Grade 4 - Unit 1

UNIT 1

Rea ching
Out

Friends have ways of speaking without words.

— Alice Dagliesh

Performance Task
Preview

At the end of this unit,
you will think about two
of the texts you have
read. Then you will write
a story.

15

Lesson Vocabulary
in Context

LANGUAGE DETECTIVE 1 comfort 2 mention

Talk About the Friends often comfort Do not mention one
Writer's Words each other. They friend’s faults to
help each other get another. Keep them
You are getting ready through hard times. to yourself instead.
to read a fiction text.
In fiction, some of 3 mood 4 properly
the writer's words
tell about characters. Friends remain friends Friends often greet
Which of the blue even when one is each other properly.
words tell about in a bad mood, or A handshake is the
characters? Explain to a emotional state. correct way.
partner how each word
you chose tells about a
character.

Add new words to
myWordList. Use them
in your speaking
and writing.

16 ELA L.4.6, SL.4.1c

Study each Context Card. Lesson 1

Use two Vocabulary words to tell
about an experience you had.

5 intends 6 consisted 7 positive

This girl intends to This lively day These friends are
keep in touch with a consisted of, or was positive that they’re
friend. She plans to made up of, bike having a good time.
send e-mail every day. riding and fresh air. They are sure of it.

8 advanced 9 peculiar 10 talent

With his advanced Friends may act in These friends share a
chess skills, this man peculiar, or unusual, talent for music. This
can teach his young ways when taking ability gives them
friend to play. photos. hours of fun.

17

Read and
Comprehend

TARGET SKILL

Story Structure As you read “Because of Winn-Dixie,”
ask yourself what the most important parts of the
story are. The story’s events make up the plot. Look
for details that help you picture the setting, or where
and when the story takes place. Keep track of new
characters as they are introduced. Use a graphic
organizer like this one to help you.

Characters Setting

Plot

TARGET STRATEGY

Summarize When you summarize a story, you tell who
the characters are and briefly retell the main events.
Summarizing can help you understand and remember
a story. As you read “Because of Winn-Dixie,” pause at
the end of each page to summarize briefly what you
have just read to make sure you understand it.

18 EL A RL.4.1, RL.4.2, SL.4.1a, SL.4.1b, SL.4.6, L.4.3c

PREVIEW THE TOPIC

Helping Others

Doing favors, helping with chores, and
volunteering for community projects are all ways of
helping others. Sometimes we can help others just
by talking or listening to them.

“Because of Winn-Dixie” is a story about how
one person can make a newcomer feel at home in
a new place. How the characters interact can show
readers what it means to be a friend.

Think Pair Share

Think about a time when you
helped someone. Where
were you? Whom did you
help? How did you help?
Share your story with a
partner. Then, discuss with
your partner how your stories
are alike and different.

19

GENRE MEET THE AUTHOR

Realistic fiction has Kate DiCamillo

characters and events that are Kate DiCamillo grew up in
like people and events in real Florida, where this story
life. As you read, look for: takes place. She wrote
Because of Winn-Dixie
a setting that could be a during the first time in her
real place life that she did not own a dog. DiCamillo
a plot with a beginning, a believes that looking closely at the
middle, and an ending world and paying attention are the most
characters who have important ways to become a good writer.
feelings that real people
have

20 EL A RL.4.2, RL.4.3, RL.4.6, RL.4.10, RF.4.4a, RF.4.4b

Because of

WINN-DIXIE

BY KATE DICAMILLO

ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How do friends help
each other?
21

Ten-year-old Opal is a newcomer in the town of Naomi,
Florida. She hasn’t made any friends yet and feels a little
lonely. Opal’s only pal is a very big dog, named after the
grocery store where she found him: Winn-Dixie.

I spent a lot of time that summer at the Herman W. Block
Memorial Library. The Herman W. Block Memorial Library
sounds like it would be a big fancy place, but it’s not. It’s just
a little old house full of books, and Miss Franny Block is in charge of
them all. She is a very small, very old woman with short gray hair,
and she was the first friend I made in Naomi.

It all started with Winn-Dixie not liking it when I went into the
library, because he couldn’t go inside, too. But I showed him how he
could stand up on his hind legs and look in the window and see me
in there, selecting my books; and he was okay, as long as he could see
me. But the thing was, the first time Miss Franny Block saw Winn-
Dixie standing up on his hind legs like that, looking in the window,
she didn’t think he was a dog. She thought he was a bear.

