Nota Segak Science Form 4

SMK SYED AHMAD, PERLIS
SMK Abdul Rahman talib, kuantan

TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

WATER FOAM CARBON 
DIOXIDE DRY
LABEL - RED LABEL - CREAM POWDER
LABEL - BLACK
Solid


LABEL - BLUE

All TYPES

of fire

Solid, EleCtrical APPLIANCES,
FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS gas, Vapour

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

Emergency help that involves a combination of chest
compressions and breathing into the mouth.

IMPORTANCE To produce artificial blood circulation by pumping blood
through the heart.
To supply oxygen to the body of the victim.

SOME ACCIDENTS THAT SITUATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL
REQUIRE CPR THAT NEEDS CPR

1. Electric Does not breathe
shock
Does not respond to
2. Heart attck stimulus
Does not have a
3. Lightning heartbeat or a pulse
strike
IF CPR NOT PERFORMED USING
4. Drowning THE CORRECT PROCEDURE
Broken ribs
Exhaled air does not
enter the lungs
No artificial blood
circulation is produced

Heimlich Manoeuvre

Emergency aid that is performed to save an
individual who is choking.

Involves strong pressure/force between the
navel and below the ribs of the victim.

SITUATIONS THAT REQUIRE
Heimlich Manoeuvre

Holding the Unable to Skin, lips and
neck with speak or nails appear
both hands
cough bluish or
blackish

BLOOD PRESSURE

DIGITAL SPHYGMOMANOMETER

High blood pressure can cause

NORMAL BLOOD PRESSURE Way to prevent :
Do a regular
120/80 mmHg
check up
Systolic pressure Diastolic pressure

TYPES OF THERMOMETERS

kink - to prevent the
mercury from flowing
back into the bulb quickly
(get more accurate
reading)
LABORATORY RECTAL
INFRARED CLINICAL THERMOMETER THERMOMETER
THERMOMETER THERMOMETER omfealisquuriedsth(e-1t0emtpoer1a1t0uroeC) (tihnrf3oaunmgtshonlettshhses trohleadcntum)

PULSE RATE

THE NUMBER OF HEARTBEATS PER MINUTE

Pregnant women have a Females have a higher Active men have a The older a person is,
higher pulse rate than pulse rate than males the lower the
non-pregnant women higher pulse rate pulse rate
females have a
The heart needs
to pump more smaller heart, needs than resting men Older person has lower
blood to supply oxygen and to pump blood faster metabolisme rate
nutrients to the foetus The heart
needs to

pump blood faster to
supply more oxygen

BODY MASS INDEX (BMI)

THE MEASUREMENT OF BODY MASS AGAINST HEIGHT

Body mass (kg)
[ Height (m) ]2

LOW BODY IDEAL BODY OVERWEIGHT OBESE Heart attack
MASS MASS


High blood pressure
< 18.5 18.5- 24.9 25- 29.9 >30
Stroke
anaemia, heart attack,
compromised body defence against disease, Diabetes mellitus
fatigue, depression
Complication of
joint/bone

GREEN TECHNOLOGY

Development and application of products, equipment and systems used to
conserve the environment and nature, as well as minimise or reduce the

negative impacts of human activities.

MAIN PILLARS OF
GREEN TECHNOLOGY

Energy – promote energy efficiency and seek
energy independence

Environment – minimise negative effects and
conserve the environment

Economy – increase the national economy
through the use of technology

Social – improve the quality of life for all

ENERGY SECTOR

SOCIO-SCIENTIFIC ISSUES APPLICATION OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY

The use of petroleum, USE RENEWABLE EXAMPLES OF
natural gas and coal is ENERGY ENERGY-EFFICIENT
increasing and causing Hydro
the depletion of fossil energy Switch off when not
fuels. source in use

Combustion release of Solar
carbon dioxide energy
(greenhouse gas) source

Causes global warming Wind Air-conditioner
energy temperature : 24-25°C
source

Causes extreme climate Geothermal Use energy-efficient
change energy electrical appliances
source

AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY SECTOR

SOCIO-SCIENTIFIC ISSUES APPLICATION OF
GREEN TECHNOLOGY

Settlements Agriculture High demand of Compost fertiliser
furniture and paper produced from
agricultural wastes.
Major floods Landslides
Replanting trees to
Deforestation conserve existing
species.
Interferes with Open burning Use of pesticides/
the gas cycle. can cause chemical fertilisers can Control logging
Increase of haze. activities.
carbon dioxide cause soil pollution/ Gazette more areas
water pollution. as forest reserves to
gas ensure forest
ecosystems are
conserved and remain
in equilibrium.

TRANSPORTATION SECTOR

SOCIO-SCIENTIFIC ISSUES APPLICATION OF
GREEN TECHNOLOGY

95% motor vehicles use Green transportation is
petrol and diesel derived environment-friendly
from petroleum. transportation, does not
Non-renewable energy release/ releases minimal
sources can deplete. greenhouse gas.
Ex : walking, cycling and
using green vehicles.

Invention of Natural Gas
Vehicles (NGV)

Causes acid Destroy aquatic Use of biofuel as an
rain organisms alternative for petroleum.

Fumes emitted by Corrode Example:
buildings Use of electric buses at
motorised vehicles Malacca.

contain carbon dioxide

and carbon monoxide Destroy plants,
gas. soil loses its fertility.

WASTE AND WasTEWATER MANAGEMENT SECTOR

SOCIO-SCIENTIFIC ISSUES APPLICATION OF
GREEN TECHNOLOGY

Rubbish, chemical waste and Minimise the Prepare food Convert solid waste
sewage dumped into the rivers use of paper according to the into a biomass
and oceans.
(disruption to the ecosystem) needs of individual energy source

Food wastes that are not
properly disposed can cause
environmental pollution.

The generation, management and Biological treatment Since 2015, the government
decomposition of solid wastes can process -convert has been encouraging to sort
increase greenhouse gases. solid waste to household waste. Can reduce
( global climate change) compost fertiliser
solid waste at landfills.
Around 268 million tons of paper is
produced in a year. Implement the concept of 5R,
1 ton of paper = 2-4 tons of timber Refuse, Reduce, Reuse,
(paper is also a contributor of solid Recycle, Recovery
waste)
Aim-to achieve zero waste.

spindle fibres are MITOSIS

Centromere formed

nuclear membrane METAPHASE ANAPHASE

PROPHASE disintegrate Chromosomes are Centromere splits into two.
arranged at the Sister chromatid
Chromosomes equatorial plane
thicken and separates, moves to
shorten opposite poles

2 DAUGHTER CELLS TELOPHASE

2 daughter cells have the same Chromatids reach the opposite poles.
number of chromosomes and Nuclear membrane and nucleolus are
genetic information as the parent formed again.
Cytoplasm divides
cell.

MITOSIS MEIOSIS

No crossing over Crossing over Meiosis I
occurs
exchange of genetic
information between
homologous chromosomes

Number of Number of Meiosis II
chromosomes chromosomes
of daughter
of daughter cells
cells half of the
parent cell
same as the
parent cell

2 DAUGHTER CELLS
4 DAUGHTER CELLS

Mitosis produces new cells for growth, Meiosis produces gametes (sperm/ovum) for
replaces damaged/dead cells. reproduction.

Takes place in somatic cell (humans/animals) Takes place in reproductive organs (testis/ovary)
Takes place in root tip/shoot (plants). Takes place in anther/ovary (plants)

Daughter cells are genetically identical. Daughter cells are genetically not identical.

inheritance

Transmission of characteristics from parents to their children.

DOMINANT ALLELE RECESSIVE ALLELE

Show the characteristic it controls and will Show the characteristic it controls if the
cover the effect of recessive allele. dominant allele is absent (both alleles are
recessive)
Represented by CAPITAL LETTERS. Represented by small letters.

