BQS 554 SMART BUILDING SERVICES

DEPARTMENT OF QUANTITY SURVEYING,
FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING,

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA SHAH ALAM

SMART
BUILDING
SERVICES

BQS 554 - ASSIGNMENT 1

GROUP 5 AP224 4K

PREPARED FOR : MADAM NAQIYATUL AMIRAH BINTI MOHD SAID

GROUP MEMBERS

SITI NUR ATIQAH BINTI SUKRI
2021853346

SHEERA ERREN AFIDA BINTI
KASUADINATA
2021853358

AMIESYA SOFINA BINTI
MOHD FUAD
2021459966

NUR FARIHAH BINTI
ZAINUDIN
2021853458

TABLE OF CONTENTS 0 1 . INTRODUCTION

0 2 . FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM

0 3 . TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM

0 4 . MECHANICAL HANDLING SYSTEM

0 5 . HEATING, VENTILATION, AND
AIR CONDITIONER SYSTEM

0 6 . SPECIAL INSTALLATION SYSTEM

0 7 . CONCLUSION
0 8 . REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION




INTRODUCTION

A smart building is one that utilizes technology to make efficient and economical
use of resources while also providing occupants with a safe and comfortable
atmosphere. Apart from that, smart buildings may use a variety of existing
technologies and are designed or retrofitted in such a way that future
technological developments can be integrated. Some of the mechanisms and
robotics that may be used in a smart building to control and optimize its
performance include Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, building management
systems, artificial intelligence (AI), and augmented reality.

As for this Multi-Storey Smart Building, we proposed office building with 10 storey
in total. This office building located in the urban area of Selangor in order to
ensure all of the smart high technology systems worked properly. The system that
we implemented in this building mentioned as follows.

As for this proposed building, we
implemented this Smart Building
Services System for our office building

are:

1.Fire fighting system
2.Telecommunication system
3.Mechanical Handling system
4.HVAC system
5.Special Installation System

PAGE 1

FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM

VIDEO IMAGE SMOKE DETECTOR

(VISD)

FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM
PAGE 2
VIDEO IMAGE SMOKE

DETECTOR (VISD)

VISD systems often integrate cameras into fire detection
systems and use video-based analytical smoke recognition
algorithms. Proprietary software analyses the video image
from a digital or analogue camera to see if smoke from a fire
can be seen in the picture. The detection methods might be
based on spectral, spatial, or temporal aspects and employ a
variety of methodologies to determine the smoke
characteristics. Assessing variations in brightness, contrast,
shape, edge content, motion, and color matching are a few of
them (Kaiser, 2019).

APPLICATION

They constantly analyse the data coming in from the video
camera system to detect smoke. The cameras look at each
pixel in the image over time and when the image becomes
less sharp and sections of pixels become fuzzy, it further
processes the photos to look for movement of those fuzzy
pixels in a way it identifies to be smoke. The camera system
begins to process further for the flicker rate whenever it
notices pixels that get brighter. It recognizes it as fire when
it observes pixels that become brighter and flicker at the
right pace over a predetermined period of time, and locks in
to send a latching alarm to the fire alarm panel (Kaiser,
2019).
.

SYSTEM

The chosen systems have been designed to work in the dark
by utilising infrared (IR) illuminators and IR sensitive
cameras. Because the image from a video camera is being
analysed to detect a fire, the image quality is critical to the
VISD's performance. For this Smart Building, the selection of
an appropriate camera lens such as HCPRO-SD380 smoke
detector security camera is critical (Kaiser, 2019).

04

FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM

VIDEO IMAGE SMOKE DETECTOR (VISD)

INSTALLATION PROCESS

For the proposed smart building, the most convenient
and reliable type of camera to be used to detect smoke
is the HCPRO-SD380 smoke detector security camera
due to its capabilities in hidden video observation. The
HCPRO-SD380 has a 3.7 mm lens that provides an 86-
degree field of view. When mounted in the corner of a
room, it can capture surveillance for the whole room.
The installation process would begin with the
determination of the camera placement in the
proposed building. Since the office is quite huge and
tall, it is recommended to put one each in every corner
of the room. Thus, the system should avoid install near
the air duct and cooking appliances to prevent the
operation from being interrupted and false alarm.

After knowing the exact spot to installed the camera,
ceiling tile of the room are removed. One inch should be
compensated for the width of the ceiling tile and the
spot should be directly diagonal from the corner of the
tile. The camera should be placed against the ceiling tile
before drill ¾-inch hole for the cable setup. The ¾-inch
hole is basically enough for the video and power cable
as well as OSD (on screen display) joystick controls.
Installation of this system are mostly not requiring a
modification to the camera setting but this camera’s
OSD allow users for doing an adjustment depending on
the environment. For example, if the location is dimly lit,
the brightness of the camera can be controlled by using
the joystick controller. However, most of the time, the
factory default settings are perfect for 95% of setups, so
the majority of users do not have to make any other
adjustments.

Next, the video cable should be inserted through the
existing hole. For the corner mount office installation,
align the lens with the corner of the ceiling tile. The
camera provides three mounting screws because it is
light structure where only three screws are needed
without using anchor. However, during the process, it
should not over tighten it because the tiles can be
fragile. Lastly, before insert the ceiling tile back in
place, connect the video and power leads of the camera
to the cable. The simplest way is to use pre-made
Siamese cable for CCTV, which runs both the video and
power of the camera back to the location of the DVR
(Haldas, 2015).
. PAGE 3

FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM

VIDEO IMAGE SMOKE DETECTOR (VISD)

BENEFITS AND PROBLEM

BENEFITS

RAPID DET
ECTION PROBLEMS

Compared to other smoke detectors, MAINTAINING LINE-OF-SIGHT
VISD technology can offer Rapid
Detection. Within the wide field of

vision of the camera, which can To operate, VISD systems must
include very vast floor expanses and maintain line-of-sight on a fire or
vertical heights, VISD detectors can a smoke plume. The cameras must
detect a fire. This is advantageous always have enough light to
because ordinary spot detectors are operate, they must acquire
set up to safeguard the space directly adequate visual coverage of the
beneath the device (typically 900 facilities, and the movement of
square feet for smoke detectors and supplies must not obscure the
400-2,500 square feet for heat view when VID is utilized as the
detectors). In contrast to many principal method of smoke and
conventional fire detection systems, fire detection. Additionally, VID
video analytics can instantly "see" the users must plan for redundancies
risk in the area of view without and consider how power outages
needing to make physical contact with can affect their fire alarm systems
smoke, in contrast to many (QRFS, 2019).
conventional fire detection systems .
(Camiel, 2022).
SET UP & CALIBRATION &
EASE OF INSTALLATION FALSE ALARMS

& MAINTEN
ANCE

To accurately detect threats in its
The annual maintenance is carried operating environment, VISD
software needs to be modified. A
out by software rather than system may fail to recognize real
dangers or issue false alerts if it is
simulated at each camera, and video not properly calibrated. A VISD
system may experience a period of
image detection cameras are simple trial and error during which it
generates false alerts as it "learns"
to install on building walls or to differentiate between
important and irrelevant stimuli,
perimeters. Since annual even if the manufacturer is
contacted and the device is
maintenance is carried out through properly configured. For instance,
between smoke or fire and an
software and there is no need to insect swarm or a welding flame
(QRFS, 2019).
enter the room with the detector, .

many people select video image fire

detection to install it in specific

places. To ensure rapid and easy

configuration, commissioning, and

handover, factory support is

frequently used during system setup

remotely via screen sharing (Pao,

2016).