22

This is what happened: I was picking out my books and kind
of humming to myself, and all of a sudden, there was this loud and
scary scream. I went running up to the front of the library, and
there was Miss Franny Block, sitting on the floor behind her desk.

“Miss Franny?” I said. “Are you all right?”
“A bear,” she said.
“A bear?” I asked.
“He has come back,” she said.
“He has?” I asked. “Where is he?”
“Out there,” she said and raised a finger and pointed at Winn-
Dixie standing up on his hind legs, looking in the window for me.
“Miss Franny Block,” I said, “that’s not a bear. That’s a dog.
That’s my dog. Winn-Dixie.”
“Are you positive?” she asked.
“Yes ma’am,” I told her. “I’m positive. He’s my dog. I would
know him anywhere.”

ANALYZE THE TEXT

Point of View From what point of
view is the story told? What words
signal the point of view?

23

Miss Franny sat there trembling and shaking.
“Come on,” I said. “Let me help you up. It’s okay.” I stuck out
my hand and Miss Franny took hold of it, and I pulled her up off the
floor. She didn’t weigh hardly anything at all. Once she was standing
on her feet, she started acting all embarrassed, saying how I must
think she was a silly old lady, mistaking a dog for a bear, but that she
had a bad experience with a bear coming into the Herman W. Block
Memorial Library a long time ago and she never had quite gotten
over it.
“When did that happen?” I asked her.
“Well,” said Miss Franny, “it is a very long story.”
“That’s okay,” I told her. “I am like my mama in that I like to be
told stories. But before you start telling it, can Winn-Dixie come in
and listen, too? He gets lonely without me.”
“Well, I don’t know,” said Miss Franny. “Dogs are not allowed in
the Herman W. Block Memorial Library.”
“He’ll be good,” I told her. “He’s a dog who goes to church.”
And before she could say yes or no, I went outside and got Winn-
Dixie, and he came in and lay down with a “huummmppff” and a sigh,
right at Miss Franny’s feet.
She looked down at him and said, “He most certainly is a large dog.”
“Yes ma’am,” I told her. “He has a large heart, too.”
“Well,” Miss Franny said. She bent over and gave Winn-Dixie a
pat on the head, and Winn-Dixie wagged his tail back and forth and
snuffled his nose on her little old-lady feet. “Let me get a chair and
sit down so I can tell this story properly.”
“Back when Florida was wild, when it consisted of nothing but
palmetto trees and mosquitoes so big they could fly away with you,”
Miss Franny Block started in, “and I was just a little girl no bigger
than you, my father, Herman W. Block, told me that I could have
anything I wanted for my birthday. Anything at all.”

ANALYZE THE TEXT

Flashback Which details in the text tell you that
a flashback is part of this selection? Why has the
author included this flashback?

24

25

Miss Franny looked around the library. She leaned in close to
me. “I don’t want to appear prideful,” she said, “but my daddy was a
very rich man. A very rich man.” She nodded and then leaned back
and said, “And I was a little girl who loved to read. So I told him,
I said, ‘Daddy, I would most certainly love to have a library for my
birthday, a small little library would be wonderful.’”

“You asked for a whole library?”
“A small one,” Miss Franny nodded. “I wanted a little house full
of nothing but books and I wanted to share them, too. And I got my
wish. My father built me this house, the very one we are sitting in
now. And at a very young age, I became a librarian. Yes, ma’am.”
“What about the bear?” I said.
“Did I mention that Florida was wild in those days?” Miss Franny
Block said.
“Uh-huh, you did.”
“It was wild. There were wild men and wild women and
wild animals.”
“Like bears!”
“Yes ma’am. That’s right. Now, I have to tell you, I was a little-
miss-know-it-all. I was a miss-smarty-pants with my library full of
books. Oh, yes ma’am, I thought I knew the answers to everything.
Well, one hot Thursday, I was sitting in my library with all the doors
and windows open and my nose stuck in a book, when a shadow
crossed the desk. And without looking up, yes ma’am, without even
looking up, I said, ‘Is there a book I can help you find?’
“Well, there was no answer. And I thought it might have been
a wild man or a wild woman, scared of all these books and afraid to
speak up. But then I became aware of a very peculiar smell, a very
strong smell. I raised my eyes slowly. And standing right in front of
me was a bear. Yes ma’am. A very large bear.”
“How big?” I asked.
“Oh, well,” said Miss Franny, “perhaps three times the size of
your dog.”

