly

g – smooth graph

x
x



x COMPULSORY :

x For FULL MARK !!!
x
x p – transfer all points
correctly

g – line graph
(must use ruler)



COMPULSORY :

For FULL MARK !!!

p – transfer all points
correctly

g – line graph
Terms : at least touch at
minimum 2 points

(a)Based on table below, complete a histogram. [2 marks]

Mass 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69
(kg) 4 5 9 6 4 2

Number
of

students

Continuous variation

COMPULSORY :

For FULL MARK !!!

p – transfer all points
correctly

g – bars have same
width and closely

(a)Based on table below, complete a bar chart. [2 marks]

5
9
3
13

Discontinuous variation COMPULSORY :

For FULL MARK !!!

p – transfer all points
correctly

g – bars have same
width and have
space each other

RELATIONSHIP

TIPS:
• Relationship between (MV) and (RV)

Remember the formula:

1 The MV increase, the RV increase/decrease.
2 MV increase, RV increase/decrease.

a) Based on graph in(a), state the relationship between
volume of hydrogen gas and time in the first 90 seconds.

RV The time increase,

the volume of hydrogen
gas increase.

Time increase,
volume of hydrogen gas

increase.

MV

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

TIPS:

Remember the formula :

……...… is a ……..….. that cause/ shown by…………..…

Term from substance, RV (yg nampak) +
the process, operation
reaction, (relate to
question etc
experiment)

Based on the experiment, state the operational definition for
complete culture solution.

Complete culture solution is a substance that causes the
roots/leaves increases when put the seedling in it.

Based on the experiment, state the operational definition
of yeast.

Yeast is a substance that causes the condition of
dough expand at temperature 30°C

Carbon is a non metal substance. Based on the experiment, state
the operational definition for non-metal.

Non-metal is a substance that shown by it can easily
broken when it bent.



THANK YOU