PAGE 4

FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM

VIDEO IMAGE SMOKE DETECTOR (VISD)

FUNCTION

Standard digital video cameras are networked together, and the images are then
transferred to a computer running video analysis software. The computer analyses
the digital photos captured by the cameras to see if there are any apparent signs of
the fire. Information is relayed via a connection to the fire alarm system if the
computers determine that the visual signature of smoke or fire is present. Instead of
using an area detection method like spot smoke detectors may, they employ a
volume detection method. These cameras can be focused to monitor small regions
or can monitor large areas by using various types of lenses (Kaiser, 2019).

. CONNECTION

The power and video leads of the
camera plug-n-play connect to
premade Siamese cable for CCTV.
Then, power side of Siamese cable
connects directly to camera’s
included power supply. A multi-
camera power supply box can also
be used. Lastly, video side of
Siamese cable connects to the
DVR and DVR has BNC video
inputs (Haldas, 2015).

POSITION

It is located in each corner of the building's ceiling tile throughout the room. The
point should be directly diagonal from the corner of the tile, with an inch added to
account for the width of the ceiling tile. In order to avoid false alarms and operation
interruption, the system should not be installed next to kitchen equipment or air
ducts.

PAGE 5

FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM

VIDEO IMAGE SMOKE DETECTOR (VISD)

PRINCIPLE AND BUILDING
REGULATION

PRINCIPLE

There is no product performance principle for
VISD at the moment, but it has been stated that
video smoke detection systems should be
capable of reliably detecting smoke in the
absence of normal lighting in the building as
well as the absence of mains power supply to
any lighting provided specifically to aid in
smoke detection (Fire Industry Association,
2009).

BUILDING REGULATION

Hardware and software elements of the System
must be UL approved as smoke detectors.
Secondly, it must be implemented under a
performance-based design. Thirdly, in order to
produce an engineering design based on the
particular product being applied to the protected
space, it must refer to the manufacturer's
installation and performance information. Lastly,
the systems need to be secured from unauthorized
changes. It is frequently used to safeguard high-
value assets, such as pricey equipment, processes,
or spaces that require video surveillance because
of their high value per square foot (Kaiser, 2019).
.

SPACE IMPLICATIONS

Smoke detectors should be installed throughout
the building, including the basement. More than
one smoke alarm is required depending on the
size of the building. Smoke detectors should be
installed high up on the ceilings because smoke
rises and it should be placed at least 20 inches
(50cm) away from the corner of the wall.
Connecting all of the smoke alarms can also
provide more effective protection.

PAGE 6

TELECOMMUNICATION

SYSTEM

INTERNET OF THING (IOT)

TEECOMMUNCATION SYSTEM

INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)

TECHNOLOGY SYSTEM

APPLICATION

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a new and exciting
technology that has the potential to change the world
by connecting real objects. IoT refers to low-power
smart devices that communicate with one another
through the Internet, as well as grant a user remote
access to manage the device as needed without
human intervention. There are several high-quality
devices on the market. include smartphones, smart
refrigerators, smartwatches, smart fire alarms, smart
door locks, smart bicycles, medical sensors, fitness
trackers, smart security systems, and so on.

SYSTEM

An IoT ecosystem is made up of web-enabled smart
devices that gather, send, and act on data from their
surroundings using embedded systems such as
processors, sensors, and communication hardware. By
connecting to an IoT gateway or other edge device,
IoT devices can share sensor data that is either routed
to the cloud for analysis or examined locally. These
gadgets may occasionally communicate with one
another and act on the information they receive.
Although individuals can engage with the devices to
set them up, give them instructions, or retrieve data,
the gadgets do the majority of the work without
human participation. The connectivity, networking,
and communication protocols that these web-
enabled devices use are primarily determined by the
installed IoT applications.

PAGE 7

TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM

INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)

TECHNOLOGY SYSTEM

There are six most common types of IoT wireless technologies and systems including
LPWANs, Cellular (3G,4G,5G), Zigbee, Wi-Fi, RFID, Bluetooth and others.

VYROX



We proposed the VYROX IoT Smart Home system

for this multi-story Smart Building that uses

Zigbee as its IoT technology system. IoT is a

group of items they are traditionally never been

digital. But are now actually starting to transition

into the digital world and connect to the internet

and be so much more untraditionally and

smarter by using VYROX. It consists of functions

like lighting control, air conditioner control,

motorized blinds/curtains/shutters, video

intercom, digital door lock, security sensors, and

IP camera CCTV with the use of iOS and Android

devices can control these smart home devices

with a touch of a screen.

LPWAN


Low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) is a
wireless wide area network technology that
connects low-bandwidth, battery-powered devices
over long distances at a low bit rate. Because they
were designed for machine-to-machine (M2M) and
internet of things (IoT) networks, LPWANs operate
more cheaply and efficiently than traditional
mobile networks. Furthermore, they can
accommodate more linked devices over a larger
area.

ZIGBEE



The network, security, and application layers are
defined by Zigbee software. Institute of Electrical
and Electronics Engineers (IEEE802.15.4) defines
physical and media access control layers. Zigbee is
one of the most widely used Wireless Sensor
Network standards due to its low power, low data
rate, low cost, and short time delta characteristics,
as well as its ease of development and deployment,
and robust security, and high data reliability.

PAGE 8

TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM

INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)

TECHNOLOGY SYSTEM

(CONT'D) BLUETOOTH

Bluetooth is a short-range wireless
communication technology that allows devices
such as mobile phones, computers, and
peripherals to transmit data or voice wirelessly
over a short distance. The purpose of Bluetooth
is to replace the cables that normally connect
devices, while still keeping the communications
between them secure.