26

“Then what happened?” I asked her.
“Well,” said Miss Franny, “I looked at him and he looked at me.
He put his big nose up in the air and sniffed and sniffed as if he was
trying to decide if a little-miss-know-it-all librarian was what he
was in the mood to eat. And I sat there. And then I thought, ‘Well, if
this bear intends to eat me, I am not going to let it happen without a
fight. No ma’am.’ So very slowly and very carefully, I raised up the
book I was reading.”
“What book was that?” I asked.
“Why, it was War and Peace, a very large book. I raised it up
slowly and then I aimed it carefully and I threw it right at that bear
and screamed, ‘Be gone!’ And do you know what?”
“No ma’am,” I said.
“He went. But this is what I will never forget. He took the book
with him.”
“Nuh-uh,” I said.

27

“Yes ma’am,” said Miss Franny. “He snatched it up and ran.”
“Did he come back?” I asked.
“No, I never saw him again. Well, the men in town used to tease
me about it. They used to say, ‘Miss Franny, we saw that bear of yours
out in the woods today. He was reading that book and he said it sure
was good and would it be all right if he kept it for just another week.’
Yes ma’am. They did tease me about it.” She sighed. “I imagine I’m
the only one left from those days. I imagine I’m the only one that
even recalls that bear. All my friends, everyone I knew when I was
young, they are all dead and gone.”
She sighed again. She looked sad and old and wrinkled. It was
the same way I felt sometimes, being friendless in a new town and
not having a mama to comfort me. I sighed, too.
Winn-Dixie raised his head off his paws and looked back and
forth between me and Miss Franny. He sat up then and showed Miss
Franny his teeth.
“Well now, look at that,” she said. “That dog is smiling at me.”
“It’s a talent of his,” I told her.
“It is a fine talent,” Miss Franny said. “A very fine talent.” And
she smiled back at Winn-Dixie.
“We could be friends,” I said to Miss Franny. “I mean you and
me and Winn-Dixie, we could all be friends.”
Miss Franny smiled even bigger. “Why, that would be grand,”
she said, “just grand.”
And right at that minute, right when the three of us had decided
to be friends, who should come marching into the Herman W. Block
Memorial Library but old pinch-faced Amanda Wilkinson. She
walked right up to Miss Franny’s desk and said, “I finished Johnny
Tremain and I enjoyed it very much. I would like something even
more difficult to read now, because I am an advanced reader.”
“Yes dear, I know,” said Miss Franny. She got up out of her chair.

28

29

Amanda pretended like I wasn’t there. She stared right past me.
“Are dogs allowed in the library?” she asked Miss Franny as they
walked away.

“Certain ones,” said Miss Franny, “a select few.” And then she
turned around and winked at me. I smiled back. I had just made my
first friend in Naomi, and nobody was going to mess that up
for me, not even old pinch-faced Amanda Wilkinson.

ANALYZE THE TEXT
Story Structure What story events
have led to Opal making her first
new friend in Naomi? How has the
setting affected these events?

30

31

BE A READING DETECTIVE

Dig Deeper

Use Clues to Analyze the Text

Use these pages to learn about Story Structure, Point of
View, and Flashback. Then read “Because of Winn-Dixie”
again to apply what you learned.

Story Structure

“Because of Winn-Dixie” is a realistic fiction story about a
girl who moves to a new town. Fiction stories have a
beginning, a middle, and an ending. The plot is the story’s
events. These events are usually told in the order they happen.
Characters are the people in a story. The setting is the time
and place where the story events happen.

You can use text evidence, or details, from “Because of
Winn-Dixie” to describe the characters, the events, and the
setting. Who are the most important characters in “Because of
Winn-Dixie”? Look back at the beginning of the story. What is
the first event?

Characters Setting

Plot

32 EL A RL.4.1, RL.4.3, RL.4.6, RF.4.4a, RF.4.4b

Point of View

Point of view is the
standpoint from which a text
is written.
t 8IFO B TUPSZ DIBSBDUFS JT UIF

narrator, the story is told in
first-person point of view.
The narrator uses the words
I, me, and my.
t 8IFO BO PVUTJEF PCTFSWFS JT
the narrator, the story is told
in third-person point of
view. The narrator uses the
words he, she, and they to tell
about the characters.