Example : Example :
1.Ability to roll the tongue 1.Inability to roll the tongue

2.Black hair 2.Blonde hair

3.Free earlobes 3.Attached earlobes

DETERMINING A CHILD'S GENDER

Parents : 44 + xy 44 + xX
Genotype : Meiosis Meiosis

Gamete : 22 + x 22 + y 22 + x 22 + x

Fertilisation

Genotype of 44 + xX 44 + xX 44 + xy 44 + xy
offspring : Female Female
Male Male
Gender of
offspring :

Probability of getting a boy = a girl = 50%.
The gender of the offspring depends on the type of sperm (father) that fertilises the ovum

FACTORS THAT CAUSE MUTATION

NATURally Mutagen Carcinogen
Cell division Radioactive rays X-rays

Pregnancy at Ultraviolet rays
a late age

MutaTION

Spontaneous change that takes place in the genes or chromosomes that causes
changes of characteristics in the offspring that inherits the genetic material.

CHROMOSOME MUTATION GENE MUTATION

Changes in the number or structure of Chemical changes that occur

the chromosome to a gene

CHROMOSOME MUTATION

DOWN'S SYNDROME TURNER'S SYNDROME Klinefelter'S SYNDROME
47 CHROMOSOME 44 +XO 44 +Xxy

Extra 1 chromosome in Lack of an X chromosome Extra chromosome X in a
chromosome 21. in a female. male.
(45 chromosomes) (47 chromosomes)
Characteristics :
physical and Characteristics: Characteristics:
mental
retardation undeveloped has female
short neck secondary characteristics like
slanted eyes sexual breasts
shorter body characteristics small testis
of a female. sterile

GENE MUTATION

SICKLE CELL ANAEMIA HAEMOPHILIA thalassemia

Sickle-shaped red blood cells Difficulty in the clotting Has small red blood cells with
that affects the transport of
of the blood. Faces risk a shorter lifespan. Causes
oxygen. (Caused by
recessive genes on the of continuous blood loss severe blood loss.

autosomes). if wounded/ injured.

Has a reduced Colour blind vision Cannot differentiate
amount of melanin/ no between red and green
Normal vision
melanin at all. colours.
White skin, pink eyes, colour Controlled by a recessive
blindness gene on the chromosome X.
white hair. Usually occurs in males.

albinism

VariATION

The differences in characteristics among individuals from the same species.

CONTINUOUS VARIATION Discontinuous variation

Differences that are not distinct/ Differences that are distinct/
not clear very clear

Factor: Environmental /genetic Factor: Genetic

Height Blood Type of
Body mass group fingerprints
Skin colour
Type of Ability to roll
earlobes a tongue

type of support in animals

endoskeleton exoskeleton hydrostatic skeleton

All vertebrates. Most invertebrates. Invertebrates with soft bodies.
Consists of bones and Consists of a hard layer of Consists of a muscular wall
cartilage. waxy chitin or shell. that encloses the body cavity
that is filled with fluid.
1.support body weight. The fluid exerts pressure on the
2.protects internal organs. muscular wall of the body in all
3.maintains body shape. directions causing body to be
4.attachment for muscles firm and maintain the body
shape.
(to move body parts)

Endoskeleton support
body
1. terrestrial vertebrates weight

Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle

STRONG and A BIG
FIRM skeleton to skeletal
SUPPORT the frame,
body compatible
to body size

Endoskeleton

2. AQUATIC VERTEBRATES

Smaller endoskeleton Pectoral girdle Small &
compared to the body Pelvic girdle weak

Can grow larger than
the size of skeleton
- body weight is
supported by the
buoyancy force.

Endoskeleton Have bones that
are hollow and light
3. BIRDS

Size of a bird's skull
is small

- easier to fly

Sternum
Flat and wide
- functions as the muscle
attachment site for flying

COMPARISON BETWEEN HOLLOW BONE AND COMPACT BONE

HOLLOW BONE COMPACT BONE

SIMILARITIES
1. Both is used to support and the movement.
2.Both need calcium and phosphorus.