5G


Fifth generation of mobile networks. After 1G, 2G, 3G,
and 4G networks, it is a new global wireless standard.
5G enables a new type of network capable of
connecting virtually everyone and everything,
including machines, objects, and devices. 5G wireless
technology is intended to provide more users with
higher multi-Gbps peak data speeds, ultra-low
latency, increased reliability, massive network
capacity, increased availability, and a more uniform
user experience. Higher performance and efficiency
enable new user experiences and link new industries.

RFID


Type of tracking system that searches,
identifies, tracks, and communicates with
items and people using radio frequency.
RFID tags are essentially smart labels that
can store a variety of information ranging
from serial numbers to a brief description
and even pages of data. For a high level of
verification and authentication, some RFID
tags include cryptographic security features.
RFID tags are typically identified by their
radio frequencies, which are classified as low
frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), and
ultra-high frequency (UHF) (UHF).

PAGE 9

TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM

INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)

INSTALLATION PROCESS

1.Connect all the Smart Devices to power sources
The power sources of devices might be electricity that is connected through an


AC adapter, rechargeable, or backup batteries.





2. Connect the Smart Devices to the best internet network
Smart home device connectivity will lean heavily on the Internet or event Wi-Fi

network. To ensure that everything runs smoothly, the first step in establishing a

smart home network is to secure fast and reliable internet service. Without it,


the quality of each smart home component will be unsatisfaction.





3. Select an interactive Smart Hub
The next step in the smart home installation is to choose an interactive smart


hub that allows you to quickly and easily access all of your smart home

components through your smartphone both android and iOS. A smart hub is a


device that connects all of your devices to a single source.





4. Sign up account
Before proceeding to the next step, create a VYROX account with the desired

username and password for the users. This is to ensure that their security and


private data were kept strictly for themselves.





5. Program Smart Hub
Users can also program and schedule their smart devices, such as when to turn

on and off lights, alerts residents of the house if something went off, notify them


when someone enters the house compound without notice, and alarm the

users through phone ringing.



PAGE 10

TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM

INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)

PROBLEM AND BENEFIT

PROBLEMS BENEFITS

DATA BREACH AND PRIVACY MONITOR

Our personal is more expose Internet of The primary and most significant
Things devices may get affected by benefit of IoT is monitoring. It allows
privacy and security breach as the us to know the exact quantity of
number of linked devices grows and supplies or the air quality in your
more data is shared between them, and home, and it can also provide more
the risk of a hacker stealing private data that was previously difficult to
information rises as well because our collect.
data is more exposed.
EASE OF ACCESS
FAILURE
You can now easily obtain the
They may become highly complex necessary information in real-time
failing. Enterprises may eventually have from any location. All you need is a
to deal with massive collecting and smart device and an internet
managing of the data from all those connection.
devices.
BETTER TIME MANAGEMENT


INCREASE UNEMPLOYMENT RATE We can look up the latest news on our
phones during our daily commute or
Overexposure to technology is a problem buy something from an online store.
that leads to a reduction in the we can do almost everything from the
employment of manual tasks Naturally, palm of our hands.
as daily activities become more
automated, there will be fewer demands
for human labor, primarily workers and
less educated personnel.

PAGE 11

TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM

INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)

FUNCTION, CONNECTION
AND POSITION

CONNECTIVITY

It all starts with connecting a device or sensor to the internet and a cloud platform.
There are numerous options available, including WiFi via a hub or gateway, and
cellular networks. Once connectivity has been established, connect the device or
sensor to the cloud of the IoT platform. Find a service provider that can send data via
clean APIs that are simple to implement and install. This will ensure that it can
quickly set up and begin collecting data.

CONTROL


There are several control scenarios, including controlling a device through an
application, device-to-device communication, and cloud control (based on an event,
rule, or some other pre-determined condition). for example, if you have a water leak
detector, it can send an automatic command to the device, which could be an
appliance or part of the core infrastructure, to turn off the water valve.




DRIVE MANAGEMENT



A strong device management solution is a critical component of an IoT cloud
platform for keeping devices and sensors up to date and functional. A device
management platform provides a few key capabilities, including the ability for
manufacturers to send software or firmware updates OTA (over-the-air),factory,
provisioning, and an out of the box experience (OOBE).

PAGE 12

TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM

INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)

PRINCIPLE AND SPACE
IMPLICATION

PRINCIPLE

The principle of the ‘Internet of Things' is basically to connect physical objects used
in everyday life to the Internet, thereby connecting them to a broader range of
capabilities. It uses the power of the internet to give everyday physical objects new
functions and meaning. This relatively new technology is divided into two parts: the
'Internet,' which regulates connectivity, and 'Things,' which refers to the objects or
devices that collect and interpret stimuli from the internet.
To summarise, the Internet of Things (IoT) is a computing concept that includes
everyday objects that are connected to the internet and can connect to other
devices. It is defined primarily by enabling improved communication, though sensor
and wireless technology functions may also be included.

SPACE IMPLICATION

It is pivotal to locate all the smart devices only 140 meter away from the fast and
reliable Wi-Fi network connection in order to keep it running smoothly without
being interrupted. Then, the system should be positioned in clear spaces, not
against walls, furniture or any other solid structure.

PAGE 13

TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM

INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)

BUILDING REGULATION

IoT devices and systems with insecure configurations may be vulnerable to security
threats. Vulnerabilities appear from time to time in all software codes, resulting in a
compromised device, system, infrastructure, network, and interface.
Malaysian Technical Standards Forum Bhd (MTSB) and Malaysian Communications and
Multimedia Commission (MCMC) have developed the guidelines under section 185 of
Act 588 on the Technical codes for Internet of Things (IoT) Security management.

COMMUNICATION SECURITY AUDIT
SECURITY
To be supported in IoT, a security audit will
Secure, trusted, and privacy-
protected communication capability be required. Any data access or attempt to
is required so that unauthorized
access to data content is prohibited, access IoT applications must be fully
data integrity is guaranteed, and transparent, traceable, and reproducible
privacy-related data content is following applicable regulations and laws.
protected during data transmission
or transfer in IoT. IoT will be required to support security

audits for data transmission, storage,
processing, and application access in
particular.

SERVICE PROVISION
DATA MANAGEMENT SECURITY
SECURITY
When storing or processing data in IoT,
Service provisioning must be secure, secure, trusted, and privacy-protected data
management capability is required to
trusted, and privacy-protected to prevent unauthorized access to data
content, ensure data integrity, and protect
prevent unauthorized access to privacy-related data content.

services and fraudulent service

providers and to protect IoT users'

privacy information.