Flashback

Authors sometimes tell about
an event that happened before
the time in which the main story
is set. This is called a flashback.
Think about the story Miss Franny
tells Opal. What event does
she tell about, and when did it
take place?

33

Your Turn

RETURN TO THE ESSENTIAL QUESTION

Turn Review the selection
and with a partner to Classroom
prepare to discuss Conversation
Talk
Continue your discussion of “Because
this question: How do friends of Winn-Dixie” by explaining your
answers to these questions:
help each other? Use text
1 Why do you think the author
evidence from the story and chose to tell the story from a
first-person point of view?
your experiences to explain
2 Why do Miss Franny and Opal
your ideas to your partner. become friends?

3 How can you tell that Miss
Franny and Opal will remain
friends?

HOW DO YOU SAY IT?

Discuss Formal and Informal Language [ART: Show a photo of
Author Kate DiCamillo uses some formal Southern forested, swampy
language to show readers what Miss Franny is
like. Phrases such as “Yes, ma’am” and “Why, region.]
that would be grand” help you get the sense
that Miss Franny is old-fashioned. List other
reasons you might use formal language instead
of informal language. Compare your list with
a partner’s list, and talk about your examples.

34 EL A RL.4.3, W.4.1b, W.4.1c, W.4.9a, SL.4.1a, SL.4.1d, L.4.3c

Performance Task

WRITE ABOUT READING

Response Sometimes an author writes a story within
a story. What is the flashback in “Because of Winn-
Dixie”? Do you think the story would be as interesting
without this flashback? Write a paragraph or two that
identifies the flashback and gives your opinion of it.
Use words and phrases such as for instance to link your
opinions with reasons and details from the text.

Writing Tip

State your opinion at the beginning of
your response. At the end, provide a
concluding sentence that sums up your
opinion.

35

Because of Because of

BookEnds BookEnds
by John Korba
GENRE
T hink about what you’re doing right now.
Informational text, such You’re learning something new. How
are you doing it? You’re reading a book.
as this magazine article, gives
facts and examples about You learn all kinds of things from
a topic. books—things that are fun, or important, or
even peculiar. Books can make you smile
TEXT FOCUS and can comfort you when you’re sad.

Graphs Informational text What if you didn’t have this book, or any
books? An eight-year-old boy named
may include a bar graph, a Brandon once thought about that, and then
diagram that uses bars to he had a great idea.
compare measurements or
amounts. Study the graph A Little Boy’s Big Idea
on page 38. Note the title
and the details. Explain the One day in 1998, Brandon Keefe was
information in the graph. home from school with a cold. His mother,
Robin, had to go to a meeting, so she took
Brandon with her. The meeting was at a
place called Hollygrove in Los Angeles,
California. Hollygrove
is a community
organization for
children and
families.

36 ELA RI.4.7, RF.4.4a, RF.4.4b

Not all children’s libraries are as well stocked as this one.
That’s where BookEnds comes in.

At the meeting, Brandon played in Brandon’s class organized the book
a corner. The adults were in a serious drive. Soon, donations of new and used
mood. They wanted to buy books for books poured in. Teams of volunteers,
the children’s center, but they didn’t which consisted of students, teachers,
have much money. Brandon thought and administrators from the school,
about this. He was positive he could use collected and sorted the books.
his problem-solving talent to help. Meanwhile, Brandon did not mention
this project to his mother.
The next day Brandon was back at
school. His teacher talked to the class Then one day Robin drove to school
about helping the community and asked to pick up Brandon. He was waiting in
for ideas. Brandon told the class about the driveway with a great surprise: 847
the children’s center and its need for books for the new library!
books. Then he announced his idea to
hold a giant book drive. “That was one of the best days of
my life,” said Robin.

37

BookEnds Is Born You Can Do It, Too!

Robin knew there were many places Do you and your schoolmates have
that needed children’s books. She saw many books that you’ll never read
that Brandon’s idea could help them, again? Then your school might
too, so she started an organization want to hold a book drive.
called BookEnds.
Step 1: Find a place that needs books.
BookEnds helps school kids set Step 2: Collect books that are still
up book drives and get the books to
children who need them. Since 1998, in good shape.
BookEnds volunteers have donated Step 3: Sort the books properly by
more than a million books to more
than three hundred thousand children. reading level. (You don’t
want children to get
Brandon is an adult now. He is still books that are too easy
involved with BookEnds and intends to or too advanced.)
stay involved. Step 4: Deliver your books and
watch the smiles appear!