DIFFERENCES

Light Heavy

Small bone Big bone

Belongs to birds Belongs to terrestrial
vertebrates

Move faster Move slower

Stronger Less strong

Need less calcium and Need more calcium and
phosphorus phosphorus

FACTORS OF STABILITY IN ANIMALS

PROBLEM SOLVING IN
STABILITY

LESS STABLE MORE STABLE Giraffe will spread its legs
when drinking water.
Centre of Centre of Lower its centre of gravity.
gravity is high gravity is low Increase its base area.
Small base Large base
area area Kangaroo uses its tail as a
strut.

Increase the base area
when not moving.

HUMAN SKELETAL SYSTEM

AXIAL SKELETON APPENDICULAR SKELETON
Cranial bones
SKULL Facial bones Clavicle PECTORAL
Scapula GIRDLE
Sternum
RIBS Humerus UPPER
Ulna LIMB
VERTEBRAL COLUMN Radius
Metacarpus

PELVIC GIRDLE

Femur

Fibula LOWER LIMB
Tibia

Metatarsus

ANTAGONISTIC MOVEMENT OF MUSCLES TO BEND
AND STRAIGHTEN THE ARM

ARM BENDS ARM STRAIGHTENS

MOVABLE JOINT (HINGE JOINT)

Swollen sprained leg
Caused by- ligament in
the joint are torn.
Treatment- take
painkiller/physiotherap
y/ surgery.
Ligament - elastic, flexible and strong connective tissue that joins
two bones.
Tendon - connective tissue that connects muscles to the bone.
- consists of a combination of fibres that are strong and inelastic.

FUNCTIONS OF THE SYNOVIAL FLUID, CARTILAGE AND TENDON AT THE JOINT

BONE MUSCLE

SYNOVIAL tendon
FLUID
combination of fibres
to lubricate and that are strong and
provide nutrients to inelastic.
the cartilage. connective tissue
as a lubricant in the that connects
joint. muscles to the bone.
transfers the force
cartilage produced by muscle
contraction to the
acts as a cushion and bone.
protects the joint.
reduce friction.

growth curve of animals with exoskeleton

graph : step-shaped

Horizontal part - zero growth (instar), it is obstructed Vertical part : drastic
by a hard old exoskeleton. growth occurs
ecdysis

(shedding the skin)

Animals suck in air

Expand their bodies

Old exoskeleton breaks, replaced
with a new and soft skin

Rapid growth occur to
increase the size before the
new exoskeleton hardens

growth curve for males and females
Graph : sigmoid shape

Adolescene Adult
12-14 tahun male > female
female > male
Infancy Old age - negative growth
male = female Childhood human body begins to
male > female shrink.

muscle parts become
smaller
skins begins to dry

hydrostatic skeleton in the earthworm

-The earthworm moves is caused by the contraction and relaxation of the
circular muscles and longitudinal muscles that take place antagonistically.
-That action cause the movement from the anterior part to the posterior part.

Longitudinal Circular
muscles relax muscles contract

Chaetae (hard bristles)- How earthworm can growth?
help body segment grip By increasing its fluid in the
the ground body.

support system of terrestrial plants

woody plants non-woody
(herbaceous) plants
Hard, strong and tough woody tissue,
that is built from lignin, a tough and hard
complex substance.

prop roots stilt roots turgidity of the cells
Roots that grow from
Support mangrove plants Balsam plant depends on the turgidity that is
stored in the stem cells for support. If they lack

of water, the stems will become soft & wilt.

stems/branches into the soil. living in swamps

Banyan tree, pandan tree, fig tree

buttress roots tendrils clasping roots

Big and tall trees. Wraps around other Hold onto another
Durian tree, Angsana tree plants/ objects for plant/structure for

support support.
Cucumber/ bitter Orchid plant, money
gourd/pumpkin
plant

support system of aquatic plants

lotus water hyacinth

1. water buoyancy force

2. aerenchyma tissue

Thin-walled cells, form air spaces.