INTEGRATION OF SECURITY MUTUAL AUTHENTICATION AND
POLICIES AND TECHNIQUES AUTHORIZATION

To ensure consistent security control Before a device (or an IoT user) can access
over the variety of devices and user the IoT, mutual authentication and
networks in IoT, the ability to authorization must be performed between
integrate different security policies the device (or the IoT user) and the IoT by
and techniques will be required. predefined security policies.

PAGE 14

MECHANICAL
HANDLING SYSTEM

SMART ELEVATOR SYSTEM

MECHANICAL HANDLING SYSTEM

SMART ELEVATOR SYSTEM

Construction industry nowadays has been rapidly growth which can be proven with the

increased number of high rises building that was constructed with different size, type, and

shape. All the building constructed are according to the several factor which are the

purpose of the building, the demands of people, the location and profits gained. The

common element of the building are such as upper floor, roof, internal wall and staircase.

However, in order to provide more comfortability for the occupant, it is necessary to install

the building services as to ensure the building has met the whole functionality

(Chandankhede, 2017)

APPLICATION

In most of the high-rise building, staircase is one
of the elements that must be construct as to allow
the occupant to move from one level to another.
However, as to provide a convenient for occupant
as well as to ensure the effective operations of the
building, the mechanical handling system such as
elevators and escalators are vital to be placed. This
system can be classified as a method of
transporting load from one place to another.
When applied in building structure, this system is
one of the substitutes to the staircase which is
being used as to transport the occupant from level
to level.

A conventional elevator is one of the mechanical
handling systems that has commonly been used in
various buildings. This system only has simple button
for up and down that being push before the
passengers enter and the destination cannot be
identified until the passengers placed the “car calls”
from inside an elevator. Moreover, it usually takes
much time for the passenger to be able to reach the
level requested as the elevator will move to the
nearest floor level before it reach to the desired level.
However, due to the improvement of technological
advancement, most of the smart building has used
the smart elevator system due to it features that very
sensible and providing best experience for the
passengers.

PAGE 15

MECHANICAL HANDLING SYSTEM

SMART ELEVATOR
1T H E S Y S T E M PERSONALIZED ELEVATOR TRAVEL

In order to fulfill the requirement of this report, the mechanical handling
system that was chosen for this smart building is the smart elevator
system which provides a transportation efficiency and the flexibility of
system in the building. Smart elevator can be said to be quite similar to
the conventional elevator, but it consists of several additional feature that
very beneficial to the passenger. For this project, the smart elevator
consists of two functional which are personalized elevator travel and
speech recognition (Robal, 2020)

One of the most common problems that related to the
elevators system is the waiting time issue which has
causes to the late movement of passenger to reach
certain level. This issue is quite risky especially to the
one that has emergency and need to reach the required
level immediately. However, by having this smart
elevator, it will reduce the time for waiting and can
estimate the necessity of an elevator at the specific floor
by using the machine learning.

In this system, the passenger will be identified by using the ID card’s location, facial
recognition and they also will be registered in the system according to their regular
destination of floor. All of these data will be use as to reduce the waiting time for
elevator in which by making an automatic call to elevator based on the prediction of
the user’s arrival into the elevator area. Moreover, for the workers at this office
building, they will have their own user profile that has been established in the system
and the travel history is also available. However, for those that remain unidentified by
the system, the passenger will be able to use others features of smart elevator which is
the speech recognition system

PAGE 16

MECHANICAL HANDLING SYSTEM

SMART ELEVATOR

THE SYSTEM(CONT'D)

2 SPEECH RECOGNITION

With the advancement of ICT, the voice user interfaces (VUI) has been
implement in most of technology system such as smartphones and
smart speakers. This advancement also has attracted most of
researcher to implement this method into the smart elevator system
in which it is believed to provide high efficiency use of building
services. When it is being applied in smart elevator, this voice
command will be the alternative of the common touch button
interface that was used to control the flow of the elevator.

A study by Meenatchi et al.
(2015) also found that the use of
this voice recognition in the
intelligent lift control is one of
smart concept and attractive to
be implement which also useful
towards the disabled people.
This is because they only need to
request on which level that they
wan without need to stand or
touching any button. Moreover,
this system is also capable to
gain accuracy of voice
recognition for about at least
90% which also believe to be
very imperative when there is
any emergency.

PAGE 17

MECHANICAL HANDLING SYSTEM

SMART ELEVATOR PROVIDE COMFORT

BENEFITS

ENHANCE THE SAFETY OF PASSENGERS The implementation of this smart elevator
will help to provide efficient flow of using the
The features of this smart elevator that elevator when the passenger will not have to
complete with installation of camera will wait for a long time before capable to use
provide a maximum safety towards the this system. Therefore, it would help to
passenger. In this smart elevator, there reduce the time consume for the passenger
will be two types of cameras that will be to reach the level that they want. Moreover,
installed in which can capture video the passenger also will not have to select the
stream and detect any passenger button of the level as this system will predict
movement in detail. Thus, this feature on which level that will be travel based on
will help to keep the safety of passenger the regular level that reach by the passenger.
and allow to detect if there any crime This system is very suitable for the proposed
that occur in the elevator. Besides, with building as it fulfills the requirement of office
the installation of voice command also building where the passenger will commonly
will help to gain the voice recognition use the elevator to their level of department
and feedback system for emergency
cases. ASSIST THE DISABLED PEOPLE

ENERGY EFFICIENCY Moreover, with the installation of voice
command in this smart elevator, it will
The implementation of this mart elevator help to provide the best facilities especially
system also will help to reduce the energy for disabled people. This is because this
consumption by re-scheduling the elevator feature will be the alternative to the
movements. The used of LED lighting and common touch button interface that
the automatic lighting will help to reduce required in order to select the level that
the consumption of energy in this system. will be travel. By having this system, the
This is because LED lighting provide 3 passenger can request the elevator to take
times longer lifespan compared to the them to a specific floor that they want
fluorescent lighting and utilize about 14 % instead of touching button. Thus, this
less energy. feature will totally be helpful for the
disabled people especially for them that
unable to see or touch.

PAGE 18

1REQUIRED HIGH COST MECHANICAL HANDLING SYSTEM

Same goes to the other smart SMART ELEVATOR

system, this smart elevator is also PROBLEMS

required high cost in order to 2 NEED A DETAIL DESIGN
AND INSTALLATION
install the system. This is because PROCESS

of the high technology appliances The involvement of varieties
features in this smart elevator
that was used and the installation system will required a detail
design and installation process. All
process for the system which of this process will be required to
go through precise planning in
required the specialist labor and ensuring the workability of the
system. This is because to ensure
the special appliances. Moreover, the efficient movement of the
elevator through the entire
the quality and effectiveness of lifetime of the building.
.
the artificial intelligence

algorithms ultimately has

influence to the high cost

required in using this system.