A Sample of BookEnds
Book Drives, 2005–2007

Bay 5,500
Laurel 4,000
Beverly 2,200
Vista

El Marino
School
1000Hawthorne1,700 3,600
2000 3,600
3000Palisades
4000Elementary
5000
6000Warner

0

Source: BookEnds website Number of Books Donated

38

Because of

Compare TextsBookEnds

TEXT TO TEXT

Compare Actions How do the characters in
“Because of Winn-Dixie” and the student in “Because
of BookEnds” help others? Find text evidence in each
selection of someone helping someone else. Work
with a group to compile a list. Then add to the list
other ideas for helping.

TEXT TO SELF

Write a Narrative Think about a time you made a
new friend. Write about that experience and why it
was important to you. Be sure to include descriptive
details about the place and time to help readers
visualize the story. Share your story with a group.

TEXT TO WORLD

Write a Proposal Think of a place in your
community that might like to receive a donation
of books. Write a step-by-step plan for how you
and your classmates might organize a book drive.
Then pitch the idea to your class.

EL A RL.4.3, W.4.3b, W.4.10

39

Lesson Vocabulary
in Context

LANGUAGE DETECTIVE 1 injustice 2 numerous

Talk About the Some people spend If numerous people
Writer's Words their entire lives sign a petition, their
fighting injustice, or many voices can
Work with a partner. unfairness. change the laws.
Take turns asking and
answering questions 3 segregation 4 nourishing
about the photos. Use
the blue Vocabulary Laws on segregation Many groups hope
words in your questions once kept African to end hunger by
and answers. Americans and white giving people healthy,
Americans separate. nourishing food.

44 ELA SL.4.1c, L.4.6

Study each Context Card. Lesson 2

Make up a new context sentence
that uses two Vocabulary words.

5 captured 6 dream 7 encounters

Some leaders have Many people have Brief encounters, or
captured, or caught, a dream of fair meetings, with heroes
people’s attention treatment for all. can inspire kids to
with moving speeches. It is their goal. work for change.

8 preferred 9 recall 10 example

Some Americans have Most people can look It is easy to admire
preferred, or chosen, back and recall a a leader who sets an
to work for change as situation when they example of fairness
a group. were treated unfairly. and equality.

45

Read and
Comprehend

TARGET SKILL

Author’s Purpose As you read “My Brother Martin,”
think about the author’s purpose, or reason for
writing. Does she want to inform readers, entertain
readers, or persuade readers? For clues, look at text
evidence. Pay attention to the details the author
chooses to support her points. Note what kind of
words she chooses to describe people and events. Use
a graphic organizer like this one to help you figure out
and explain the author’s purpose.

Detail Detail Detail

Author’s Purpose

TARGET STRATEGY

Monitor/Clarify As you read “My Brother Martin,”
monitor, or pay attention to, your understanding of
individual words as well as ideas. If something does
not make sense, stop to clarify it, or make it clear.
You can clarify by rereading the sentence or paragraph
and using context clues.

46 EL A RI.4.8, RF.4.4c, SL.4.1d

PREVIEW THE TOPIC

Civil Rights

Civil rights are the rights that every person has as
a citizen of the United States. Until the 1960s, many
African Americans did not have the same civil rights
as other Americans.

One of the most powerful leaders in the fight for
civil rights was Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. He led
peaceful protests that eventually led to changes in
the laws about the rights of all Americans. In “My
Brother Martin,” his sister tells about childhood
experiences that inspired her brother to spend his
life fighting for civil rights.

Think Pair Share

Think about how life would
be if you did not have
the same rights as your
classmates. How would you
feel? What would you say
to your teacher? What could
you do to work for change?
Share your ideas with a
partner.

47

GENRE MEET THE AUTHOR

A biography tells about a CHRISTINE KING FARRIS

person’s life and is written by Christine King Farris is the sister
another person. As you read, of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
look for: My Brother Martin is her
second book about the famous
information about why the civil rights leader. The first is
person is important Martin Luther King: His Life and Dream.
opinions and personal In addition to being a writer, she is also a
judgments based on facts college instructor and a speaker.