3. hollow stems

The plants swell and have hollow and big stems to increase the
buoyancy force.

determining the age of woody plants

selected tree is cut down tree is not
cut down
The growth rings seen in the trunk
are counted. The tree is drilled to
1 ring = 1 year 75% of the drill
depth.
The drill bit is
removed & the
growth rings are
counted.
This method will
save the tree from
being cut.

Endocrine glands

pituitary gland Thyroid gland

Also known as master gland - Thyroxine
it produces hormones that
control other endocrine pancreas
glands.
Insulin
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Growth hormone (GH)

ovary adrenal gland
Adrenaline
Oestrogen
and Progesterone testis

Testosterone

pituitary gland

ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) GROWTH HORMONE (GH)

Function : Function :
Controls the quantity of water reabsorbed Stimulates growth in children.
by the kidneys. Maintains healthy body composition in
adults.
Effect of deficiency : Maintains the muscle and bone mass of
poor reabsorption of water at the adults.
collecting duct in the kidney.
excessive production of urine. Effect of deficiency :
excessive thirst dwarfism
diabetes insipidus
Effect of excess :
Effect of excess : uncontrolled growth
headache acromegaly (gigantism)
dizziness

thyroid gland

Function : Thyroxine

Controls the rate of metabolism.
Controls the physical and mental development in children.

Effect of deficiency : Effect of excess :
goitre high rate of metabolism
sweating and always feeling hot
sleeping difficulties
very good appetite but tendency to become thin
thyroid gland enlargement, protruding eyeballs
low rate of metabolism and swollen neck
stunted physical and mental
development in children (cretinism)
tendency to become fat
less energy in adults (myxedema)

panCreas adrenal gland

Insulin Adrenaline

Function : Function :
Controls the glucose level in the blood by Prepares your body to act in an emergency
converting excess glucose into glycogen to be situation by :
stored in the liver. − increasing the rate of metabolism
− increasing the rate of heartbeat
Effect of deficiency : − increasing the glucose level in the blood
increase in blood glucose level − dilating the size of the pupil
diabetes mellitus

Effect of excess :
low glucose level
hypoglycaemia
excessive thirst

testis ovary

testosterone oestrogen

Function : Function :
Controls the development of male Controls the female secondary sexual characteristics
secondary sexual characteristics such as development of breasts & broadening of the hip.
such as deep voice & the growth of Stimulates the production of ova.
moustache. Prepares the uterus for implantation of embryo.
Stimulates sperm production.
Effect of deficiency :
Effect of deficiency : development of female secondary sexual characteristics
delay in reaching puberty. to be disrupted.
low sperm count.
Effect of excess :
Effect of excess : female characteristics in men.
male characteristics in women.
ProgesteronE

Function :
Maintains the thickness of the wall of the uterus
for the implantation of embryo.

Effect of deficiency : • miscarriage
menstrual problem
headache

depressant stimulant

Prevents or slow down Speeds up impulse
impulse transmission in body transmission in body
coordination. coordination.
Will be sleepy and less anxious. Will feel very confident and
Example: barbiturates, alcohol alert to the surroundings.
Example : amphetamine &
methamphetamine.

types of drugs

inhalant hallucinogen

Chemical substances that can Changes the path of impulses
be inhaled through breathing. in the brain.
Causes hallucination. Causes hallucination, affects
Damages the brain, lungs and perception.
kidneys. Causes hearing of voices.
Example : solvent, gas Example : ketamine, LSD
substance (lysergic acid diethylamide)

liver cirrhosis stomach ulcer
Continuous consumption of
alcoholic drinks/ drug abuse can Alcohol causes the stomach to
cause toxic effects on the liver. produce more acid.
Liver undergoes chronic damage, Causes irritation/ inflammation of
scarring, hardening and failure to the stomach lining.
function normally. Patient will complain of heartburn,
bloatedness, nausea and vomiting.