3 HIGH COMPLEXITY
OF THE SYSTEM

This smart elevator in which using
the face recognition in predicting
the floor level is also quite complex
when it is being pre-programmed.
The route travel by the elevator
was pre-determined as to ensure
the efficiency flow of the system.
However, this complexity of the
system will cause the difficulties in
changing the floor level especially
for those that required to change
their plan or having an emergency.

PAGE 19

MECHANICAL HANDLING SYSTEM

SMART ELEVATOR

INSTALLATION PROCESS

The engineer and technician will determine on the most

1 approrpriate location or area to install the elevator which need
to have a sufficient space and each floor level should strong

enough to support the elevator system.

2 Next, the column will be bolted and guided into places.

3 Indicate a mark or point for the position of the elevator’s cab
in appropriate location as to ensure that it is construct in a
uniform position.

4 The wheel blocks will be fitted into the column and bolted to
the elevator car and the chain of elevator will be install
connected to the wheel block.

5 Next, the drive based will be upraised above the column and
when it has been installed, the drive base will be bolted and
welded as to secure its position and support.

6 Moreover, the doors and the enclosure will be welded securely
at its positioned

7 The technician then will conduct the wiring work that required
for the elevator and install all the device and component
required such as cameras and speaker in ensuring the smooth
flow of system.

8 Lastly, conduct a final inspection for the list system that has
been complete as to ensure that it will operated efficiently.

PAGE 20

MECHANICAL HANDLING SYSTEM

SMART ELEVATOR

FUNCTIONS, CONNECTIONS,
AND POSITIONS

The implementation of smart elevator in this proposed building is one of an ideal planning
where it is corresponding to the functional of the building. This system works by detecting
on the face recognition of the occupant that approach to the elevator area and it will be
predicting on which floor level that will be travel by the passenger base on the history of
most common floor level that reach by the passenger. This feature is totally suitable to this
office building because it will be used by the staff in the building, and they will usually use
the elevator to travel to their common floor level of department. Moreover, this smart
elevator also can be operated with the use of voice command detector where the
passenger will instruct to this system orally. And then, the elevator will travel to the floor
level that was predicted or requested by the passenger (Robal, 2020)

This smart elevator consists of several equipment that is used to provide the efficiency and
simplicity as well as to fulfill the requirement for being a smart system. These following
devices were installed in the elevator car as to enhances the features of smart elevator.



1 INTEL REAL SENSES D435 DEPTH CAMERAS WITH DUAL
INFRARED LIGHT SENSORS

This device is located over the elevator cover in which is used to
detect the movement of passenger within the elevator cabin
and through the travel starting from the passenger entry until
exiting the elevator car.

BASLER AC A2040-25GC RGB CAMERA WITH ETHERNET

2COMMUNICATION, 4MP RESOLUTION AND GLOBAL SHUTTER

This device is placed in the corner of the elevator that facing to
the doors which capable to capture the video stream up to 25
fps and can cover all the area of the elevator entrance and most
of the cabin. The images captured with resolution of 2048 x
2048 px by the camera device will used as the input for the face
detection system in which to recognize the human faces. The
face description extracted then will be compared with the
existing of face profiles by using the Radius Neighbor Classifier
as to detect and distinguish different of passengers.

PAGE 21

MECHANICAL HANDLING SYSTEM

SMART ELEVATOR

FUNCTIONS, CONNECTIONS,
AND POSITIONS (cont'd)

3 PORTABLE SPEAKERPHONE SENNHEISER SP20

This device is installed at the center ceiling of the elevator
which is use to allow the passenger control the elevator
through the voice commands by using the common language
which is English or Estonian. With this device, the passenger
can request the elevator car to move to the specific floor level.
Besides, they also can ask about the forecast weather, current
date, time and also can request to send them to specific floor of
employee that they want to meet by stating the name of the
employee (Robal, 2020).

4 AN INTEL NUC MINI PC NUC5I7RYB WITH 16GB DDR3L
RAM AND 512GB NV ME SSD

This device is placed at the top of elevator cabin ceiling
which is used as to process the elevator sensor data.

PAGE 22

MECHANICAL HANDLING SYSTEM

SMART ELEVATOR

PRINCIPLES & SYSTEM AND
SPACE IMPLICATION

PRINCIPLE & SYSTEM SPACE IMPLICATION

The principles applied in this system This smart elevator is very suitable to be
was the technique of screw and nut installed in this multi-story offices
drive method. When the control system building due to the shape, size and
is activated, the motor will move the storey of the building that quite big and
elevator in which by rotating the drive high This smart elevator is also same to
nut around the drive screw which the other common of elevator which
causes the automatic lubricant to flow design to be vertically passing through
through the drive screw as to provide all level within the same area. This
an efficient operation. This is because of system will be located at the side of the
the lubricant has oily texture which can building which is near to the entrance
help to reduce the friction between the of the building so that it will be easy for
screw drive and the drive nut through the occupant reach to the elevator area.
the operation. Besides, the inclination Moreover, in each level of the building,
of drive screw will act as the brake there will be five spot of the elevator
system for the elevator due to its design and one of them will be construct for
that has threaded which provide a fire fighter elevator.
natural brake system. In emergency
cases, this brake system also can be
activated by pushing the emergency
button on the control panel as to stop
the movement of the elevator.

PAGE 23

MECHANICAL HANDLING SYSTEM

SMART ELEVATOR

BUILDING REGULATION

Building regulation is an act that must be comply in constructing any type of building.
As for this proposed smart office, there are some regulations in terms of mechanical
handling system that must followed. According to Uniform Building By Laws 1984,
there are a few law that are related to the elevator system installation

BY LAW 124 – LIFTS BY LAW 152 – OPENINGS
IN LIFT SHAFTS.
According to this act, it stated that
for all non-residential buildings that Based on this act, every opening in
exceeding 4 storeys above and below the lift shaft shall open into
of the main access level, it is protected lobby except if there any
necessary to provide elevator system other protection for the opening that
by at least on lift. This is because to may satisfied the local authority.
ensure the comfort of occupant to Besides, the landing doors also
move from each level of the building. should have a FRP which not less
than half the FRP of the hoist way
BY LAW 243- FIRE LIFT structure with minimum FRP of half
hour. Next, no glass is used for the
According to this act, for the building landing doors and each clear panel
that has top floor at 18.5 meters high opening shall reject a sphere of 150
and above, the fire appliance access mm in diameter. Lastly, the provision
level for fire lifts must be provided. The shall be made for the opening of all
fire list also must be located within a landing doors by means of an
separate protected shaft if it is opens emergency key irrespective of lift car
into the separate lobby. Lastly, fire lift position (UBBL laws, 1984).
also must be provided for at least one
at each group of lifts and the location
is not more than 61 metres travel
distance from the furthermost point of
the door.

