chapter 9

MRSM KEPALA BATAS
ULUL ALBAB

SHORT AND CREATIVE NOTES

NAME: Qatrunada Humaira' Bt Elias
CLASS: 103
SUBJECT: Science
TEACHER'S NAME: Cikgu Azrin

9CHAPTER

EARTH

The System & Structure Of Earth
Composition Of Earth
Main Process Of Earth
Geohazard Phenomena
Age Of Earth
Earth Resources and Applied
Geology

Objective
To understanding about the structure of the Earth and how geohazards
happen.

To understanding the impact of geohazards can be reduced on human
and environment through the development of science and technology.

To understanding on the formation of fossil fuel, alternative energy
resources and its uses.

9.1 THE SYSTEM life zone consist of a air zone
AND STRUCTURE variety of life such covering the
as humans,animals earth's surface
OF THE EARTH
and plants ATMOSPHERE

BIOSPHERE

The earth system consists of rock and soil water zone that
four main components zone on the includes
which are earth's surface
interconnected,namely rivers,lakes and
Atmosphere, Biosphere, GEOSPHERE seas

Hydrosphere & Geosphere HYDROSPHERE

ATMOSPHERIC STRATIFICATION

EXOSPHERE LAYER (480km and above)
contains light gases such as helium and hydrogen

air becomes thinner towards space

THERMOSPHERE LAYER(8o-480km)
Also known as the ionosphere
Aurora,a stream of colourful lights

MESOSPHERE LAYER(50-80km)
Burning and destruction of meteorites occur in this layer

STRATOSPHERE LAYER(13-50km)
suitable and stable for aircraft flights
ozone layer depletes when chloroflurocarbons(CFCs) released from
perticides



TROPOSPHERE LAYER(0-13km)
living organisms breathes,wind blowing and rain.

OCEAN STRATIFICATION

SURFACE ZONE
water very shallow & light can be
penetrate
suitable habitat for plants

MIDNIGHT ZONE
has little or no light
this level of depth becomes the habitat for large
marine animals




DARK ZONE
very deep and no light can reach it
most animals in this zone have shimmering
bodies

DISTRIBUTION OF
WATER ON EARTH

seawater is evaporated by sunlight
and is taken to the mainland by
clouds before it falls back as rain
water.The water in the rivers then

flow into the ocean

EARTH'S LAYER

Earth can be divided into three main
layers according to its physical

properties,namely crust, mantle and
core.

The mantle consists of the
litosphere, asthenosphere &

mesosphere

earth is the third earth that makes
planet from the suitable for all
life.
sun.
EARTH IS THE ONLY
HOME FOR LIVING
ORGANISMS

earth's position which is earth's temperarture,
not too near or not too which is not to hot or

far from the sun. too cold.

IGNEOUS ROCK TYPES AND SEDIMENTARY ROCK
CHARACTERISTIC
formed from of formed by
process cooling or OF ROCKS compression of
freezing of magma or deeposited materials
lava that flows out of METAMORPHIC carried by rivers,
mantle. ROCK glaciers and wind......
contains various cotains of many
minerals harder than layers
original rocks
formed when igneous
rock or sedimentary rocks
are exposed to very high
pressure and temperature.

THE
PROCESS OF
ROCK
FORMATION

MAIN PROCESS OF EXOGENIC PROCESS exogenic process
THE EARTH ENDOGENIC PROCESS
endogenic process
Process that occurs
on earth's surface process that is caused by
forces from within the
Examples: earth.
weathering, erosion,
mass and land forms and changes the
depletion, transport earth's surface
and sedimentation
examples: mantle
convection process, magma
activity and earth's crust
movement.

WEATHERING EROSION
Process of rock fragmentation Process of eroding of the
and decomposition or decay due earth's surface by moving
agents such as water, wind
to changes in temperature,
rainwater, frosting and and water
microorganisms
EXOGENIC
MASS AND LAND PROCESS
DEPLETION
TRANSPORT AND SEDIMENTATION
Involve soil movement weathered and corroded materials
from the top of a slope to
are moved by agents such as running
below as a result of water, wind, water and glaciers.
gravitational force

EARTH'S CRUST MANTLE CONVECTION PROCESS
MOVEMENT(PLATE high temperature in the mantle and core of earth
the core of earth produces convection currents in the
TECTONICS) asthenosphere layer
these currents are able to move earth's crust
earth's crust divided
into several pieces of ENDOGENIC PROCESS
plate.
these plates constantly MAGMA ACTIVITY
move resulting in
collision. volcano is a vent on the earth's crust
that allows molten and hot magma
divergence which to flow out through it in strong
produce eruption.
various the erupted materials accumulate
landforms around the slope of the vent and form volcanic
on earth cones.
and continental drifts

quicksand is landslide volcanism
occur in
wetlands tsunami global
warming
quicksand GPEHOEHNAOMZEANRAD

acid rain is
occur in the
industrial

area

acid rain

earthquake sinkhole

device to detect landslides device to detect tsunami

Advance in science It places on the slope it placed at the shoreline to
and technology of hills to give early give early warnings of
warning of landslides. tsunami via satelite.
allow the invention
of device that could

provide early
warning

occurrence of
landslide and

tsunami

AGE OF EARTH

Age of earth estimated
to be 4.5 billions year.
Era divided by several
piece.
that is paleozoic,
mesozoic and cenozoic

FOSSIL Fossil are earth's materials such as plants, animals,
insects which have been submerged and buried for a

very long time.

EXAMPLE OF FOSSIL the importance :can provide information about how animal and
plants species on earth have evolved over
of fossils to

current millions of year

scientific :can provide information about species that have

deveploment gone extinct

SURFACE W& UANTDERERGROUND

surface water is found on the surface of
earth.Examples of surface water include
seas, ponds, rivers.

underground water or aquifer fills up
the empty spaces between soil particles
and the layers of permeable rocks.

ECONOMIC economic minerals in the earth consist of metallic minerals, non
MINERALS metallic minerals and rare earth minerals.

COAL FORMATION

METALLIC iron ore
MINERALS tin

gold

NON-METALLIC core PETROLEUM AND NEUTRAL GAS FORMATION
minerals petroleum

RARE ERATH consist of one or more than
MINERALS one of 17 rare earth elements

found inside earth's crust

HYDROTHERMAL PROCESS

Water at the hot spring is heated naturally by the heat
from the earth.

THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF
UNPLAMED HUMAN ACTIVITIES

deforestation agriculture industrialisation open burning

erosion flash flood global
warming

extinction of flora and water, air, thermal and
fauna sound pollination