effects of drug & alcohol abuse
on physical & mental health

violent behaviour hallucination
Amphetamine - will activate
brain cells, increase the rate of Marijuana -disrupts the brain
metabolism. function.
The user will become more active, Causes the person to experience
unable to sleep, violent & hallucination, paranoia/suspicious
aggressive. feeling & fear of others.
May lead to aggressive behaviour
towards other people.

hormonal unclear
imbalance speech

effects of drug & alcohol abuse
on body coordination

slow reflex loss of
action balance

Slowing the flow of nerve
impulses & affecting the brain

function.

modern Periodic table of elements 18 groups
7 periods

Principle for the Arrangement - increasing proton number from left to right and top to bottom

1 valence electron = GROUP 1 Group - Vertical columns in the Modern Periodic Table of
Elements
3 shells State the position of Na atom in Periodic
occupied with Table. Period -Horizontal rows in the Modern Periodic Table of
(Proton number = number of electron = 11. Elements
electrons Electron arrangement of sodium atom - 2.8.1)
= PERIOD 3 inert gases
Group 1 , Period 3 (stable)

alkali metals group 18

group 1 alkaline earth H1 proton metal halogens
number
group 1 metals Hidrogen semi-metal group 17 18
group 2 relative
period H1 2 atomic mass non-metal

1 Hidrogen 2
2 He
2 13 14 15 16 17 Helium
4

2 L3i B4e 5 6 7 8 9 10
Litium Berillium
B C N O F Ne
79 Neon
Boron Karbon Nitrogen Oksigen Fluorin 20

11 12 14 16 19 18

Na Mg11 12 TRANSITION ELEMENTS 13 14 15 16 17 Ar
12 Al Si P SAluminium Silikon
3 3 4 5 6Natrium Magnesium 7 8 9 10 11 Fosforus Sulfur Cl Argon

23 24 27 28 31 32 Klorin 40

35.5

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
4 K Ca Br KrSc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se
Kalium Kalsium Skandium Titanium Vanadium Kromium Mangan Ferum Kobalt Nikel Kuprum Zink Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromin Kripton

29 40









80 84

Rb Sr37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

5Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe

Rubidium Strontium Itrium Zirkonium Niobium Molibdenum Technetium Rutenium Rodium Palladium Argentum Kadmium Indium Stanum Antimony Tellurium Iodin Xenon

85.5 88




127 131

55 56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 117 86

6 Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Sesium Barium
Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Aurum Merkuri Thallium Plumbum Bismuth Polonium Astatin Radon

133 137








210 222

87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118

7 Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
Fransium Radium
Ruterfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Kopernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
223 226

Formation of positive ion 2+
DONATES ELECTRONS

2.8.2 2.8

MAGnNoEtSIsUtMabAlTeOM achieve anMoAcGteNtESeIlUecMtrIOoNn arrangement
(8 electrons in the outermost shell)

Formation of negative ion -
ACCEPTS ELECTRON
x

2.8.7 2.8.8

CHnLoOtRINstEaAbTlOe M achievCeHLaORsIDtaEbIOleN octet
electron arrangement

isotope

Atoms of the same element that have the same proton number but
different number of neutrons/nucleon number.

Isotope samnue mpbreorton differneunmt bneurcleon Which element is a pair of isotope?
Explain your answer.

Q and R, because Q and R have the same
proton number but different nucleon
number.

Medical Sodium-24 : to detect the positions of blood clots in veins.
field Iodine-131 : to treat thyroid cancer.
Cobalt-60 : to kill cancer cells.
Food
Technology Cobalt-60 : to destroy the microorganism on
vegetables.

Uses of Phosphorus-32 : to study the rate of absorption of phosphorus
ISOTOPes fertiliser in plants.

Agriculture Carbon-14 : to study the rate of photosynthesis of a plant.

Archaeology Carbon-14 : to estimate the age of fossils and artifacts.