PAGE24

HEATING, VENTILATION &
AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

(HVAC)

SMART AIR CONDITIONER

HEATING, VENTILATION , AND AIR CONDITIONER (HVAC) SYSTEM

SMART AIR CONDITIONER SYSTEM

THE APPLICATION

Smart air conditioning systems enable the owners to control the
temperature of the air that was entered into the evaporative coil. The
appearance of the smart air conditioning is just similar to the regular air
conditioning except for the internal system such as the advancement of
the compressor technology and these smart air conditioners are
frequently positioned on walls or ceilings. Besides, there is also the
automatic detection which could facilitate the owners in terms of
switching the on/off mode of the systems which means that there is no
more electrical wastage. Therefore, this smart air conditioning system is
one of the ideal systems for our proposed office building (Cheng ,2014)

PAGE 25

HEATING, VENTILATION , AND AIR CONDITIONER (HVAC) SYSTEM

SMART AIR CONDITIONER

THE SYSTEM

SMART WEEKLY PLANNING

Users of smart air conditioners could be able to programme
routines. Being able to set the device to only operate at a certain
hour is a smart way to start the week. Additionally, the vane
direction, fan speed, and cooling mode may all be programmed.
The fact that it is not need to follow a strict schedule because of wi-
fi controls is the nicest feature. If there are any modifications
needed during the day or week, the schedule can be adjusted or
paused from anywhere.

SMART MODES AND INTELLIGENT TRIGGERS

All air conditioners frequently have a number of modes, including
cool, fan, dry, heat, and eco. To provide more usefulness and
comfort, smart air conditioners could also have a second set of
settings. The main goal of these extra modes is to provide
automation for increased comfort and convenience. They are not
necessary for all smart air conditioners because some only have wi-
fi connectivity, but more modern models come with more features.

SPECIFICS USAGE

Making informed decisions about the cooling and heating
requirements can be done using this data. A graph showing the
consumption of the air conditioner over time could be useful for
budgeting and bill management. It might only take increasing
awareness of usage to realise what modifications in consumption
habits are necessary. It is possible to assess the likelihood of
unexpected usage throughout the days and hours as well as a
complete audit of all operations performed on the air conditioner.

PAGE 26

HEATING, VENTILATION , AND AIR CONDITIONER (HVAC) SYSTEM

SMART AIR CONDITIONER

BENEFITS

1 REDUCE ENERGY CONSUMPTION
The selection of this smart air conditioning is one of an intelligent idea for this smart
office building as it can reduce the energy consumption during the operation of the
system. This is because with the new appearance of this system, it is also come with the
new mechanism which is the variable speed compressor technology .Compressor is one
of the important components in an air conditioner which is used to keep the
functionality of this system. However, with the new variable-speed of compressor, it
allows the air conditioner to operate virtually at any speed between 30% to 100%. Thus,
this new feature has helped the smart air conditioner to lower the energy consumption
as well as providing the cool air sensation.

2 PROVIDE HIGH COMFORT

The smart air conditioning is quite similar with the traditional AC system in terms of
providing the cool air (Ali, 2019). However, for this smart AC, it will provide a higher
comfort which is it able to detects the room temperature when it has reached a
satisfactory level of coolness or warm air which result the system to be stop. Thus, it will
provide a comfortable environment which is not being too cool or too warm which may
distract the focus of the occupant in the building.

3 COST SAVING

Compared to the traditional of air conditioning system, this smart AC has provided much
better life for the occupant in building such as in terms of cost saving. Smart AC
nowadays has completed with the built-in sensors in which can detect the existence of
occupant in the area or space. With this advancement, it will detect if the occupant has
left the room and then it will notify and automatically takes action such as turning it off.
This problem usually occurs especially at the room that rarely being used such as
meeting room and surau when the occupants forgot to switch off the system. Thus, this
will help to save more cost of month bills that will need ro be paid at the end of months.

PAGE 27

HEATING, VENTILATION , AND AIR CONDITIONER (HVAC) SYSTEM

SMART AIR CONDITIONER

PROBLEMS

SENSOR PROBLEM

The function of the thermostat sensor is to measure the temperature of
the air that was entered into the evaporative coil and usually it can be
found beneath of the control panel of air conditioners. However, the
issue could arise if the sensor is forced out of its position in which the
air conditioner may operate continuously without stopping and it may
trigger for the air conditioner to perform unpredictably.

EXPENSIVE

As we all know, smart air conditioning is one of the technologies that
are relatively new in the market which makes it more expensive
compared to the normal ones. Besides, there is the controlling system
that is positioned in this smart air conditioner that requires a lot of
maintenance (Al-Sa'idi, 2020). However, there is a requirement for the
owners to hire a dependable local HVAC worker because not all workers
know how to make maintenance for this smart air conditioning system.

ELECTRIC CONTROL FAILURE

There is a high possibility for the smart air conditioner to be turned on
and off repeatedly since it is the system that functions in detecting the
outside air as for the smart AC to change the temperature of the air.
Therefore, it is a high chance for the compressors and fan controls to
become worn out which the owner needs to regularly check the
electrical connections through a professional service call since the
worn-out of wiring can cause the electrical short.

PAGE 28

HEATING, VENTILATION , AND AIR CONDITIONER (HVAC) SYSTEM

SMART AIR CONDITIONER

INSTALLATION PROCESS

1 EVALUATION AND REMOVAL OF 3 INSTALLATION OR INSPECTION
THE OLD SYSTEM OF THERMOSTAT

The old air conditioning unit must be A new thermostat was installed if
removed before the new one can be the users want it to be installed by
installed. The installation will also the technician. If users prefer to
include the removal of the old air keep their old thermostat, the
conditioning system. After it has been technician will make certain that
removed, the technician will inspect the connection between it and the
the house's existing cooling duct if new air conditioner is adequate.
any leaks or other issues that may
arise could seriously affect the new
system's operation. If maintenance is
required, users will be notified before
the work is done by the technician

2 INSTALLATION OF SMART AC 4 FINAL CHECK AND
CONTROL AND AIR- MAINTENANCE
CONDITIONINGSYSTEM
After the air conditioning system
Then, the technician will install the has been installed, the technician
smart AC control and connect it to the will perform a final inspection. They
user’s wifi network. After the old air will test this by accessing various
conditioner has been removed, the commands into the app and
new one will be installed. Throughout watching how the AC reacts.
this procedure, all electrical Furthermore, the technician will
connections will be inspected, and explain all of the simple
refrigerant will be pumped into the maintenance tasks that users may
system according to the be able to perform, as well as how
manufacturer's instructions. Before frequently these services should be
being put into service, the new air performed. It also allows users to
conditioner will be thoroughly tested, schedule the first AC repair service
and it will be ready to use as soon as or postpone it. Before the
the installation is completed. installation is completed, HVAC
services will usually advise users on
PAGE 29 how frequently expert maintenance
is required.