MEET THE ILLUSTRATOR

CHRIS SOENTPIET

Originally from South Korea,
Chris Soentpiet was adopted
by a Hawaiian family when he
was eight years old. He met
members of his birth family
while researching his book Peacebound
Trains. Research and accuracy are very
important to Soentpiet. He uses live
models, makes costumes for them, and
photographs the models before he
begins painting.

48 EL A RI.4.3, RI.4.8, RI.4.10, RF.4.4a, RF.4.4b, L.4.5b

bn Wgdi]Zg

A SISTER REMEMBERS

GROWING UP WITH

THE REV. DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING JR.

by CHRISTINE KING FARRIS ESSENTIAL QUESTION
illustrated by CHRIS SOENTPIET
What might lead a
person to try to change

the world?

49

We were born in the same room, my brother Martin and I. I

was an early baby, born sooner than expected. Mother Dear and
Daddy placed me in the chifforobe drawer that stood in the corner of
their upstairs bedroom. I got a crib a few days afterward. A year and
a half later, Martin spent his first night in that hand-me-down crib in
the very same room.

The house where we were born belonged to Mother Dear’s
parents, our grandparents, the Reverend and Mrs. A. D. Williams. We
lived there with them and our Aunt Ida, our grandmother’s sister.

And not long after my brother Martin—who we called M. L.,
because he and Daddy had the same name—our baby brother was
born. His name was Alfred Daniel, but we called him A. D., after our
grandfather.

They called me Christine, and like three peas in one pod, we grew
together. Our days and rooms were filled with adventure stories and
Tinkertoys, with dolls and Monopoly and Chinese checkers.

And although Daddy, who was an important minister, and Mother
Dear, who was known far and wide as a musician, often had work that
took them away from home, our grandmother was always there
to take care of us. I remember
days sitting at her feet, as she
and Aunt Ida filled us with
grand memories of their
childhood and read to us
about all the wonderful
places in the world.

50

51

And of course, my brothers and I had each other. We three
stuck together like the pages in a brand-new book. And being
normal young children, we were almost always up to something.

Our best prank involved a fur piece that belonged to our
grandmother. It looked almost alive, with its tiny feet and little
head and gleaming glass eyes. So, every once in a while, in the
waning light of evening, we’d tie that fur piece to a stick, and,
hiding behind the hedge in front of our house, we would dangle
it in front of unsuspecting passersby. Boy! You could hear the
screams of fright all across the neighborhood!

Then there was the time Mother Dear decided that her
children should all learn to play piano. I didn’t mind too much,
but M. L. and A. D. preferred being outside to being stuck
inside with our piano teacher, Mr. Mann, who would rap your
knuckles with a ruler just for playing the wrong notes. Well, one
morning, M. L. and A. D. decided to loosen the legs on the piano
bench so we wouldn’t have to practice. We didn’t tell Mr.
Mann, and when he sat . . . CRASH!
Down he went.

52

But mostly we were good, obedient children, and M. L. did
learn to play a few songs on the piano. He even went off to sing
with our mother a time or two. Given his love for singing and
music, I’m sure he could have become as good a musician as our
mother had his life not called him down a different path.

But that’s just what his life did.
My brothers and I grew up a long time ago. Back in a time
when certain places in our country had unfair laws that said it
was right to keep black people separate because our skin was
darker and our ancestors had been captured in far-off Africa

and brought to America as slaves.

53

Atlanta, Georgia, the city in which we were growing up, had
those laws. Because of those laws, my family rarely went to the
picture shows or visited Grant Park with its famous Cyclorama.
In fact, to this very day I don’t recall ever seeing my father on a
streetcar. Because of those laws, and the indignity that went with
them, Daddy preferred keeping M. L., A. D., and me close to
home, where we’d be protected.

We lived in a neighborhood
in Atlanta that’s now called
Sweet Auburn. It was named
for Auburn Avenue, the street
that ran in front of our house.
On our side of the street stood
two-story frame houses similar
to the one we lived in. Across it
crouched a line of one-story row
houses and a store owned by a
white family.

54

When we were young all the children along Auburn Avenue
played together, even the two boys whose parents owned the
store.