HEATING, VENTILATION , AND AIR CONDITIONER (HVAC) SYSTEM

SMART AIR CONDITIONER

FUNCTIONS, CONNECTIONS,
AND POSITIONS

THERMOSTAT

Thermostats are used to control all air
conditioners. When it is time to start
cooling, the thermostat will transmit
signals to the HVAC system.
Electromechanical and electronic
thermostats are the two varieties

REFRIGERANT

An air conditioner's refrigerant is an integral
component. Without it, the system could not
function. This chemical cooling agent circulates
through the air conditioner to chill the area, at
various points absorbing and releasing heat.

EVAPORATOR COIL

When a fan sweeps hot air from the
home over the cold evaporator coils,
the heat is then absorbed in the
evaporator coil, where the cool liquid
refrigerant absorbs all of the heat and
the air conditioner continues to run.

COMPRESSOR

The hot refrigerant will experience an increase in
pressure as the compressor turns on, raising its
temperature to above ambient levels.

PAGE 30

HEATING, VENTILATION , AND AIR CONDITIONER (HVAC) SYSTEM

SMART AIR CONDITIONER

PRINCIPLES AND SYSTEM

Smart air conditioning system generally
provide the cool air that circulate
throughout an area of the building
which operated when receive input
from the smart sensors. The principle in
operating the smart air conditioner is
generally the vapor cycle that
introduced by the thermodynamics
which include several steps such as:

1 Superheated vapour is obtained by compressing the saturated
refrigerant to a greater pressure

2 Remove the heat from the system through the air or water circulation
and condense it into saturated liquid.

3 Experiencing an expected reduction of pressure through the
accelerator and expansion process to become a liquid and vapor
refrigerant mixture that has low temperature and pressure.

4 Absorb the heat of an enclosed area by circulate the fan in the
evaporator and expand it into the saturated vapor.

5 The vapor is directed back into the compressor as to accomplish the
cooling process of each cycle which include the compression,
extraction of heat, expansion valve, and the evaporator.

PAGE 31

HEATING, VENTILATION , AND AIR CONDITIONER (HVAC) SYSTEM

SMART AIR CONDITIONER

PRINCIPLES & SYSTEM AND
SPACE IMPLICATION

BUILDING REGULATION SPACE IMPLICATION

2018 saw the adoption of regulations for There are no rising issues regarding the
commercial structures with HVAC and space implications of installing the
air conditioning systems were made smart air conditioner as long as all of
2018. The regulations include them are positioned in the right place at
instructions on the following: the right height from the floor. Besides,
in order to ensure effective cool air
F-GAS circulation in an area, the size of the
Any community that uses or maintains space must be considered in
refrigeration products containing F- determining the number and type of air
GAS is required to adhere to record- conditioning that will require. In this
keeping and AC system maintenance office project, the proposed services for
requirements. the HVAC system are smart air
conditioning which will be installed at
ENERGY PERFORMANCE CERTIFICATE the ceiling of an area. Therefore, in order
to ensure that this smart air
An Energy Performance Certificate is conditioning is capable to provide full
required by law for all structures with coverage in the area, the engineer will
livable space greater than 500m2 decide on how much the unit should be
installed so that the cool air produced
TM44 REGULATION manage to spread and keep cooling all
over the area and occupant. The
The Energy Performance of Buildings consideration on space of are very
Directive (EPBD) mandates that building important as to ensure that the system
owners arrange routine examinations to installed manages to provide a
confirm the effectiveness of air conducive environment.
conditioners with an output of more
than 12kW.

PAGE 32

SPECIAL

INSTALLATION SYSTEM

DAY AND NIGHT CAMERA

SPECIAL INSTALLATION SYSTEM

BUILDING SECURITY SYSTEM

DAY AND NIGHT CCTV

THE APPLICATION

A security system is one of the methods that could
ensure the security of the building by using a system of
interconnected components and devices. A security
system is necessary to be installed or utilized inside or
even outside of the building since it could allow the
security system to be controlled through electronic
devices and computers. Besides, this system could
provide an additional layer of security and protection for
your residents, data, employers, and even your asset.
Usually, most of the buildings prioritize the security
system, especially for the mixed-use developments
which include the office or the retail space. This is
because all these types of buildings usually will keep a
lot of private information and confidential data in the
office which must be secured firmly. Therefore, it is very
important for all these types of building to install a
security system in order to keep the maximum security
of the building (Sihombing, 2015). So, this proposed
building which is an office building was utilized CCTV as
one of the special services installation systems.

SYSTEM

An IP-based CCTV system is consisting of a camera, lens, monitor, and
recorder. The camera can be scaled up and down which depends on the area
that needs to be focused on or monitored by the users. The camera is function
by capturing a structure of the image which is then are transmitted via cable
or wirelessly (depending on the system types selected) to the recording device
and lastly transmit to the display monitor in which an individual (the users)
can view the sequence of the images captured as video footage. Besides, the
camera that has been utilised also may have the ability to zoom in and out as
well as it could be rotated 360 degrees which could ensure that there is no
‘blind spot’ for a certain area. However, it is also depending on the type of
camera that was chosen because different types of cameras have different
functions and features provided.

PAGE 33

SPECIAL INSTALLATION SYSTEM

DAY AND NIGHT CCTV

BENEFITS

ELECTRONIC COLOR ADJUSTMENT EXCEPTIONAL IMAGE QUALITY

The benefit of the day and night The other benefit of the day and
cameras is that they function in night camera is that they offer an
performing the electronic color exceptional image quality both
adjustment (Sihombin, 2018). This is during the day and even at night.
because there is the mechanical cut Moreover, the day and night camera
filter that was obtained in the day and is also capable of capturing high-
night cameras. Therefore, this could quality video footage even in
allow the camera to capture pictures complete darkness, unlike the other
and videos with the right contrast at options that only work during the
any time of day and event at the night. day and barely function well during
the night.

VERSATILITY

The versatility is also one of the benefits of utilizing the day and night cameras
in which the cameras function as color cameras during the day. There is a
sensor that is located inside of the device which could automatically detect
when there is the darkness falls and switches the camera over to the night
vision mode and even turns on the camera’s built-in infrared LEDs. However, it
also depends on the model of the camera that we choose because there is a
possibility that the image may be black and white or have a greenish tint at
night time. The infrared LEDs are invisible to the naked eye unless it is looking
directly at the camera which it could allow the users to capture any activity
without being knowledge by the others that they were captured on the camera
and being recording.