And since our house was the favorite gathering place, those
boys played with us in our backyard and ran with M. L. and A. D.
to the firehouse on the corner where they watched the engines
and the firemen.

The thought of not playing with those kids because they
were different, because they were white and we were black, never
entered our minds.

Well, one day, M. L. and A. D. went to get their playmates
from across the street just as they had done a hundred times
before. But they came home alone. The boys had told my
brothers that they couldn’t play together anymore because A. D.
and M. L. were Negroes.

And that was it. Shortly afterward the family sold the store
and moved away. We never saw or heard from them again.

ANALYZE THE TEXT

Explain Historical Events What
happened here? Why were the
white children no longer allowed to
play with M. L. and A. D.?

55

Looking back, I realize that it was only a matter of time
before the generations of cruelty and injustice that Daddy and
Mother Dear and Mama and Aunt Ida had been shielding us
from finally broke through. But back then it was a crushing
blow that seemed to come out of nowhere.

“Why do white people treat colored people so mean?” M. L.
asked Mother Dear afterward. And with me and M. L. and A. D.
standing in front of her trying our best to understand, Mother
Dear gave the reason behind it all.

Her words explained the streetcars our family avoided and
the WHITES ONLY sign that kept us off the elevator at City
Hall. Her words told why there were parks and museums that
black people could not visit and why some restaurants refused
to serve us and why hotels wouldn’t give us rooms and why
theaters would only allow us to watch their picture shows from
the balcony.

56

But her words also gave us hope.
She answered simply, “Because they just don’t understand
that everyone is the same, but someday, it will be better.”
And my brother M. L. looked up into our mother’s face and
said the words I remember to this day.
He said, “Mother Dear, one day I’m going to turn this world
upside down.”

ANALYZE THE TEXT

Author’s Purpose What is the
author’s perspective on race? What
reasons and evidence does she give
that reveal this perspective?

57

In the coming years there would be other reminders of the
cruel system called segregation that sought to keep black people
down. But it was Daddy who showed M. L. and A. D. and me
how to speak out against hatred and bigotry and stand up for
what’s right.

Daddy was the minister at Ebenezer Baptist Church. And
after losing our playmates, when M. L., A. D., and I heard our
father speak from his pulpit, his words held new meaning.

And Daddy practiced what he preached. He always stood up
for himself when confronted with hatred and bigotry, and each
day he shared his encounters at the dinner table.

When a shoe salesman told Daddy and M. L. that he’d only
serve them in the back of the store because they were black,
Daddy took M. L. somewhere else to buy new shoes.

Another time, a police officer pulled Daddy over and called
him “boy.” Daddy pointed to M. L. sitting next to him in the car
and said, “This is a boy. I am a man, and until you call me one, I
will not listen to you.”

These stories were as nourishing as the food that was set
before us.

58

Years would pass, and many new lessons would be learned.
There would be numerous speeches and marches and prizes.
But my brother never forgot the example of our father, or the
promise he had made to our mother on the day his friends
turned him away.

And when he was much older, my brother M. L. dreamed a
dream . . .

59

. . . that turned the world upside down.

ANALYZE THE TEXT
Idioms What does the idiom
“turned the world upside down”
mean? How could you confirm its
meaning?

60

61

BE A READING DETECTIVE

Dig Deeper

Use Clues to Analyze the Text

Use these pages to learn about Author’s Purpose, Explaining
Historical Events, and Idioms. Then read “My Brother
Martin” again to apply what you learned.

Author's Purpose

“My Brother Martin” describes Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s
childhood in Atlanta. Why do you think his sister, Christine,
wrote this biography? What was the author’s purpose, or
reason for writing it? To answer, notice the particular points
the author includes and the reasons and evidence used to
support them. Putting together these details can help you
determine the author’s purpose.

Look back at page 56 for details that help to reveal the
author’s purpose. What does the author say about the laws in
her city when she and her brothers were growing up?

Detail Detail Detail

Author’s Purpose

62 EL A RI.4.1, RI.4.3, RI.4.8, RF.4.4a, RF.4.4b, L.4.5b

Explain Historical
Events

Authors of biographies tell
not only about a person’s life but
also about the historical events
that took place during that
person’s life. To understand
historical events, think about the
information in the text that tells
about what happened and why.
For example, in "My Brother
Martin," the author says that her
family rarely went to picture
shows. This was because of laws
that kept black people separate.

Idioms

An idiom is a phrase that
means something different from
what the individual words
suggest. For instance, Mr. King
could have bitten his tongue
when pulled over by the police
officer, but instead he spoke out.
The idiom biting his tongue
means “keeping quiet.” Idioms
help make ideas more powerful.

63

Your Turn

RETURN TO THE ESSENTIAL QUESTION

Turn Review the selection
and to prepare to discuss Classroom
this question: What Conversation
Talk
Continue your discussion of “My
might lead a person to try Brother Martin” by explaining your
answers to these questions:
to change the world? As
1 How do you think having strong
you discuss, take turns role models affected M. L.’s
desire to create change?
identifying key events and
2 In what way is Dr. Martin Luther
text evidence, telling why King Jr. a role model for others?

they are important. Answer 3 Do you think M. L.’s parents
were right to shield the children
each other’s questions. from segregation? Why?

FREE AT LAST!

Make a Timeline In a small group, look back through the

selection and list the most important events in M. L.’s childhood.

Then use the list to create a timeline of these events. Add

illustrations to your timeline to help show what was happening

at important times. A. D.
Born July 30, 1930

1920 M. L. 1930 1940

Born January 15, 1929

64 EL A RI.4.1, RI.4.3, W.4.1d, W.4.9b, SL.4.1c, SL.4.1d

Performance Task

WRITE ABOUT READING

Response What did “My Brother Martin” teach you
about Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s childhood? Write a
paragraph explaining what you learned and which
details you found most interesting. Use facts and
examples from the selection to explain your ideas.
End your paragraph with a strong conclusion.

Writing Tip

Begin your paragraph with an
introduction. Make sure that each
sentence in your paragraph has a
subject and a predicate.

65

GENRE A Poet and a Dreamer

Poetry, such as this lyrical Langston Hughes was a famous
African American poet whose
poetry, uses the sound and words inspired and affected
rhythm of words to suggest people all over the world. Like Dr. Martin
images and express feelings. Luther King Jr., Hughes believed that a
person’s dream, or goal, could change
TEXT FOCUS the future. In the following poems,
Hughes writes about dreams and why
Poet’s Message Poets they are so important.

often use descriptions and
images to express feelings
and convey a message to the
reader. Discuss the images
Langston Hughes uses in each
poem. What is his message to
the reader in each poem?

Langston Hughes,
1902–1967

66 EL A RL.4.2, RL.4.10, RF.4.4a, RF.4.4b

As a child, Langston Hughes moved Hughes moved to Harlem, an
from city to city in the Midwest. African American neighborhood in New
Without a permanent home, he found York City. Harlem became the place he
comfort in reading. Books were as preferred to all others. Here, writers,
nourishing to him as food. He grew artists, and musicians were creating
into a strong reader and writer. He great works of art. Hughes’s career as a
published his first poems and stories writer blossomed. He went on to write
when he was in high school. numerous poems, stories, plays, and
articles. Many of his works captured
As a young man, Hughes traveled the culture and experiences of African
the world. He wrote about his Americans, to be shared with readers
encounters with all kinds of people. At around the world.
home, he had to deal with the unfair
laws of segregation that kept people Langston Hughes is known as one
apart because of race. He thought of the most important poets of the
deeply about injustice. twentieth century. His work has set an
example for writers to come.

To You

To sit and dream, to sit and read,
To sit and learn about the world
Outside our world of here and now—

Our problem world—
To dream of vast horizons of the soul
Through dreams made whole,
Unfettered, free—help me!
All you who are dreamers too,

Help me to make
Our world anew.
I reach out my dreams to you.

by Langston Hughes

67

Dreams The Dream Keeper

Hold fast to dreams Bring me all of your dreams,
For if dreams die You dreamers,
Life is a broken-winged bird Bring me all of your
That cannot fly. Heart melodies
That I may wrap them
Hold fast to dreams In a blue cloud-cloth
For when dreams go Away from the too-rough fingers
Life is a barren field Of the world.
Frozen with snow.
by Langston Hughes
by Langston Hughes

Write a
Dream Poem

Do you have a special
dream? Write a poem about
it. Try to recall the important
details and show how you feel.
Your dream might be big or
small. It might be something
you hope to accomplish
tomorrow, next month, or in
many years.

See where your dreams
take you!

68