PAGE 34

SPECIAL INSTALLATION SYSTEM

DAY AND NIGHT CCTV
PROBLEMS
LIMITATION

One of the most significant disadvantages

of utilizing the CCTV camera is that there

is a limitation in monitoring the area.

Therefore, the criminals can anytime

vandalize or sabotage the camera that has

been installed in various ways like spraying

something or sticking the gums on the

camera’s lens (Palaniappan, 2015). Thus, it

is also a possibility that the criminals may

even change the angle of the camera as to

avoid them from being recording.

WIRELESS SYSTEM

There is a CCTV camera installation that
uses a wireless system which would need
a specified frequency for the camera as
to transfer the signal to the receiving and
recording stations. There is a possibility
of interruptions in the frequencies to
occur especially to the other electric
motored products like fluorescent
lighting, air-conditioning, and the
cordless telephone. Thus, this could be
affecting the picture quality of the CCTV
cameras.

HACKING

Lately, the value of CCTV cameras has
increased which results in a higher risk of
the information being leaked or hacked by
the hackers. The act of hacking CCTV
footage is actually one of the actions that
could violate someone’s rights in terms of
privacy (Kalbo, 2020). This may happen
because there is a low possibility of wholly
protecting the public security systems
from the hackers since the systems are
linked to a network in which the hackers
can virtually access them from anywhere.

PAGE 35

SPECIAL INSTALLATION SYSTEM

DAY AND NIGHT CCTV

INSTALLATION PROCESS

1 Position the CCTV camera in a place like on the table, ceiling, or
on the wall.

2 Then, place the base plate on the wall.
3 Mark the location of the holes that have been spotted by using a


pencil. Usually, the diameter is about 0.6cm and the depth is

about 2.5cm.

4 Drill two holes on the wall by using the marked points as the

template
Next, insert two plastic anchors into the holes made on the wall


5 and tighten the screw into the plastic anchors as to ensure that

the base unit is secured
Then, secure the camera by pressing down until the two


6 surfaces are flushed and turn the camera unit in either direction

as to lock in the position of the camera on target
Lastly, connect the camera with a power cable in which the


7 camera will automatically work once the power cable is inserted

into the Micro-USB charging port

PAGE 36

SPECIAL INSTALLATION SYSTEM



DAY AND NIGHT CAMERA

FUNCTION AND CONNECTION

FUNCTION CONNECTION

A security camera is a video recording WIRED
device that functions in taping any
footage at the user’s home or property Video and audio signals are delivered
in which it could be viewed anytime by to a central hub by wired security
the owner from anywhere as long as cameras. The video and the audio are
there is an internet connection on the either will be saved locally on the hub
tablet, or smartphone, or even on the for later viewing or it is transferred to a
computer. Besides, a day and night network outside the building. There
camera are one of the security cameras are offers both live and on-demand
which allows the user to view the image viewing options.
or the recording video during the day
when there is enough sunlight and even WIRELESS
at night when there is total darkness or
minimal illumination in that area. By using the wi-fi, the wireless security
camera system will be transmitting the
This is because there are special lenses footage from cameras throughout the
that are available on the day and night building. The transmission is entirely
camera that allow infrared emissions in carried out via wireless technology.
which it is produced by infrared LEDs Once the wi-fi signal is picked up, the
and then reflected from the objects to footage is uploaded to a cloud server,
pass through and reach a CMOS or CCD where the users can view it in real-time
chip inside the camera. Thus, at the or archive it for later use.
distance of infrared emission, which is
produced by the LEDs, it could give the
user to clearly view a picture or the
recording video even in the complete
darkness.

PAGE 37

SPECIAL INSTALLATION SYSTEM

DAY AND NIGHT CAMERA

PRINCIPLES AND SYSTEM

CAMERA AND LENSE

The camera is one of the primary sensors
for CCTV as it is function in collecting the
data. The camera and lens unit produce
the video images that are transmitted to
the monitor (Berry, 2010). Usually, a CCTV
camera does not come with the lenses
pre-installed, but the camera’s lens is
optional that must be purchased
separately by the buyers. Therefore, the
selection of the camera and the lens
need to be chosen wisely in order to
acquire the best images in any lighting
or location.

VIDEO MOTION DETECTION

A video motion detection could give
benefit for the CCTV owners since
there is no requirement for them to
be constantly monitored the CCTV
especially if there is a large number of
displays or some of it may not be
updated for an extended length of
time. Besides, the video motion
detection can be programmed to
notify, warn, and start recording if
there is any suspicious movement
that was detect by the camera (Berry,
2010).

PAGE 38

DAY AND NIGHT CAMERA SPECIAL INSTALLATION SYSTEM
PAGE 39
BUILDING

RAGULATION

As we all know, there are countless people or
organizations nowadays were installed CCTV
cameras in order to secure their buildings.
However, the privacy of others needs to be
considered as to ensure that someone’s privacy
will always be preserved. With the execution of
GDPR and the Data Protection Act 2018, which are
concerned regarding the data of protection laws
(Campbell, 2021). Therefore, whoever that was
utilizing the security system like installing the
CCTV camera in their building, needs to comply
with all those regulations.

SPACE IMPLICATION

The space for installing the day and night camera
is aimed whether it is on a wall or ceiling. In fact,
the installation of the CCTV camera system did not
require large space because it is usually placed at
the ceiling or at the top of the wall surface which
does not distract our movement. However, in order
to get a clear view of the surrounding area, the
user needs to ensure that the camera is placed on
a high level and cannot be blocked or hindered by
a column or beam. Besides, in a space or area of
the building, the wide of the area must be
considered in determining the number of CCTV
required as to ensure that it can provide full
security coverage in the area. Moreover, the CCTV
camera also needs to be placed on every spot of
the building, especially in corridors, a lobby,
parking lots, and a staircase. Thus, this could
ensure that there is no ‘blind spot’ where the
camera cannot view a certain area due to the
limitation in monitoring some of the areas.

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION

In a nutshell, the advancement of technology in construction industry has
been rapidly growth which help us to provide a better lifestyle and a conducive
environment. The implementation of smart building was one of the
technologies that being developed and garner an overwhelming embrace
among the key players in the construction especially for the big and new
construction project in the urban area. Moreover, with the implementation of
this system, it is believed to provide a huge benefit to the occupant as well as
the environmental of our country. For instance, this system has contributed a
high efficiency to the occupant in using all the services provided and can help
to reduce the energy consumption which will help in saving the environment.
Lastly, for our proposed smart office building, we hope that all the proposed
services will be fully functional and can be used effectively.

PAGE 41

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